Models - Cfd.fluid Damper

Created in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.
Viscous Heating in a Fluid Damper
This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6.2.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. See www.comsol.com/trademarks.
Introduction
Fluid dampers are used in military devices for shock isolation and in civil structures for
suppressing earthquake-induced shaking and wind-induced vibrations, among many other
applications. Fluid dampers work by dissipating the mechanical energy into heat (Ref. 1).
This example shows the phenomenon of viscous heating and consequent temperature
increase in a fluid damper. Viscous heating is also important in microflow devices, where
a small cross-sectional area and large length of the device can generate significant heating
and affect the fluid flow consequently (Ref. 2).
Model Definition
The structural elements of a fluid damper are relatively few. Figure 1 depicts a schematic
of the fluid damper modeled herein with its main components: damper cylinder housing,
piston rod, piston head, and viscous fluid in the chamber. There is a small annular space
between the piston head and the inside wall of the cylinder housing. This acts as an
effective channel for the fluid. As the piston head moves back and forth inside the damper
cylinder, fluid is forced to pass through the annular channel with large shear rate, which
leads to significant heat generation. The heat is transferred in both the axial and radial
directions. In the radial direction, the heat is conducted through the cylinder house wall
and convected to the air outside the damper, which is modeled using the Newton’s
convective cooling law.
Cylinder Fluid
Orifice Piston rod
P(t)
Chamber 1 Chamber 2
Piston head
Figure 1: A sketch of a typical fluid damper with its major components.
You make use of the axially symmetric nature of the fluid damper and model it in a 2D-
axisymmetric geometry as shown in Figure 2. The geometric dimensions and other
parameters of the damper are taken according to Ref. 1 to represent the smaller, 15 kip
damper experimentally studied therein. Thus, the piston head has a diameter of 8.37 cm,
the piston rod diameter is 2.83 cm, and the gap thickness is about 1/100 of the piston
2 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

head diameter. The damper has the maximum stroke U0 of 0.1524 m. The damper solid
parts are made of steel, and the damping fluid is silicone oil.
Figure 2: Geometry and mesh. The domains (from left to right) represent: piston rod, piston
head and damping fluid space, and the damper outer wall.
FLUID FLOW
The fluid flow in the fluid damper is described by the incompressible Navier–Stokes
equations, solving for the velocity field u  u w and the pressure p:
u T
 +   u   u =    – pI +   u +  u   
t
  u = 0
The density is assumed independent of the temperature, while the temperature

dependence of the fluid viscosity is taken into account as:
 = 0 –   T – T0  (1)
The reference material properties of silicone oil are used.

No slip wall boundary conditions are applied for both ends of the damper cylinder and on
the inner wall of the damper cylinder house. A Moving/sliding wall with the given velocity
is applied on the boundaries of the piston head and on the piston rod.
CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER

The conjugate heat transfer is solved both in the fluid domain and the damper cylinder
house wall: heat transfer by convection and conduction in the fluid domain, heat transfer
by conduction only in the solid domain, and the temperature field is continuous between
the fluid and solid domains. In the fluid domain, the viscous dissipation is activated:
T T
C p + C p u  T +   q = Q +   u +  u  : u
t
where the second term on the right-hand side represent the heat source from viscous
dissipation. Hence, the problem is a fully coupled fluid-thermal interaction problem.
In the solid domain of the cylinder house wall, this equation reduces to conductive heat
transfer equation without any heating source.
The heat flux boundary condition based on the Newton’s cooling law is applied on the
outside boundaries of the cylinder house wall. The temperature field is continuous
between the fluid and solid domains. The ends of the damper connected to the structures
outside are kept at constant temperature.
The piston head movement is provided as harmonic oscillations with given amplitude and
frequency, z  a0sin2ft, the piston head starting the simulation in its middle position.
The motion is modeled using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) deformed mesh.
The ALE method handles the dynamics of the deforming geometry and the moving
boundaries with a moving grid. The Navier–Stokes equations for fluid flow and heat
equations for temperature variation are formulated in these moving coordinates.
Results and Discussion

The modeled loading has the amplitude of 0.127 m, and the excitation frequency is
0.4 Hz. This represents the long-stroke loading experiment performed in Ref. 1. The
loading time period is 40 s.
Note that the simulation results for the temperature are presented in degrees Fahrenheit
for the sake of easier comparison with the experimental measurements.

Figure 3 gives the temperature field in the damper at the end of the loading. It also shows
a typical streamline configuration for the flow induced in the damping fluid.
Figure 3: Temperature field in the damper at the end of simulation.
Figure 4 shows the temperature of the inner wall of the damper at the end-of-stroke
position z  U0. This corresponds to the internal probe position under experiments
performed in Ref. 1. The simulation results show very good agreement with the
experimental measurements (see Fig. 9 in Ref. 1).

Figure 4: Temperature at the probe position.
Figure 5 shows the temperature variation along the inner wall of the damper after 10 s and
40 s of loading. It clearly shows that the temperature at the probe position does not
represent the maximum temperature within the damper. This supports the conclusion
drawn in Ref. 1, where the choice of the probe positioning was limited by the construction
of the outer shell of the damper. Figure 5 also shows that the temperature near the center
of the damper increases by about 100 degrees already after few loading cycles.

Figure 5: Temperature of the damper inner wall. The probe position corresponds to z U0  1.
Notes About the COMSOL Implementation

You decompose the computational domain into several parts and mesh the domains with
mapped meshes to resolve the very thin annular space. For the moving mesh you prescribe
the displacement of the mesh in each domain so that their alignment remains unchanged
with a zero displacement at the top and the bottom of the damper cylinder housing
connecting to the high-performance seal, and the displacement equal to that of the piston
head is used for the domain lined up with the piston head. This is achieved by specifying
the mesh displacement field as a linear function of the deformed mesh frame coordinate
and the reference (material) frame coordinate.
The steel material needed for the damper solid parts is available in the built-in material
library. You create a user-defined material for the silicone oil. Such damping fluids are
typically characterized by the density, kinematic viscosity at the temperature 25°C, and so-
called viscosity temperature coefficient, VTC  1viscosity at 98.9°C)/(viscosity at
37.8°C). Using this parameter, you create the linear correlation for the dynamic viscosity
given by Equation 1.

References
1. C.J. Black and N. Makris, “Viscous Heating of Fluid Dampers Under Small and Large
Amplitude Motions: Experimental Studies and Parametric Modeling,” J. Eng. Mech.,
vol. 133, pp. 566–577, 2007.
2. G.L. Morini, “Viscous Heating in Liquid Flows in Micro-Channels,” Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer, vol. 48, pp. 3637–3647, 2005.
Application Library path: CFD_Module/Nonisothermal_Flow/fluid_damper
Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.
NEW
In the New window, click Model Wizard.
MODEL WIZARD
1 In the Model Wizard window, click 2D Axisymmetric.
2 In the Select Physics tree, select Heat Transfer>Conjugate Heat Transfer>Laminar Flow.
3 Click Add.
4 Click Study.
5 In the Select Study tree, select General Studies>Time Dependent.
6 Click Done.
GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Global Definitions click Parameters 1.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
3 Click Load from File.
4 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
fluid_damper_parameters.txt.
Piston Displacement
1 In the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Analytic.

2 In the Settings window for Analytic, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Expression text field, type a0*sin(2*pi*f*t).
4 In the Arguments text field, type t.
5 Locate the Units section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Argument Unit
t s
6 In the Function text field, type m.

7 Locate the Plot Parameters section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Plot Argument Lower limit Upper limit Fixed value Unit

 t 0 40 0 s
8 Click Plot.
9 Click the Zoom Extents button in the Graphics toolbar.
10 In the Function name text field, type zp.
11 In the Label text field, type Piston Displacement.
DEFINITIONS
Variables 1
1 In the Home toolbar, click Variables and choose Local Variables.
2 In the Settings window for Variables, locate the Variables section.
3 Click Load from File.
4 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
fluid_damper_variables.txt.
GEOMETRY 1
Rectangle 1 (r1)
1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Rectangle.
2 In the Settings window for Rectangle, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Width text field, type Dr/2.
4 In the Height text field, type 2*Ld.
5 Locate the Position section. In the z text field, type -Ld.

Rectangle 2 (r2)
3 In the Width text field, type Dp/2.
Rectangle 3 (r3)
3 In the Width text field, type Dd/2-Hw.
Rectangle 4 (r4)
3 In the Width text field, type Dd/2.
Rectangle 5 (r5)
3 In the Width text field, type Dd/2.
4 In the Height text field, type 2*Lp.
5 Locate the Position section. In the z text field, type -Lp.
6 In the Geometry toolbar, click Build All.
The model geometry is now complete.
LAMINAR FLOW (SPF)

1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Laminar Flow (spf).
2 Select Domains 4 and 6–9 only.

HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLIDS AND FLUIDS (HT)
Fluid 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>
Heat Transfer in Solids and Fluids (ht) click Fluid 1.
3 In the Settings window for Fluid, locate the Thermodynamics, Fluid section.
4 From the Fluid type list, choose Gas/Liquid.
5 From the  list, choose User defined.
ADD MATERIAL
1 In the Home toolbar, click Add Material to open the Add Material window.
2 Go to the Add Material window.
3 In the tree, select Built-in>Steel AISI 4340.
4 Click Add to Component in the window toolbar.
5 In the Home toolbar, click Add Material to close the Add Material window.
MATERIALS
In the following steps, you create a new material for the damping fluid, Silicone Oil.
Silicone Oil
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) right-click Materials and
choose Blank Material.
2 In the Settings window for Material, type Silicone Oil in the Label text field.
4 In the Model Builder window, expand the Component 1 (comp1)>Materials>
Silicone Oil (mat2) node, then click Basic (def).
5 In the Settings window for Basic, locate the Model Inputs section.
6 Click Select Quantity.
7 In the Physical Quantity dialog box, type temperature in the text field.
8 Click Filter.
9 In the tree, select General>Temperature (K).
10 Click OK.
11 In the Settings window for Basic, locate the Local Properties section.

12 In the Local properties table, enter the following settings:
Name Expression Unit Description

nu_25C 0.0125[m^2/s] m²/s
VTC 0.6[1]
13 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>Materials click

Silicone Oil (mat2).
14 In the Settings window for Material, locate the Material Contents section.
15 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property Variable Value Unit Property

group
Heat capacity at Cp 2e3 J/(kg·K) Basic
constant pressure
Density rho 950 kg/m³ Basic
Thermal conductivity k_iso ; kii 22.5 W/(m·K) Basic
= k_iso,
kij = 0
Dynamic viscosity mu nu_25C*rho*(1-VTC* Pa·s Basic
(T-311[K])/(61[K]))/
(1+VTC*0.2107)
HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLIDS AND FLUIDS (HT)
Initial Values 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>
Heat Transfer in Solids and Fluids (ht) click Initial Values 1.
2 In the Settings window for Initial Values, locate the Initial Values section.
3 In the T text field, type T0.
Temperature 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Temperature.
2 Select Boundaries 2, 7, 9, 14, 16, 21, 23, and 28 only. These are the upper and lower
boundaries of the cylinder.
3 In the Settings window for Temperature, locate the Temperature section.
4 In the T0 text field, type T0.

Heat Flux 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Heat Flux.
2 Select Boundaries 29–31 only.
3 In the Settings window for Heat Flux, locate the Heat Flux section.
4 From the Flux type list, choose Convective heat flux.
5 In the h text field, type hwall.
6 In the Text text field, type T0.
LAMINAR FLOW (SPF)

1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Laminar Flow (spf).
2 In the Settings window for Laminar Flow, locate the Physical Model section.
3 From the Compressibility list, choose Incompressible flow.
Because the damper is a closed container, you need to pinpoint the pressure level within.
To achieve that, use the point constraint as follows.
Pressure Point Constraint 1

1 In the Physics toolbar, click Points and choose Pressure Point Constraint.
2 Select Point 12 only.
Wall 2
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Wall.
2 Select Boundaries 22, 24, and 26 only.
3 In the Settings window for Wall, click to expand the Wall Movement section.
4 From the Translational velocity list, choose Manual.
COMPONENT 1 (COMP1)
Prescribed Deformation 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Moving Mesh and choose Prescribed Deformation.
2 In the Settings window for Prescribed Deformation, locate the Prescribed Deformation
section.
3 Specify the dx vector as
0 R
zp(t) Z
4 Select Domains 2, 5, 8, and 11 only.

1 In the Moving Mesh toolbar, click Prescribed Deformation.
section.
0 R
zlin1 Z
1 In the Moving Mesh toolbar, click Prescribed Deformation.
section.
0 R
zlin2 Z
MESH 1
Mapped 1
In the Mesh toolbar, click Mapped.
Distribution 1
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 23, 25, 27, and 28 only.
3 In the Settings window for Distribution, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution type list, choose Predefined.
5 In the Number of elements text field, type 4.
6 In the Element ratio text field, type 4.
7 From the Growth rate list, choose Exponential.
8 Select the Reverse direction check box.
Distribution 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.

2 Select Boundaries 1, 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 22, 26, 29, and 31 only.
8 Select the Symmetric distribution check box.
Distribution 3
8 Select the Symmetric distribution check box.
Distribution 4
Distribution 5
2 Select Boundaries 3, 10, 17, 24, and 30 only.
Distribution 6
3 In the Model Builder window, right-click Mesh 1 and choose Build All.
The mesh is now complete. It should look similar to that shown in Figure 2.

DEFINITIONS
Domain Point Probe 1

1 In the Definitions toolbar, click Probes and choose Domain Point Probe.
During the computation, a plot of the temperature at the probe position will be
displayed and updated. Set it up as follows.
2 In the Settings window for Domain Point Probe, locate the Point Selection section.
3 In row Coordinates, set r to Dd/2-Hw.
4 In row Coordinates, set z to U0.
Point Probe Expression 1 (ppb1)

1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Domain Point Probe 1 node, then click
Point Probe Expression 1 (ppb1).
2 In the Settings window for Point Probe Expression, type temppr in the Variable name text
field.
3 Locate the Expression section. From the Table and plot unit list, choose degF.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Time Dependent

The simulation starts when the piston is in the lowest position consistent with the steady
flow initial conditions. In addition, a finer sampling is defined on the last cycle to obtain a
better plot of the velocity.
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Time Dependent.
2 In the Settings window for Time Dependent, locate the Study Settings section.
3 In the Output times text field, type range(0,tstep,(ncycle-1)/f)
range((ncycle-1)/f,tstep/2,tmax).
4 Click to expand the Results While Solving section. From the Update at list, choose
Times stored in output.
5 In the Home toolbar, click Compute.
RESULTS
Temperature (ht)
Change the unit of the temperature results to degrees Fahrenheit for the sake of easier
comparison with the experimental measurements.

Surface 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Temperature (ht) node, then click Surface 1.
2 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Expression section.
3 From the Unit list, choose degF.
Fluid Temperature
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Temperature and Fluid Flow (nitf1) node, then
click Fluid Temperature.
Solid Temperature
1 In the Model Builder window, click Solid Temperature.
To produce a 3D plot of the temperature field and the flow streamlines within the damper,
use one of the predefined plots. The plot should appear similar to that shown in Figure 3.
Start with creating additional Cut Plane datasets for plotting the streamlines.
Cut Plane 1
1 In the Results toolbar, click Cut Plane.
2 In the Settings window for Cut Plane, locate the Plane Data section.
3 From the Plane type list, choose General.
4 From the Plane entry method list, choose Point and normal vector.
5 Find the Normal vector subsection. In the x text field, type 1.
6 In the z text field, type 0.
7 Click Plot to visualize the orientation of the cut plane.
8 Right-click Cut Plane 1 and choose Duplicate.
Cut Plane 2
1 In the Model Builder window, click Cut Plane 2.
2 In the Settings window for Cut Plane, locate the Plane Data section.
3 Find the Normal vector subsection. In the y text field, type 1.
4 Click Plot.

ADD PREDEFINED PLOT
Create a 3D temperature plot by adding one of the predefined plots.
1 In the Results toolbar, click Add Predefined Plot to open the Add Predefined Plot
window.
2 Go to the Add Predefined Plot window.
3 In the tree, select Study 1/Solution 1 (sol1)>Heat Transfer in Solids and Fluids>
Temperature (ht).
4 Click Add Plot in the window toolbar.
5 In the Results toolbar, click Add Predefined Plot to close the Add Predefined Plot
window.
RESULTS
Temperature and Velocity Streamlines

In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group, type Temperature and Velocity
Streamlines in the Label text field.
Streamline Surface 1
In the Temperature and Velocity Streamlines toolbar, click More Plots and choose
Streamline Surface.
Volume 1
1 In the Model Builder window, click Volume 1.
2 In the Settings window for Volume, locate the Expression section.
1 In the Model Builder window, click Streamline Surface 1.
2 In the Settings window for Streamline Surface, locate the Data section.
3 From the Dataset list, choose Cut Plane 1.
4 From the Solution parameters list, choose From parent.
5 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the Expression section. From the
menu, choose Component 1 (comp1)>Laminar Flow>Velocity and pressure>u,v,w -
Velocity field (spatial frame).
6 Locate the Streamline Positioning section. From the Positioning list, choose
Uniform density.
7 In the Separating distance text field, type 0.025.

8 Locate the Coloring and Style section. Find the Point style subsection. From the Color
list, choose Black.
9 Right-click Streamline Surface 1 and choose Duplicate.
1 In the Model Builder window, click Streamline Surface 2.
2 In the Settings window for Streamline Surface, locate the Data section.
3 From the Dataset list, choose Cut Plane 2.
4 Click to expand the Title section. From the Title type list, choose None.
5 In the Temperature and Velocity Streamlines toolbar, click Plot.
Inner Wall Temperature at End-of-Stroke Position

1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Probe Plot Group 1.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Inner Wall Temperature at End-of-
Stroke Position in the Label text field.
3 Locate the Legend section. Clear the Show legends check box.
This plot shows the temperature variation at the probe position over the complete
loading time period, it should look similar to that shown in Figure 4.
Temperature Along Inner Wall

Now set up the plot that shows the temperature distribution along the damper inner wall
at times 10 s and 40 s, it should look like that shown in Figure 5.
1 In the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Temperature Along Inner Wall in
the Label text field.
Line Graph 1
1 Right-click Temperature Along Inner Wall and choose Line Graph.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
3 In the Expression text field, type z/U0.
4 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression.
6 Select Boundaries 22, 24, and 26 only.
7 Click to expand the Legends section. Select the Show legends check box.

Temperature Along Inner Wall
1 In the Model Builder window, click Temperature Along Inner Wall.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, click to expand the Title section.
3 From the Title type list, choose Manual.
4 In the Title text area, type Temperature along inner wall.
5 Locate the Plot Settings section. Select the x-axis label check box.
6 Select the y-axis label check box. In the associated text field, type Adimensional
height (1).
7 Locate the Data section. From the Time selection list, choose From list.
8 In the Times (s) list, choose 10 and 40.
9 In the Temperature Along Inner Wall toolbar, click Plot.
Surface Average 1
Finally, plot the average velocity within the damper over the last cycle.
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Derived Values node.

2 Right-click Results>Derived Values and choose Average>Surface Average.
4 In the Settings window for Surface Average, locate the Data section.
5 From the Time selection list, choose From list.
6 In the Times (s) list, choose 38.75, 38.875, 39, 39.125, 39.25, 39.375, 39.5, 39.625, 39.75,
39.875, and 40.
7 Locate the Expressions section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression Unit Description

spf.U m/s Velocity magnitude
8 Click Evaluate.
Average Velocity Over the Last Cycle

1 In the Results toolbar, click 1D Plot Group.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Average Velocity Over the Last
Cycle in the Label text field.
3 Locate the Title section. From the Title type list, choose Manual.
4 In the Title text area, type Temperature along inner wall.

Table Graph 1
1 Right-click Average Velocity Over the Last Cycle and choose Table Graph.
2 In the Settings window for Table Graph, locate the Data section.
3 From the Table list, choose Table 2.
4 In the Average Velocity Over the Last Cycle toolbar, click Plot.


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Created in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.

Viscous Heating in a Fluid Damper

Orifice Piston rod

Figure 1: A sketch of a typical fluid damper with its major components.

2 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

The density is assumed independent of the temperature, while the temperature

The reference material properties of silicone oil are used.

3 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER

Results and Discussion

4 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

Figure 3: Temperature field in the damper at the end of simulation.

5 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

6 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

Notes About the COMSOL Implementation

7 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

Application Library path: CFD_Module/Nonisothermal_Flow/fluid_damper

8 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

6 In the Function text field, type m.

Plot Argument Lower limit Upper limit Fixed value Unit

9 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

LAMINAR FLOW (SPF)

10 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

11 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

Name Expression Unit Description

13 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>Materials click

Property Variable Value Unit Property

HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLIDS AND FLUIDS (HT)

12 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

LAMINAR FLOW (SPF)

Pressure Point Constraint 1

4 Select Domains 2, 5, 8, and 11 only.

13 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

4 Select Domains 1, 4, 7, and 10 only.

4 Select Domains 3, 6, 9, and 12 only.

14 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

15 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

Domain Point Probe 1

Point Probe Expression 1 (ppb1)

Step 1: Time Dependent

16 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

17 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

Temperature and Velocity Streamlines

18 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

Inner Wall Temperature at End-of-Stroke Position

Temperature Along Inner Wall

19 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Derived Values node.

Expression Unit Description

Average Velocity Over the Last Cycle

20 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

21 | VISCOUS HEATING IN A FLUID DAMPER

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