Bachelor Thesis EKHK18 Klara Lind

The role of e-commerce in the economic development of Vietnam
during 1990 to 2020
Klara Lind, klaralind@hotmail.com
EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 1

Supervisor: Kamaruddin Abdulsomad
Examiner: Prince Aboyage
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Abstract
This study will discuss the role of e-commerce in the economic development of Vietnam
during 1990 to 2020. During the recent years, Vietnam has had a remarkable economic
growth and is seen as one of the promising countries of technological development and e-
commerce. However, the country still has a long way to go in economic development. This
study accounts for how the new trading market; e-commerce can be utilized for a developing
country, in this case Vietnam, in order to develop and catch up the developed countries in the
new era of globalization. According to the UNDP, developing countries should adopt e-
commerce in order to enhance both their social and economic development as well as their
international interaction. Out of the 97 million people living in Vietnam, 37% of the
population is using e-commerce, but this number is expected to grow. This research conducts
a case-study of the most dominant e-commerce sector of Vietnam, the consumer goods sector.
This is a representative case, by looking at the direction of the trend of this sector, one can
draw conclusions and predictions on how e-commerce development can help promote
economic development in Vietnam. This will be done through a mixed method; entailing a
qualitative research collected from various scientific articles, websites along with other
literature. Whilst the other part consists of a quantitative method with data collected from
various data bases and other statistical forums. The scope of the study reaches from 1990-
2020, since it was in the 1990’s the Internet emerged.

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Table of contents
List of Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. 4
List of Figures........................................................................................................................ 5
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Scope of the study and Relevance ............................................................................. 6
1.2 Aim and Research questions ..................................................................................... 7
1.3 Outline of the thesis .................................................................................................... 8
2. Background........................................................................................................................ 9
3. Previous Literature .......................................................................................................... 11
3.1 The Flying Geese Paradigm..................................................................................... 11
3.2 Factors of e-commerce ............................................................................................. 12
3.3 Role of e-commerce in developed countries ........................................................... 13
3.4 Digitalization spread to developing countries ........................................................ 15
3.5 The study’s contribution to the discussion ............................................................. 16
4. Analytical Framework ..................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Factors of economic development ........................................................................... 17
4.2 Role of e-commerce for economic development .................................................... 18
4.3. Limitations of the analytical framework ............................................................... 22
5. Methods and Data............................................................................................................ 22
5.1 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 22
5.2 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 24
5.3 Limitations of the methodology............................................................................... 27
6. Analysis/Discussion ......................................................................................................... 29
6.1 The rise of e-commerce in Vietnam ........................................................................ 31
6.2 Consumer goods sector ............................................................................................ 33
6.3 Consumer patterns ................................................................................................... 37
6.4 Global competitiveness and trade ........................................................................... 40
6.5 Government regulations .......................................................................................... 42
7. Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................ 46
References ............................................................................................................................... 49

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List of Abbreviations
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B2B Business-to-business
B2C Business-to-consumer
C2A Consumer-to-administration
C2B Consumer-to-business
C2C Consumer-to-consumer
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
EFT Electronic Fund Transfer
EVBN EU-Vietnam Business Network
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FGP Flying Geese Paradigm
GDP Gross Domestic Product
ICT Information and Communication Technology
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USD US Dollars

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Map of Vietnam p.9

Figure 2: The Flying Geese Paradigm p.12
Figure 3: E-commerce as an analytical model, 1990–2020 p.19
Figure 4: Indicators of e-commerce and economic development, 1990-2020 p.25
Figure 5: Historical Timeline of E-commerce, 1970–2020 p.31
Figure 6: People using the internet (% of total population), ASEAN countries, 1990-2019 p.32
Figure 7: Population of Vietnam (in millions), 1990–2020 p.34
Figure 8: Online Purchases of Consumer Goods in Vietnam, 2019 p.36
Figure 9: Vietnam's GDP (in USD billions), 1990–2019 p.36
Figure 10: Urbanization growth in Vietnam, 2008–2018 p.40
Figure 11: Top Transactional Websites in Vietnam, 2019 p.41

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1. Introduction
Vietnam has experienced a remarkable economic growth during the last few decades and it is
expected to continue (The World Bank, 2020). The country is seen as one of the promising
countries when it comes to technological development (Hoang Linh, 2020a). Despite this, the
country still has a long way to go when it comes to economic development, since they are still
categorized as a developing country, classified as a lower middle-income country (The World
Bank, 2020). This is partly due to not being included in the international trade market
acquired from electronic commerce (e-commerce) and globalization (Phillips, 2016).
According to the UNDP (2005, cited in Alyoubi, 2015) developing countries should adopt e-
commerce in order to enhance both their social and economic development as well as their
international interaction. E-commerce or digital trade has reshaped the whole trading system,
opening up for new international markets. This new trading market is expected to have a
significant impact on countries’ economic development (World Trade Organization, 2018, pp.
6-10). Therefore, this research looks at how the transition from a traditional commerce trading
market to an e-commerce market can be utilized for Vietnam in order to promote economic
development.
Before going further into the study, it is important to establish the definition for e-commerce
used throughout this research. According to Decree 52/2013/ND-CP (2013, cited in EVBN,
2018 p.15) e-commerce can be defined as the following” e-commerce activity means
conducting part or the whole of the process of commercial activity by electronic means
connected to the Internet, mobile telecommunications network or other open networks”
(EVBN, 2018, p. 15).
1.1 Scope of the study and Relevance
E-commerce has acted as a facilitator to spur countries economic growth and finally
economic development, by allowing them to expand their commerce market and enter new
trading markets internationally (Alyoubi, 2015, p. 480). Vietnam is considered as one of
Asia’s most open economies, with a remarkable development in trade liberalization during
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recent years (Le Trong, 2020). There is a big school arguing that Vietnam is one of the
promising e- commerce giants, therefore it is relevant to look at how the case of Vietnam can
represent other developing countries, situated in similar situations (Hoang Linh, 2020b).
Nonetheless, their e-commerce market experiences many barriers. A major obstacle for
economic development in Vietnam is their lack of connectivity and interactivity (Le Trong,
2020).
Furthermore, Vietnam is located in a region where developing countries have succeeded with
a technological development during the last decades. Technological innovations have
reshaped the economic and social development of Asia, which have grown to become the
powerhouse of world economic growth during the last decades. Asia consists of some of the
largest and wealthiest economies in the world, thanks to the technological revolution adopted
(Li & Piachaud, 2018, p. 2). This development will be discussed by applying” The Flying
Geese Paradigm” to the case of Vietnam in order to see how the South-East Asian peers have
managed. Some of these countries also belong to” The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations”, also known as ASEAN. ASEAN was founded by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand and was established on 8th of august 1967. Since then, Brunei
Darussalam, Vietnam Lao PDR, Myanmar and Cambodia has joined, together constituting the
10 member states ASEAN has today (ASEAN, 2017).
1.2 Aim and Research questions
During the last decades a new form of industrialization has taken place; the third
industrialization driven by technological development (Ben-Ami, 2015). This led to the
globalization and liberalization which we can see in the world today, countries are now more
interconnected and integrated than they were before. Globalization is the spread of
technology, information, goods and jobs worldwide, driven by free trade and open markets.
Globalization provides an opportunity for economic growth through widening markets.
Nonetheless, this opportunity is not distributed equally between countries, often excluding
developing countries (Kopp, 2020). Therefore, this study aims at discussing how e-commerce
can be utilized as a tool for Vietnam to spur their economic development, by broadening and
developing their e-commerce market. Since e-commerce can be used as an opportunity for

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developing countries to be included in the global trading system and market (World Trade
Organization, 2018, p. 13).
E-commerce has not only changed the outlook of the structure of a commerce market but has
also changed consumption patterns (Scalefast, 2020). The aim is to look at how an increasing
e-commerce market can improve economic development in Vietnam in general. With a focus
on the actual transition from a traditional commerce to e-commerce and how the change of
consumer patterns can promote economic development in Vietnam.
To reach aforementioned aim, the following research question is posed:
- How can the transition from a traditional commerce market to an e-commerce market
promote economic development in Vietnam?
To answer this overarching question, I will be analyzing the online consumer goods sector.
The aim is to be able to draw predictions of e-commerce impact on economic development in
general based on the data retrieved for this specific sector.
An important aspect of this change of trading system is government regulations. It is the

government’s responsibility to implement the regulations and policies needed for an e-
commerce environment (UNCTAD, 2003). Therefore, the following sub-question is posed:
- What has the government in Vietnam done so far in order to promote e-commerce?
1.3 Outline of the thesis
The following outline is applied in this thesis; I will start off the thesis with providing some
background information regarding Vietnams economy and a brief e-commerce history in
order to put the subject of the study into context. I will then review the previous literature
presenting relevant aspects and theories on economic development and e-commerce, after this
I will present the analytical framework I have developed. Following this I present the
methodology conducted and the data analyzed. I then discuss and analyze the findings from
the data and connect them to the analytical framework as well as the previous literature.
Lastly, with some concluding remarks I summarize my findings.

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2. Background
Figure 1: Map of Vietnam

Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia with a population of
approximately 97 million people (World Population
Review, 2020). Vietnam shares its land borders with
Laos and Cambodia to the west, and China to the north
(Wikipedia 2020a), which has played a huge role in their
technological development (Jennings, 2018). This will be
discussed further in the study.
Vietnam is a middle-income country but has

experienced a huge economic growth during the last
decades (The World Bank, 2020). During 2000–2018,
Vietnam has experienced a 27% rise in their GDP
counted in US dollars (The World Bank, 2019a). This is
due to their increasing role of agricultural producer in
the global market as well as an attractive country for
foreign direct investment (FDI). Furthermore,
technological industries play a crucial role in the
economic development of the country (Trading
Source: Asean up (2020) Economics, 2020). Vietnam has experienced a large

population growth, with an addition of 1 million per year, making the country the 15th largest
in the world according to population (World Population Review, 2020). This attracts foreign
investors and companies as a large population equivalates to a large consumer base
(McKinsey & Company, 2019, p. 6).
This study will use the time frame of 1990 to 2020. The start year of 1990 is chosen since the
development of the Internet as we know it emerged during the 1990’s. This marks a crucial
milestone; it was this new technological platform which essentially led to e-commerce
developing (Wikipedia, 2020b). The scope of the study ends with 2020 as e-commerce is an
ongoing development process.

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Along with the internet exploding during the last decades and becoming more and more
popular e-commerce has become a new phenomenon which has grown and outcompeted
retailing. The Internet has developed the way consumers and companies interact with each
other, consequently creating a new marketplace for this interaction. With this rapid
development of global interaction, e-commerce has entered into a new era allowing
companies to sell their products across borders (World Trade Organization, 2018, p. 3).
The e-commerce market is based on five different types of markets depending on the seller
and buyer:
1. Business-to-business (B2B)
2. Business-to-consumer (B2C)
3. Consumer-to-business (C2B)
4. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
5. Consumer-to-administration (C2A)
The two major types of e-commerce markets today are the business-to-business and business-
to-consumer market (D'Errico, 2019). This study examines the consequences of a business-to-
consumer market; however, the biggest e-commerce market is actually the business-to-
business market. It has been around since the beginning of e-commerce history; the market
was based on electronic data interchange (EDI) which was invented already in the
1970’s/1980’s. The business-to-business e-commerce market accounts for a striking majority
of the total e-commerce revenue and increased global value chains. However, the changes
sparked by the business-to-consumer e-commerce market has a more significant impact on
countries’ economies and consumer behaviors. The aim of this paper is to analyze how the
new e-commerce market has promoted Vietnams economic development. A part of the
analysis is to examine how the change in consumer behaviors as a consequence of this
transition mean for economic development. It is indicated that the business-to-consumer has
had a larger impact on economies and consumers, therefore, it is more relevant to use this
market for the case study (Chris G. Christopher, 2011). Furthermore, it is the leading sector in
Vietnams e-commerce market (Kemp & Moey, 2019).

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Consumer goods also known as final goods are goods intended to be sold to the average
consumer by businesses. They are the final results of production and manufacturing such as
clothes, food and jewelry. Raw materials such as copper are not considered consumer goods
as they are not the end result and must be transformed into further usable products
(Chappelow, 2019).
3. Previous Literature
In this section, I will review the previous literature which has acted as a guideline for my own
study by both providing the direction of the research questions chosen as well as providing
background context which creates the basis for my analytical framework. There are certain
recurrent themes for the topic of e-commerce in Vietnam found in the previous literature,
which will be reviewed below.
3.1 The Flying Geese Paradigm
The technological development in South East Asia has been a hot topic for a while, discussed
by many scholars. A theory used broadly in the literature to explain this phenomenon is “The
Flying Geese Paradigm” (FGP), which explains the catching- up process of technological
development in Southeast Asia with Japan in the lead (Trinh Ha, 2005). Therefore, it is
relevant to apply this theory to the case of Vietnam.
According to Trinh Ha (2005), an important element of this theory is that growth can be
achieved through learning among the economies of the ladder, this is demonstrated by the
geese flying in a formation with one goose in the lead and the rest following. Japan is seen as
the leading power in this development theory. Therefore, by applying this theory to the case
of Vietnam there will be a comparison to the Asian peers. One can see elements in the
Vietnamese technological development already found in other South-East Asian countries
(Trinh Ha, 2005).

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Figure 2: The Flying Geese Paradigm
Source: Econfix (2017)
This paradigm also describes the different stages of development, which can be applied to the
case of Vietnam in order to see what stage they are at and how they should proceed in order to
reach the next stage. At an early stage of development, the country relies on a natural resource
production and its labour. Development into the next stage occurs when a more diversified
industrial structure takes place. When enough capital and technology are accumulated
nationally or through FDI, the industries of the country can shift from a natural resource
production toward a technology-intensive production (Trinh Ha, 2005, pp. 74-75). E-
commerce is part of this technology which can lead to the shift (World Trade Organization,
2018).
E-commerce has played a huge role for already developed countries on their economic growth
since this has increased the national productivity through breaking down market barriers and
allowing companies to interact globally (World Trade Organization, 2018, p. 11). Many
literature claims that even though e-commerce in Vietnam is lagging behind other Southeast
Asian countries such as Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, the country is expected to have a
fast-growing digital economy due to their potential to a dynamic e-commerce market (Hoang
Linh, 2020a).
3.2 Factors of e-commerce
There are two main factors that have contributed to the growth and development of e-
commerce. The first one is globalization. During the last decades a new industrialization wave
has emerged, known as globalization. Which has promoted worldwide integration; countries
are more connected than ever before (Taylor & Francis Group, 2020). It allows countries and
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companies to reach new markets and expand their businesses outside their country borders.
Creating an opportunity to generate more money and endorse economic development (Kopp,
2020).
The second factor is information and communication technology innovations (Taylor &
Francis Group, 2020). Information and Communication Technologies or ICTs are the
technological innovations that grants access to information through telecommunications.
These include; the Internet, wireless networks, mobile phones, iPads, along with other
technologies (Cristensson, 2010). ICTs has developed the infrastructure and platforms of e-
commerce, such as improved logistics and securing international payments (Taylor & Francis
Group, 2020).
3.3 Role of e-commerce in developed countries
Another theme found in the literature is the role of e-commerce in already developed
countries. By looking at developed countries, one can draw useful lessons of the impact of e-
commerce on the economy. This can be used in order to draw parallels to what Vietnam is
currently experiencing and predict if they will have a similar economic trajectory.
ICT and e-commerce have a huge impact on the national economic performance, as it
enhances productivity. A report conducted by UNCTAD (2003) shows a growth trend in
countries which are heavily technology penetrated (UNCTAD, 2003). A huge beneficial effect
of e-commerce is the reduction of costs that leads to increased productivity. This has a direct
effect on economic growth. Many scholars argue that a crucial effect of e-commerce is
reduced transactions costs (World Trade Organization, 2018, pp. 8-9). Transaction costs are
the costs entailed in the market exchange between two parties such as the monitoring and
enforcement costs. An e-commerce marketplace does not require as costly maintenance of the
market as a traditional one, since they do not need as many resources to operate (Globerman,
2001).
One common theme found for a successful e-commerce market is having sound governmental
laws and regulations (UNCTAD, 2003). This is an aspect where Vietnam is lacking (U.S.
Embassies abroad, 2018). The government should encourage greater understanding of how to
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use the ICTs in the best way in order to achieve the best practices. They should also
implement policies which facilitates access to e-commerce and increases efficiency
(UNCTAD, 2003).
3.3.1 The effect of e-commerce on a micro level
The aim of this study is to look at e-commerce and development on a macro level, however,
to gain an understanding of how e-commerce can affect on every level I will mention some
effects on a micro scale as well. The effects from a micro perspective are similar to the effects
on a macro level, as they go hand in hand; the consequences of micro level activities will be
seen on a macro level. Therefore, looking at a micro level, global competitiveness and trade
encouraged by e-commerce can lead to an increased global value chain for Vietnam (Chris G.
Christopher, 2011).
Furthermore, the paper will examine how the change of consumer behaviour can promote
economic development in Vietnam. As mentioned, this study looks at e-commerce from a
macro perspective, therefore the analysis will look at consumer behaviour from a broader
picture. Nonetheless, the individual online consumers have also drawn benefits from this
behaviour change. The growth of e-commerce market has placed a downward pressure on the
consumer prices, making it less expensive for shoppers to buy goods (Chris G. Christopher,
2011). Furthermore, the search tools for consumers has improved along with e-commerce,
leading to a reduction of search costs. As the search costs decreases, consumers search more
after products leading to the companies adapting their products to match the demand and
therefore providing better quality products (Prieger & Heil, 2009, pp. 4-5).
For the domestic businesses, e-commerce has provided a service where companies can gather
further information on consumer behaviour. Allowing them to price discriminate,
differentiating their goods and customize their products towards the demand, consequently
increasing their sales (Prieger & Heil, 2009, pp. 4-5).

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3.4 Digitalization spread to developing countries
It is often stated that developing countries are not a part of this new digitalization wave,
however, this does not mean that e-commerce is not thriving in some developing countries.
Using China as an example, where e-commerce trade has reached new heights, with a 120%
increase in the last decade. This is hardly a surprise as out of all the Asian countries, China is
seen as the country with the greatest potential to become a world leader in the global e-
commerce market (Alyoubi, 2015, p. 480), having the largest Internet usage in the world
(Thomala, 2020). Strongly enhancing the Chinese presence in the international trading market
(Alyoubi, 2015, p. 480). Nonetheless, the country likewise Vietnam is still struggling to
realize the full potential of e-commerce due to state restrictions and inadequate payment
systems and telecommunication facilities (Stylianou, et al., 2003, p. 32).
During the last decades, internet usage has had a large increase in developing countries. One
out of three people are using the internet in developing countries. This rate of growth is
directly related with the development of e-commerce markets. This expansion indicates that
the developing countries are a part of this new digitalization era to some extent (Kumar, et al.,
2014, p. 26).
In the majority of Asian countries, many enterprises recognize e-commerce as the wave of the
future, encouraging the governments to prioritize improving infrastructure and enforcing the
skills needed for developing an e-commerce market (UNCTAD, 2003).
3.4.1 Obstacles of e-commerce in developing countries
E-commerce has the potential to provide many opportunities for these countries on a global
scale. By adopting technological advancement, it enhances international trade, increased
investments, business transactions and expanded market penetration. But the conclusion
reached by previous literature is that the reality is disappointing. The majority of developing
countries are far from experiencing the same reality as the developed countries, due to many
structural factors which act as obstacles, hindering an e-commerce market to flourish
(Alyoubi, 2015, pp. 480-481).

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According to Alyoubi (2015), the obstacles varies between different countries, but the most
common barriers include a lack of the managerial skills needed in order to structure and
implement an e-commerce market. He states that these countries often have a fragmented
infrastructure causing a lack in interactivity and connectivity. Another obstacle experienced in
these countries is the absence of a comprehensive regulatory environment for e-commerce. In
comparison to developed countries, regulatory support has a stronger impact on e-commerce
in developing countries (Alyoubi, 2015, p. 481).
An important aspect of government regulations is trade barriers. The difference in trade

barriers between developing countries and developed countries, positions the country’s
relation to e-commerce and role in the global trading market. It can either hinder a country’s
economic development or give them a head start depending on how open their economy is.
This is often the reason why developing countries fall behind the developed countries. Trade
barriers can be divided into four main classifications: market access, domestic tax regulations,
development obstacles and internet literacy. These barriers are often experienced by
developing countries, by identifying these different barriers and overcoming them it will help
the country promote economic growth. One can overcome these barriers by implementing
laws and regulations encouraging an open market. However, countries need to ensure that it
will not jeopardize their domestic interests. This may be the reason why many developing
countries not prioritize these aspects, as it threatens their national interests (Piazza, et al.,
2017).
3.5 The study’s contribution to the discussion
Lastly, regarding the academic contribution of this study I have identified a gap in the current
literature. Most studies in the area of e-commerce and technological development in Asia
focuses on Japan and China, there is a lack of studies with an emphasize on Vietnam. The
studies that do focus on Vietnam, lacks a thorough analysis on the structure of the Vietnamese
e-commerce market. Many of the previous literature mentions how Vietnam is one of the
promising e-commerce giants but fails at explaining why. Therefore, the analytical framework
built in this study will account for a detailed analysis of what aspects works in the Vietnamese
e-commerce market and where they are failing, with the goal to spread the knowledge.

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Furthermore, the analytical framework provides a model for an e-commerce structure with the
most important factors for economic development. Since the e-commerce market is relatively
new, with the market increasing hugely during the last few years, there is not much data on
the issue yet. The same applies to the e-commerce market in Vietnam, it is only during the
last two decades that e-commerce was introduced in Vietnam. Therefore, the analytical
framework can act as a guideline for developing countries in order to understand what aspects
of society they should invest in, in order to achieve a successful e-commerce market.
Most importantly, this paper will further contribute to the discussion of how e-commerce can
be associated with economic development for developing countries by looking at the impact it
has had so far.
4. Analytical Framework
Throughout this study I will be using the concept of e-commerce as an analytical framework,
in this section I will motivate how e-commerce can be converted to an analytical model. The
model is based on the relationship between e-commerce and economic development. It
analyzes how the advancement from a traditional market to an e-commerce market leads to
economic development, by looking at the consequences this change bring.
4.1 Factors of economic development
The first step in building this model is to establish the crucial elements needed in order to
reach economic development. After some research, one can conclude that there are three
major factors for development:
1. Human resources
2. Investment in physical capital
3. Investments in technology
All of these factors contribute to economic development since investments in these different
areas of society leads to increased productivity (Woodruff, 2019). Increased productivity is
one of the main drivers for economic development. Productivity is a measurement calculating

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the efficiency of a production of a country, where a country combines capital and labour to
produce more but with the same level of factor inputs. Leading to achieving economic
development at a lower cost (Riley, 2018).
Furthermore, these three factors of economic development relate to e-commerce. Firstly, the
most given is investments in technology, as e-commerce is a technological invention (World
Trade Organization, 2018). The crucial role of technology in the promotion of economic
development has been around for centuries. Starting with the industrial revolution, where
people realized that technological innovations creates a leverage towards other countries,
optimizing the countries production costs (The World Trade Organization, 2018, p. 3).
Technological innovations still play a decisive role in the globalized world economy we
currently live in. Scholars argue that the reason for differences in economic development and
income inequality is due to the diverse levels in technological advances different countries
possesses. Investments in better technology leads to increased productivity as the same
quantity of labor are able to be more productive (Woodruff, 2019).
A huge part of the development of e-commerce is investment in physical capital. These

consists of purchases and investments in capital goods such as machines, computers, tools
along with other production equipment which can develop e-commerce. Investments in
capital goods leads to economic development since it allows companies and countries to
produce revenue on a long-term perspective by increasing their productivity (Ross, 2019).
The last category is human resources, it also plays an important role in economic
development and e-commerce. A prerequisite for economic development is a skilled
workforce, human capital can be encouraged through education (Woodruff, 2019). Human
capital is needed in order for an e-commerce platform to function. Even though e-commerce
businesses are being mainly operationalized through digitalization, human resources are
still required. Automation of the human resources role in e-commerce is not possible as of
yet, it requires humans to solve consistently increasing and evolving issues. Therefore, an
investment in human capital will enhance e-commerce (Barr & Davis, 2018).
4.2 Role of e-commerce for economic development
The next step in building this model is to see the consequences of e-commerce and how they
can lead to economic development. There are many effects of e-commerce, but for this
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framework I have chosen to include the most relevant ones. Below is the e-commerce model
which acts as the basis for the analytical framework.
Figure 3: E-commerce as an analytical model, 1990–2020
Sources: Riley (2018) and Lopez Gonzales & Ferencz (2018), adapted by researcher: Klara
Lind (2020)
4.2.1 Increased productivity and Linkages
Increased productivity is an important driving force for increased living standards as it

quantifies how an economy uses its available economic assets and resources. This can lead to
improvements in various aspects of society, three of the major consequences include:
• Lower unit costs- A reduction of unit costs can generate lower prices for consumers,
which encourages higher demand. Leading to more output as well as increasing
employment.
• Increased competitiveness and trade- Along with lower unit costs, productivity growth
lead to increased competitiveness for companies and countries in global trading
markets.
• Higher wages- Increased productivity leads to greater efficiency for workers, which
creates an incentive for companies to afford higher wages for their workers (Riley,
2018).

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All these three aspects lead to economic development. However, there are some barriers for
productivity, also known as productivity gaps. These include, lack of access to high
technological innovations, unskilled labour force, insufficient management and lack of
competition within domestic markets (Riley, 2018).
E-commerce can improve all of the aforementioned aspects. Increased productivity by

employing e-commerce instead for traditional commerce is achieved through various factors,
the biggest one being reduction of unit costs such as transactions costs. As stated by
Globerman (2001), transaction costs are the costs entailed in the e-commerce process, often
comprised of the following:
1. Search costs- the costs for businesses to search for market information on consumers,
sellers, products and prices of products in order to adapt to the demand.
2. Contracting costs- includes the costs of developing and employing contracts between
businesses or consumers.
3. Monitoring costs- the costs of monitoring the e-commerce market.
4. Adaptation costs- which are the costs associated with adapting the contracts over a
period of time (Globerman, 2001, p. 13).
5. Shipping and handling costs- which deals with the delivery costs of goods
(Kokemuller, 2020).
All these reductions of costs, enables the e-commerce to function at a lower cost, since the
same quantity of labor are able to be more productive (Woodruff, 2019). Furthermore, these
reductions of costs have a large implication for other linkages to economic development. The
reduction of information costs facilitates transactions within and across domestic borders.
Ultimately, giving the opportunity for any given e-commerce business to expand their market
area. Larger markets have an advantage in global trade, they are often regarded as more
reliable and efficient due to their lower average costs (Prieger & Heil, 2009, pp. 3-4).
The increased productivity along with the profit margins and increased competitiveness
stimulated by e-commerce places a downward pressure on inflation (Chris G. Christopher,
2011). Inflation is the increase of goods and services on a long-term perspective. The
increased competitiveness between companies has raised the consumer awareness of price

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and quality of different products, making it difficult for the producers to increase the prices.
The effect will be a lower or no increase at all of the price, which leads to a lower inflation
(Calson-Öhman, 2018, pp. 7-8).
However, this potential effect on inflation will only be sustained if the growth of e-commerce
has stabilized throughout the markets, which can take a long time (ECB, 2015).
4.2.2 Global competitiveness and trade
E-commerce has an impact on competitiveness on both a micro and macroeconomic level.

This study will focus on a macroeconomic perspective, hence the effect on global
competitiveness. Global competitiveness is a crucial element of economies and economic
development (Schwab, 2019). The competitive pressure has increased due to e-commerce
since it has created a new platform for selling services and goods where companies can
compete. The countries that adopt e-commerce have an advantage over those who are stuck in
the traditional way (Tang, et al., 2000). Furthermore, productivity growth and lower unit costs
lead to increased competitiveness of companies in the global market (Riley, 2018).
4.2.3 Government regulations
In order to be included in the international trade market, countries need to look over their
government regulations to ensure that they have government policies allowing for an e-
commerce environment to exist. The government plays a decisive role for a country’s
economic development, it is the largest powerhouse when it comes to e-commerce. Without
the right cybersecurity laws and managerial skills, it is impossible for an e-commerce market
to be put into place and be utilized (Lopez Gonzales & Ferencz, 2018). Consequently,
steering the country into a certain economic trajectory. It is crucial that the developing
countries have a rigid development strategy to be able to manage the rapid swings that can
result from an increasing e-commerce usage (Chris G. Christopher, 2011).
Therefore, the most important linkage between e-commerce and development is government
regulations (Lopez Gonzales & Ferencz, 2018).

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4.3. Limitations of the analytical framework
The aim of this section is to provide transparency by listing the possible limitations of the
analytical framework. A limitation due to the time constraint given, is that the analytical
model does not consider all effects of both e-commerce and economic development. E-
commerce has endless consequences for economic development, it has changed the entire
world economy, naturally having a huge impact on countries’ economies on multiple levels
(World Trade Organization, 2018, pp. 6-10). To overcome this bias, the aspects for the
framework has been derived by collecting data from previous literature. General themes have
been detected and used to build this model, the most frequently mentioned aspects of e-
commerce and economic development in the literature has been employed.
Furthermore, the analytical framework can seem biased since it mainly brings up positive
consequences. E-commerce does not only entail advantages for developing countries but also
lead to negative effects for economic development. The aim of this paper is to see how the
adoption of e-commerce can lead to economic development, hence emphasizing the positive
effect for economic development. It is angled in order to fit the purpose of the research
question. Therefore, the analytical framework fails at emphasizing the negative effects for
economic growth as this opposes the focus. However, this is addressed in the analysis, where
it will be made apparent that e-commerce does not only have a positive impact on economic
development.
5. Methods and Data
In this section, I will explain and motivate the methods and data retained in my research. I
begin with outlining the research design, followed by sections on data sources. Lastly, I point
out the limitations of the methodology and any sources of bias found in the data.
5.1 Research Design
The research design of this study consists of a mixed-method case-study approach. By using a
mixed method, it allows me to triangulate. Since it allows me to analyze, compare and
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integrate main findings from the qualitative data along with the statistics retrieved from the
quantitative data in order to answer the research questions, capturing different dimensions of
the topic (Creswell, 2014).
5.1.1 Case selection
The research consists of a case-study in order to provide an in- depth analysis of the
phenomenon of e-commerce in a real-life context (Crowe, et al., 2011, p. 1). Furthermore, the
study conducts a case-study of the consumer goods sector in Vietnam. The consumer goods
sector is chosen as it is the main sector within the Vietnamese e-commerce market (Kemp &
Moey, 2019). There will be a minor comparative element to the case by applying ”the flying
geese paradigm” where the situation in Vietnam is compared to the peer countries in the
paradigm.
The case-study of Vietnam provides a backdrop to the findings found on the connection
between e-commerce and economic development. The case study does not suffer from
external validity since it is one of many cases in Southeast-Asia that has had a similar
experience. Therefore, this is a representative case, it exemplifies a situation which could
happen in other countries (Bryman, 2012, p. 70).
At the beginning of the research process, it was decided that Asia would be the area of choice.
Asia creates an interesting paradox, partly consisting of countries thriving due to their
technology intensive structure whilst there are also countries characterized by weak states
(Cockerham & Pang, 2017, p. 1).
Furthermore, I wanted to choose a case that regarded a developing country. The economic gap
between developed countries and developing countries will increase if developing countries
does not catch up shortly. Therefore, it is relevant to examine how e-commerce can help a
developing country reach economic development (Bloomberg, 2018). After some research,
one could conclude that Vietnam has had an outstanding growth during the last years and is
seen as the most promising country within e-commerce, instinctively capturing my interest
(Hoang Linh, 2020a). Therefore, the case of Vietnam was chosen.
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The ambition from the start was to cover the whole e-commerce market in Vietnam, however
after a while, I realized that this was would be too excessive and time consuming. Therefore, I
decided to choose a sector within the e-commerce market in Vietnam which would represent
the whole market. Naturally, I chose the sector which is the most dominant and have the
largest potential to continue expanding. Thus, the case study focuses on the online consumer
goods market.
5.2 Data Collection
My case study of e-commerce in Vietnam is based on secondary data. The study is based on
an analytical framework I developed which integrates factors of both qualitative as well as of
quantitative nature. By combining the two methods, I believe that the qualitative data can
validate any possible connections between indicators found in the quantitative part.
The scope of the data collection is from 1990 and onwards, as the year of 1990 marks the
beginning for the Internet which sparked the idea for an e-commerce market developing
(Wikipedia, 2020b). However, as e-commerce entered Vietnam in late 1990’s (Wikipedia,
2019), most of the data is from the year 2000 and onwards, spanning around 20 years; two
decades. Thus, encompassing the entire historic timeline of e-commerce in Vietnam.
5.2.1 Qualitative data
The primary research method for this case study is a qualitative research method, based on
data collection from news articles, research reports, scientific articles, e-books along with
other online literature.
The main research question opens up for both a qualitative and quantitative research method.
Whilst the sub-question merely allows for a qualitative data approach. The sub-question seeks
to understand the element of government regulations. To derive this information, data is
gathered from various government publications, news articles and press releases.

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5.2.2 Quantitative data
This study also consists of a quantitative research method which will act as an overview. By
employing a quantitative method, it allows me to gather statistical measurements to
analyze the e-commerce market in Vietnam (Bryman, 2012, p. 160). In this case the aim
is to examine the relationship between e-commerce and economic development in
Vietnam. The quantitative data is collected from various data bases such as The World Bank,
Statista and DataReportal. In order to achieve a better understanding of what factors are
influencing this relationship, the quantitative data collection consists of several e-commerce
indicators. The following section will include a brief explanation of the chosen variables.
5.2.2.1 Indicators
During this data collection there was a total of five different indicators which was taken into
consideration. The different indicators were collected from different aspects of e-commerce,
in order to ensure an as accurate research as possible. These were based on the relationship
between e-commerce and economic development. The indicators can be divided into three
main themes. Economic growth, Demographics and E-commerce. All indicators are
interrelated in some way, therefore certain indicators overlap and can fit into multiple
categories.
Figure 4: Indicators of e-commerce and economic development, 1990-2020
Sources: DataReportal (2019 & 2020), The World Bank (2019), Trading Economics (2020)
and EVBN (2018)
The first category; economic growth includes only one indicator, as it has the most definite
correlation to economic growth. The aim of this research is to look at economic growth and
finally economic development. Therefore, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a given indicator

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to include in the study, since it is the most common way to measure a country’s economic
growth. GDP calculates the sum of gross value by all producers in the country, excluding
subsidies not counted into the value of the products. The data is counted in current US dollars,
converted from local currency; Vietnamese dong, by using official exchange rates (The World
Bank, 2019a).
This indicator will not be emphasized since it is difficult to isolate the factor of e-commerce
from the data. It works as a comparative complement, in order to comprehend the growth of
the consumer goods sector there will be a comparison to the country’s GDP growth. The data
for this indicator is collected from The World Bank’s database and Trading Economics.
The next theme is e-commerce with a focus on the consumer goods sector. Indicators are
collected of the consumer goods sector as well as for the whole e-commerce market in
Vietnam. The data consists of two parts; the growing trend of the consumer goods sector as
well as the consumer patterns this entails.
The trend of internet usage will be analyzed. This indicator is relevant to use as without the
Internet there is no e-commerce market (Wikipedia, 2020b). Therefore, it also determines the
start year of the data collection. The aim of this indicator is to see the increase of internet
usage in relation to the adoption of e-commerce, in order to get a grip of the growth of the e-
commerce market since it emerged. The data for this indicator was collected form The World
Bank’s database. It calculates the amount of people that has used the internet from any given
device (The World Bank, 2019b).
A crucial part of this analysis is to see what type of devices the Vietnamese consumers use.
This indicator examines the mobile traffic, it is used in order to gain an understanding of who
benefits from the e-commerce market in Vietnam. The data is retrieved from DataReportal,
and the statistics shows the mobile connections as a percentage of the total population
(Kemp, 2020).

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The last category of indicators is demographics, which is used to analyze the consumer
patters. The demographics of a country can tell a lot about the health of the country, hence its
economic development (Hayes, 2018).
The first indicator for this category is the total population of Vietnam. This variable is
necessary to include in order to calculate what different indicators mean in proportion to the
population. Therefore, this indicator is used to draw connections to the share of the
population. This data was retrieved from The World Bank. The total population is based on
the total population of the country, including all residents regardless their citizenship (The
World Bank, 2019c). However, the data from this source only reaches until 2018, data for
later years was therefore complemented by DataReportal.
Lastly, the indicator of urbanization is included in this study. The aim of this indicator is to
see the structure of Vietnam’s population as well as who benefits from the new market of e-
commerce. The study will analyze the urbanization trend in relation to e-commerce and how
this can affect the Vietnamese population. Furthermore, the study will look at the biggest
consumer base and what class they belong to. The data was collected from multiple data
bases; DataReportal and EVBN, a research report funded by the European Union.
5.3 Limitations of the methodology
This section will point out the possible limitations of the methodology and data used in this
study. A general limitation for the quantitative part is that the indicators chosen may contain
bias. It can be challenging to draw concrete conclusions from merely quantitative data since
the indicators chosen can be affected by hidden factors, making it difficult to distinguish what
is due to e-commerce and not. One has to be aware of that when finding a pattern between
two variables it does not mean that there is a correlation between them since there could be
other variables effecting it (Palacio, 2019). Therefore, I have chosen to include qualitative
data to strengthen the possible connections found in the quantitative part.
Furthermore, a limitation is that the data used in this study is based on secondary data,
meaning that the data collection is reliant on other sources. A limitation with the data derived
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from the qualitative data collection is that there is an evident language barrier, therefore the
data on government regulations and laws is collected from sources translated in English.
Resulting in a dependency bias.
5.3.1 Source criticism of data
There are many different aspects one can take into account while conducting source criticism,
this study will be based on the following source criticism template:
• Accuracy and area of coverage- deals with questions regarding the reliability and
relevance of the source. To what extent is the source accurate? How relevant is the
source for the topic being researched? How large area does the source cover? Does the
source have dependency?
• Authority- Who is the author and/or publisher behind the information, is it a
trustworthy person?
• Objectivity- Is the information portrayed in an objective matter?
• Currency- Is the information from the source close to the event being researched?
(Lund University, 2020).
I have used many sources throughout this study, however, there is one source that has been
more meaningful for this study than the rest; DataReportal. The study is mainly based on the
reports provided by DataReportal. This source has provided me with almost all statistics and
indicators used for the quantitative data as well as some data for the qualitative part.
Therefore, it is relevant to question its credibility, by answering the different questions posed
in the aforementioned source criticism template.
Firstly, regarding accuracy and topic coverage, DataReportal contains reports on the e-
commerce market and internet usage for different countries worldwide. As my topic is
focusing on Vietnam, I only used the material on Vietnam. The website provides reports
covering the e-commerce market of Vietnam from the years 2011-2020. The report is very
relevant as it is covering the exact topic for this study, without any excessive information.
Another aspect of accuracy is concerning references, whether the source is citing other
sources or is independent. One may question the credibility of the source in this aspect, since

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it is not independent, it has gathered its data from various databases such as: Global Web
Index, Statista, GSMA Intelligence and App Annie etc. On one hand, this makes it less
credible since it creates dependency, however, on the other hand the sources used by the
website are credible as they have the same purpose as DataReportal which is to provide with
real statistics and data.
The authority and objectivity aspect relate to the former, the source is published by an author,
but the website belongs to an organization. Quantitative sources are usually seen as more
objective than qualitative sources. DataReportal achieves objectivity through providing real
statistics that is backed up by various sources with the same statistics. Since the source covers
many countries, it is more likely to have an objective role and does not provide with
misleading information in order to portray Vietnam in a certain way.
Lastly, regarding currency the source is up to date since it provides data for current days. I
mostly used data for 2018 to 2020 from this website, which makes it credible since it is close
to the event.
For remaining sources, a general source criticism can be conducted. I have tried to examine
the credibility of a source to the possible extent before using it for the study. When doing this
I have taken certain aspects into consideration; the date it was written/published, if the
website is well-known and who has written the piece. Sources without these aspects has been
disregarded to a large extent. Having an author representing the text comforts me as a
researcher since it means that the author can stand behind the information and/or data given.
The date of the source gives credibility since it hints if its close in time to the event being
researched. Lastly, a well-known website is often regarded as trustworthy, having a large
reader scale.
6. Analysis/Discussion
In this section, I analyze and apply my analytical framework and relate to the previous
literature in order to answer my research question and sub question. I will start off the
analysis with providing some historic background on the rise of e-commerce in Vietnam and

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in general. I will continue the analysis with providing some general information and statistics
on the trend of the consumer goods sector and what this mean for increased productivity and
linkages. The analysis will continue with examining the consumer patterns brought by the
transition towards an e-commerce market instead of a traditional commerce market, as well as
analyze who benefits from this change. Following this I will analyze global competitiveness
and trade; if Vietnam is currently up to speed in this aspect and whether e-commerce facilitate
achieving global integrations. After this I will answer my sub question, the main research
question and sub-question goes hand in hand which is why they will overlap to some extent.
Government regulations are an important part of e-commerce and economic promotion of a
country. Therefore, the analysis finishes off by discussing the role of the Vietnamese
government in the development of their e-commerce market.
To recapitulate, the study aims at exploring if the effects from the shift towards an e-
commerce trading market can lead to economic development by answering the following
questions:
To answer this overarching question, I will apply the sector of online consumer goods to the
analytical framework. By looking at the progression of this sector and what economic
consequences this has entailed, I will be able to draw predictions on the effect e-commerce
will have on economic development in Vietnam for the future.
- What has the government in Vietnam done so far in order to promote e-commerce?
To examine this sub-question, I will look at what laws and policies the Vietnamese
government has implemented in order to stimulate economic development through
emphasizing e-commerce.

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6.1 The rise of e-commerce in Vietnam
Since the introduction of the Internet a lot of inventions has taken place, which have resulted
in an e-commerce market, see figure 5 (Wikipedia 2020b; Hoang Linh 2020). The arrival of
the Internet in Vietnam can be traced back to 1997. Even though e-commerce became
globally popular during the 1990’s it still did not experience a breakthrough in Vietnam until
2000, due to their government regulations creating a restriction for e-commerce usage
(Wikipedia, 2019). However, the year of 2000 marked a new phase for Vietnams IT sector, a
new regulation came into force, allowing for an e-commerce market to emerge (USA
International Publications, 2008). Between the years of 2001 and 2005, an e-commerce
market was established in Vietnam (Sriratanaviriyakul, et al., 2013). This is strengthened by
looking at figure 6 (The World Bank, 2019b), where one can see that between the years 2000-
2005, Vietnam experienced a sudden increase in internet usage. In 2020, 37% of the
Vietnamese population used e-commerce, nevertheless, this number is expected to increase
greatly in the next coming years (Statista, 2020).
Figure 5: Historical Timeline of E-commerce, 1970–2020

Years Events/Inventions
1970s- During this decade, the startup of e-commerce took place, with various
1980s basic systems of e-commerce emerging. These systems were based on
electronic funds transfer (EFT) and electronic data interchange (EDI),
used by a small group of people.
1980s- ATM Machines and Credit cards was added to the existing e-commerce
1990s foundation, this was a milestone for the e-commerce for this time period
since this allowed a real purchase and opened up for a new commercial
market.
1990s- The real breakthrough took place during the 1990s-2000s, through the
2000s invention of the World Wide Web which opened up the door for many
new e-commerce services on an international scale. Amazon and eBay
were the most famous e-commerce websites released during this time.
It was during this time period, Vietnam started e-commerce activity.
2000s- In the 2000s, the e-commerce market continued to extend. Services such
2010s as online food services, media streaming, online advertising and e-
commerce payment systems emerged.
2010s- During this decade, the e-commerce continued growing and new e-
2020 commerce services was released. More and more countries joined the e-
commerce trend, leading to a more globally integrated e-commerce
market and world. Some of the e-commerce happening that took place
was the following:
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- Facebook allows the usage of sponsor posts, which helps give
their posts or products more publicity among their friends and
followers
- Apple Pay is launched which is a payment system in mobile
phones which mimics a credit card or debit card.
- China becomes the largest e-commerce market in the world.
- Vietnam launched domestic e-commerce players such as Tiki and
Sendo.
Sources: Wikipedia (2020b) and Hoang Linh (2020b)
The ASEAN countries has recently taken the lead for highest mobile penetration for internet
usage in the world, leading to the countries internet economy continuing to exceed all growth
expectations. In comparison to already developed countries where in the beginning of the
Internet’s arrival the majority of the people used computers to gain online access. More than
90% of the population in Southeast Asia enters the Internet through their mobile devices. This
shows that developing countries can catch up developed countries by imitating the e-
commerce structure already implemented in these areas and leapfrog directly to the next step
in the e-commerce process. This rise of e-commerce in ASEAN can spur a more even
distribution of economic benefits (Nguyen, 2019).
Figure 6: People using the internet (% of total population), ASEAN countries, 1990-2019
Source: The World Bank (2019b)

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The graph above shows the ASEAN competitors, Vietnam lags behind Singapore and
Malaysia. However, Vietnam is on the rise, the e-commerce market in Vietnam is still at an
early stage but shows a promising potential (Asean Up, 2019). During the past few years,
Vietnam has experienced a large e-commerce growth (Hoang Linh, 2020b). In 2016 the
internet usage in Vietnam exceeded 50% of the population. Simultaneously the adoption of
smart phones in Vietnam largely increased, accounting for 72% in the urban areas and 53% in
rural areas. Leading to Vietnam having one of the fastest growing smartphone adoptions for
ASEAN countries (Investique Consulting, 2018). It is considered by many, the most
promising country to have a dynamic e-commerce market. Consequently, providing new
business opportunities and attracting foreign direct investments (FDI) (Hoang Linh, 2020b).
Therefore, it is relevant to analyze the case of Vietnam, to see how the development of e-
commerce will evolve.
6.2 Consumer goods sector
As mentioned in the background, the new trading market; e-commerce is a huge market,
consisting of many different submarkets and sectors. This paper looks at the B2C market,
after some research, one can conclude that the most dominant sector in the business-to-
consumer e-commerce market in Vietnam is the consumer goods sector. Naturally, making it
the most relevant sector to analyze (Kemp & Moey, 2019). This is a representative case, by
applying the consumer goods sector to the analytical framework one can see how e-commerce
can have an impact on economic growth and finally on economic development. By looking at
the direction of the trend.

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Figure 7: Population of Vietnam (in millions), 1990–2020
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Sources: The World Bank (2019c) and DataReportal (2020)
In 2018, approximately 50 million people bought consumer goods online. In 2018, the
population in Vietnam was 95 595 540, looking at figure 7 (The World Bank, 2019c;
DataReportal, 2020), this means that 52% of the population bought consumer goods online.
Out of the 59 million Vietnamese internet users, 85% of them bought consumer goods. This is
a without a doubt a large portion of the population, indicating that e-commerce is available to
the majority of the population in Vietnam (Kemp & Moey, 2019).
The overall steady economic growth and increased income experienced in Vietnam, has
spurred the population to consume more goods. Driving the consumer goods sector to grow
both online and in the traditional sense (Mirae Asset Lens, 2019). The consumer goods sector
saw a strong growth in purchases online, with the value of purchases increasing by around 30
percent in 2018 compared to 2017. In 2018, the consumer goods sector generated 38% of the
country’s e-commerce value; accumulating more than 2.2 billion USD. This trend strongly
indicates that it is an increasing market. A rise in this sector may kickstart the increase of
other sectors (Kemp & Moey, 2019).
An obstacle of the e-commerce market in Vietnam is the lack of trust between consumers and
companies, due to the lacking experience many Vietnamese have with the concept of e-
commerce. However, seeing an increase in one sector may lead to an increase of e-commerce
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usage across all categories since shoppers are become increasingly familiar with online
shopping and gains trust in the forum, making them feel safer to use it (Barbour-Lacey &
Zaca, 2014).
All of these findings indicate that there is a growing interest in using e-commerce as a new
market forum. However, it is still at an early stage, the interest has not been converted into
substantial sales value yet (Kemp & Moey, 2019).
6.2.1 Increased productivity
This growing trend may accumulate increased productivity along with other linkages. The
consumer goods sector can pave the way to an expanded and developed e-commerce market
in Vietnam. A country like Vietnam, would benefit from encouraging growth in sectors that
are already expanding quickly such as the consumer goods sector. By expanding their e-
commerce market, the country will experience an increased productivity. As it would enable
them to meet the domestic demands and therefore shift focus to increase exports (McKinsey
& Company, 2012, pp. 5-6). Furthermore, it will lead to reduction in transaction costs which
can promote the increase of division of labor and economical structural changes (Wen, 2004,
p. 187).
In the analytical framework, one of the key elements is increased productivity. It has a
direct effect on economic development. E-commerce leads to increased productivity as it
heavily reduces various costs such as transactions costs (Woodruff, 2019). Vietnam is
struggling to some extent in this regard. Logistics costs are high in Vietnam; it is estimated to
take 30 % of the revenue for e-companies companies in Vietnam. This is due to the
underdeveloped e-commerce infrastructure Vietnam currently has (Kokemuller, 2020).

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Figure 8: Online Purchases of Consumer Goods in Vietnam, 2019
Source: DataReportal (2019)
As seen in the graph above the share of the online consumer goods sector to the country’s
GDP is only 2,1%. This is not a large portion of the country’s economic assets. However,
this will have an impact on Vietnam’s economic development in the long run. Looking at
the positive trend of the market, the portion of online goods consumer to the country’s
GDP will have a larger effect in the coming years (Kemp & Moey, 2019).
The mobile economy of Vietnam accounted for 21 billion USD in 2018, which corresponds
to 8,8% of the country’s GDP. This number is expected to have a large increase by the year
2023 where the mobile economy will contribute with 29 billion USD (GSMA, 2019).
Figure 9: Vietnam's GDP (in USD billions), 1990–2019
300
255
250
193.241
200
150
115.932
100
57.633
50 31.173
20.736
6.472
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
Sources: The World Bank (2019b), Trading Economics (2020)

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6.3 Consumer patterns
In order to draw predictions on how e-commerce can promote economic development it is

relevant to analyze the change of consumer patterns brought by the shift towards an e-
commerce market from a traditional market. The aim of this sub-section is to understand who
benefits from the e-commerce market. For a sustained economic development, it underpins
that everyone in society should be a part of the development, in order to not further increase
inequalities of income and wealth and social divisions (McKeever, 2017).
6.3.1 Who benefits?
Vietnam is currently undergoing a rapid demographic change. The current population on 97

million is expected to increase to 120 million by the year 2050. Out of these 97 million, 70%
of the population are under 35 years resulting in a median age on 32,5 years (The World Bank
2020; Worldometer 2020). By looking at the report from DataReportal, there is a striking
majority of the Vietnamese population that takes part in this market. The largest consumer
base of Vietnam consists of the young middle class (Kemp & Moey, 2019).
In 2017, the consumers under the age of 35 years accounted for approximately 73% of the
consumer base. Out of these 73%, millennials represent 30% and are currently the largest
group of online shoppers in Vietnam. This young group is known for their willingness to pay
more for goods. Furthermore, they are expected to boost the economy through e-commerce.
This generation are used to online activities and are used to a world consisting the Internet.
Indicating that there will be an increased economic development on a long-term perspective
(Hoang Linh, 2020b).
Looking at the structure of the chosen e-commerce sector and the market as a whole, one can
conclude, that there is currently a lack of accessibility to everyone of society. The data shows
that the e-commerce market is dominant in supplying the middle class with consumer goods.
On the upside, Vietnam has a fast-growing middle class, with cities expanding at a rapid pace
(Breu, et al., 2010). In comparison to the rest of the South-east Asian countries, Vietnam has
witnessed the fastest-growing middle class during the last years. By the year 2026, it is
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expected that the middle class has more than doubled from accounting for 13% of the
population to 26% of the population (The World Bank, 2020). This middle class has a large
appetite for consumer goods, as they have already fulfilled their basic needs and is therefore
willing to pay more for goods. It is expected that between the years 2012-2020, this consumer
range will increase from 12 million to 33 million (EVBN, 2018, p. 24).
Furthermore, the e-commerce market can provide jobs. In 2018, the companies included in
the mobile economy, which is a part of the e-commerce market, provided 800,000 jobs and
supported approximately 500,000 indirect employments for the Vietnamese population
(GSMA, 2019).
Another important aspect of who benefits from the e-commerce market is to look at who has
access to the market. This is done by examining the type of devices the Vietnamese use to
gain access to the e-commerce market. Mobile usage is the most common way to use e-
commerce in Vietnam. Data shows that the majority of the population, almost all people in
Vietnam uses their mobile phone for e-commerce. Statistics shows that there are 150%
mobile connections as a percentage of the total population. There
were 145.8 million mobile connections in Vietnam in January 2020 (Kemp, 2020). Vietnam
experienced the highest increase in mobile traffic across Southeast Asia in 2017 (Hoang Linh,
2020b). On one hand this may indicate, a large part of the population is included. However,
on the other hand, it is difficult to distinguish who possesses these mobile devices. Even
though it seems like the mobile phone possession outnumbers the population, it may not
equivalate to everyone being included but rather that the upper and middle class possess
the majority of these mobile phones that compensates for the lack of phones for the lower
class. The mobile penetration in Vietnam is currently confined in the urban regions, which is
only one third of the share of the population (ASEAN, n.d.). However, there has been an
improvement regarding this regard, in 2016 smartphone ownership accounted for 53% in the
rural areas of Vietnam. This shows that Vietnam is on the rise, the country is considered as
one of the fastest growing adopters of smartphones of the ASEAN countries (Investique
Consulting, 2018).
People are becoming wealthier and are able to access the internet, hence be included in this
development. However, if one wants to see a real difference and experience all the economic
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benefits provided by e-commerce, Vietnam has to figure out a way to improve accessibility
for e-commerce for the rural population. One major barrier of the e-commerce market in
Vietnam is that only 1/3 of the country’s population live in the urban areas, with the
majority of the population still dispersed across rural areas (EVBN, 2018, p. 9).
As well as e-commerce can lead to further polarization it can also help Vietnam develop
the rural areas. Vietnam would benefit from encouraging e-commerce in rural areas, as the
rural population in Vietnam is struggling economically (Viet Nam News, 2019).
Some developing countries has started to understand the importance of adopting an e-

commerce industry. An increase of e-commerce in rural life promotes modernization in rural
areas by looking at both consumption and cultural life (Zhendong & Heming, 2018, pp. 26-
27). E- commerce can help rural areas to develop by providing access for the consumers in
these areas to the same quality products offered in modern urban cities (Kumar, et al., 2014).
Regarding cultural life, more and more farmers are being motivated to use the internet,
gradually forming an e-commerce friendly atmosphere with channels of outward exchange,
leading to integrating rural and urban civilization (Zhendong & Heming, 2018, pp. 26-27).
While nearly two-thirds of Vietnam remains rural, one can see a positive trend. Urbanization
has grown by seven percent from 2008 to 2018 and is expected to continue increasing
(EVBN, 2018, p. 9).

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Figure 10: Urbanization growth in Vietnam, 2008–2018
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: EVBN (2018)
6.4 Global competitiveness and trade
This lack of connectivity does not only concern and effect the domestic market but also
hinders Vietnam on a global scale. Developing the connectivity infrastructure and logistics is
key to further foster the integration in global markets for Vietnam. E-commerce can facilitate
the development of this missed linkage, by interconnecting the domestic companies with a
global market (Anh, 2020).
E-commerce has an impact on competitiveness on both a micro and macroeconomic level.

Global competitiveness is a crucial element of economies and economic development. The
countries utilizing e-commerce have an advantage over those who encourage traditional
commerce (Tang, et al., 2000, p. 5). E-commerce has significantly reduced the cost for
countries to engage in international trade, by providing opportunities of increased global
value chains and by connecting companies, consumers and countries globally (World Trade
Organization, 2018).

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As earlier mentioned, the biggest e-commerce sector in Vietnam is the consumer goods
sector which mainly operates domestically, indicating a lack of international trade
integration. However, for retailers and consumer goods companies internationally, Vietnam
is an attractive market for FDIs. Currently, foreign investors rank Vietnam as one of the most
attractive investment destinations in Asia. During the last few years, Vietnam experienced a
massive foreign investment going into their e-commerce sector. According to the FGP this
increased FDI can help promote economic development of Vietnam. As stated by Trinh Ha
(2005), a part of the development process is to accumulate enough money to be able to reach
the next stage in the development process, which is when industries can shift from a natural
resource production to a focus on technology production. This indicates that Vietnam is on
the verge towards a technology intensive economy (Trinh Ha, 2005, pp. 74-75).
Furthermore, with the help of FDI, the e-commerce market can take new heights and reach
out globally. The increased FDI can help stimulate economic development in Vietnam, by
providing more jobs and opportunities for local suppliers (Hoang Linh, 2020b).
Figure 11: Top Transactional Websites in Vietnam, 2019

1. Shopee.vn
2. Tiki.vn
3. Lazada.vn
4. Sendo.vn
5. Microsoft.com
6. Amazon.com
7. TheGioididong.com
8. Chotot.com
9. Apple.com
10. Dienmayxanh.com
Source: DataReportal (2019)
The table above is listing the top transactional websites in Vietnam in 2019. The majority of
the companies included in this list are international which hints that Vietnam is globally
integrated to some extent. But at the same time shows that Vietnam has to work harder in
order to establish their domestic e-commerce businesses in the international trading market.
The domestic e-commerce companies of Vietnam are continuously underperforming and
being outcompeted by the international enterprises such as Amazon and eBay. A reason
behind this is that the Vietnamese e-commerce companies fails at investing in the research of
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consumer patterns, decreasing their value in the competitive arena. Therefore, Vietnam would
benefit in investments in search motors analyzing the trend of the consumers, to increase the
demand and specify the supply (Tan, 2020). Regardless, the Vietnamese e-commerce players
such as Tiki and Sendo, has gained a stronger foothold in the domestic e-commerce market.
Due to the large foreign investments received from Japan, Korea, USA, China and Singapore
(Hoang Linh, 2020b).
6.5 Government regulations
Referring back to the sub-question. The government plays an important role in a country’s
development, in multiple ways. In order to enjoy the benefits acquired from an e-commerce
market an important factor is government regulations. I will bring up two aspects, first of all
the government plays a role in ensuring that the logistics and knowledge of how to manage
an e-commerce market is offered by providing education programs. Another important
aspect of the government is to have the right regulations ensuring an internet environment
where e-commerce can function properly and be able to develop; cybersecurity laws and
laws preventing internet censorship. If the government ensures this the e-commerce market
will flourish and lead to economic development (UNCTAD, 2003).
6.5.1 Cybersecurity
There are several key issues Vietnam is experiencing regarding the relationship between
government regulations and e-commerce. One big issue is trust. Historically, Vietnam has
been relatively weak when it comes to cybersecurity, due to their internet censorship. Internet
censorship was implemented in Vietnam by the Communist Party of Vietnam along with the
arrival of the Internet after 1997. The internet censorship consists of several regulations
protecting the government from opposing views and actions from the population. For
instance, the major internet service providers in Vietnam are all owned by the government,
and they constitute more than 90% of the market (Wikipedia, 2019).
One can say that Vietnam has been contra productive in paving the way for an e-commerce
market in the country. As mentioned, they have been weak when it comes to cybersecurity

Word count: 11 725
with a state-controlled internet environment, however, Vietnam has also implemented several
laws encouraging an e-commerce environment.
The year of 2000 marked a new phase for the IT development in Vietnam. The first recorded
law allowing an internet friendly environment for e-commerce was issued in the year 2000.
This law included the promotion for IT to be the forefront and highest prioritization of the
country. Following this, Vietnam induced an acceleration of application and development of
ICTs. Contributing to shifting Vietnam into a new phase of development according to the
FGP (flying geese paradigm), based on knowledge and international integration (Hao, 2000).
In 2013, the government passed regulations under Decree No. 52/2013/ND-CP of May 16,
banning certain e-commerce activities violating cybersecurity, which regarded all traders,
individuals and organizations involved in the Vietnamese e-commerce market. These
activities were divided into four different categories. The first group consisted of the ban of e-
commerce networks where individuals could gain any economic profit from recruiting new
members to the network or trading goods and services. As well as activities violating the
country’s property rights (Phuong, 2013).
The second category includes violations against the information regulations put into place by
the Vietnamese government for instance by using false registration information or not
complying to the regulatory forms needed for the right to maintain an e-commerce website. In
relation to this, the third group includes violations of regulations regarding transactions on e-
commerce websites, such as fraud (Phuong, 2013).
The last group includes stealing, selling or misusing company secrets of other trading
organizations and individuals without their consents which are provided by e-commerce.
These regulations were put into place to ensure the security of the Vietnamese e-commerce
environment (Phuong, 2013).
In the end of 2015, another crucial milestone was marked in Vietnam. The country started
piloting 4G which is the fourth generation of broadband network technology, the upgraded
version of 3G. The government launched a plan to expand the coverage of 4G usage to 95%

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of the population by 2020. Today, Vietnam has the second fastest 4G download speed, in
Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the 4G networks in Vietnam performs better in regard to the
availability (Nguyen, 2020). Which shows an improvement in their e-commerce network
construction.
In the year of 2016, the government once again issued a law which aimed at improving the e-
commerce market. The government launched a plan to foster e-commerce over the period
from 2016 to 2020, in order to help the Vietnamese businesses and enhance the national
competitiveness for global integration (EVBN, 2018). The decision included the construction
and development of domestic e-commerce systems across all e-commerce models. But this
time, the emphasize was to have a network of transportation and services of e-commerce
being built. With the aim of covering all provinces and cities in the country, connecting all the
regions by the year of 2020 (Phong, 2016). The main targets of this plan were the following:
1. Establish an e-commerce payment system

2. Integrate e-payment solutions working for all e-commerce models
3. Improve transportation and delivery service networks
4. Implement order and processing systems (EVBN, 2018, pp. 24-25).
This relates to the urbanization dilemma Vietnam is facing. The ambition was to improve the
transportation linkages between different regions in Vietnam. This shows that the ambition to
connect these different areas is evident. However, in practice it has not worked out yet, there
are still doubtful customs mechanisms and policies posing a threat for e-commerce
transformation in Vietnam. This lack of integration may make it more difficult and
expensive to conduct fast delivery of e-commerce goods across the country (U.S.
Embassies abroad, 2018).
In the very beginning of 2018, it seems like Vietnam took one step back in their e-commerce
progress. According to the previous literature, a big law was passed during 2018 regarding
internet censorship in Vietnam. This law had several concerns and was most certainly contra
productive in the development of e-commerce. The law consisted of certain controversial
elements which allowed the government to gain even more control over the internet usage by

Word count: 11 725
blocking and deleting data from the internet, which invaded the cybersecurity laws in place.
This granted the government authority to inspect computer systems in order to criminalize
propaganda against the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Sherman, 2019).
In 2019, the Vietnamese ministry of finance released a draft decree which declared the
improvement of the management of exported and imported goods in international e-
commerce market. The aim was to facilitate the inflow of international e-commerce goods.
This shows that the government of Vietnam has an initiative to make changes in order
improve and extend their e-commerce market (Chung Seck & Nguyen, 2019).
DataReportal has done a report in cooperation with various databases forums such as Global
Web Index and Statista. According to this report, 60% of the internet users in Vietnam are
concerned with how the companies and the government are storing and using their
information (Kemp, 2020). Indicating that the internet censorship put into place around 1997
by the Vietnamese government is still haunting the Vietnamese e-commerce market to current
days.
Overall, Vietnam has had a favorable legal framework for e-commerce in comparison to the
rest of the Southeast Asian countries included in the FGP, with five out of six main laws put
into place to fully regulate and promote e-commerce activities (Hoang Linh, 2020b).
6.5.2 Human capital
The other aspect of the role of the government in the e-commerce market is the promotion of
human capital. The government should play a leading role in adopting the necessary skills
needed for an e-commerce platform to function. This can be done by implementing training
programs and education (UNCTAD, 2003). As highlighted, in the analytical framework
human capital and human resources plays a crucial role for e-commerce and economic
development. It requires humans to meet the consistently increasing and evolving issues
caused by e-commerce (Barr & Davis, 2018).

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This is the most common barrier for many developing countries, the countries lack the right
set of managerial skills needed in order to formulate and implement a working e-commerce
strategy for businesses (Alyoubi, 2015, p. 481). Vietnam is no exception; the country suffers
from a lack of requisite skills for the development of an e-commerce market (Barbour-Lacey
& Zaca, 2014).
However, the Vietnamese government along with private funders have produced a number of
training programs for students, with the aim to improve these skills (Barbour-Lacey & Zaca,
2014).
7. Concluding remarks
In my analysis, I have shown that the e-commerce market in Vietnam has experienced a
remarkable growth during recent years and therefore has a strong potential to be one of the
world’s foremost e-commerce markets. The e-commerce market in Vietnam is driven by its
young consumer base and a growing middle class with a willingness to pay more for goods, a
continuing increase of internet usage and the highest mobile phone penetration of ASEAN
countries.
The relevance of this thesis was to discuss how the transition from traditional commerce to e-
commerce can help a developing country; Vietnam to catch up in the new modernization
wave of globalization. E-commerce is part of the third industrial wave which developing
countries are usually not included in.
To reach this aim, two research questions were posed:
With the following sub-question:
- What has the government done so far in order to promote e-commerce?

Word count: 11 725
Regarding the academic contribution of this study I have identified a gap in the current
literature. With the help of the analytical framework model developed, which acts as
facilitator for my study, this study accounts for a detailed analysis of what aspects of the
Vietnamese e-commerce market are currently working. For this analysis I applied an
analytical framework, built on the relationship between e-commerce and economic
development. The data gathered in this study shows that there is an apparent connection
between the promotion of e-commerce and the stimulation of economic development. Most
importantly, this paper will contribute to the discussion on how e-commerce can be associated
with economic development for developing countries by looking at the impact it has had so
far.
The case of Vietnam was chosen as the country is currently regarded as one of the promising
e-commerce tigers. The case was applied to the theory of Flying Geese Paradigm, in order to
draw parallels to the Asian peers, which have recently succeeded in undergoing a
technological development.
Despite their promising e-commerce market, Vietnam still has a long way to go when it
comes to economic development and their e-commerce market. The findings show that
Vietnam is experiencing similar technological development as their South East Asian peers,
however, still have some barriers heavily hindering their e-commerce market to prosper.
Regarding government regulations, the findings done in this study shows that the Vietnamese
governments shows an ambition to promote e-commerce by implementing laws with the aim
to improve and expand their domestic e-commerce market. Both the government and private
sector has stimulated the expansion of the e-commerce sector. Furthermore, Vietnam has
had a relatively favorable legal framework for e-commerce in comparison to the rest of the
ASEAN countries.
However, it seems like the cybersecurity laws put into place restricts the Vietnamese e-
commerce market to flourish to the extent it could. Therefore, it requires the government to
do more. The government should prioritize developing and improving their connectivity and
interactivity infrastructure both domestically and internationally, in order to take part of all
the benefits that comes with a thriving e-commerce market. As long as local e-commerce
Word count: 11 725
players addresses these limitations, Vietnam will within the next 5 years rank the third largest
market in South East Asia, putting their e-commerce market on the forefront of growth
(Hoang Linh 2020b; Mirae Asset Lens 2019).

Word count: 11 725
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The role of e-commerce in the economic development of Vietnam

during 1990 to 2020

Klara Lind, klaralind@hotmail.com

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 1

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 2

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 3

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

EFT Electronic Fund Transfer

EVBN EU-Vietnam Business Network

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FGP Flying Geese Paradigm

GDP Gross Domestic Product

ICT Information and Communication Technology

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 4

Figure 1: Map of Vietnam p.9

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 5

1.1 Scope of the study and Relevance

1.2 Aim and Research questions

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 7

To reach aforementioned aim, the following research question is posed:

An important aspect of this change of trading system is government regulations. It is the

1.3 Outline of the thesis

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 8

Figure 1: Map of Vietnam

Vietnam is a middle-income country but has

Source: Asean up (2020) Economics, 2020). Vietnam has experienced a large

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 9

EKHK18: 15 credit bachelor thesis 10

3.1 The Flying Geese Paradigm

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Source: Econfix (2017)

3.2 Factors of e-commerce

3.3 Role of e-commerce in developed countries

3.3.1 The effect of e-commerce on a micro level

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3.4.1 Obstacles of e-commerce in developing countries

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An important aspect of government regulations is trade barriers. The difference in trade

3.5 The study’s contribution to the discussion

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4.1 Factors of economic development

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A huge part of the development of e-commerce is investment in physical capital. These

4.2 Role of e-commerce for economic development

Figure 3: E-commerce as an analytical model, 1990–2020

4.2.1 Increased productivity and Linkages

Increased productivity is an important driving force for increased living standards as it

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E-commerce can improve all of the aforementioned aspects. Increased productivity by

3. Monitoring costs- the costs of monitoring the e-commerce market.

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4.2.2 Global competitiveness and trade

E-commerce has an impact on competitiveness on both a micro and macroeconomic level.

4.2.3 Government regulations

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5. Methods and Data