Evs 4

Living and
1 Non Living Things
Learning Objectives
Students will understand…
∙ The differences between living and non living things.
∙ Characteristics of living beings
We live in a beautiful world. There are

beautiful flowers, trees, animals, our friends
and other people around us. These are all
living things because they have life in them.
We also see the sun, water, soil, buildings and
vehicles. These are non living because they
are not alive.
Look at the picture and name some living and

non livings things.
Living Things Non living Things
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
Some of the non living things are man made and others are natural. Among the natural
things plants, animals and human beings have life. They are called living things. Some
natural things like soil, mountains, water also do not have life. They are called non living
things. All things around us, like table, chair, T.V., computer etc are man made things.
They are also non living things. How do we make out that a thing is living or non living?
Let us identify some characteristics of living and non living things.
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Living and Non Living Things
Living Things Need Food
All living things need food to live. Food
provides energy to the body and helps it to
grow. Food helps to stay healthy and strong.
Human beings and animals cannot make
their own food. So they take food from plants
and other animals. Green plants make their
own food with the help of sunlight, water
and carbon dioxide in the presence of
chlorophyll. This is called photosynthesis.
All Living Things Breathe

We all need to breathe to live. We need air to breathe. Human beings and animals breathe
in oxygen present in the air and give out carbon dioxide.
Humans breathe through their nose.

From the nose the air goes to the lungs.
Cats, dogs, whales and other animals
also have lungs which help in breathing.
A fish breathes through its gills. Insects
like cockroaches and flies breathe
through holes on the surface of their
body called spiracles. Plants breathe
through tiny pores on their leaves called
Stomata. Non living things do not
breathe. Does your car breathe?
Living Things Grow and Reproduce
Seed
Plant
Calf Cow
Flower
Bud
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Environmental Studies-4 1
All living things grow and change, that is, living things live for a certain period of time, grow
old and die. For example, buds grow into flowers, a baby boy grows up into a man, a cub
into a tiger etc.
Living beings also reproduce their young ones that is they have babies. They give birth to
young ones of their own kind.
Some animals like mammals (human beings, tigers, monkeys, dolphins etc) give birth to
young ones. These babies feed on their mother's milk. Mammals protect and take care
of their young ones. Some animals such as birds, insects, reptiles, fishes, frogs and snails
usually reproduce by laying eggs. The young ones of these animals hatch from their eggs.
Fish lay thousands of eggs at a time in water, which are surrounded by a kind of jelly. Out
of these only few hundred grow into fish. Reptiles like crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles
lay eggs on land.
Life Cycles
All animals undergo various stages in
their lives when they grow and change. Butterfly
This is called a life cycle. The picture
on the right shows the life of a butterfly.
Non living things do not grow and
reproduce. Eggs
Pupa
Try This
Caterpillar
Draw the life cycle of a frog. Life cycle of a butterfly
Living Things Move

All living things move. We go to school, play in the park, eat food and take a bath. Animals
also move from one place to another in search of food, shelter and to escape from danger.
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Movements in Plants
Though plants cannot move from place to place like
we do but they also show movement. Plants respond to
changes in the environment or stimuli. They grow towards
light. Sunflowers turn and follow the direction of the sun
to grow. Leaves of plants like Touch Me Not shrink when
we touch them.
Movements in Animals
Humans and Animals use their legs to move around, to look for food and shelter. Birds and
insects also use their feet and wings to move. Some animals like snakes and earthworms use
their bodies to move (crawl). Non living things do not move on their own.
Living Things Feel

When you get hurt, it pains. When you touch something hot or
touch a sharp object, you remove your hand immediately as
you feel pain. Animals also feel things with their sense organ,
skin.
A plant grows towards light. Similarly, a root grows

downwards and a shoot grows upwards. Flowers also
bloom in a particular season. Non living things cannot
feel anything.
Living and Non Living Things Depend on Each Other

Non living things like sunlight, air, water and soil are very important for us.
Sunlight: The Sun is the main source of light, heat and energy.
We get this energy to grow. Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide
and water to make their food. The Sun also makes life possible
by providing warmth.
Water: Water is very important for life to exist. It helps both

humans and animals in digesting their food. 70 percent of
the human body consists of water. Plants need water to
produce food in their leaves.
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Air: The air that surrounds the earth is made up of many
gases. It contains oxygen which all living things need to
breathe. It contains carbon dioxide which is required by
plants for preparing their food.
Soil: The soil found on earth contains a number of minerals.

Living things need minerals for healthy growth. Plants absorb
minerals through their roots. Animals and humans take in
minerals by eating plants.
Hence, soil sustains life.
Similarly, non living things have made life easier and comfortable for humans. We cannot
think of living without houses, clothes, electricity etc.
Key Words
Spiracles: Air holes on the body of insects
Stomata: Pores on leaves
Chlorophyll: The green pigment in the leaves
Lungs: A pair of organs in the chest with which humans and some animals breathe
Things to Remember
 All living things have life in them where as non living things have no life in them.
 Non living things can be natural or man-made.
 Living things include plants, birds, animal and humans.
 Living things have special features that non living things do not have.
 Living things eat food, breathe, grow, move, feel and reproduce.
 Plants and animals differ in many ways.
 Living things need air, water, sunlight and soil to live and grow.
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Exercises
A. Tick () the correct answer:
1. Which is the main source of light and energy on earth?
a. Sun b. Plants c. Soil d. None of these
2. Which of the following contains minerals?
a. Soil b. Air c. Sunlight d. Water
3. Fish breathe through _________________.
a. Lungs b. Gills c. Nose d. Fins
4. Birds and insects move with the help of _________________.
a. Beaks b. Feet c. Feet and Wings d. Body
5. Plants breathe through _________________.
a. Roots b. Stomata c. Spiracles d. Flower
B. Fill in the blanks:

1. Living things get from food.
2. Plants reproduce from .
3. Tiny pores on leaves which help plants to breathe are known as .
4. Human beings and animals feel through their .
5. The process by which living things produce young ones is called .
C. Match the following:

A B
1. Mammals 1. Fish
2. Spiracles 2. Birds
3. Wings to move 3. Seeds
4. New plant 4. Humans
5. Gills 5. Insects
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D Classify the following as living and non living. Write ‘L’ for living and ‘N’ for
non living in the box provided:
E. Give short answers to the following questions:

1. What is reproduction?
2. Name few things that living things can feel?
F. Give detailed answers to the following questions:

1. Write the differences between living and non living things.
2. Write about the different ways in which living things breathe giving examples of each.
3. Why do living things need food?
HOTS ( Higher Order Thinking Skills)

1. How does a frog breathe?
2. A bus moves from one place to another. Is a bus a living thing? Why not?
Life skills
Living things show characteristics not present in non living things, especially humans. So we should
not be insensitive to other forms of life. Discuss.
Activity
Find out about some animals who hibernate in winters. Paste pictures of them in your notebook
Take two earthen pots filled with soil. Sow some coriander and chilli seeds in them. Put some water in
the pots and keep them in the sun. Observe for some days. What do you see? Share with your friends.
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Inside Our Body
2
Learning Objectives
∙ The important internal organs of the human body and their functions.
How does a computer function? It functions because of the CPU, monitor, keyboard etc.
Similarly, our body is like a computer. It works with the help of many parts.
Look at your body and name some of its parts– hands, legs, eyes, ears, fingers, feet etc. All
these are the external organs of our body. When we sleep, these organs take rest. But there
are some organs inside our body which work all the time even when we are asleep.
Brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, stomach, bones and muscles are the internal organs of our
body. Each organ has a special task to perform.
Brain
The brain is a soft and delicate organ in our head protected by the hard skull. It is the control
centre of the body. All our body activities– heartbeat, movement, breathing, posture etc. are
controlled by the brain.
The brain helps us to think and react to different situations. It stores
information in the form of a memory bank. The human brain is like a
super computer. Our sense organs send messages to the brain.The brain
receives the messages and sends out signals through thread like structures
called nerves to different parts of the body. Actually, the brain is the
command centre for the entire body. Our brain needs a continuous
supply of blood and oxygen to function.
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Did you know?
The left side of the brain controls the right side and vice versa.
Heart
The heart is inside our chest. It works for us day and night to keep us alive.
Place your hand on the left side of your chest. What do you feel? You will
feel your heartbeat. Why does it beat all the time?
The heart is a red brown coloured muscular organ. It pumps blood to all
parts of our body through blood vessels called arteries and veins.
The arteries appear red in colour and have Did you know?
thick walls. They carry pure blood from the The heart beats about 72 times in a minute.
heart to all parts of the body. This blood
contains digested food, water and oxygen. The veins appear blue in colour and carry blood
towards the heart. This blood contains carbondioxide.
The whole process continues and it is called circulation of blood.
Did you know?

· The blood circulates through the body about 1000 times a day.
· If you join all the arteries and veins of the body, it would go halfway to the moon.
Activity -1
· Make your own stethoscope with help of plastic tubes of the same length and one
longer piece.
Lungs
On both sides of the heart are located two spongy air fitted bags
called lungs. Lungs help in taking in oxygen in our body when we
breathe in air through the nose. The lungs grow bigger or expand.
This is called inhalation. The lungs absorb oxygen from the air and
send it to different parts of the body with the help of blood. The
carbon dioxide brought by blood from different parts of body is given
out. When we breathe out, the lungs contract and carbondioxide rich
air is thrown out of the nose. This is called exhalation.
Try This Did you know?

Human beings normally breathe in and
Sometimes our breathing rate goes up. Why? out about 15 times in 1 minute.
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Inside Our Body
Stomach
The stomach is another important body organ. It helps to digest the food
that we eat.
Our body breaks down food into pieces, small enough to be absorbed by
the blood. This process is known as digestion. The blood then distributes
digested food to different parts of our body.
What happens in digestion?
The breaking down of food into small substances that the body can use is called digestion.
Digestion begins in the mouth as we chew our food. After the food is chewed properly and
we swallow it, it moves down into a tube called the food pipe to our stomach.
The stomach is a muscular bag. The stomach wall releases digestive juices that mix with the
food. The food gets churned into a paste. From our stomach, it passes into a long thin tube
called the small intestine.
All along the way, the food is broken down more and more by the digestive juices. Blood
absorbs the digested food through the walls of the small intestine. The blood carries the
digested nutrients to all the parts of the body.
The undigested food passes into the large intestine and is later removed from the body
as waste.
Did you know? We should chew our food properly. When we overeat,
It takes about 3 to 5 hours for our it troubles our stomach and it aches. This is because
body to digest the food. our stomach can hold little food and water at a time.
Liver
The liver is the largest internal organ of the body. It lies on the right side
of the stomach below the rib cage.
It helps in digesting the food. The liver makes a digestive juice called bile.
It digests fats by breaking food items like oil, butter into tiny droplets.
We must avoid eating too much oily and spicy food.
Kidneys
We all have two kidneys. They are bean shaped, reddish brown coloured
organs placed in the abdomen towards our back. Our body produces
waste products other than carbon dioxide. These are removed from the
body by the kidneys. Kidneys filter the liquid waste from the blood and
it is thrown out in the form of urine. We should drink plenty of water to
help our kidneys remove the poisonous waste easily.
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Bones and Muscles
Press your hand against your chest. You feel a hard structure. These are bones. Bones protect
the soft and delicate organs of our body. They hold our body up and give it support and a
firm shape.
There are 206 bones in a fully grown human being. These bones form the skeleton of the
human body.
Muscles help the bones to move. They are fleshy tissues which are connected to the bones
by chords called tendons. Contraction and relaxation of muscles causes movement of bones
so that we can walk, run, jump or play. There are about 650 muscles in a human body. We
need 200 muscles to take just one step. The strongest muscles are in the jaw.
Key Words
Veins: Blue blood vessels which carry the impure blood to the heart
Artery: A tube that carries blood from the heart to other body parts
Nutrients: Substances needed by living things to live and grow
Bile: A digestive juice produced by liver
Skeleton: The framework of bones in our body
Tendons: Strong fibres that connect muscles to bones
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Inside Our Body
Things to Remember
 The different organs of the body work together as a system.
 Brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, stomach, bones and muscles are the internal organs of

our body.
 Brain is the control centre of the body.

 The heart pumps blood to all parts of our body.

 Lungs are spongy air filled bags which help in respiration.
 Liver is the largest internal organ of our body.
 Kidneys are bean shaped organs that help in throwing the liquid waste from the body.

 The stomach helps in digesting the food.

 Bones and muscles give shape and support to our body and help in movement.

Exercises
1. Which of the following protects our heart and lungs?
a. Ribcage b. Spinal cord c. Kidneys d. None of these
2. Which of the following makes our nervous system?

a. Brain b. Spinal cord c. Nerves d. All of these
3. Where does digestion begin?

a. Small intestine b. Mouth c. Large intestine d. None of these
4. Which of the following produces bile?

a. Liver b. Brain c. Kidneys d. Stomach
5. Which of the following throws out waste in the form of urine?

a. Liver b. Skin c. Kidneys d. None of these
B. Match the following:

Column A Column B
1. Skull a. Digestion
2. Tendons b. Protects the brain
3. Small intestine c. Circulatory system
4. Heart d. Pancreas and Liver
5. Digestive juice e. Connects muscles and bones
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C. Fill in the blanks:
1. The brain is connected to all parts of body through a network of .
2. Breathing in air is called .
3. is breathed out by our lungs.
4. carry blood back to the heart.
5. The is the largest organ in the body.
D. Recognize and write the names of the following important internal organs of
our body:

1. What is digestion?
2. What are the body parts that are related to our circulatory system?
3. What is the role of kidneys in our body?

1. What do you understand by inhalation and exhalation? Which part of the body helps us
in this?
2. Write the functions of the liver and skeletal system.
3. How does the brain control our body functions?

Why do we say that the human body is like a machine?
Activity
Place your forearm on the table. Now lift some weight upwards without lifting your elbow. Observe
the muscles of the forearm and the upper arm. Record your observations.
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1
Inside Our Body
Plant Life-
3 Parts of a Plant
Learning Objectives
∙ Importance of plants in our life ∙ Parts of a plant and their functions
Bud
Look around you. You will see all kinds of plants.
Plants are very important to us. They provide food leaf
and oxygen to us and all living beings.
Shoot system
Flower
There are many kinds of plants around us. Though
these plants look different from each other in size Fruit
and shape yet all of them have the same body parts.
Stem
Plants have two systems- Root System and Shoot Root Root system
System.
Parts of a plant
Activity -1
Soak some seeds in wet cotton. Keep it in a warm place see that the cotton remains wet.
After a few days, you will see some small plants (seedlings) growing from the seeds.
Root System
The root is the first part of a plant that grows from the seed when it germinates. Roots
hold the plants firmly to the ground and absorb water and minerals from the soil which are
needed for the plant to grow.
Types of Roots
There are two kinds of roots– Tap root and Fibrous root.
The taproot is the main root of the plant that goes deep into the soil.
It is thick and grows downwards. Its main root has many branches that
spread out. Neem and Peepal trees have taproots. Can you think of two
more examples of tap root?
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The fibrous roots do not have branches but have a group of nearly equal
sized roots that spread out from the base of the stem in all directions. Fibrous
roots do not go very deep. Example of fibrous roots are wheat and rice.
Special roots
Some plants have special types of roots.
Certain plants like turnip, carrot, radish have enlarged roots
to store large quantities of food. These type of roots are
tuberous roots.
Trees such are Banyan have roots that grow downwards from
the branches towards the ground. These are called aerial
roots. These roots hang in the air and are not covered by soil.
Functions of Roots
Roots fix the plant firmly into the ground. They spread out in the soil and hold the
1.
plant firmly to the ground.
2. Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil and pass them to the stem and leaves of
the plant.
3. Roots bind the soil. The soil on which no plants are growing is easily washed away by
water or blown away by the wind.
4. R
oots store food. Some roots like carrot, radish etc. have thick and swollen roots that
store extra food. We eat such roots.
Stem
The part of a plant that rises vertically up
from the ground is called the stem.
The stem of a big tree is called a trunk. It is
strong, thick and woody. Neem and mango
trees have such a stem.
Some stems are thick and soft, as in a
banana plant.
Some stems are weak, soft and green. They cannot hold up a plant
for example money plant. These plants are called climbers. They
need support to stay upright.
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Plant Life- Parts of a Plant
Functions of stem
1. The stem supports the plant above the ground. It bears branches leaves, buds, flowers
and fruits.
2. The stem carries water and minerals absorbed
by the roots to all parts of the plant.
3.
Some stems store food in them such as
sugarcane, potato, ginger etc. Stems like
potato and ginger are underground stems. We
eat these stems.
Main vein Leaf blade
Leaf
The leaf is the thin, flat, broad and green part of a plant
that is attached to the branch. Leaves are of different
shapes and sizes. The flat broad part of the leaf is called
the leaf blade or Lamina. In the middle of the leaf blade
is the main vein and several side veins or tubes which
are connected with it. The veins distribute water and food
to the leaf. A leaf has many tiny pores on the underside. Side vein
Exchange of gases takes place through the stomata. Stomata
Functions of leaves
1. Leaves are called the kitchen of the plant. They
prepare food for the plant.
2. The process by which leaves prepare food is called

photosynthesis. The leaves prepare food with help
of sunlight, water, minerals, carbon dioxide and
chlorophyll.
3. Some leaves like mint and cabbage store extra food in them.
We eat these leaves.
When the leaves make food, they also give out oxygen.
All living things need oxygen to live.
Flower and Fruits

The most beautiful part of the plant is the
flower. Flowers are of different colours, shapes
and sizes.
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Bud
The flower first appears as a bud on the stem.

Gradually, the bud grows in size and the petals New plant
open into a beautiful flower. Flower
Seeds
Fruit
Uses of Flowers
1. Flowers are used for decoration during festivals,
functions and weddings. We make bouquets,
garlands and rangolis with flowers.
2. F lowers of certain plants are used as food like cauliflower, broccoli

and banana.
3. Few spices like clove and saffron are obtained

from the flowers of plants. Cloves are dried
flower buds.
4. F lowers of some plants like rose and jasmine are used to make
perfumes.
Key Words
Root system: The part of the plant which grows-underground
Shoot system: The part of a plant which grows above the soil
Chlorophyll: The green pigment present in leaves giving them green colour
Stomata: Very tiny pores on the lower surface of a leaf for exchange of gases
Photosynthesis: The process of making food by leaves, using carbon dioxide and water in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll
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Things to Remember
 plant has two parts–shoot system–one that is above the soil and root system which is
A
under the soil.
 Roots hold the plant firmly to the soil, absorb water and minerals from the soil and prevent

soil erosion.
 Roots are of two kinds: Tap root and Fibrous root.
 Stem bears leaves, flowers and fruits and carry water and minerals from roots to other parts

of the plant.
 Leaves are the food factory of plants. They prepare food for the plants in presence of sunlight,

air, water and chlorophyll.
 Flowers are the most beautiful part of a plant.
 Flowers grow into fruits. They help the plant to reproduce.
 Fruits protect the seeds. Seeds contain a baby plant.
Exercises
1. Plants make their food in the __________________.
a. Stem b. Leaves c. Fruits d. Roots
2. Some leaves which store extra food in them are __________________.
a. Mango b. Mint c. Banyan d. Neem
3. We eat stems of __________________.
a. Cabbage b. Carrot c. Ginger d. Wheat
4. Rice plants have __________________.
a. Tap roots b. storage roots c. Aerial roots d. Fibrous roots
5. Tiny pores on the surface of leaves are called __________________.
a. Stomata b. Blade c. Trunk d. Storage

1. The part of a plant that contains the seed is called .
2. Carrot and radish have roots.
3. are the food factory of plants.
4. Flowers develop into .
5. carry water to all parts of a leaf.
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C. State true or false:
1. Tiny pores on the leaf are called stomata.
2. The Banyan tree has tuberous roots.
3. The stem carries prepared food from leaves.
4. The flat broad part of a leaf is called the leaf blade.
5. Seeds are the most beautiful part of a plant.
D. Name the following:

1. Two seeds that we eat.
2. Two stems we eat.
3. Two flowers we eat
4. Two roots we eat
5. Two leaves we eat

1. What is photosynthesis?
2. Draw a well labeled diagram of a leaf.
3. What does a seed require to grow into a seedling?
F. Give detailed answers to the following questions.

1. What are the functions of a root? Name the roots.
2. In what ways are flowers useful to us? Give examples.
3. How are stems useful to us?
4. Draw a well labelled diagram of a plant.

Today, uncontrolled construction is destroying the roots of plants. Rapid industrialization and mod-
ernization is causing a lot of harm. It is instrumental in increasing the level of pollution in towns
and cities. During construction activities, care should be taken to protect the roots of trees. What
measures can be taken to control this? Discuss.
Activity
Take two plants. Keep one inside the house and another in the sunlight. Measure their height. Make
an observation chart and write the differences you observe after 3 days and 10 days.
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1
Animal Life-Reproduction
4 in Animals
Learning Objectives
∙ How animals reproduce by laying eggs, giving birth
∙ Life cycle of frog, butterfly, grasshopper
∙ Importance of reproduction in animals
There are many animals in our surroundings.

You may have seen a cow feeding its calf or a
dog feeding its puppy.
Have you wondered how the young ones
of all these come into the world? How are
they born?.
The process by which living beings produce another one of their own kind is called
Reproduction. Every living being has the ability to give birth to one of its own kind. In
this way, the cycle of life keeps moving. If they fail to produce their own kind, their form
will disappear from earth. Thus, Reproduction is an important process for every animal to
continue its race.
How do animals reproduce?

Animals reproduce by two ways—
 by laying eggs
 by giving birth to young ones
Animals that lay eggs and hatch them are called Oviparous. Birds, fish, insects, frog, snakes
and crocodiles lay eggs.
Birds
Birds make nests to lay their eggs. The female bird then sits on them for many days to keep
them warm, before these eggs hatch into young ones.
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Life Cycle of a Bird
All eggs are protected by a head cover called the
shell. Within the shell is the albumen (white) and
the yolk (yellow). The albumen protects the growing
young bird and the yolk is its food. The young birds
will only develop if the egg is kept warm.
The eggs hatch and the young ones that come out
have no feathers on their bodies. The mother feeds
the young birds till they are ready to fly away.
Insects
All insects lay eggs. Grasshoppers and cockroaches
have three stages in their life cycle. Butterflies and
Life cycle of a bird
mosquitoes have four stages in their life cycle.
The young ones that hatch out of the egg look very different from their adults. During
their growth, they keep changing their appearance by shedding their skin. The shedding
of the old skin is called molting.
Life Cycle of a Grasshopper

Grasshoppers lay eggs that hatch into small babies called
nymphs. The nymph is much smaller than the adult. As it
Egg grows, it sheds its skin and develops wings. After this, it
becomes an adult.
Adult Nymph
Life cycle of grasshopper
Life Cycle of a Butterfly Egg
The eggs of a butterfly hatch into small worms.

This worm is called Larva. This larva of a butterfly Butterfly Caterpillar
is called a caterpillar and that of a housefly a (larva)
maggot.
The caterpillars feeds on green leaves greedily and
becomes very plump and sluggish. The caterpillar
now protects itself in a shell called Cocoon. This Butterfly coming out Pupa
of the cocoon
stage is called Pupa when the larva inside the
Life cycle of a butterfly
cocoon grows slowly.
In a few weeks, the pupa splits open and an adult butterfly comes out. The whole process of
this change in form is called Metamorphosis.
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Animal Life-Reproduction in Animals
Life Cycle of a Frog
Frogs are water creatures. The female frog lays her
eggs in water. From the eggs develop the tadpoles.
They do not look like their parents. They have tails
and swim in water. In a few days, their shape starts Eggs
changing. They lose their tails and develop legs. Now
they resemble their parents. In a few days, they are
Frog Tadpole
able to move on to land.
Reptiles
Lizards, turtles, snakes also lay eggs but do not take
care of their eggs. Many of these eggs are usually
Young frog Tadpole with legs
eaten by other animals. A few survive as they get
warmth from the sun. Life cycle of frog
Crocodiles make a nest for their eggs on the ground. When the eggs hatch, they carry their
young ones to water and look after them.
Mammals
Animals that give birth to babies are called Mammals. Cat, dog, tiger, deer, lion, elephant,
cow etc., are all mammals. Humans are also mammals.
The young ones of the mammals develop in the mother's womb. After birth, the babies feed
on their mother's milk till they learn to feed themselves.
Whales and dolphins that live in water also give birth to babies. They do not lay eggs like
fish. Bats, which fly in the air, reproduce by giving birth to young ones. Whales, dolphins
and bats are mammals.
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Taking Care of the Young Ones
Birds and mammals take care of their young ones for longer time than other animals. Birds
build nests for their eggs and look after their young ones. Their babies have no feathers so
the parent birds keep them warm and get food for them. Humans and other mammals also
show a lot of parental care. Animals like dogs, cats lions etc., take care of their young one
like humans.
Some funny facts Some funny facts

Rats breed very quickly. Just in 18 months, A baby koala lives in its mother's pouch
two rates can reproduce more than 10 for 6 months and for the next 6 months, the
lakh rats. mother carries the baby on its back.
Key Words
Reproduction: The process by which young ones are produced resembling their parents
Nymph: Small babies of insects as grasshopper and cockroach
Molting: Shedding of old skin
Life cycle: The development of an animal from the egg stage to the adult
Incubation: The process in which birds sits on their eggs to keep them warm
Womb: A bag like structure inside female mammals
Mammals: Animals that give birth to babies and feed them with their own milk
Things to Remember
 All animals reproduce. They lay eggs or give birth to babies.
 Animals such as birds, frogs, fish, insects and reptiles lay eggs.
 The animals that give birth to young ones are called mammals.
 Insects have various stages in their life cycle.
 Some animals do not have parenting skills.
27
1
Exercises
1. The albumen protects the ____________________.
a. Shell b. Embryos c. Yolk d. Young bird
2. The process of shedding the old skin is called ____________________.
a. Molting b. Metamorphosis c. Pupa d. Larva
3. The animals that give birth to young ones are called ____________________.
a. Insects b. Amphibians c. Birds d. Mammals
4. Birds sit on the eggs before they ____________________.
a. Laying b. Hatch c. Catch d. Batch
5. Which of the following is not a mammal?
a. Cow b. Snake c. Whale d. Bat

1. Young birds have no .
2. The eggs of a frog hatch into .
3. is the embryo's food.
4. The baby that comes out of the eggs of cockroach
5. A cub is the young one of a
C. Write true or false:
1. All the animals reproduce by laying eggs.
2. Bats are mammals.
3. The larva of a butterfly is called a pupa.
4. A baby frog is called a nymph.
5. Crocodile lays eggs on land.
28
D. Write these in the correct order:
A Caterpillar eats and grows
Cocoon
Butterfly comes out of the cocoon
Eggs
The Larva hatches out of the eggs
Caterpillar changes into a butterfly
E. Classify the following under the given heads:
Lay eggs Produce babies
F. Give short answers to the following questions:

1. Why do animals reproduce?
2. Why do birds sit on their eggs?
3. Name some animals who do not take care of their young ones.
G. Give detailed answers to the following questions:

1. Define the following Reproduction, Metamorphosis and Molting.
2. Draw, label and color the life cycle of a grasshopper.
3. How do mammals take care of their young ones?
29
1
A frog has lungs for breathing. It can move on land. But a tadpole cannot. Why?
Life skills
Different animals have different lifespans. Some can live for a hundred years or more while others
die within a week. Try and find the life spans of the following:
5 years? 70 to 80 years? 3 years? More than 100 years?
Activity
Paste pictures in your notebook of egg laying animals and animals that give birth to babies.
30
Food We Eat
5
Learning Objectives
∙ The sources of food ∙ Classification of food ∙ Healthy eating habits
∙ Importance of ∙ Balanced diet
All living things i.e., plants, animals, human beings need food to
live. Food provides us with energy to work and play. It also helps us to
grow and stay healthy.
The different types of food give our body all that is needed to perform
different activities. These are called nutrients. Different foods have
different amount of nutrients. The five main nutrients or food groups
present in the different foods are– Carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals.
Carbohydrates
These are energy giving food. Children and people who
do a lot of physical work need more carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates contain starch and sugar. Cereals like
rice, wheat and maize contain carbohydrates. Food like
chapatti, bread and idli are rich in carbohydrates.
Fats
Fats give more energy than carbohydrates. They also keep
our body warm. Extra fat is stored in the body for future
use. This stored energy is used when the body does not
get sufficient food. Oil and butter are rich in fat. Nuts like
almond, cashew nut and groundnut also contain fat.
Proteins
Proteins help us to grow. They also repair the damaged
parts of the body that is why they are called body
building nutrients. Milk, cheese, eggs, pulses, peas,
soyabean, meat and fish have plenty of proteins. Who
needs more proteins– a child or an adult?
31
1
Food We Eat
Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins and minerals are protective nutrients that help
our body to fight disease. Milk, fruits and vegetables contain
sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals. Calcium is an
important mineral that make our bones and teeth strong. Milk
and all milk products are full of calcium. Iron is also a mineral
needed by our body. It helps in making blood. It is present in
green leafy vegetables.
Water and Roughage

Apart from these nutrients, our body needs water and roughage. Water helps to
remove our body waste in the form of sweat and urine. It also forms an important
constituent of many parts of our body like blood, skin, digestive juices etc.
Roughage helps to clear our stomach regularly. Roughage is the fibre

present in vegetables and fruits. We should have plenty of water and
salads to keep good health.
Milk
Milk contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.
That is why new born babies and infants are given only milk for many
months.
Balanced Diet
A diet that contains all the nutrients in
the correct amount along with water
and roughage needed for the proper
functioning of the body is called a
balanced diet. It should have:
• Enough carbohydrates and fats to
give us energy.
• Enough proteins to help us grow
and repair our body.
• Enough vitamins to protect us
from diseases.
• Enough minerals to make us
strong and healthy.
• Enough water and roughage.
32
Activity -1
In the pictures shown here, who do you think is doing healthy activity? Tick the correct picture.
(a) (b) (c)
Storage and Preservation of Food

We must keep food safe from insects,worms and germs. Food items exposed to dust and
insects may cause diseases. Food can be preserved for a long time and stored for later use.
We can keep food safe by using following methods:
• Adding Salt: We can add salt to food items to preserve them as pickles and fish.
•
Boiling: This method will preserve for a short period of time. You
must have seen your mother boiling milk. It prevents it from getting
spoilt and kills the germs present in it.
•
Refrigeration and freezing: Food kept in a refrigerator
remains fresh for some days. Germs do not grow easily in
cool places. We can keep milk, fruits, vegetables, cooked
food in a refrigerator.
• Adding Sugar: Extra sugar in food also acts as a preservative.

We can store fruits for a long time in the form of jams, jellies and
murabbas by adding sugar.
• Dehydration: In this method, the food items are dried in the sun
to stop the growth of germs in them. Certain food items, such as
raw mangoes, fish, tomatoes, potato chips can be preserved by
this method.
33
1
Food We Eat
Activity -2
Take 2 chapatis. Put little water on one of it. Keep the other one dry. Observe it for a week.
Note the changes.
Result: You will find small black green or grey dots on the chapati. This is fungus.
Cooked and Raw Food

Cooking makes food tasty, soft and easy to digest. It also kills the germs present in the food.
Unfortunately, sometimes, different cooking methods may destroy
several nutrients present in the food as well, and the food loses its
nutritive value. Fruits and vegetables like carrot, cabbage, radish
and cucumber should be eaten raw. These food items contain large
amount of vitamins and minerals that are destroyed by heat.
However, care should be taken to wash the raw items thoroughly
before eating.
Activity -3
Soak some grams in water overnight. Then put them in a wet cloth. Sprouts will appear. Add
lemon juice, cut onions etc and make a salad.
Healthy Food Habits

• Wash your hands before and after eating.
• Always eat clean and fresh food.
• Wash vegetables before and never after cutting them.
• Avoid eating junk food.
• Chew your food well.
• Do not waste food. Always take only as much food as you can eat.
Key Words
Nutrients: Special substances needed by body that are present in the food we eat
Cereals: Food grains like wheat, rice
Carbohydrates: Energy giving nutrients
Fat: Energy giving nutrients
Vitamins: Nutrients which protects us from diseases
Minerals: Substances such as iron, calcium, potassium etc. present in some food items that
keep body strong and healthy
Balanced diet: A diet containing all nutrients in the right amount
Food preservation: Protecting food to make it last longer
34
Things to Remember
 All living things need food.
 Food helps us to grow, keeps us healthy and gives us energy.
 We get food from plants and animals.
 Food contains nutrients–carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, protein and minerals.
 We must have a balanced diet containing all nutrients in the right amount.
 We should drink lots of water and eat roughage.
 We can preserve and store food by–freezing, drying, boiling, adding salt and sugar.
 Food should be cooked properly. Overcooking destroys some nutrients.
 Some foods can be eaten raw to maintain their nutritive value.
 You should observe good food habits to stay healthy.
Exercises
1. This makes up nearly 70% of our body weight.
a. Water b. Fats c. Carbohydrates d. Blood
2. Which of the following are known as body building nutrients—

a. Proteins b. Fats c. Carbohydrates d. Water
3. This makes our bones and teeth strong.

a. Chocolates b. Chips c. Cold drinks d. Calcium
4. Ghee and oil contain ________________.

a. Protein b. Fats c. Vitamins d. Carbohydrates
5. The nutrients needed more by a labourer are ________________.

a. Vitamins b. Carbohydrates c. Fats d. Minerals
1. A _______________ is important for good health.
2. Food items exposed to dust and insects cause _______________.
3. Proteins help the body to _______________.
4. Germs need _______________ to grow.
5. A growing child needs more _______________ than an adult.
35
1
Food We Eat
1. Vitamins and minerals are protective foods .
2. We can preserve food by adding salt or sugar to it .
3. Only cooked vegetables can be eaten .
4. Potato wafers and French fries are rich in proteins .
5. Boiling can preserve food for a long time .
D. In front of each of the following foods, mention the type of nutrient it is rich in.
1. Milk
2. Eggs
3. Carrots
4. Rice
5. Butter
E. Write short answers to the following questions:

1. Why do we need food?
2. What happens to the food which is overcooked?
3. Why are vitamins and minerals important for our body?

1. How can we preserve and store food? Give examples.
2. What is a balanced diet? Why is it especially important for children?
3. Why is water and roughage important for us?

You all drink two or three glasses of milk. Why does your mother make you drink milk?
Life skills
Good food is essential for health. It helps us to grow. We must follow good habits in order to stay
healthy. Discuss.
Activity
Make a diet chart for a week in your notebook. Make sure you follow a balanced diet. Paste
pictures of the food items you will eat.
36
6 An Ideal House
Learning Objectives
∙ Meaning of an ideal house
∙ Special features of an Ideal houses
In the previous class, you must have read why we require a house to live. Yes, we require a house
to live as it protects us from heat, rain, cold, dust and wild animals.
Early man also lived in caves to protect himself
from nature's fury. Later, he learnt to use many
natural things like wood, leaves,etc to build a safe
shelter for himself and his family. But was his house
an ideal house? What are the special features of an
ideal house?
Features of an Ideal House

The features of an ideal house can be grouped into four main headings:
1. Ventilation 2. Sunlight and air
3 Sanitation 4. Open Space
Ventilation
When you walk into your classroom, you like to open all the windows. The free flow of fresh air,
in and out of your classroom or house is called Ventilation. We need to have plenty of fresh air
in the house and rooms where we live. It should have plenty of windows and doors to let fresh
air in and stale air out. Green plants planted around the house and potted plants kept inside the
house also help in keeping the air clean and fresh.
Activity -1
You must have learned about the

famous Hawa Mahal. Paste its picture
and find out why people stayed there
in summers without fans or ACs.
37
1
An Ideal House
Sunlight
Sunlight makes the house bright and also kills germs
hence disinfecting the house. Germs cause diseases
and make us ill. A number of windows and an open
courtyard make sure that plenty of sunlight comes
into the house. Sunlight helps our body to produce
vitamin D.
Sanitation
Cleanliness is next to godliness. If our surroundings are clean and neat, we always
feel fresh and healthy. It is necessary that we keep ourselves and our house clean.
Drainage and disposal of sewage waste water from the kitchen and toilets is called
sanitation. We should throw garbage in proper dustbins which are covered. The
house should be cleaned everyday and we should also ensure that garbage in not
thrown out in the open.
Open Space
The house should not be so clustered that we cannot move around freely. There should be
enough space that we can clean it often. Too many things should not be kept together and
Activity -2
We must follow certain do's and dont's to make a house an ideal house. Add more to those
given below.
Do’s Don’t
1. Don't keep water uncovered anywhere
1. Sweep and mop the house regularly.
in the house.
2. Remove all cob webs regularly. 2. Don't throw garbage on the road.
3. Keep the garbage in covered dustbins. 3. Get the drain cleaned regularly.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
Key Words
Ideal: A standard of perfection or excellence
Ventilation: The provision of fresh air in a room, building etc
Sewage: Waste water or matter carried off in sewers or drains
Sanitation: Conditions relating to public health especially cleanliness
38
Things to Remember
 Everyone requires a house to live.
 A house protects us from heat, rain, cold, dust, wild animals etc.
 An ideal house must have enough ventilation, sunlight, sanitation and open space.
 The house should have enough windows and doors to let fresh air come in.
 Very small living things called germs make us ill.
 Sunlight is required to keep the house germ free and disinfect it.
 The house should have drainage and sewage disposal systems.
Exercises
1. A house does not require _____________________.
a. Good sanitation b. Plenty of sunlight
c. Pests d. Proper ventilation
2. A house gets sunlight due to _____________________.

a. Plenty of windows b. Open court yard
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these
3. The free flow of fresh air in the house is called _____________________.

a. Sanitation b. Ventilation
c. Migration d. None of these
4. We should not keep uncovered in the house.

a. Water b. Food
c. Garbage bins d. All of these
5. A house protects us from _____________________.

a. Rough weather b. Wild animals
c. Thieves d. All of these
39
1
An Ideal House
1. Very small living things called make us ill.
2. Cleanliness is next to .
3. We must keep covered.
4. remove the waste water from the house.
C. Write the true or false:
1. The early man lived in boats.
2. We should clean our house regularly.
3. We should mop and sweep the house everyday.
5. Sunlight kills the germs in the house.
5. Cobwebs in the house should not be touched.
D. Give short answers to the following questions:
1. Why does man need shelter?
2. Why is it important to have green plants around the house?
3. Name some diseases caused due to stagnant dirty water.
E. Give detailed answers to the following questions:
1. What will happen if the sewage waste water gets collected near your house?
2. Explain 3 ways to keep your house clean.
3. What is an ideal house?

A house is closed for many days. What is the first thing that you should do when you enter?
Discuss.
Life skills
Every society should have a proper garbage disposal system. Citizens should also not throw garbage
here and there. Everyone should work together to make India “Swaach Bharat”. Discuss.
40
Activity
Who are the different people who help in building your house? Find out what they are called. Also
write the names of any two tools used by them.
Work Name Tools used
1. Person who makes the

design
2. Uses bricks to build

the house
3. Makes doors and

windows
4. Paints the house
5. Fits pipes, taps etc
6. Lays electric wires
41
1
An Ideal House
Types of Houses
7
Learning Objectives
Students will understand...
∙ The different types of houses in different regions.
Just as food and clothes, shelter is also one of our basic facilities.
A shelter protects us from extreme weather like heat, cold and rain. It is a place to keep our
possession safely from thieves and robbers. A house keeps us comfortable.
Even animals have been provided certain provisions by nature to keep them safe like
a tiger and zebra have stripes, polar bears have thick fur to save them from the cold
conditions etc.
Building a house mainly depends upon three factors– weather conditions in the area; the
material available; economic conditions.
Different types of houses are built in different places and regions.
Houses in Cold Region

The cold region of the Arctic
is completely covered with
snow throughout the year. So,
the people living there have
found a way to use slabs of ice
to build special houses. These
houses are dome shaped and
called igloos. The people there
are called Eskimos or Inuits.
42
Wooden Houses
In the cold but forest regions of America, people build wooden houses or log cabins. They
use wood because there is plenty of wood available in the forests. Also, wood is a good
insulator and keeps the cold out.
Houses in Hot and Dry Regions

In hot and dry areas, houses are built with flat roofs having
mud walls. These walls keep the house cool and roofs can be
used to sleep at night. We find mud houses in Mexico. The
Egyptians were the first to build mud houses. They painted
their houses white to reflect the heat of the sun.
Houses in Areas with Heavy Rainfall

In places where rainfall occurs almost throughout the year,
raised houses are built on stilts. The stilts are wooden poles
that provide support to the house and protect it from floods
due to heavy rainfall. Such houses are found in the eastern
region of India.
Different Types of Houses

Building a house depends on the availability of space and funds. Some examples–
Temporary Houses
These can be built for vacations. Sometimes they are built because of the climate of a
region. For example, along the coastal areas, temporary houses are often built using wood
or coconut leaves by the fishermen.
Tents are used by people who want to go camping on holidays.

They are made of waterproof materials like canvas cloth or
nylon.
Caravans are houses on wheels. Earlier they were pulled by

a horse or bullock but now a days they are pulled by cars
or trunks.
Houseboats are floating houses i.e. houses on water bodies

like lakes. They are generally found in Kashmir, Kerala and also
in Hong Kong, Holland etc.
43
1
Types of Houses
Modern houses
Modern houses are built of bricks, cement, stones, iron,wood
etc. They may be big or small, simple or multi-storeyed. In
cities, we find people living mostly in two or three bedroom
flats or apartments. Cities also have houses called bungalows.
Bungalows are big houses with lawns and parking space. They
are usually expensive.
Key Words
Igloo: Houses made of slabs of snow
Stilt: Wooden poles to support the house built on it
Skyscrapers: Multistorey buildings
Caravans: Houses on wheels
Things to Remember
 A house protects us from bad weather and enemies.
The types of houses depend upon the climatic conditions, availability of material at the place

and economic conditions.
Different areas have different types of houses.

Igloos are made of slabs of ice and snow.

Log cabins or wooden houses are built in cold and forest areas.

Mud houses are built in hot and dry deserts.

 A house on stilts is built in wet and rainy areas to keep out the water.
 Tents and caravans are temporary houses and are used for camping etc.
 Houseboats are floating houses built on water bodies like lakes.
 Modern houses are built of bricks, cement, stones, iron, wood etc.
44
Exercises
1. People build houses according to the ___________________ of the region.
a. Climate b. Population c. Pollution d. Language
2. Modern day tents are made of ___________________.
a. Canvas b. Nylon c. Poles and ropes d. All of these
3. The roof of the houses made in the plains are ___________________.
a. High b. Low c. Flat d. Sloping
4. A floating house is called a ___________________.
a. Leepees b. Caravan c. Houseboat d. Igloo
5. Igloos are made of slabs of ___________________.
a. Snow b. Mud c. Grass d. Cement

1. Houses on the plains have .
2. are the native people of the Arctic region.
3. were the first to make mud houses.

1. Igloos Big cities
2. Houseboat Meghalaya
3. Skyscrapers Japan
4. Stilt houses Arctic region
5. Wooden houses Kashmir
D. Identify the types of house given below. Also write the material used in building them.
1. Type of house 2. Type of House

Building material Building material
45
1
Types of Houses
3. Type of house 4. Type of House
Building material Building material

1. Why do houses in hilly areas have sloping roofs?
2. Why are the houses in deserts painted white?
3. Why are caravans called houses on wheels?
F. Write detailed answers to the following questions:

1. Which factors determine the type of house we build?
2. Why do people in some places live in houseboats?
3. Name the different types of houses and the region they are found in.

Houses in Japan are made of wood. Why? Discuss.
Life skills
To meet the increasing demand of houses, man has been ruthlessly cleaning the forest patches. Due
to this, there is a rapid increase in the temperature leading to global warming. Discuss.
Activity
1. Collect pictures of various types of houses and paste B U N G A L O W S
them in your scrap book. Write names of at least two E A I W P C P L T
places where these houses are found.
D O L A A O L X O
2. House Hunt: Find ten lines related to 'houses' in
the word grid. R O S X R N M E R
O F L A T C B C E
O L U L M R W O Y
M K M P E E E L A
C E M E N T R O Z
A E Q C T E T N C
H A V E L I C Y V
46
Our Clothes
8
Learning Objectives
∙ Why we need clothes
∙ The material used for making clothes
∙ How to take care of clothes
Long ago, people used to live in forests and did not wear clothes. They
covered their bodies with leaves, barks of trees and skins of animals.
Later, they learnt to weave clothes using threads of cotton and silk. They
also used wool from sheep to make warm clothes for winter.
Do you recognize this famous character?

He used to live in a jungle. Can you guess
what his clothes were made of ?
But as time passed, man found different
materials to make his clothes.
Why do we wear clothes?

Clothes cover the body and protect us from heat, dust, insect bites, rain and cold. Clothes
must be comfortable. They also make us look smart, stylish and beautiful.
Sometimes the clothes also help to describe the job of a person.
Clothes and Weather

We wear different clothes according to the weather.
 In the summer season it is hot, so we sweat a lot. Light-colored clothes do not absorb
much heat and keep us cool. The clothes made of cotton absorb sweat. Loose-fitting
clothes let the air in. We feel comfortable in such clothes.
47
1
Our Clothes
 During the winter season, we wear thick clothes. They are made of wool, fur, leather or
flannel etc. They keep the body warm.
 During rainy season, we wear a raincoat and gum boots. Raincoats are made from
waterproof material and gumboots are made from rubber.
Clothes for winter seasons Clothes for rainy seasons Clothes for summer seasons
Materials for Clothes

Clothes can be made from natural fibre (material available in nature) or synthetic fibre
(man-made).
Wool and Cotton
Early man discovered that sheep hair (wool) can be rolled
into a loose yarn for weaving into cloth. Hence, he started
to make woollen clothes. Man also learnt to make fibre
from plants like cotton.
Silk
In China, man discovered how to use the fine thread from the
cocoon of the silkworm to weave beautiful silk fabric.
Nylon
Man has also learnt to make synthetic fibre from crude oil. This is used to weave a fabric
called nylon or rayon.
48
How these fibres are changed to fabric
Clothes
Spinning
The raw fibres-cotton, silk, wool or synthetic fibres are twisted to make thread or yarn.
This is called spinning. This spinning was earlier done on a charkha in India. Later on, the
spinning Jenny was used. Now, sophisticated machines in textile factories do their work.
Mahatma Gandhi encouraged the use of hand woven fabric, Khadi.
Weaving
In the second step, the yarn or thread is made into fabric by weaving on big machines called
Looms. These looms criss-cross the long threads to weave them into a fabric or cloth. Many
weavers weave the thread on hand looms by hand. The world today buys sarees woven on
loom by weavers of Banaras, West Bengal etc.
Now, fabric is made on power or
mechanized looms also. Fabrics
Did you know?
are later dyed to get colourful The threads which go top to bottom are called warp.
materials.
Furnishing of the fabric

Dyeing: The process by which a fabric is given colour
is called dyeing. The fabric is put into large vessels
containing hot water with different colour dyes mixed in
them. Then the fabric is dried and we have the coloured
fabric ready to use or print.
49
1
Our Clothes
Now, beautiful patterns are printed on the coloured fabric. This is done in-various ways.
The final stage of the finishing step is when a special treatment is given to the fabric that
makes it water proof or stops it from shrinking or wrinkling. This makes the fabric smooth
and gives it a shine too. The fabric is now ready for fashioning into clothes.
Care of our clothes

 We must take good care of our clothes or they will get damaged or torn.
 We must wash our clothes regularly in clean water, using soap or detergent powder. The
clothes must be rinsed well so that detergent or soap is not left in them.
 We can dip washed white clothes in indigo powder (neel) before dyeing to maintain their
whiteness.
 Silk and woollen clothes are delicate and expensive. They should either be washed in
mild detergent or dry cleaned.
 After the clothes are dry, we must iron them. Unironed and crumpled clothes make a
person look very untidy and unkempt.
Storage
Care should be taken while storing the clothes. They should be kept in a safe, clean and dry
place, like a trunk or cupboard. These places should be safe from rats and insects.
Insects and mites mostly attack woollen and silk clothes. To keep them safe, dried neem
leaves, boric acid powder or naphthalene balls are used. These are kept inside the clothes
when they are stored.
Key Words
Fibre: A substance which can be woven or spun
Spinning: Twisting the fibre to make thread or yarn
Charkha: A simple spinning machine
Synthetic Fibre: Fibre that is not obtained from a plant or an animal source; man made
Dry Cleaning: The process of cleaning clothes without water
50
Things to Remember
 Clothes cover our body and protect us from heat, dust, insects, rain and cold.
 We wear different clothes according to the changing season and profession.
 Clothes are made from natural and synthetic materials.
 Spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing and stitching are the stages involved in making clothes.
 We must take proper care of clothes to make them last longer.
 Clothes should be stored carefully to keep away insects.
 Fibre Spinning of fibre yarn weaving of yarn fabric dyeing printing
finishing tailoring
Exercises
1. We wear dark coloured clothes in the season.
a. Rainy b. Autumn c. Winter d. Summer
2. Which of the following is not a synthetic fibre?
a. Silk b. Lycra c. Nylon d. Rayon
3. Twisting the fibre to make thread or yarn is called _________________.
a. Weaving b. Dyeing c. Spinning d. Printing
4. Once washed, white clothes should be soaked in _________________.
a. Indigo powder b. Detergent

c. Fabric water d. Red chilly powder
5. The special treatment given to fabric can make it _________________.
a. Waterproof b. Wrinkle-free c. Fluffy d. All of these

1. We use to protect woollen clothes.
2. is obtained from sheep.
3. During the process of cloth is given different colours.
51
1
Our Clothes
4. Artificial fibres are than natural fibres.
5. is made from crude oil.

A B
1. Sheep a. Spinning
2. Cotton plant b. Weaving
3. Silkworm c. Cotton fibre
4. Charkha d. Wool
5. Looms e. Cocoon
D Write True or False:

1. We wear the same clothes in different seasons.
2. Light-coloured clothes do not absorb much heat.
3. In deserts, people wear raincoats and gumboots.
4. Rose petals are used to protect silk clothes from insects.
5. Polyester clothes are made from synthetic fibres.

1. What kind of clothes are worn in the summer season?
2. What are synthetic fibres?
3. How should we store woollen clothes?
1. How are clothes made?
2. Make a web titled From Fibre to Fabric.
3. What are looms? Why are they important?
Why do you think we should encourage the use of khadi? Discuss.
Life skills
Clothes make us look elegant and smart. People in different parts of our country wear different
clothes. We should appreciate the variety and not make fun. Discuss.
Activity
1. Collect pictures of various types of handloom fabrics in our country. Find out their names.
2. Using a thick cardboard and strips of paper or cloth, weave a design of your own.
52
Air We Breathe
9
Learning Objectives
Student will understand...
∙ The importance of air ∙ Uses of air in our life
∙ Characteristics of air ∙ How is air pollution caused and how we can reduce it.
All living things need air. No living being can survive

without air for more than a few minutes. Air is present
everywhere around us, but we cannot see it. We feel
its presence in so many ways. We notice it when the
leaves of the trees rattle or the clothes hanging on the
clothes line sway or the pages of an open book begin
fluttering. Moving air is called wind.
Activity -1
Take an empty glass bottle. Turn it upside down. Is something there in it? Now dip the open
mouth of the bottle straight into a bucket full of water. Does water enter the bottle? Is there
anything in this empty bottle? Now tilt the bottle slightly. What do you see? Air bubbles start
coming out of the bottle and water starts filling the bottle.
Why does this happen?

Actually the empty bottle was not empty. It was completely filled with
air when you tilted the bottle, the air found an escape route and moved
out of the bottle and water filled up the bottle. This activity shows that
air occupies space. Air has no colour and one can see through it. It is
transparent.
We can also prove the presence of air by using a balloon. Before it is

inflated, the balloon is shapeless. When you blow air into it, it becomes
round and firm. How does this happen? It's the air! The air gets inside
the balloon and takes shape.
53
1
Air We Breathe
Characteristics of Air
Air occupies space: Air occupies space has just been proved
by the above experiment.
Air has weight: Air is very light but it does have weight. In fact
the weight of air pressing on you is not felt.
Activity -2
Take two balloons and blow air into them. Tie them on either side of a stick with the help of
thread. Find the middle of the stick and tie another thread. Hang it. What do you see? Both the
balloons are at the same level. Now take a needle and prick one of the balloons with it. What
do you observe? The arm of the stick with the empty balloon is tailed upwards. What does this
show? This shows that that the balloon with air in it is heavier than the empty balloon.
Air exerts pressure: You have learnt earlier that the earth is surrounded by a layer of air
called atmosphere. The gravity of the earth pulls this atmosphere downwards. Thus air pushes
downwards on everything. The weight of this air acting on a surface causes Air pressure.
Atmosphere
Earth's gravity pulls the atmosphere

downwards.
54
Activity -3
Take a plastic bottle and make some holes at the bottom. Fill the
bottle with water and put the cap on its mouth. What do you see?
Does the water come out of the holes? No. Now remove the cap.
What do you find? Water starts flowing from the holes. Why? When
we remove the cap the air enters the bottle and causes pressure on
the surface of water. The water starts coming out through the holes.
Activity -4
Take two straws. Put them in a beaker which has water in it. Suck through one straw. The water
rises up. Make a small hole in the other straw. What happens when you suck through this straw
now? Note your observations in the space given below.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Nitrogen 78%
What is air made up of?
Air is a mixture of many colourless gases. If you take a
bucket full of air and cut it into 5 equal parts, one part
out 5 would be oxygen, the most important gas for all
of us and 75% will be nitrogen. The other gases found
in the air namely carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen,
krypton. It also contains dust particles and smoke
which vary from place to place. Other gases Oxygen 21%
Uses of air
• We know that air is needed for breathing and burning. Besides this, there are many other
uses of air.
Activity -5
Aim: To prove air helps in burning.
Requirements: A candle, a glass, a match box.
Method: Let an adult burn the candle. Cover the
candle with a glass.
Observation: You will find that after few minutes the
candle will stop burning.
This activity proves that air is
needed for burning. Air helps In burning
55
1
Air We Breathe
• Air brings with it the warmth of the sun, the scent of flowers and the sound of music.
When we speak, it is the air that carries our voice to the ears of the listener.
• Air helps in the movement of sailing yachts, gliders, parachutes and airplanes, birds. Bats
and insects can fly due to the presence of air.
• Plants produce oxygen and use carbon dioxide. Oxygen is used by animals and they
give out carbondioxide.
• Air helps in the dispersal of seeds and the pollen of flowers.
• Air plays an important role in the water cycle.
• The wind makes the wind mill rotate. The wind mill is used to
draw water from tube-wells and to run flour mills.
Air pollution
Without air, the earth will be cold, dry, silent and lifeless. We should keep the air clean.
But unwanted poisonous gases from factories, power station, exhaust from vehicles etc. are
being emitted into the air all the time. This is called pollution. These gases can be very
dangerous to young children. Prolonged exposure to such an environment may lead to
diseases like asthma and bronchitis.
Pollution can be reduced by the following steps:
• Plant more trees and stop deforestation. Plants purify air by giving oxygen.
• Use unleaded petrol or CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) in all vehicles.
• Do not burn garbage or dry leaves. They produce harmful gases.
• Keep your surroundings clean.
• Factories should be made or shifted away from residential areas.
• Roads should be metalled so that dust does not pollute the air.
Key Words
Atmosphere: Mixture of gases surrounding the earth
Pressure: The force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere of earth
Gravity: The force that attracts a body towards the centre of the earth or towards any other
physical body
56
Things to Remember
 Air is present everywhere but we cannot see it.
 We can feel air.
 Air has weight.
 Air exerts pressure.
 The layer of air surrounding the earth is called atmosphere.
 Air is mixture of many gases. It contains water vapour, dust and smoke.
 Air helps in breathing and burning. It helps in moving sail boats and yachts etc.
 Poisonous gases from factories, exhaust from vehicles etc. cause air pollution.
 Pollution can be reduced by planting more trees, using unleaded petrol or CNG and not

burning garbage.
Exercises
1. Which one of this is not a characteristic of air—
a. Air occupies space b. Air has weight
c. Air exerts pressure d. Air does not support burning
2. emit poisonous gases in smoke.

a. Cycles b. Factories c. Rickshaws d. Ships
3. Air does not carry this—

a. Sound b. Heat and warmth c. Fragrance d. Letter
4. Air contains _____________________.

a. Neon b. Helium c. Oxygen d. All of these
5. Air is required for_____________________.

a. Respiration b. Burning c. Photosynthesis d. All of these

1. The layer of air around the earth is known as .
2. The component of air used by green plants to make their food is .
3. Air is of many gases.
4. can occur only in the presence of oxygen.
5. plays an important role in the water cycle.
57
1
Air We Breathe
C. Write True or False:
1. Plants can help purify air. ________________________
2. Air takes no space and has no weight. ________________________
3. Lead free petrol and CNG is used in vehicles now. ________________________
4. Air contains nitrogen and oxygen only. ________________________
5. Air exerts downward pressure on everything. ________________________

1. What is air made up of?
2. Write the names of all gases present in the air?

1. What are the characteristics of air? Explain.
2. How will you prove that air supports burning?
3. What are the different uses of air?

What will happen if we cut down all the trees? Discuss.
Life skills
Air is a precious resource. It is required to perform many vital activities. Human beings are
polluting the air. This will have dire consequences for all the living beings, i.e. plants, animals
and humans. Humans must try to control the pollution so that all living beings can breathe fresh
air and stay healthy.
Activity
Make a 'Firki' using paper and a stick. Hold the stick on the 'Firki' and place it in different directions
in an open area. Move it back and forth. Observe what happens. Does the 'Firki' rotate? What
makes a 'Firki' rotate?
58
Our Earth
10
Learning Objectives
∙ The position of the planet earth in the universe
∙ How day and night are formed
∙ The difference between rotation and revolution.
Our earth is a unique planet. We find all kinds of land forms– mountains,
valleys, oceans, seas, and life with plants, animals, insects in it.
As you have read in the previous class, our earth is like a round ball,
slightly flattened at the top and bottom.
It is one of the eight planets of the solar system that moves around
the sun.
The largest planet is Jupiter, while the

smallest is Mercury.
The Sun and the Earth

The earth is about 150 million km
away from the sun. It is at the right
distance as we get just enough heat and light from the sun to allow living things to grow.
A layer of air called atmosphere surrounds the earth which prevents the rays of sun from
harming the earth.
15, 00, 00, 000 Kilometers
Earth
Sun
59
1
Our Earth
Shape of the Earth
Long ago, people thought that the earth is flat. People were afraid to sail out to the sea
in case they fell off the edge of the earth. It was the great explorer Ferdinand Magellan
who proved that the earth is round. Photographs taken from space also show that the
earth is round.
Rotation
Rotation of the Earth West S
LIG UN
HT
The earth is spinning continuously. It spins on
its axis like a top. The axis is an imaginary line
Night
running from the North pole (N) to the South
pole (S). It joins the two poles. It is tilted at an
angle of 23.5o. The spinning of the earth on its
Day
own axis once every twenty four hours is called
Rotation. This causes day and night. The earth
Axis East
always rotates from west to east.
Rotation
Day and Night
During the day, we can see the sun in the sky. That is because our side of the earth is facing
the sun. Half of the earth is always facing the sun, while the other half is in shadow or
darkness. This is because the earth is always rotating on its axis.
Activity -1
Take a globe and a torch. Place the globe on the table. Light a torch in front of it. The portion
of the globe lit by the torch has day while other half remains dark and has night. Thus, when
it is night in India, America has daylight.
Why we don't feel the movement of the earth

We do not feel the movement of the earth as we also move along with it. For eg. when we
are in a moving bus, we do not feel the movement. Instead, it appears as if the trees, houses
etc. are moving with us. In the same way, though the earth is moving, we feel that the sun
is moving in the sky.
As the earth keeps constantly changing its position, the size and direction of the shadows
falling on the earth change.
Revolution of the Earth

September As the earth rotates, it also moves around
22-23
the sun in a definite path. This path never
changes and is called the earth's orbit.
June
20-22 When the earth takes one round along its
March
orbit. it completes one revolution. Earth
December 21-22 takes one year to complete one revolution.
21-22 This revolution causes different seasons.
60
Key Words
Orbit: Fixed path along which planets move around the sun
Solar system: The sun, the eight planets and their satellites along with some other heavenly
bodies and material
Rotation: The spinning movement of the earth on its own axis
Revolution: The movement of the earth around the sun
Things to Remember
 The earth is a unique planet.
 It is round and slightly flattened at the top and the bottom.
 Ferdinand Magellan proved that the earth is round.
 T
he earth rotates on an imaginary axis. This movement of the earth on its axis is called
rotation.
 The rotation of the earth causes day and night.
 We cannot feel the movement of the earth because we are moving along with it.
 Revolution of the earth on its orbit around the sun causes different seasons.
 Earth takes one year to complete one revolution around the sun.
Exercises
1. The path on which the earth moves during revolution is called _________________.
a. Orbit b. Rotation c. Elliptical d. Sunlight

2. Long ago, people thought the earth was _________________.
a. Round b. Square c. Flat d. Sphere

3. The rotation of the earth results in the formation of _________________.
a. Seasons b. Weather c. Day and night d. Sunlight

4. The solar system includes the _________________.
a. Nine stars b. Ten planets c. Eight planets d. Milky way

5. The imaginary line of earth is called _________________.
a. Orbit b. Axis c. Rotation d. Shadow
61
1
Our Earth
1. There are planets and their satellites in our solar system.
2. The of earth causes day and night.
3. The of earth causes seasons.
4. The earth's axis is tilted at an angle of .
5. discovered that the earth is round.
Solar System
Rotation
Revolution
D. Give one word answer:

1. The earth's position from the sun in the solar system.
2. The only planet to have life on it.
3. The planet closest to the sun.
4. The planet that has rings around it.
5. The planet farthest from the sun.
1. What makes the solar system?
2. Why do we not feel the movement of the earth?
3. How can it be proved that the earth is round?
1. What do you mean by revolution of the earth. What does it cause?
2. Why is the distance of earth from the sun so important?
3. How are day and night caused?
What would happen if the earth stops rotating on its axis? Discuss.
Life skills
Our earth is a unique planet. If has got life on it. This is possible because of the presence of air, water
and food. It is our duty to preserve our earth. We should see that it does not get spoilt. Discuss.
Activity
Visit a planetarium in your city and collect information about the solar system. Make a file and
share with your friends.
62
Nature's Gifts to Us
11
Learning Objectives
∙ Richness of the natural resources in our country and their importance
∙ Renewable and Non renewable resources and their conservation
Nature has gifted us with lots of good

things such as air, water, forests, soil,
minerals and wildlife. These things are
called natural resources. We depend
on these resources for our daily needs.
Roads, buildings, vehicles, tables, chairs
are all man made things. They are not
natural.
Activity -1
Here is a list of things. Write them in their correct column.
Pencil, cat, dog, coal, trees, glass, table, mountain, river, fan, computer, mango.
Man made Natural things
63
1
Most of the things that are man made require natural resources.
Types of Natural Resources

Natural resources can be divided into two types– Renewable or inexhaustible resources and
Non–renewable or exhaustible resources.
Renewable Resources
These resources are those that can never get
exhausted or completely finished. For e.g.,
light, wind, water, soil, plants and animals are
renewable resources.
Water
Water is one of the most important resources which nature has given us. We cannot survive
without water. All living things like plants, animals and humans need water.
Activity -2
Write the names of four sources of water (Draw them in your notebook)
1.
2.
3.
4.
We also use
water for
irrigation,
transport,
household
chores etc.
We should be very careful while using it. We should save it and prevent its pollution.
64
Activity -3
• Write a slogan to save water.
Soil
Soil is another very important gift
of nature. It is formed from rocks
and decomposing plants and
animals. It makes the outermost
layer of the earth.
Soil is required to grow plants. The

more fertile the soil is, the better the
plants will be. The northern plains
have alluvial fertile soil so many
crops grow here. River Ganga
flows here so it is also called the
food bowl of India.
The Himalayas ensure that the

plains have enough water and
good soil. Many rivers flow from
the Himalayas. They carry the
fertile soil called alluvial soil.
This soil is formed due to the deposit of sediments which are brought down by the flowing
rivers. Sugarcane, rice and wheat grow well in this soil.
Activity -4
Can you name a few Himalayan rivers?
65
1
Some of the sediments are carried by the
water to the mouth of the river. These get
deposited in triangular shaped islands
called deltas. These deltas are very
fertile.
Plants
Plants, our green friends, are also a gift of nature
to us. Nature grows lots of trees and plants in
some areas. These are called forests. The
leaves, fruits, flowers and trunks of all these
trees are of great use to us. Hence, we should
protect the forests.
In India, we have different types of forests.
Evergreen forest: They are green throughout the year eg. Rosewood, Ebony.
Deciduous forest: They are called monsoon forests. The trees shed their leaves every
year in the dry season eg. Teak, Sal, Mahua.
Thorny and Scrub forests: These forests are generally found in the desert areas eg.
Keekar, Babul.
Mountain forests: These forests are found in the Himalayan region. They also have conif-
erous trees here. The trees are tall and cone shaped eg. Chir, Deodar, Pine.
Tidal forests: They are found near the deltas of major rivers
eg. mangrove.
66
Animals
Animals are another very important natural resource. They are generally found in jungles.
Some of the animals have been domesticated by man like cow, horse, donkey etc. The
animals that live in forests are wild eg. tiger, lion, elephant etc.
Non–Renewable Resources
Minerals
If you look around in your classroom, you will
find a number of things such as door knobs,
latches, window grills etc. All these things are
made of materials found deep under the earth's
surface. These substances are called minerals.
The process of digging out minerals from the
earth is called mining. The holes that are dug
are called mines.
Oils, mineral, metals and natural gas are obtained from these mines. They all come up as
raw materials and are then purified. The purified forms give us metals like steel and iron.
Petroleum (crude oil) is also obtained from the earth. It gives us petrol, cooking gas (LPG)
and diesel. Coal (mined) is another non-renewable resource obtained from the earth.
Conservation of Natural Resources

Natural resources should be used very carefully as non-renewable resources are limited and
we cannot replace them. Protection of the natural resources is called conservation.
We can conserve our resources by the following methods:
• Use the natural resources carefully

• Don't waste water
• Stop soil erosion
• Do not cut forests
67
1
• Plant more trees
• Do not waste paper as it made from wood pulp
• Avoid air and water pollution
• Protect wild life
Remember, these natural resources are very important to us and without them life will not
be possible.
Key Words
atural resources: Things given by nature that a person or a country has and can use
N
Exhaustible: Resources that are limited and cannot be renewed
Inexhaustible: Resources that are always available
Soil erosion: The process of soil surface slowly getting destroyed by wind, water in the heat of
the sun
Mineral: A substance found deep inside the earth which people use for various purposes
Things to Remember
 ature has gifted us with things like air, water, forests, soil and wild life which are known
N
as natural resources.
 There are two types of natural resources-exhaustible and inexhaustible.
 Soil that contains alluvium is called alluvial soil and is good for growing crops.
 There are five types of forests found in India.
 These forests have different types of trees like evergreen, deciduous etc.
 Mines are underground tunnels used to dig out metals and minerals in their raw form. These

raw materials are refined in factories to make iron, steel, petrol, diesel etc.
 Protection of natural resources is called conservation.
Exercises
1. Air is a/an ________________________.
a. Renewable source b. Non-renewable source
c. Exhaustible source d. None of these.
68
2. Protection of natural resources is called ____________________.
a. Conservation b. Continuation
c. Preservation d. None of these.
3. These are renewable resources—

a. Water b. Soil
c. Water and Animals d. All of these
4. Wild life sanctuaries have been created to protect ____________________.

a. Animals b. Birds c. Both of these d. People
5. Which of these is obtained from petroleum?

a. Petrol b. Diesel c. Kerosene d. All of these

1. The process of digging out minerals from the earth is called ________________.
2. A delta is a ________________ shaped island at the ________________ of a river.
3. ________________ is used for cooking.
4. Trees that remain green throughout the year are called ________________.
C. Complete the chart. You may take help of any atlas.
Name of forest Trees State
1. Evergreen
2. Deciduous
3. Thorny and Scrub
4. Mountain
5. Tidal forest
D. Name the following:

1. Small sand sediments created by rivers
2. Food bowl of India
3. Fertile triangular shaped islands
4. A domesticated animal
5. Protection of natural resources
69
1
E. Write 'R' for Renewable and N for Non-Renewable resources.
Sun Cloud Lead Tree
Petrol Mountain Coal

F. Write short answers for the following questions:
1. Which soil is best for growing crops?
2. From where do we get minerals?
3. What are forests?
G. Write detailed answers for the following questions:
1. Why are the northern plains of India called the food bowl?
2. What is alluvial soil? How is it formed?
3. Why and how can we conserve our resources?

What do you mean by CNG and why should we use it? Discuss.
Life skills
Trees around us are being cut down in large numbers to fulfill our needs. Many animals and birds
lose their homes when trees are cut down. Trees and animals are both important for our survival.
Discuss.
Activity
Take a look around your house and the surroundings. Make a list of 20 things which are made of
different minerals. Look carefully even your tooth paste has minerals in it.
70
Air, Water and
12 Weather
Learning Objectives
∙ The various forms of water in the atmosphere
∙ Why winds blow sea breeze and land breeze
∙ Water cycle
∙ How the sun causes change in weather
Has it ever happened that when you are going to school in the
morning the sun is shining brightly and while returning home
you find that it has become dark and cloudy? How does the
weather change so suddenly?
Weather can change from day-to-day and hour-to-hour. It also
changes during the year. It is hot in the summer season, rains
during the monsoons and is cold during the winter season.
Sun and Weather

The sun causes changes in the weather conditions. The blowing of wind or the formation of
clouds is due to the heat of the sun.
The heat from the sun warms the earth during the day. It warms both land and water. The
air on the ground also becomes hot. Hot air is lighter, so it rises up. Cold air takes its place.
This is why the wind blows. When the wind blows gently it is called breeze.
Heating of land is faster than water. This difference in the rate of heating up or cooling down
gives rise to sea breeze and land breeze. This occurs especially in the coastal regions
71
1
Air, Water and Weather
Sea Breeze
Hot air
During the day, air above the hot soil
becomes hot but the air above the water
remains cool. As the hot air rises up, cool
Cool air
air from the sea takes its place. Thus a cool
breeze blows towards the land during
the day.
Sea Breeze
Land Breeze
Hot air
As the sun sets, land cools faster than the
Cool air
sea. The rapidly cooling land has higher
air pressure over it than the sea. So, the air
begins to blow from a high pressure area to
a low pressure area, that is, from the level of
the sea. This is called land breeze. It blows
at night.
Land Breeze
The movements caused by hot and cold winds are known as convection currents.
Activity -1
• Take two plastic bottles, balloons, a bowl of cold water and hot water. Also some ice.
• Cover both the bottles with balloons. Fill little air in it.
• Now place one bottle in a bowl of hot water and the other in ice water.
• The hot water balloon starts to inflate.
• The cold water balloon starts to deflate
• Why is it so?
Do this activity and write its result and conclusion in your notebook.
Water
Water exists in three states– solid, liquid and gas. These states are interchangeable.
Evaporation
Take a wet sponge. Switch on the fan. Write your name on the blackboard with the sponge.
Observe for a few minutes. You will see that the wet patch disappears. This is because water
changes into water vapour.
72
The process by which water changes into water vapour is called evaporation. The amount
of water vapour present in the air is called humidity.
Evaporation in nature takes place due the sun's heat on a very hot day. Water evaporates
faster and is spread over a large surface or area.
Condensation
When you put some ice cubes in a cold drink, after some time you find tiny
droplets on the outer-side of the glass. This is because when the water vapour
in the air comes in contact with the outer-side of the cold glass, it cools down
on the cold surface and forms tiny droplets. The change of water vapour to
water on cooling is called condensation.
Evaporation and condensation of water vapour also cause dew, hail, snow and fog.
Hail and Snow

Clouds are millions of tiny light weight water droplets floating together. If the air around these
clouds is very cold, as above the mountains, the tiny drops of water freeze into snow flakes
or ice crystals. This forms snow or hail stones, which fall from the clouds during winter.
Dew
If it turns chilly at night, water vapour in the air condenses as the
air touches the cold surface. This is called dew. In the morning,
you will find the ground, leaves, car surface etc. covered with
dew.
Fog
When warm and moist air cools rapidly, tiny water droplets of
water are formed and they stay in the air. This is fog. Fog is often
thickest in valleys and low lying areas. Fog occurs in winter
season.
73
1
Frost
When nights become very cold, dew drops freeze to form ice.
This is frost. It can be very harmful for the crops.
Rain, snow, hail and frost falling from clouds is called
precipitation.
Water Cycle
When the sun shines, water from ponds, rivers, lakes, seas etc changes into water vapour
and evaporates. In the sky, it condenses to form small drops of water. These small drops
join together to form clouds. When these clouds pass through cooler air, they get cooled
further. The water drops become heavier. When the water drops become very heavy they
fall to the earth as rain. This cycle of evaporation, condensation and precipitation goes on
continuously and is called the water cycle.
As mentioned earlier, the weather thus affects our lives as the changes in weather make us
change the clothes we wear, the food we eat and even our activities.
Cloud
Cloud
(condensation) Cloud Sun
Rain
(Precipitation)
Water vapour (evaporation)
Sea
Key Words
Atmosphere: The blanket of air surrounding the earth
Sea breeze: Wind blowing from the sea to the land during day time
Land breeze: Wind blowing from the land to the sea during night time
Evaporation: The process by which water changes into water vapour
Humidity: The amount of water present in the air
Condensation: The process by which water vapour changes into water
Precipitation: Falling of water in any form (hail, snow, rain, etc.) on the earth
Water cycle: The cycle of evaporation, condensation and precipitation in nature
74
Things to Remember
 he heat of the sun causes change in weather.
T
 It heats land and water. Land gets warmer sooner than water.

 There are two types of breeze– sea breeze and land breeze.

 Change of water to water vapour is called evaporation.

 Change of water vapour into water is called condensation.

 Evaporation and condensation of water vapour cause rain, dew, snow, hail and fog.

 Water keeps on changing forms in nature due to the process called water cycle.

Exercises
1. When the wind blows it is called breeze.
a. Fast b. Super fast c. Gently d. Heavy
2. The causes movement of hot and cold air.

a. Moon b. Sun c. Earth d. None of these
3. The process of changing of water vapour into water is called

a. Evaporation b. Filtration
c. Condensation d. None of these
4. Water droplets appear on a cold bottle due to

a. Evaporation b. Heating
c. Condensation d. Melting
5. air tells us about the weather.

a. Hot or cold b. Fast c. Damp d. All of these

1. The blanket of air surrounding the earth is .
2. refers to the amount of water present in air.
3. Water gets heated than land.
4. changes from season to season.
5. falls from the clouds in a solid state.
75
1
C. Give one word answers:
1. Frozen rain drops
2. It forms on grass and plants on cold nights
3. Wind blowing from land to sea at night
4. Gentle wind blowing
5. The movement caused by hot and cold winds .
D. Give reasons for the following:

1. Mornings and evenings are colder than afternoons.
2. Clothes dry faster on a windy day.
3. Winds have a cooling effect on the skin.

1. How are clouds formed?
2. What is water cycle?
3. How does weather affect our life?

1. What is the difference between dew and frost?
2. Write the difference between land breeze and sea breeze.
3. Write the difference between evaporation and condensation.

We sweat if we switch off the fans in summer. Why? Discuss.
Life skills
Our lifestyle depends on weather like our dress, food etc. That is the reason why in India we have
so many varieties of food, different types of dresses etc. Yet our country remains one. Discuss.
Activity
1. Perform simple water experiments showing evaporation and condensation.
2. Draw neat and labelled diagrams of the following.

a. Sea breeze b. Land breeze c. Water cycle
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Our Community
13
Learning Objectives
∙ What a community is
∙ The different community services
∙ The various community agencies
A group of people living together in a particular area is

called a community. You have learnt in the previous
class how two friends lived together in a community
and helped each other.
People, who live together in a community, live in an

organized manner following the rules and regulations
set up by their community. They cooperate with each
other and share their work and duties the way they do
with their family members at home. Community living is

found in villages, towns and cities. Many organizations
provide services to the people who live together.
Try This
Can you name any two organizations that help in your
neighbourhood?
Some Community Services

Most of our communities need some services to keep
them clean and make the lives of the people living there
comfortable. These services provide clean surroundings,
pure drinking water, roads, healthcare facilities, schools
etc. Can you name some of these services? Yes, these
are medical services, public transport, waste disposal,
water supply, security, banking etc.
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Our Community
These service are provided by various agencies.
These agencies can be private or government. The
private agencies can be formed by the members of the
communities or by private parties.
Try This
Find out the name of your local hospital, bank etc.
Schools
A school is one of the main agencies that provides education to the community. Besides
this, schools also involve children in community services. Some of these services are:
•• A dult Literacy Society: The children are encouraged to teach the elders in the family.
•• H ealth and Hygiene Club: This club looks after the health and cleanliness telling
people how to keep their surroundings clean and educating all regarding good health.
•• N ature and Environment Society: Helping in planting trees, cleaning the parks, taking
care of flowers etc.
•• D isaster Relief Services: Providing and collecting clothes, medicines, money during
the time of crisis like floods, drought, earthquake etc.
Try This
Find out and note the names of the clubs or societies in your school.
Residents Welfare Association (RWA)

Most of the colonies in a town/city have a committee of members to look after the interests
of the people of their colony. This is called the RWA or Residents Welfare Association.
Each of these RWAs have elected office bearers. These office bearers are responsible for
keeping their colonies clean and safe. The following are some of their duties:
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• To maintain the parks of the colony.
• To look after the security and welfare of the residents.
Try This
To organize social functions melas, festivals and
•
other cultural activities. Find out the name of your RWA.
• To ensure regular cleaning of drains and collection of garbage.
Other Organisations
Though the central and state government try to meet all the
needs of the citizens, yet, it is not possible for them to fulfill
and take care of all their needs. Therefore, the government
allows some motivated citizens to set up welfare organisations
known as NGOs (Non-government organisations). These
NGOs run on a no profit principle. They are goal oriented
and work for the social and economic welfare of the poor.
The areas they look after are health, education, environment
etc. They organise blood donation camps, collection of articles during floods etc.
Community eating like Langars, bhandaras, mid day meals are also organised from time
to time.
Some of the famous NGOs are CRY (Child Relief and You),
Helpage India, CINI (Children In Need Institute) WWF (World
Wildlife Fund), Prayas for the underprivileged etc.
Try This
Can you name any two other NGOs.
Women's Organisation
There are certain organisations which
only look after the welfare of women and
children. UNICEF is one such organisation.
The work of the hygiene, health, education,
self employment etc. We also have SEWA
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Our Community
(Self Employed Women's), NCW (National Commission for Woman). The army also helps
to look after the welfare of the jawans families. It is known AWWA (Army Wives Welfare
Association). They organise workshops, sales etc. to make the women self dependent.
Try This Did you know?

Name any two women's organisations. The Indian Red Cross has 700 branches in India.
Key Words
Garbage: Waste food, paper, etc. that we throw away.
UNICEF: United Nations International Children Educational Fund.
Voluntary organisation: An organisation set up to help people, which does not make any profit.
Community: A group of people living together in a particular area.
Things to Remember
 group of people living together in a particular area is called a community.
A
 Community living is found in villages, town and cities.

 Community work starts at school level.

 Every colony has a Residents Welfare Association.

 RWA works for the welfare of the people.

 NGOs are non-government organisations that are involved in community services.

 Women's organisations work for the welfare of the women by providing education that

helps them to become independent.
Exercises
1. Which school club/society works on 'Each One, Teach one'?
a. Environment b. Literacy c. Sports d. Art
2. An NGO working for the elderly is ___________________.
a. Helpage India b. SEWA c. UNO d. Anganwadi
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3. SEWA works for the welfare of ___________________.
a. Men b. Women c. Children d. All of them
4. CRY works for the betterment of ___________________.
a. Children b. Men c. Elders d. Women
5. The Red Cross looks after the ___________________.
a. Hygiene b. Blood bank c. Teeth d. Body building
1. Every school has some involved in community services.
2. Every society needs some basic to make their lives better.
3. People living in communities with each other as they do in a family.
4. The club in school looks after the health of the people.
5. The RWAs maintain the of the colony.
C. State whether the statement is True or False:
1. The government organisations are the only ones who look after the
welfare of the people.
2. The RWAs organise social functions in the country.
3. Some of our basic services or needs are clean surroundings and
pure drinking water.
4. The langars mean the community eating together.
5. Each society has its own NGOs.
D. Answer the following:
1. What is a community?
2. What is a langar? Give an example.
3. What is the role of the RWAs?
E. Long answers:
1. What do you mean by community services?
2. How are the women organisations helping the weaker section women and children?
3. How can you help your society or colony that you live in?
Why are NGOs very important? Discuss.
Life skills
The NGOs work for the welfare of the society. How can we help these NGOs especially at the time
of natural disasters?
Activity
Visit your RWA office. Find out from them what activities they do and how they take care of the
society.
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Our Community
Community Services
14
Learning Objectives
∙ There are three levels of the government
∙ Importance of Gram Panchayat, its functions and duties
∙ Role of the Municipal Corporation in maintaining cleanliness
∙ Hygiene and Public Services
Carefully observe how your school runs. You have a Principal, Vice Principal, Headmistress
and teachers along with the office staff. They all work together to provide the students all
the facilities and education.
In the same way, we need lots of people to look after our needs. India is a big country. It is
not possible for one government to look after the needs of all the villages, towns and cities
in the country. Our country is first divided into states and then hundreds of villages. So there
are three levels of the government in India.
 Central
 State
 Local self government
The Central Government is based in Delhi. It

looks after important matters of the country such
as defense, finance and railways.
Try This
Who is the Prime Minister of India?
Each state in India has its own government. The State Governments are responsible for
maintaining law and order, transport and health services in their states.
Local self-government at the rural level is the Gram Panchayat. The members of the Gram
Panchayat are elected (chosen) by the people of the village for a term of five years. The
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Head or Sarpanch or Pradhan is also chosen by
the people. Any man or woman of the village
who is 18 years of age or above can vote. The
number of members of a Gram Panchayat
depends on the size of population. It varies from
7 to 17 members. The government has reserved
a few seats for women, scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes in the Gram Panchayat.
Did you know?

Chhavi Rajawat is the first woman Sarpanch of Soda village in Rajasthan.
Functions of a Gram Panchayat

The Gram Panchayat performs many important functions. The members of the Panchayat
meet from time to time to discuss the problems of the village and also find ways to solve
them. The Gram Panchayat is responsible for:
• Maintaining cleanliness of the village.
• Planting trees, digging wells, lighting of streets.
• Providing clean drinking water
• Setting up of the primary health centres.
• Construction of buildings, streets and roads.
Supplying seeds and fertilizers to farmers, providing them knowledge about latest
•
technology.
• Setting up primary schools.
• Establishing adult education centers.
• Settling disputes among villagers.
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Community Services
Municipal Corporation
In towns and cities, the local bodies that manage
the affairs of the area are Municipal Committees
(also known as Municipalities) and the Municipal
Corporation. Big cities like Delhi have the Municipal
Corporation wheres smaller towns have Municipal
Committees.
How is a Municipal Committee Formed?

The people of a town or city elect the members of their Municipal Council. They work for a
fixed number of years. The members are chosen from among the residents of the town. Only
those who are 18 or above can vote or stand for elections.
A town or city is divided into many wards. The people of each ward elect one member. If a
town has 20 wards for example, its municipal council will have 20 elected members. They
are known as Councillors.
The person who heads the Municipal Council is called the Chairman. The Councillors elect
the Chairman. The head of a Municipal Corporation is called the Mayor.
They get their funds for its functioning through the various taxes paid by the people of that
town. These can be property tax, road tax or toll tax. Thus, it is important for us to pay taxes
on time.
Did you know?

The first municipal government was started in 1687 with the formation of the Madras Municipal
Corporation.
Functions of the Municipality

• Provide good living conditions for the people of a town or city.
• Build and maintain roads and keep them clean.
• Provide enough water for all daily needs.
• Provide people with clean drinking water.
• Set up schools, adult education centers and libraries.
• Ensure supply of electricity to homes and lighting of the streets.
• Issuing of birth and death certificates.
• Make parks and gardens and plant trees.
• Build and maintain markets and public toilets.
It is the people's duty to cooperate with them as they work for the benefit of the community
as a whole. We should pay our taxes on time. We should follow law and order, keep the
roads and parks clean, not damaging public property etc.
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Key Words
Civil amenities: Services that make our lives comfortable like road, water, electricity, school,
hospital
Elect: To choose
Government: A body which runs a country
Tax: Money that people have to pay to the government
Dispute: A disagreement between two people or groups
Things to Remember
 India is a democratic country. The people elect their own leaders to run the government.
 We have three levels of government-the central, the state and the local self government.

 Villages are governed by Panchayats.

 Each village in India has a Gram Panchayat which looks after the needs of the people living

in the villages.
 The Gram Panchayat performs many important functions.

 In towns and cities, the local bodies that manage the affairs of the area are Municipal

Committees and Municipal Corporations.
 Services provided for the welfare and convenience of the people are called Public Services.

Exercises
1. He is the head of the Panchayat—
a. Commissioner b. Sarpanch c. Inspector d. Teacher
2. A place where students study after school level—
a. College b. Office c. Institute d. ATM's
3. He/She is an elected member of the Municipal Commitee—
a. Corporator b. Lectures c. Councillor d. MLA
4. The services provided for the welfare and convenience of the public—
a. Private services b. Public services c. Mass services d. All of these
5. The government that looks after the important matters of the country—
a. Central b. State c. Municipal d. Panchayat
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Community Services
1. The Gram Panchayat is elected for years.
2. Every village has a to organise the facilities.
3. The head of the Gram Panchayat is called .
4. The head of Municipal Corporation is called .
5. Villagers who are years of age and above can elect panchayat members.
1. Panchayats have only men as the Sarpanch.
2. There are five levels of government in India.
3. The head of the Municipal Corporation is the Mayor.
4. Each city is divided into wards for the purpose of electing members
to the Municipal Corporation.
5. Panchayats run schools in villages.
D. Give short answers:
1. Who is the head of the Municipal Council?
2. How many members are there in a village Gram Panchayat?
3. What is Tax?
1. Write any four roles of the Gram Panchayat.
2. What are the benefits of having a Gram Panchayat?
3. Mention any four things that a Municipality does.

Why do you think it is important for us to vote and elect people for different levels of the
government?
Life skills
The Panchayat and local self government are there to help us and make our lives better. We should
also help them. What are the ways in which we can help the local governments?
Links:
http://india.gov.in/knowindia/loca_govt.ph/o
Activity
Draw a picture of a village. Now imagine that you are a member of the Gram Panchayat. Draw,
write and paste any five duties that you would do for the welfare of the village
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Caring and Sharing
15
Learning Objectives
∙ Importance of public places
∙ Difference between public and private places
∙ How we should take care of these places
Let's look at what is in your bag. You must be carrying a pencil

box, your notebooks, textbook, tiffin etc. All these things belong
to you. They are your personal things or private property. The
blackboard, duster, chalk, fans are all school property. It is the
same for all the children. So, we can say that it does not belong to
one person. Property that belongs
to everyone and not to any single
person is called public property.
Try This
Make a list of the things you see around you in school.
Public Property
Markets, roads, parks, museum, zoos or railway stations do not
belong to one or two people. Everyone can use them. These
are all public property.
Beside these, the buses, schools, hospitals, airports are also
public property. Everyone can go there provided you have
reason for going there.
You may have visited the zoo, a museum, forts, temples, palaces
etc. These are a part of public property. They are controlled
and maintained by the government or by some organisation.
Try This
Can you name a few famous public places?
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Caring and Sharing
Who runs and takes care of them?
As mentioned above, the State or Central Government looks after these public places.
Some of them are also run by different trusts. Taxes paid by the people like house tax, road
tax, entertainment tax etc. are the funds that are used for the maintenance of these public
properties. Sometimes, entrance tickets are also there so that money is collected for their
maintenance.
Hence, we, the public who pays for the maintenance of the public property, should also
take care of this property.
Activity
Collect two or three entrance tickets of these public properties and paste them in your note
book.
School Property
Our school is like our extended home. Our school provides us with a number of facilities
like desks, computers, teachers, etc. If they are not in good condition, we complain. Hence,
it is our duty to take care of the school property. We can do this in the following ways:
• Do not litter the classroom, corridors etc.
• Do not write or draw on your desks, classroom walls.
• Take care of library books.
• Remember to switch off the lights and fan when not in use.
• Do not leave the tap open.
• Sports facilities provided by school should be used carefully.
Try This
Write any other ways you can take care of school property.
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Caring for Public Property
Streets
The lights along the streets and roads are meant to help
everyone. We should not damage or break these lights.
Throwing garbage on the streets and pavements is not a
good thing. It makes streets ugly and dirty. So, we should
not throw garbage on the road. Also, streets are lined with
trees. They provide us shade, hold the soil in place and keep
the air clean. We should not cut these trees.
Did you know?

The government has imposed heavy fines for illegal cutting of trees.
Public Transport- Trains and Buses:

Trains, railway stations and bus stations belong to everybody.
Everyone wants to travel in clean and comfortable trains,
buses or airplanes. It is our duty to look after our public
transport. We should take care of public transport.
We should not
• Spoil the seats by tearing, cutting or scratching the seats.
• Litter the the toilets.
• Break the electric fittings.
• Spoil the windows or doors.
Try This
Write any two ways in which you can help public transport.
Public Parks
The government has built a number of public parks. Every
colony has small parks for children and other people. It is
our duty to take care of the parks and follow the rules.
• Not to pluck flowers or destroy the grass in the park.
• Not to litter the park with wrappers, empty bottles etc.
• Plant more trees.
Did you know?

The Mughal Garden in the Rashtrapati Bhawan is open for the public for 3 months.
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Caring and Sharing
Other Public Places
Historical monuments, zoos, national museums are part of our cultural heritage. They are
our national pride. We must look after and preserve them.
• We must not damage or disfigure them.
• We should not tease the animals.
• We must not scribble or scratch our names on the walls.
• We must not litter the monuments or its surrounding areas.
• We must not spit on the walls.
Key Words
Property: A thing or things belonging to someone
Entertainment tax: Tax on cinema halls, movies etc. by the government
Pavement: A raised paved path for pedestrians at the side of a road
Things to Remember
 rivate property is that which belongs to an individual.
P
 Public property belongs to the public and not to any one individual.
 The maintenance of public property is done by the government or the community.
 Our taxes provide the funds to the government for the maintenance of these properties.
 It is our duty to take care of these monuments.
 These public properties are meant for us so we should help the government preserve them.

Exercises
1. Property that belongs to everyone and not a single person is .
a. State property b. Public property c. Private property
2. They provide a playground for children to play games—
a. Schools b. Markets c. Banks
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3. Monuments are a part of our culture.
a. Historical b. Cultural c. Social
4. Small parks in the cities are maintained by .
a. Individuals b. RWAs c. NGOs
5. The government collects money for the maintenance through the
on public property.
a. Profit b. Sale c. Tickets
1. Railway stations and parks are property.
2. Throwing garbage in places is not a good thing.
3. Schools provide us with number of facilities like desks, and
4. Trains, buses, metros are meant for use.
5. Historical monuments are part of our pride.
C. Place the things in the box under the headings—

Private property, Common Property, Public property
(Museum, taxi, row, cinema, club, lawns, post box, airport, apartments, lifts, houses)
D. Give short answers for the following:

1. Name some historical monuments of India.
2. What is private property? Name a few of them.
3. What is public property? Name a few of them.
E. Give detailed answers to the following:

1. What care should be taken when travelling in a public transport?
2. Write two reasons why it is good to have roads lined with trees.
3. Name five places that the government or our country builds and maintains. How do they
get money for its maintenance?

How is public property created? Discuss.
Life skills
Public property is meant for the public. The government spends a lot of money for their maintenance.
But people just destroy this public property. Think and discuss who is affected the most due to this
destruction?
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Caring and Sharing
Activity
1. Identify the public places given below and write their names.
2. Make a jingle to promote preservation of public property.
92
Our Surroundings
16
Learning Objectives
∙ Our surroundings include air, water and land
∙ Importance of keeping our surroundings clean
∙ Importance of the three Rs and advantages of recycling
Our surroundings include the air, water and land around us, in our homes, our neighborhood
and even our school. This surrounding plays a very important role in our lives.
We all like to live in a clean ventilated house. In the same way, the environment around us
must be kept clean. It is important to live in clean surroundings for leading a healthy life and
to avoid sickness.
Importance of a Clean Environment
Cleanliness plays a very important role in keeping us
healthy. We take a bath, brush our teeth, wear clean clothes
everyday. A healthy body also needs a clean environment.
Thus, hygiene and sanitation play a very important role.
Dirty surroundings help in the growth of germs that causes
diseases like cholera, typhoid, and dengue. Dirty stagnant
water is the breeding ground of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes
cause malaria.
Try This
Name one thing in our house where mosquitoes breed easily.
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Our Surroundings
Waste Materials
Waste refers to those things which have no use and are not needed anymore. It can be in
solid or liquid form. Almost all our daily activities produce some waste, which is thrown
away into the garbage can or waste bin.
Types of Waste
All the waste that we generate can be divided into two types– biodegradable waste
and non-biodegradable waste. Fruit and vegetable peels, old clothes, fallen leaves,
old newspapers and left over food decay and degrade and become part of the soil.
These wastes are called biodegradable wastes. Polythene bags, plastic objects,
aluminum or metal or ceramic etc which do not decay and degrade easily are called
non-biodegradable waste products.
Disposal of Waste
Disposal of waste is also a very important part of a
clean environment. The collection and disposal of
garbage is very important. Garbage breeds germs if
not disposed off properly.
Water
All waste water from our houses should
go through drains into underground pipes. Try This
There are underground pipelines that are Can you guess what this water is used for?
connected to the main sewage line. These
pipes lead to water treatment plants where the harmful substances are separated from water.
Disposal of Solid Waste
Waste generated at our homes, offices, schools
etc is collected by garbage collectors. They
dump the garbage in garbage dumps made by the
Municipality from here. Garbage is collected by
the municipal trucks and usually dumped in open
grounds outside the city.
The garbage in open dump areas is left for a period

of time where it keeps decaying. But this is not a
safe method of disposal as germs breed here. The
other method of disposal of garbage is burning it.
Incineration is a process of burning waste in big
furnaces or incinerators. Here, waste turns into
ash and harmful gases are released. So, this is also
not safe.
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Sanitary Landfills and Compost Pits are also used for
disposal of garbage. In sanitary landfills, deep pits
are dug and biodegradable waste is put. It is then
covered by a thick layer of soil. In compost pits, the
biodegradable waste is left for a period of time. This
waste is turned into manure and is later used to make
the soil fertile. The pits are reusable and manure is
also very good.
Waste Management
It is important to find a solution to the problem of waste disposal. There are three important
things that need to be followed to control the waste problem. These are the three R's–
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
Reduce
It means to use less that is reduce the number of things we use i.e., natural resources as well
as energy.
• We should switch off electricity when not in use.
Did you know?
By using the 3R's you can
• We should buy only what we need. reduce the carbon footprints.
• We should not store things which are not needed.
• We should always carry a cloth bag for shopping and avoid using plastic bags.
Re-use
It means to use things again for example the plastic or glass bottles in which we buy various
food items like jam or pickle can be reused for storing different things in the kitchen.
• We can make art and craft material from old paper, cartons etc.
• Cloth napkins and handkerchiefs or hand towels should be used instead of paper tissues
and paper napkins.
Did you know?

The energy required to recycle paper is 70% less than that required to make it from raw materials.
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Our Surroundings
Recycle
We can recycle some of the waste materials and
make useful things out of them. Recycling is reusing
of materials like paper, glass, aluminum, plastic etc.
instead of discarding them. Recycled material is
processed and treated in a certain way so that it can
be used again.
Did you know?

You can make shoelaces from recycled plastic bottles.
Advantages of recycling
1. We save our natural resources like trees, soil, water etc. by recycling. When you recycle
paper you cut less trees to make newspaper.
2. We save energy as energy is used by factories to make new things.
3. We save the environment by reducing the amount of waste produced by the factories.
Key Words
Compost: Decayed matter used to improve the quality of soil
Incinerators: Huge furnaces to burn garbage
Landfill: A site which is an open low lying area where garbage can be dumped
Garbage: Waste that is generally thrown out of homes, schools, factories, shops etc
Hygiene: Means keeping yourself and your surroundings clean
Sanitation: Creating a condition that prevents any disease
Things to Remember
 e must always keep our surroundings clean.
W
 Hygiene and sanitation are required for a healthy body.

 Waste refers to those things which have no use and are not needed anymore.

 Dirt causes diseases, like cholera, typhoid, dengue and malaria.

 Disposal of waste water should be through the sewage lines and covered drains.

 Biodegradable waste is that waste which decomposes and gets absorbed in the soil.

 Non-biodegradable waste is that waste which does not decompose and pollutes the soil.

 The 3R's– Reduce, Reuse and Recycle help in keeping the environment clean.

 Paper, glass, aluminum, plastic are recyclable materials.

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Exercises
1. How many kinds of waste are there?
a. Two b. Three c. Five d. Four
2. Which of the following is biodegradable waste?

a. Glass b. Plastic c. vegetable peels d. None of these.
3. Which of the following is non-biodegradable waste?

a. Glass b. Plastic c. Metals d. All of these.
4. Water treatment plants help in—

a. Disposing of solid waste b. Composting
c. Disposing of liquid waste d. Recycling waste
5. Which of these are techniques to control the problem of waste disposal?

a. Reduce b. Reuse c. Recycle d. All of these

1. We must keep our surroundings .
2. Mosquitoes breeding in stagnant water causes .
3. is a process of burning waste in big furnaces.
4. Compost pits generate which can be used in fields.
5. are laid underground.

1. Pet bottles of mineral water Reduce
2. Keeping parks clean Recycle
3. Cutting our nails regularly Reuse
4. Clean environment
5. Turning off unnecessary lights Personal hygiene
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Our Surroundings
1. What are the two things required for a healthy body?
2. What do you understand by waste?
3. What is composting?

1. What is the difference between biodegradable and non biodegradable waste?
Give examples.
2. How can we save our environment and natural resources by recycling?
3. Why should we not let water stand at a place for a long time?

How does increasing population affect our surroundings? Discuss.
Life skills
We should be careful while disposing waste so that the environment does not get spoilt. Discuss.
Activity:
Draw the symbol of 'Recycling' and paste it around your school. Talk to others about it.
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Environment Pollution
17
Learning Objectives
∙ The main sources of air, water and land pollution
∙ Effects of pollution
∙ Measures to control pollution
Nature has given us many resources. Metals, coal, petroleum and many other things come
from the earth. We can not make them again so we must use them carefully and judiciously.
Natural resources like water and air will not get over. Does that mean we can be careless
about them? No, because they can also be of no use if they get dirty or polluted.
Mixing of harmful materials in useful ones is called pollution. Land, air or water are said to
be polluted if they become dirty.
We all contribute to pollution in some way or another. Very few people realize that pollution
is very harmful because they don't think of the environment.
Did you know?

Pollution in one of the biggest killers affecting over 100 million people.
Pollution is gradually destroying our planet. With the growth in population and also
advancements in the field of science and technology, environmental pollution has increased.
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Land Pollution
As mentioned above, there are three main type of pollution:
→ Land pollution
Try This
→ Air pollution
→ Water pollution How does soil get dirty?
Mixing of dirty unwanted elements in the soil is called land pollution. Mismanagement of
the land also leads to land pollution.
The main cause of land pollution is—
• Throwing of garbage in the open which makes the land dirty and filthy.
• Use of insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers for a long period of time also destroys
the land.
• Cutting of trees that is deforestation also leads to land pollution.
• Finally, soil erosion and land degradation also cause land pollution.
Water Pollution
Mixing of dirty unwanted elements in the water bodies is called water pollution.
• All the dirty water from bathrooms and kitchens flows into drains. From the drain, it goes
into rivers.
• The dirty water that comes out of the factories has many harmful chemicals. The waste
water from factories goes into rivers and lakes making it dirty.
• Salt and other suspended solids such as soil washed off from fields also make the water dirty.
• Activities like bathing, washing clothes etc. in rivers make the water dirty.
• Religious activities like immersion of the ashes of the dead and the idol of gods in water
also make the water dirty.
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Air Pollution
Mixing of dirty unwanted elements in the air is called air pollution. Air pollution is caused
due to many reasons:
• Smoke forms whenever we burn something. Buses, cars and other vehicles get the energy
to move from petrol, diesel. The burning of these form smoke. This smoke from vehicles
has soot and harmful gases.
• Burning of crackers and garbage cause air pollution.
• Accidental fires and forest fires also cause smoke, leading to air pollution.
• Military use of weapons and rocketry also cause air pollution.
• Smoke from factories and industries also pollute the air.
Did you know?

Places which are near high traffic roads, seaports or railway yards have high level of pollution.
Ways to Reduce Pollution

In order to live in a clean environment, we need to reduce pollution. We need to follow
certain rules and bring changes in the environment. Some of the measures are:
• Promote the use of CNG and LPG vehicles, this makes them give out less harmful gases.
• Plant more trees so that soil erosion, air pollution, land pollution become less.
• Clean the waste water from our homes and factories before letting it flow into water
bodies.
• Reuse and recycle waste materials. Did you know?
• Shift industries and factories to remote areas. CNG has now become very popular
• Religious rituals should not be allowed in rivers. and most autos in Delhi run on it.
Key Words
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
Pollution: Mixing of harmful materials in useful ones
Insecticides: Substances like chemicals used for killing insects
Silt: Fine sand, clay or other material carried by running water
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1
Things to Remember
 ature has provided us with many things.
N
 Mixing of harmful things in the useful ones causes pollution.
 Man's actions are responsible for pollution.
 Air, water and land are three kinds of pollution.
 Industrial waste in rivers, bathing, washing, sewage, water etc. cause water pollution.
 Throwing garbage in the open, deforestation, soil erosion, use of insecticides, pesticides

cause land pollution.
 Burning of garbage, factory smoke, smoke emitted from vehicles, fires, furnaces cause air

pollution.
 Planting more trees, less use of plastic bags, shifting industries and factories are some of the

ways we can help reduce pollution.
Exercises
1. Burning garbage in the open creates pollution.
a. Land b. Sound c. Air d. Water
2. The dirty water from factories carry .
a. Chemicals b. Gases c. Compost d. Silt
3. Smoke from vehicles is caused due to burning of .
a. Paper b. Petrol c. Water d. Kerosene
4. Throwing of garbage in the open causes pollution.
a. Sound b. Air c. Land d. Water
5. Due to water pollution, the life suffers the most.
a. Plant b. Marine c. Reptile d. Insects

1. Use of in vehicles will reduce air pollution.
2. Soil can also cause land pollution.
3. Disposal of waste can cause water pollution.
4. Bursting of crackers should not be allowed as they cause pollution.
5. Nature has provided us with many useful .
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A B
1. Cutting of trees Land pollution
2. Smoke from chimneys Air pollution
3. Immersion of ashes Deforestation
4. Use of fertilizers Water pollution

1. What do you mean by pollution? Name the three common types of environmental
pollution.
2. What are the two main causes of pollution?
3. What happens when we throw garbage in the open?

1. What are the harmful effects of water pollution?
2. Mention any 3 factors that cause air pollution.
3. How can we prevent pollution. Give any four points.

Why should we not use plastic bags? What are the alternatives for plastic bags? Discuss.
Life skills
Global warming is causing a lot of natural disasters. One of the reasons is pollution. Pollution of any
kind i.e. land, water or air is very dangerous for the environment. It has harmful effects on all living
beings. Each one of us should make efforts at our level to control pollution so that we are able to
save our earth. Discuss.
Activity:
Make posters with different slogans written on them about control of pollution. You can paste
them around your school or your local shops (with their permission)
NOTE FOR THE TEACHER: The life skill topic can be taken up as a debate in the class. The teacher can
encourage children to bring cloth bags carrying their art files etc.
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1
Map Reading
18 Locating Places
Learning Objectives
∙ The language of maps
∙ Use of an Atlas
In the previous class, you must have read about plans and directions. You may have also
drawn the map of your class.
What is a Map?
A map is the drawing of any place- a bank, colony.
town, city or a country. Maps are very useful to find
the location of a place. A map shows us the distance
we have to cover.
Did you know?
The word ‘map' comes from the Latin
word ‘mappo' which means a napkin.
How to Read the Map

There are a few things which help us to read
the map. Do you know how a map is read?
Scale
Maps are always drawn on a ‘scale‘. It is not possible to make maps of the actual size of a
place. So maps are made in smaller size so they are easy to carry. The distance shown on a
map is smaller than the actual distance but a fixed ratio to the actual distance. For example,
a distance of 200 kms between two cities can be shown as 2 centimeters on a map. This
means on this map 100 kms are taken to be equal to 1 centimeter. Thus 100 km = 1 cm is
the scale used on the map. Different maps may have different scales.
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Activity
You can count and record the number of steps from your classroom to your art room. If your step
is 12 centimeters, you can estimate the distance between your classroom and the art room.
Number of steps × 12 centimeters = cm
= m.
Direction and Landmarks

Direction and landmarks are also used to locate places on a map. The logo of a map usually
shows north at the top, at the bottom shows south, the right-side shows east and the left
side shows west. The heading or a title on the map tells us what the map is about. A map
also has a key or a legend. The detail of the area such as rivers, roads, railway lines, police
station, schools, hospital, post office, dams, boundaries etc. are know as landmarks and are
important reference points that help us to locate a place.
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1
Map Reading Locating Places
Atlas
An atlas is a book of maps. It has maps of the different countries of the world. The maps
are of three kinds political, physical and thematic. At the end of the atlas, we find an index
which tells us where we can find any county, city, town etc. In fact, we can find most of the
geographical things.
Did you know?

The first atlas was published in 1524-
26 by the Italian cartographer Pietro
Coppo.
Key Words
Map: A drawing of a place
Key: An explanation of the symbols used in the map
Landmarks: A place in a neighborhood which is well known such as a school, hospital
and post office
Index key: On a map, the index key helps us to relate the symbols to the areas where they are
marked.
Things to Remember
 A map helps us to locate a place. It has a title and a key.
 A book of maps is called an Atlas.
 All maps are drawn to scale.
 There are four directions-North, South, East and West.
 Different symbols are used on a map to represent different details.
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Exercises
1. An atlas is a book of ________________.
a. Sketch b. Maps c. Stones d. None
2. Which direction does the top of a map generally show?
a. West b. East c. North d. South
3. Which of these are used to locate places on a map?
a. Directions b. Scale c. Key d. All of these
4. Which of these can be shown by a symbol on the map?
a. Rivers b. Roads c. Drains d. All of these
5. Which of these are drawn without measurements?
a. Sketch b. Maps c. Both Sketch and Maps
d. None of these

1. A big hospital in a colony can be a .
2. A map is the drawing of a place made after taking measurements.
3. Maps are made in smaller size so they are easy to .
4. Maps are to scale.
5. Directions and landmarks are used to locate a on a map.

A B
1. East on the map a. Bottom
2. West on the map b. Right
3. South on the map c. What the map shows
4. Title of a map d. Symbols
5. Legend e. Left
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1
Map Reading Locating Places
1. What is a map?
2. Why do we need a map?
3. What is an index map?

1. What are the features that are found on a map?
2. Why do maps need to be drawn to scale? Give two reasons
3. What is the difference between a sketch and map?

Why should we always carry a map when we visit a new city or country? Discuss.
Activity
Carefully observe the political map of India.
Now do the following:
 Colour the states of Bihar and Jharkhand.  Colour and mark two states to the South of Bihar.
 Name and colour the southern most state of India.
 Mark any north east state and colour it.
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19 Our Transport
Learning Objectives
∙ The different means of transportation
∙ The importance of Roadways, Waterways, Railways and Airways
You must have read in the previous class that the early humans used to travel on foot. Later
on, they used animals for carrying goods. The invention of the wheel helped them to build
cars. Now, it was easy for them to travel to far off places.
Modern science and technology has developed a variety of fast moving vehicles, such as
scooters, motor cycles, cars, buses, trucks, trains, airplanes and ships. They have made
movement fast and comfortable.
Today, the main modes of transport are roads, railways,
airways and waterways. India has a good network of the
modern modes of transport.
Did you know?

The steam engine was invented by James Watt in England.
Raodways
Roadways are an important means of land transport. They are needed to carry people and
goods over a short or long distance. They allow goods to be delivered from one place to
another. They connect states, cities, towns, villages and ports. Roads are very important for
us as they carry food, grains, fruits, vegetables and many other items of daily use to different
parts of our country.
The roads connecting the main cities and ports are called
National Highways. These roads are constructed and
looked after by the National Highway Authority of
India (NHAI). India has among the largest network of
roads in the world.
States also have highways. They are built and maintained
by the state governments. Besides these, we also have
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1
Our Transport
other roads connecting villages, towns and cities.
Roads can be of two types– metalled or ummetalled, Try This
Metalled roads are made of stones, cement and tar. What is the full form of G.T. Road?
They are also known as pukka roads. Unmetalled
roads are kuchcha roads. Such roads are often found in villages.
Did you know?
One of the highest roads
in the world is in our
country. It runs from
Manali in Himanchal
Pradesh to Leh in
Ladakh.
Railways
India has a large network of railways. They connect
almost all towns and cities of our country. They are Try This
the life line of our country. The combined length How many metro lines are there in Delhi?
of railways in India is nearly 66,000 km. Indian
Railways network is the second largest is Asia and the fourth largest in the world.
The British introduced the railways in India. Their first run took place in 1853 between Mumbai
and Thane. The Steam engine was
used. Nowadays, they have diesel or
electric engines. This has increased
their speed. Train journeys have
become more comfortable now. We
have very fast running trains like
Rajdhani Express and the Shatabdi
Express. In fact, Shatabdi Express is
the fastest train in India.
Besides trains, we also have railway
services which provide transport
within the cities. Cities such as Delhi
and Kolkata have metro trains, which
allow people to travel easily and
quickly within the city. These trains
run underground or on elevated
tracks. Mumbai also has a good
network of local trains. They are
the chief means of transport for the
people living in the city.
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Waterways
Water transport is the cheapest
means of transport. However, it is
slower compared to other means of
transport. Boats and ships are used
in the countryside to cross rivers or
for fishing in the sea. Ships are used
to carry people and goods in very
huge quantities from one country
to another. Cargo ships are used
for transporting large quantities
of goods like oil or bulk goods,
between countries.
India has a huge number of rivers that are used for Did you know?
water transport. The coasts have a number of important There are 187 minor ports along
ports namely Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Kandla, the coast line of India.
Vishakhapatnam, Cochin etc.
Air Transport
Air transport is the fastest and the costliest means of
transport in our country. Almost every part of India
can be reached by airplanes now.
Air transport was started in India in 1911. Now, it is

widely used for long distance travel. There are special
cargo planes, which can carry perishable goods like
fruits, vegetables and flowers to far off places.
Helicopters are used for short distances. They are

Try This helpful in times of difficulties, such as floods earthquakes
Name any two private airlines epidemics etc. Helicopters are used to rescue people
operating in India. during the times of natural or man made disasters.
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1
Our Transport
The Airport Authority of India now manages all the
domestic and international airports. The airlines
service provided by the government is Indian Airlines
or Air India. Apart from this, there are many private
airlines operating in our country.
Did you know?
Helicopters were used during the Uttrakhand floods
and the Nepal earthquake.
Key Words
National highways: Connect state capitals, big cities, towns and ports
State highways: Highways built in states
Metro: Rail system for travelling within a city in which the trains move underground or on
elevated tracks
Epidemic: Disease which spreads quickly among people
Cargo-planes: Planes that carry perishable goods like fruits, vegetables etc. to far-off places
Things to Remember
 he use of means of transport depends on factors like distance, time and money.
T
 Roads, railways, waterways and airways are important means of transport.
 Roads which connect towns and cities are called highways.
 Railways allow cheap travel over long distance or land.
 Ships carry not only people but also goods.
 Airplanes are the fastest means of travel over long distances.
 Water transport is the cheapest but slower means of transport.
Exercises
1. In India, we have roads connecting towns and cities called .
a. Highways b. State highways c. Kuchcha roads d. Pucca roads
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2. Indian railway network is the largest in Asia.
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
3. carry petroleum and oil.
a. Boats b. Tankers c. Passenger ships d. Cargo ships
4. allows goods to be delivered from one place to another.
a. Waterways b. Railways c. Roadways d. All of these
5. The type of transport we use does not depend on .
a. Distance b. Time c. Climate d. Money

1. India has a good of roads railways, airways and waterways.
2. Long roads that connect many cities are called .
3. Railways are the of our country.
4. Water transport is one of the means of transport.
5. The Indian railways are divided into zones.
C. Write True or False:
1. Large roads that connect towns and cities are highways.
2. The Americans introduced the railways in India.
3. Ships are used for travelling over water.
4. India has 8 major ports.
5. Delhi has a very good metro system.
1. What kind of engines do trains have nowadays?
2. Name some fast trains in India.
3. What kinds of goods are transported by water?
1. What is the difference between kuchcha roads and pucca roads?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantage of Airways?
3. Write a few lines on why Railways are the lifeline of India.
Why does a country need to have a good transport system? Discuss.
Life skills
The government has provided us with many facilities-trains, buses, airplanes etc. But the people
spoil them and dirty the stations. airports etc. Discuss how we should take care of them.
Activity
Divide the class into 4 groups. Each group will pick up one mode of transport. Make a collage and
write five amazing things related to these.
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1
Our Transport
Our Messages
20
Learning Objectives
∙ The need of communication
∙ Different measures of mass media and individual communication like telephone, smart phones
Communication is a process through which people exchange messages, thoughts, information

and ideas with each other. The means of communication have developed a lot and have
brought the people of the world very close to each other.
Need of Communication
Why do we need to communicate? The various needs of communication are—
Stay in touch with our distant relatives or friends through various modes of communication.

 Express ourselves through letters or emails
 Update ourselves about many things
 We can come to know about different places and people through communication.
Types of Communication
Communication is of two types-personal communication and mass communication
Personal Communication
When a person communicates with his family members, other relatives and friends, it is known
as personal communication. A personal communication may be written, i e. through letters
telegrams, faxes, e-mails and face-book or verbal, i.e., through the telephone.
Did you know?

The telephone was invented by
Alexander Graham Bell in 1875.
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The Postal System
The postal system is the most common method of communication. Letters are the most
popular means of sending messages, post cards, inland letters and envelopes. Stamped
postal envelopes are available at the post office. Aerogrammes are used to send mail to
foreign countries. A PIN code or postal index number is important to ensure that the letter
reaches the correct address.
Telephone
The fastest and the most common two-way means of communication is the telephone. We
can easily talk to a person living at a far off place with the help of a telephone. They help us
to communicate with friends, relatives and others. We can directly call up any place within
the country or abroad using the STD/ISD facility (Subscriber Trunk Dialing and International
subscriber Dialing).
Today, people are using the modified version of the telephone, which is known as
mobile phone or cellular phone. The advantages of a mobile phone are that we can
carry it anywhere and we can send messages form our mobile phones. This kind of
message is known as an SMS.
Try This
How many digits are there
in a mobile number?
FAX
FAX stands for facsimile. It is also a fast means of communication. First a message is hand-
written or typed. Then it is sent to another place through a fax machine. Generally, fax
machines are used in offices.
E-mail
Nowadays, the computer plays a vital role in sending
messages. After the advent of Internet, people have
been sending messages through it. When we send any
message through the Internet, it is called e-mail. The
full form of e-mail is Electronics Mail. We can send
messages via e-mail to any person anywhere in the
world. But the person should have an e-mail ID.
Try This
Can you write any 2 email addresses?
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1
Our Messages
Mass Media
Sometimes, we require to communicate with a large number of people at the same time.
This type of communication is known as mass communication. Mass communication can
be done through radio, television and newspaper.
Newspaper and Magazine

Newspapers and magazines are known as print media. They provide news and information
about events from all parts of the world. A large number of newspapers and magazines are
printed in our country. Nowadays, ebooks or emagazines are available in the digital form
on the Internet.
Try This
Write the names of 2 leading newspapers
and magazines each.
Radio and Television

Radio broadcasts audio programmes. The radio gives us latest news and other information
on various sport events, speeches, discussions, educational lessons and entertainment
programs like music, plays, stories etc.
Television performs the same task as a radio but shows pictures too. We can see what is
happening in any part of the world. Today, these two devices have become important devices
to educate people about important issues like health and hygiene, safety and environment.
Did you know?

The first newspaper in India was published in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1780
Did you know? Try This

The Television was invented by John Logie Beard. Share with friends any two
TV programmes that you
watch regularly.
Films
Films also spread messages, educate and entertain people. A large number of films
are produced in India every year. In fact, India is the largest producer of feature films
in the world.
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Key Words
Communication: Sending and receiving messages
World Wide Web: An information service which operates over the Internet. It contains web
paper, text, images and videos
Facsimile machine: A machine that sends and receives documents in an electronic form along
telephone wires and then prints them
Print Media: Comprises of newspapers and magazines that are printed or published widely
Things to Remember
 To communicate means to express thoughts, share ideas and information.
 The postal service is the most common and cheapest means of communication.
 Telephones, Fax and email are fast means of communication.
 Mass media is the means of mass communication which means communicating with a large
number of people at the same time.
Exercises
1. Which service is the most common means of communication?
a. Postal b. Internet c. Courier d. Bus

2. In ancient times, what did man use to send messages?
a. Telephone b. Computer c. Telegram d. Pigeon

3. Which of the following is not a means of mass communication?
a. Newspaper b. Telephone c. Films d. Radio

4. India is the largest producer of _______________ in the world.
a. Mobile phones b. Films c. Books d. Computers

5. If we want to send a message very quickly, we can use _______________.
a. Money order b. Parcel c. Post card d. Speed post
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1
Our Messages
B. Write True or False:
1. The Internet has brought the whole world closer.
2. An urgent message can be sent through an e-mail.
3. A mobile phone is connected by wires.
4. Television is a means of mass communication.
5. A fax machine works through cables.

1. We can watch programs from around the world on
2. Radio broadcast programs.
3. Television is a means of communication.
4. Magazines are delivered weekly, or
5. are the most common means of communication.

1. What is communication?
2. What is the advantage of a fax machine?
3. Name any three personal means of communication in our country.

1. What are the uses of the Internet?
2. What is mass communication? Name some popular means of mass communication-
Which one do you think is the best?
3. Mobile phones have become an essential part of our lives. Why?

Which of the two is more effective in reaching out to people-radio or newspaper. Why? Discuss.
Life skills
All means of communication are for the benefit of mankind. They have brought the world closer.
Discuss in the class.
Activity
Make a class magazine. Each child should write any one of these— article, story, poems, jokes etc.
Design the cover page also.
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The Story of Fire
21
Learning Objectives
∙ The way of life during the age of the cave man
∙ The change in their lives after the discovery of fire
Early man totally depended on nature for his survival. Early man used to live like animals
in the forests. He had to move from one place to another in search of food. He mostly used
to hunt animals and ate raw flesh. He did not wear any clothes either. He used to wear the
skin of animals.
Did you know?
Discovery of Fire Jungle fire is called wild fire and also
We do not know when or how brush fire.
the early man discovered fire.
Perhaps, some day, he might have
seen an animal running away
from the jungle fire so he came to
know that fire could protect him
from animals as animals were
afraid of fire. It is also possible
that some animals were caught
in a fire and were roasted. Later,
when early man tasted a roasted
animal, he found the meat tastier
and softer than raw meat. Now,
early man knew that fire was a
useful thing, but he did not know
how to make it.
You know that early man hunted animals with stone tools. Later
on, he must have seen sparks of fire when he struck two stones.
By chance a few of those sparks fell down on dried leaves and
the leaves must have caught fire. Now, he himself could light a
fire. As years passed by, early man learnt that by rubbing two
flint stones or wood, he could produce fire.
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1
The Story of Fire
The discovery of fire helped man in many ways:
• Fire kept him warm in cold weather.
• Fire helped to light up his cave or hut at night.
• Man learnt to cook his food before eating.
• Later, man also started worshipping as he knew it was dangerous
• With the passage of time, the ways of producing fire also changed.
Man started using coal, natural gas and kerosene oil to light fire. Burning of coal produced
energy. Today, we make electricity with it. Gobar gas is also used for lighting fire.
Uses of Fire
Today, besides cooking, man uses fire for
melting iron, to bake bricks, to produce
energy. Man has started running machines and
engines by energy produced from fire. This
fire has become the greatest achievement for
mankind.
Handle with Care

Fire can be dangerous too. If we do not use it carefully, it can cause serious accidents and
loss of property and life. So, we should always keep the following precautions in mind while
using fire:
• We should not play with fire. Playing with matchsticks or crackers can be dangerous.
• We should not go near fire especially when we are wearing synthetic clothes.
When the gas stove is not in use, we must
• Did you know?
switch off the gas regulator. Fire extinguishers are often used to
• We should put out fire when not in use. control fire.
IN CASE OF FIRE
USE STAIRWAYS
DO NOT USE
ELEVALORTS
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Key Words
Spark: A small fiery particle thrown off from a fire
Gobar gas: Mixture of different gases produced by bacterial degradation of organic matter and
used as a fuel
Synthetic: A material made by chemical mixture
Things to Remember
 Early man lived like animals.

 He ate fruits, raw meat and wore no clothes.
 Early man did not know about fire.
 Fire was man's first discovery.
 Discovery of fire changed man's life.
 He could cook his food and keep himself warm.
 Today, energy produced by fire is used for different purposes.
Exercises
1. Early man lived like a/an in the forest.
a. Tree b. Animal c. Pest d. None of these
2. The early humans were afraid of .
a. Fire b. Water c. Stores d. None of these
3. Fire was produced when two pieces of were rubbed.
a. Papers b. Corks c. Stones d. Spoons
4. Burning of produces energy.
a. Coal b. Paper c. Leaves d. All of these
5. Never wear clothes near fire.
a. Cotton b. Wool c. Synthetic d. Silk
e. Jute
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1
The Story of Fire
B. State whether True or False
1. Early man lived like animals in the jungle.
2. Early man knew how to cook food from the very beginning.
3. Early man learnt to start fire by rubbing two stones.
4. Discovery of fire made early man's life difficult.
5. Fire kept early man warm in cold weather.
1. Early man produced fire by striking two stones.
2. Early man ate food.
3. Playing with sticks or can be dangerous.
4. Man started using coal, natural gas and oil to light fire.
5. Fire has become the greatest for mankind.
1. Why did early man roam from place to place?
2. How did early man discover fire?
3. What was early man afraid of?
1. Write the uses of fire in our life.
2. Write three precautions to be followed while handling fire.
3. Why should we not wear synthetic clothes while dealing with fire?
What do you mean by invention? Think and write about a few inventions that have changed our life.
Life skills
Discoveries and inventions have changed our lives. Yet man's carelessness has proved that these
can cause great harm also. Discuss.
Activity
Collect pictures of different uses of fire and paste it in your notebook.
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Monuments-Our
22 Heritage
Learning Objectives
∙ What is heritage
∙ Importance of our heritage
∙ Facts about our famous monuments
There are many things that have been passed down to us from earlier generations. These
include culture, traditions, historical buildings, coins, pottery, music, dance, painting etc.
All this belonged to our ancestors and is known as heritage.
Kinds of Heritage
We have two types of heritage-Natural and Cultural.
Natural Heritage includes forests, animals, rivers
mountains, deserts, valleys animals etc
Cultural Heritage includes monuments or buildings, coins
pillars and rock inscriptions, pottery, painting etc
Did you know?

Indian history dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization.
Monuments
Monuments of a country are the symbol of its character
and the milestones of its progress through the ages.
Indian has a glorious past and it has a vast bank of
grand and magnificent monuments.
Our country has a rich variety of architecture. The
news of the Indus Valley Civilization tells us about
the achievements in architecture about 5,000 years
ago. Thus, monuments are a standing example of the
architectural style of the period when they were built.
These monuments are famous all over the world and are the main tourist attraction for all
the visiting tourists.
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1
Monuments-Our Heritage
Qutub Minar
The highest stone tower in India, it is a famous
landmark of Delhi. It was started in 1199 by
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak and was completed by Iltutmish,
his successor and son-in-law. The tower is wide at
the bottom and becomes narrow as it goes higher. It
is 72m high and has 379 arcular steps. It has seven
storeys and each storey is separated by a balcony.
The inter walls of the Qutub Minar are beautifully
inscribed with quotes from the Quran.
Char Minar
The Char Minar, a gate way with four towers, is in
Hyderabad in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It was built
in 1591 by Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah to celebrate
the eradication of a plague epidemic which had killed
thousands. Built out of granite, time and mortar, the
city of Hyderabad has grown around it.
Gol Gumbaz
The second largest dome in the world, Gol Gumbaz
is in Bijapur in the state of Karnataka. It was made
as a mausoleum for Mohammad Adil Shah in 1665.
The most unique feature is the whispering gallery
which runs all around the inside of the dome. Every
little sound is magnified and can be heard very
clearly at the other end of the gallery.
Taj Mahal
One of the seven wonders of the modern world, Taj
Mahal is a dream carved out of white marble and
studded with gem stones. The Taj Mahal was built
by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the memory
of his beloved queen Mumtaj Mahal. It is located in
Agra on the banks of the river Yamuna and on a full
moon night with its reflection in the waters, its beauty
is unmatched. It took 22 years and 22,000 men to
complete it.
124
Did you know?
The architecture used is a combination of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles
Red Fort
You must have seen our Prime Minister hoisting the
national flag from the rampart of the Red Fort on
Independence day. The Red Fort was built by the
Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Delhi. Only Red
sandstone was used. Hence, its name Red fort. This
fort included the king's palace, living quarters etc.
The king's court Dewan-i-Aam (Local People) and
Dewan-i-Khas (Ministers) were also in this fort.
Did you know?

The famous peacock throne was kept here. It was taken away by Nadir Shah.
Hawa Mahal
Anyone visiting Jaipur will not forget the famous Hawa
Mahal, the summer palace built by Maharaja Sawai
Pratap Singh. There is a free flow of cool breeze through
its rooms. It was the summer residence of the royal
family during the hot months. It is also built of red sand
stone.
Caves of Ajanta and Ellora

One of the ancient caves, Ajants, and Ellora, are famous
Buddhist relics. The walls of these caves are covered
with paintings depicting the life of Lord Buddha. These
are near Aurangabad.
Sanchi Stupa
The most famous Stupa made by Buddhists is the
Sanchi Stupa in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh. It was
built by King Ashoka, the great. It is known for its
spectacular gateways and pillars, carved out of rock
and polished metal. It has beautiful animals, birds and
floral decorations etched on them.
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Meenakshi Temple
Meenakshi Temple is in Madurai and is dedicated
to Goddess Meenakshi and God Sudarshna (Shiva).
The light walls around this complex have beautiful
carvings of various gods and goddesses and the
highlight is the 100 pillars hall. This temple is an
architectural delight.
Sun Temple
The Sun Temple at Konark is a large and famous temple.
It was built by King Narsimha Deva. It was built in
the shape of a chariot. The chariot has 24 wheels and
is driven by seven horses. The Konark dance festival
is held here every year and this has become a world
famous cultural event.
Some Modern Monuments

The Britishers also left their mark on the architecture. A few of their famous architectural
marvels are Victoria Memorial, Gateway of India, India Gate, The Parliament House and
the Rastrapati Bhawan. The Lotus Temple, Akashardham, Birla Mandir are also a few more
examples.
Victoria Memorial
The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata was built in honour
of the Monarch Queen and is a very spectacular
building. It has beautiful gardens and lawns all around
it. The display of the museum and its architectural
beauty make it a famous tourist sport.
Gateway of India
The Gateway of India is in Mumbai. It was built at the
harbour when all the ships used to dock. It was built
specially in the honor of the visit of the British king
George V to India in 1911.
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Care of Monuments
As mentioned earlier, these monuments are part of our rich cultural heritage. Hence, we
should take care of them
 Do not throw garbage around these monuments.
 Do not write on the walls or break any part of the monument.
 We must follow the rules and directions written there.
 Do not do any unlawful activities inside these monuments.
 Buy admission tickets wherever asked for their maintenance.
 Help the government and Archaeological Survey of India in protecting them.
Key Words
Depict: To represent or show something in a picture or story
Stupa: A Stupa is a dome shaped building
Milestone: A significant stage or event in the development of something
Studded: Decorated or adorned with metal/precious objects in a pattern
UNESCO Heritage Site: A place such as building, fort, city, complex that is listed by the United
Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization as being of special, cultural or physical
significance
Things to Remember
Heritage is what has been passed on to us from earlier generations.

 Our natural heritage includes rivers, mountains animals and kind.
 Our cultural heritage includes monuments, coins, music, dance, painting etc.
 The Qutub Minar was built by Qutub-ud-din-Aibak in Delhi.
 The Char Minar is a gateway found in the center of Hyderabad.
 The Gol Gumbaz is the second largest dome in the world. It is in Bijapur in Karnataka.
 The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan in Agra.
The Hawa Mahal, The Meenakshi Temple, The Sun Temple are also very famous for their

architecture
 The Ajanta and Ellora Caves and the Sanchi Stupa show the Buddhist relics.
 The Gateway of India, Victoria Memorial, India Gate was built by the Britishers.
 We should take care and preserve our monuments.
 We should be proud of our rich heritage.
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Exercises
1. Buildings built by earlier rulers are known as .
a. Monuments b. Coins c. Sculptures d. Paintings
2. These are people in our family who lived a long time before us—
a. Dancers b. Musicians c. Painters d. Ancestors
3. Which of the following is a mausoleum?

a. Qutub Minar b. Char Minar c. Gol Gumbaz
d. Red Fort
4. The Meenakshi Temple is situated in .

a. Madurai b. Mysore c. Meerut d. New Delhi
5. The Victoria Memorial was built for .

a. Queen Elizabeth b. Princess Diana c. Synthetic
d. Queen Sophia e. Queen Anne
B. Match the following:

A B
1. Red Fort a. Iltutmish
2. Char Minar b. Mohammad Adil Shah
3. Sun Temple c. King Narsimha Deva
4. Gol Gumbaz d. Shah Jahan
5. Qutub Minar e. Mohammad Quli Qutab Shah

1. Char Minar is found in city.
2. The Sun Temple is built in the shape of a .
3. A is a dome shaped building.
4. The Hawa Mahal was the summer palace of .
5. The Gateway of India is in .
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1. Name any three famous monuments/buildings built by the Britishers?
2. What do you mean by Heritage? Name the two types of heritage.
3. Why did Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh build the Hawa Mahal?
E. Give detailed answers to the following question:

1. Describe the Ajanta and Ellora Caves.
2. How can we take care of our monuments?
3. Who built the Taj Mahal? Describe the beauty of the Taj Mahal.

Why is necessary to preserve our heritage? Discuss.
Life skills
Our heritage affects our life in many ways. If you look at the food prepared in your home, at the
decoration, at the festivals you celebrate, you will see that all of it is influenced by your heritage.
Find out a few things which have been passed from generations in your family. Share with your
friends. Discuss.
Activity
Visit the famous monuments in your city. Make a detailed project on it with photos and discuss in
class.
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The Land of India
23
Learning Objectives
∙ The position of India in the world and its six physical divisions.
Our beautiful country India is

very vast. India is located in the
southern part of the continent
of Asia. It is the seventh largest
and the second most populated
country in the world.
As mentioned above, India is
a vast country. From North to
South, it stretches across about
3200 km. and from east to west it
stretches across about 3000 kms.
It is surrounded by water on three
sides. The Arabian Sea in the west,
the Bay of Bengal in the east and
the Indian Ocean in the south.
India is a very beautiful country.
It has high mountains, vast plains
dry deserts and thick forests. It has
hills, mountains, plains, deserts,
rivers, plateaus etc. These are
called the physical features of
India. India is divided into 29
states and 7 union territories.
Take the help of the political map
given and write the names of the
Try This
states and their capitals. Which is the largest state and the smallest state?
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Try This
What does each colour in the
physical map stand for?
Physical Features of India

India is divided into six major
geographical regions.
The great Himalayan mountain
range.
The Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world, is Did you know?
also one of the world's youngest mountain ranges. It extends
Himalayas in sanskrit means
for about 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the northern 'Abode of Snow'.
most to the north eastern part of the country. It contains the
world highest mountain peak, Mt. Everest. It has three parallel ranges.
Himadri or the Greater Himalayas

This is the northern most and the highest range of the Himalayas. It is very cold as it remains
covered with snow throughout the year. So, it is very scarcely populated and the vegetation
found includes fir, shrubs etc.
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1
The Land of India
Himachal or Middle Himalayas
This lies to the south of the Greater Himalayas. It
includes famous hill stations like Shimla, Nainital,
Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Srinagar, Kaujra etc. These
places attract lots of tourists. Himachal has a thick
vegetation of pine, oak, fir, deoder, spruce etc.
Try This
Name any two wild life sanctuaries found in
Shivalik or Outer Himalayas this region.
This is the lowest range of the Himalayas. It comprises
of forests and land that is suitable for cultivation.
Terrace farming and sheep rearing is very common
in this region. It is neither too hot nor too cold, thus
providing suitable climatic conditions. Therefore, this
region is thickly populated and rich in variety of fauna
and flora. Crops like rice, maize, potatoes and fruits
are grown here. Many animals like tiger, elephant,
deer are found here.
Importance of the Himalayas

• They act as a natural boundary and have always protected India from foreign invasions.
• They prevent the cold biting winds coming from northern Asia from entering India.
• They also stop the rain bearing monsoon winds from leaving India resulting in heavy
rainfall over the country.
• The melting snow of the Himalayan glaciers provides water to our rivers throughout the
year.
• The forests provide us with timber, medicines, raisins, honey, fruits etc.
The Northern Plains

These plains lie between the Himalayas and the southern Peninsula. They stretch across
northern India for about 2,400 km lengthwise and 240 to 320 km widthwise.
This region is the greatest heartland of India and forms the largest alluvial plain in the world.
The soil in the northern plains is fertile and farmers have ploughed this fertile land for
centuries.
Majority of Indians live in this region. It includes the valley of Brahamputra, Ganges and
Indus rivers and their tributaries. Some important cities. such as Delhi, Allahabad, and
Varanasi are located in the Northern Plains.
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Importance of the Northern Plains
• The soil of the Northern Plains is very good for
growing crops. Unlike the Himalayas, the plains
are not very cold so people have settled here.
Try This
Why are the Northern Plains called the Food Bowl of India?
• As the land is flat here, there exists a good network of roads and railways.
• This helps in transporting the food produced here to other parts of the country.
The Desert Region

The north-western part of India especially the state
of Rajasthan is covered by a sandy area known as the
Thar or the Great Indian Desert. This region is dry and
receives very little rainfall. Hardly any plants or trees
are found in the Thar desert. Summers are very hot
and in winters the nights are bitterly cold. This region
has low population because of the difficult living
conditions.
The Southern Plateau

The southern part of India is a peninsula which is surrounded by Try This
the Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east and the
Indian Ocean in the south. What is a peninsula?
The Southern Plateau covers most of the peninsular region. It lies to the south of the
Northern Plains and is shaped like a triangle. This plateau slopes downwards from west
to east, which is why most rivers in this region flow from west to east. Rivers like
Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flow into Bay of Bengal and Narmada and Tapi rivers flow
into the Arabian Sea. Although there are many rivers in this region not, all of them have
water throughout the year.
The Southern Plateau is bordered on the east by a hill range called the Eastern Ghats and
on the west by another range called the Western Ghats. In the north, the hills of the Satpura
and the Vindhya Ranges separate the plateau from the Northern Plains.
The Coastal Plains

On both sides of the Southern Plateau are narrow strips of coastal plains which are very
fertile. These are called the Western Coastal Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plains. The
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The Land of India
Eastern Coastal Plain is broader than the Western Coastal Plain. The climate is neither too
hot nor too cold.
The Island Region

Apart from the mainland, India also has two island
groups. On the eastern side lies a group of islands in the
Bay of Bengal called the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Another group of islands found on the western side in
the Arabian Sea is called the Lakshadweep islands
Did you know?

Lakshadweep islands are made of corals.
Key Words
Physical divisions: Parts of a country or the world which have different natural features
Range: A row of mountains or hills
Glacier: A large mass of ice that moves very slowly down a mountain valley
Timber: Wood that we use for building and making things
Alluvial plain: A land formed of soil left by rivers
Fertile: Where plants grow well
Things to Remember
 India has 29 states and 7 union territories.
 India is divided into six physical or geographical regions.
 In the north are the Northern Mountains.
 The great Himalayas are divided into three regions.
 These play a very important role.
 To the south of the Northern Mountains are the Northern Plains.
 The Northern Plains are watered by the three great rivers-Indus, Ganges, and Brahamputra.
 The Thar Desert covers the north-western part of India.
 The Southern Plateau lies to the south of the Northern Plains.
 The peninsula is bordered by coastal plains on both sides.
 The two main groups of islands are in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
134
Exercises
1. Another name given to the Greater Himalayas is ________________.
a. Himadri b. Shivalik c. Himanchal d. Kangchanjunga
2. Mt. Everest is the world's highest ________________.

a. Plateau b.Hill c. Plain d. Mountain peak
3. Which mountain range has protected India from foreign invasions?

a. The Himalayas b. Mizo hills c. Naya hills d. Mt. Everest
4. The desert region of India is also called ________________.

a. Thar Desert b. The Great Indian Desert
c. Peninsula Desert d. Yellow Desert
5. This forms the largest alluvial plain—

a. Northern Mountains b. Desert
c. Coastal Area d. Northern Plains
e. Plateau
B. Match the columns:

A B
1. Mt. Everest on both sides of the Southern Plateau
2. Northern Plains Southern part of India
3. Peninsula desert
4. Little rainfall good for growing crops
5. Coastal Plains of India Is in Nepal

1. The Thar Desert is also called .
2. and are very common in Shivalik.
3. The Northern Plains lie between and .
4. In the North of Deccan Plateau lies mountain range.
5. The highest mountains in the Himalayas are always covered in .
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The Land of India
D. Give short answers to the following:
1. Name the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas.
2. Name any three rivers which originate from the Himalayas.
3. Why do most rivers in the Southern Plateau flow from west to east.
E. Give detailed answers to the following question:

1. Why are the Himalayas important for our country?
2. Why is the Thar Desert scarcely populated?
3. Why are the Northern Plains rich and fertile?

What would happen if there were no mountains to stop the monsoon winds from leaving India?
Discuss.
Life skills
Do you think we need to protect the natural vegetation found in the Himalayas? Think of the di-
sasters which have happened-Cloud burst in 2013, earthquake in Nepal. Discuss.
Activity
The class can be divided into 6 groups. Each group will be encouraged to find about the climate,
flora and fauna, food, clothes etc. They can then exchange the information.
136

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Living and

1 Non Living Things

We live in a beautiful world. There are

Look at the picture and name some living and

Living Things Non living Things

All Living Things Breathe

Humans breathe through their nose.

Living Things Grow and Reproduce

Living Things Move

Living Things Feel

A plant grows towards light. Similarly, a root grows

Living and Non Living Things Depend on Each Other

Water: Water is very important for life to exist. It helps both

Soil: The soil found on earth contains a number of minerals.

a. Sun b. Plants c. Soil d. None of these

2. Which of the following contains minerals?

a. Soil b. Air c. Sunlight d. Water

3. Fish breathe through _________________.

a. Lungs b. Gills c. Nose d. Fins

4. Birds and insects move with the help of _________________.

a. Beaks b. Feet c. Feet and Wings d. Body

5. Plants breathe through _________________.

a. Roots b. Stomata c. Spiracles d. Flower

B. Fill in the blanks:

C. Match the following:

E. Give short answers to the following questions:

F. Give detailed answers to the following questions:

HOTS ( Higher Order Thinking Skills)

Did you know?

Try This Did you know?

We must avoid eating too much oily and spicy food.

2. Which of the following makes our nervous system?

3. Where does digestion begin?

4. Which of the following produces bile?

5. Which of the following throws out waste in the form of urine?

B. Match the following:

E. Give short answers to the following questions:

F. Give detailed answers to the following questions:

HOTS ( Higher Order Thinking Skills)

Exchange of gases takes place through the stomata. Stomata

2. The process by which leaves prepare food is called

Flower and Fruits

The flower first appears as a bud on the stem.

2. F lowers of certain plants are used as food like cauliflower, broccoli

3. Few spices like clove and saffron are obtained

B. Fill in the blanks:

D. Name the following:

E. Give short answers to the following questions:

F. Give detailed answers to the following questions.

HOTS ( Higher Order Thinking Skills)

There are many animals in our surroundings.

How do animals reproduce?

Life Cycle of a Grasshopper

Life Cycle of a Butterfly Egg

The eggs of a butterfly hatch into small worms.

Some funny facts Some funny facts

a. Shell b. Embryos c. Yolk d. Young bird

2. The process of shedding the old skin is called ____________________.

a. Molting b. Metamorphosis c. Pupa d. Larva

2. The process by which leaves prepare food is called

2. F lowers of certain plants are used as food like cauliflower, broccoli

3. Few spices like clove and saffron are obtained

1. All the animals reproduce by laying eggs.

2. Bats are mammals.

3. The larva of a butterfly is called a pupa.

4. A baby frog is called a nymph.

5. Crocodile lays eggs on land.

• Adding Sugar: Extra sugar in food also acts as a preservative.

1. The early man lived in boats.

2. We should clean our house regularly.

3. We should mop and sweep the house everyday.

5. Sunlight kills the germs in the house.

5. Cobwebs in the house should not be touched.

1. Person who makes the

2. Uses bricks to build

3. Makes doors and