Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 3 views

    Handout 7 Heat Engine and Thermal Efficiency

    Uploaded by

    Sas Kiya

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Handout 7 Heat Engine and Thermal Efficiency

    Uploaded by

    Sas Kiya
    3 views4 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views4 pages

    Handout 7 Heat Engine and Thermal Efficiency

    Uploaded by

    Sas Kiya

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    1 Science 9 Handout – Quarter 4 Week 6

    Science 9 Handout – Quarter 4 Week 7


    Heat Engine and Thermal Efficiency

    Introduction

    - Work requires an amount of energy. This energy can be of different forms. It


    includes mechanical, chemical, electrical, or thermal. Sometime energy
    needs to be converted from one form to another in order to make work. One
    such object that allows us to produce mechanical work from a type of
    energy is called an engine. If the energy that was used to perform work was
    thermal energy or heat, then the engine is called a heat engine.
    - To perform work, heat is taken in by the engine from a heat source, also
    called the high temperature reservoir. The energy absorbed by the heat
    engine is used to perform useful work. However, not all of the heat absorbed
    by the engine can be converted into useful work. There will always be a
    portion of heat that will be lost as a result of other interactions like friction. This
    lost heat is called as waste heat. This waste heat goes to the low temperature
    reservoir or the heat sink of the heat engine.

    - The energy converted as useful mechanical work is equal to the difference in


    the heat input from high temperature reservoir and the heat output that was
    received by the low temperature reservoir.

    Work = Heat Input – Heat Output

    - What is a heat engine?


    A heat engine is a device which converts thermal energy to mechanical
    energy. A very important component of heat engines then is that high
    temperatures are involved. In one round of a cycle, the system is heated, at
    another is cooled.
    - Three things happen in a full cycle of a heat engine:
    1. Heat is added. It is an input heat which is relatively high temperature.
    2. Some of that energy from that input heat is used to do work.
    3. The rest of the heat is removed at a relatively cold temperature.

    - A common type of heat engine is called the combustion engine. In a


    combustion engine, heat is produced using a combustion process, which in
    turn makes use of a fuel and an oxidizer for that fuel like air. There are two
    classes of combustion engines

    Internal Combustion - Fuel is combusted inside the combustion chamber.


    Engine - Gasoline and Diesel engine; human body
    - Generates motive power by the burning of gasoline, oil,
    or other fuel with air inside the engine.
    External Combustion - Fuel combustion takes place outside the combustion
    Engine chamber.
    - Steam and Piston engine; atmosphere.
    2 Science 9 Handout – Quarter 4 Week 6

    - Parts of a gasoline engine:

    Parts of a Gasoline Engine


    Photo credit: https://www.britannica.com/technology/gasoline-engine

    - Four-stroke cycle of a gasoline engine

    Four-stroke cycle of a Gasoline Engine


    Photo credit: https://www.britannica.com/technology/gasoline-engine

    1. INTAKE STROKE
    The intake valve opens, allowing the cylinder to receive the fuel-air mixture as
    the piston moves downward.
    2. COMPRESSION STROKE
    The piston moves up compressing the fuel-air mixture.
    3. POWER STROKE
    The spark plug at the top of the cylinder causes the mixture to ignite and
    combust making its temperature high. With this increase in temperature, the
    pressure inside the cylinder increases causing the piston to go down and
    perform mechanical work
    4. EXHAUST STROKE
    The combusted gases are pushed out of the opened exhaust valve through an
    upward motion on the piston. The intake valve opens and the cycle repeats.
    3 Science 9 Handout – Quarter 4 Week 6

    Thermal Efficiency

    - The thermal energy produced from the combustion of fuel-air mixture is


    transformed into mechanical energy which moves the car. However, not all
    thermal energy is converted into useful work. Parts of the engine itself, the
    cooling water in the radiator and the surrounding air will absorb the heat and
    will not be available to perform work.
    - This thermal energy which is not converted to useful work is called waste heat.
    These heat losses are unavoidable and greatly limit the efficiency of heat
    engines.
    - For example, the engines of a cars are only 30% efficient. This means that for
    every 100 joules of thermal energy produced by the combustion of gasoline,
    only 30 joules are used to actually move the car. Therefore, it is impossible to
    construct a heat engine that is 100% efficient which can fully convert all the
    heat into useful work.
    - An engine that converts energy into more work and less waste is said to be
    more efficient. However, Sadi Carnot have found out that while it is true that
    we can express efficiency in terms of work, the efficiency of ideal heat engines
    depends only on the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoir. According to
    him, an engine operating between two reservoirs of higher temperature
    difference is more efficient than an engine operating between reservoirs of
    nearly the same temperatures.
    - Thermal efficiency, therefore, is the measure of how well an engine operates.
    It is also the ratio of work done by the engine to the energy added to the
    system by heat during one cycle.
    - Efficiency is calculated as:
    𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
    Efficiency = ( ) x 100%
    𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡

    But since work is just the input heat minus the exhaust heat, the equation
    becomes
    QH-QC QC
    E= x 100% or E= (1 – ) x 100%
    QH QH

    Wherein:
    QC = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
    QH = energy added by heat/energy in hot reservoir

    - The equation for efficiency can also be modified to use temperature


    measurements instead of the energy values.

    TC
    E= (1 – ) x 100%
    TH
    Where:
    TC = absolute temperature in cold reservoir
    TH = absolute temperature in hot reservoir
    (NOTE: Temperatures are on Kelvin Scale)
    4 Science 9 Handout – Quarter 4 Week 6

    - Studying our equation, we can only have a 100 % efficiency if there is no energy
    transferred away from the engine by heat. In reality, there is no 100% efficient
    engine as there will always be waste heat.

    Sample Problems:

    You might also like