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National Grid Asset I1

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40 views19 pages

National Grid Asset I1

Uploaded by

nolarinde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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courtesy of IET

courtesy of Siemens courtesy of IET

courtesy of IET

National Electricity Transmission System


An Overview
06 August, 2012
Agenda

 Section 1 Overview of Electricity Transmission System


 Overview of the Power System
 Balancing & Settlement System

 Section 2 Plants and Equipment


 Protection & Control
 Switchgear
 Transformers
 Transmission Lines – Overhead Lines and Cables
 Reactive Compensation and Quadrature Boosters

 Section 3 Summary and Future Development


 National Grid Transmission Assets and Investment
 Smart Grid and Investments
Section 1

Operational Overview
of Electricity
Transmission System

(courtesy of Siemens)
Overview of the Power System
Electricity Generation (2011) Generation (courtesy of Siemens)

(Power Stations)
Transmission
(National Grid)
Consumer
Distribution
(DNOs)

Medium High Medium Low


Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
Data Source: DECC

2020 Target
15% Renewable
Energy
Source: EU
Operation of the Power System

Voltage levels and reactive power flow must be carefully controlled to


allow a power system to be operated within acceptable limits as define in
the British Standards 50106 (2010)
Balancing Supply & Demands
Summer & Winter Daily Demand Profiles in Electricity Demand by Sector 2011
2010/11

Source: National Electricity Transmission System Seven Year Statement, May Data Source: Electricity statistics, 2011, Department of Energy and
2001(National Grid)
Climate Change

Electricity is traded between Generators and Transmission Losses and


Suppliers Every ½ and Hour by predicting the
demand of the user. Very often this prediction is currently accounts for about
wrong. 2% of the electricity
National Grid compensate for any difference in transmitted.
buying and selling. Balances the difference
under the Balance and Settlement Code.
Balancing & Settlement System

 The Balancing and Settlement Code (BSC) is a legal document which defines
the rules and governance for the balancing mechanism and imbalance
settlement processes of electricity in Great Britain.
 ELEXON - The Balancing and Settlement Code Company. They administer the
Balancing and Settlement Code’
 The Balancing Mechanism provides a way for National Grid to buy or sell
additional energy close to real-time to maintain energy balance, and also to
deal with other operational constraints of the Transmission System.
 Types of Balance and Mechanism Unit
 Directly Connected
 Embedded
 Interconnector (France and Ireland)
 Supplier Legal Document
845 Pages
 Miscellaneous Section (A) to Section (S)
Section 2

Plants and
Equipment
Voltage Levels – Power plant to the Consumer

Distribution
entry point
Transmission lines transformer Heavy industry
400kV, 275Kv and 132 kV
132kV (Scotland)

Light industry, towns


and villages
132 kV 11 kV

Homes, schools, shops


22 kV and businesses
230 V
AC Frequency
50Hz
safety reliability
efficiency
Overhead Lines

 Overhead lines are conductors. They are medium for transmitting


electricity from one point to the other. e.g. Generating station to a
substation.
 Types
 Overhead Line (OHL)
 HVDC
 Design Considerations
 Load (Current & Voltage Rating)
 Distance from the Generating station
 Power Loss =
 Sag and Stress (Temperature and Weather)
 Environmental & Health factors (Sighting and EMC)
Cables

 The Cable performs the same function as the Overhead line. The major
difference being the environment where it is being used. They normally
used where OHL is not a practical choice.
 Types
 Underground Cables
 Gas Insulated Line (GIL)
 Design Considerations
 Load (Current & Voltage Rating)
courtesy of National Grid

 Cost
 Insulation (Oil based Polythene)
 Capacitance
Transformer

 There are 3 major types of transformer


 Generator Step-up Transformer (33KV – 400KV/275KV/132KV)
 Transmission Step-down Transformer (400KV/275KV/132KV – 33KV)
 Instrument Transformers
 Voltage Transformer
 Current Transformer
 HVDC Transformer
 Designing Considerations
 Load (Power Rating)
 Maximum Load Allowance
 Transformer loss (Temperature)
 Measuring Instrument – e.g. for Balancing and Settlement System
Quadrature Boosters

 A Quadrature Booster are transformers are used to for


smooth control of the transmission network.
 They are use to balance load on complex networks using
phase shifting mechanism. That is based on the required
power factor.
Switchgear

 Switch gear are used for protection of electrical transmission system.


They are either used as Isolating switches (disconnectors), Load-break
switches, Earthing switches.
 These are necessary when a fault is detected in the system and isolation is
required. Also useful during got isolating circuit during routine maintenance.
 Types
 Air Insulated Substation Switch Gear
 Gas Insulated Substation Switch Gear
 Designing Considerations
 Loading(Current and Voltage Rating)
 Space
 Cost
 Environment
Reactive Compensation

 Reactive compensation comes under FACTS. FACTS are useful in


improving performance of transmission system using power
electronics.
 Types
 Parallel Compensation
 Mechanical Switch Capacitor/Reactors
 Static VAR Compensator
 Series Compensation
 Fixed Series Capacitor
 Thyristor-valve control system
 Thyristor-Valve protected system
 Design consideration is based on requirements and cost
Protection & Control

 Protection and Control systems are SCADA systems with Relays used for
planning, controlling, monitoring and Auditing the equipment on the
transmission networks. Depending on requirements, the task they
perform includes:
 Safety Management
 Asset Management
 Energy Management
 Health Management

 Design Consideration
 Based what is being protected, appropriate sensor, instrumentation device
and communication system are needed to implement protection and control
strategies.
 Power source and Backup
 Location (on-site/remote)
Overview of the Substation Plants & Equipments

1. Primary power lines 6. Circuit breaker

2. Earthing wire 7. Current transformer


8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines
9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement
of electric voltage 10. Control building
11. Security fence
5. Disconnect switch
12. Secondary power lines
Transmission Assets and Investment

72,000 km
Overhead Lines 690 km
underground cable

325
substations
400kv
275kv

1,454 TWh
average energy usage

Source: National Grid plc, (Annual Report and Accounts 2011/2012)


Thank you

Question and Answer

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