Bhupendra Jogi

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Exercise 9.

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Question 1:
Identify the terms, their coefficients for each of the following expressions:
(i) 5xyz 2  3zy (ii) 1  x  x2
(iii) 4 x2 y 2  4 x2 y 2 z 2  z 2 (iv) 3  pq  qr  rp
x y
(v)   xy (vi) 0.3a  0.6ab  0.5b
2 2

Answer 1:
(i) Terms: 5xyz 2 and 3zy
Coefficient in 5xyz 2 is 5 and in 3zy is 3.
(ii) Terms: 1, x and x 2 .
Coefficient of x and coefficient of x 2 is 1.
(iii) Terms: 4 x2 y 2 , 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 and z 2 .
Coefficient in 4x2 y 2 is 4, coefficient of 4x 2 y 2 z 2 is 4 and coefficient of z 2
is 1.
(iv) Terms: 3,  pq, qr and rp
Coefficient of  pq is 1, coefficient of qr is 1 and coefficient of rp is 1.
x y
(v) Terms: , and  xy
2 2
x 1 y 1
Coefficient of is , coefficient of is and coefficient of  xy is 1.
2 2 2 2
(vi) Terms: 0.3a, 0.6ab and 0.5b
Coefficient of 0.3a is 0.3, coefficient of 0.6ab is 0.6 and coefficient of
0.5b is 0.5.

Question 2:
Classify the following polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials. Which
polynomials do not fit in any of these three categories:
x  y, 1000, x  x2  x3  x4 , 7  y  5 x, 2 y  3 y 2 , 2 y  3 y 2  4 y 3 , 5 x  4 y  3xy,
4 z  15 2 , , pqr, p 2 q  pq 2 , 2 p  2q

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Answer 2:
(i) Since x  y contains two terms. Therefore it is binomial.
(ii) Since 1000 contains one terms. Therefore it is monomial.
(iii) Since x  x 2  x3  x 4 contains four terms. Therefore it is a polynomial and
it does not fit in above three categories.
(iv) Since 7  y  5 x contains three terms. Therefore it is trinomial.
(v) Since 2 y  3 y 2 contains two terms. Therefore it is binomial.
(vi) Since 2 y  3 y 2  4 y 3 contains three terms. Therefore it is trinomial.
(vii) Since 5 x  4 y  3xy contains three terms. Therefore it is trinomial.
(viii) Since 4 x  15 z 2 contains two terms. Therefore it is binomial.
(ix) Since ab  bc  cd  da contains four terms. Therefore it is a polynomial
and it does not fit in above three categories.
(x) Since pqr contains one terms. Therefore it is monomial.
(xi) Since p 2 q  pq 2 contains two terms. Therefore it is binomial.
(xii) Since 2 p  2q contains two terms. Therefore it is binomial.

Question 3:
Add the following:
(i) ab  bc, bc  ca, ca  ab
(ii) a  b  ab, b  c  bc, c  a  ac
(iii) 2 p 2 q 2  3 pq  4,5  7 pq  3 p 2 q 2
(iv) l 2  m2 , m2  n2 , n2  l 2  2lm  2mn  2nl

Answer 3:
(i) ab  bc, bc  ca, ca  ab (ii) a  b  ab, b  c  bc, c  a  ac
ab  bc a  b  ab
 bc  ca b  c  bc
 ab  ca a c  ac
0+0+ 0 0  0  ab  0  bc  ac
Hence the sum is 0. Hence the sum is ab  bc  ac.

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(iii) 2 p 2 q 2  3 pq  4,5  7 pq  3 p 2 q 2 (iv) l 2  m2 , m2  n2 , n2  l 2 , 2lm  2mn  2nl

2 p 2 q 2  3 pq  4 l 2  m2
3 p 2 q 2  7 pq  5  m2  n2
l 2
 n2
 2lm  2 mn  2 nl
 p 2 q 2  4 pq  9
2l  2m  2n  2lm  2mn  2nl
2 2 2

Hence the sum is  p 2 q 2  4 pq  9. Hence the sum is 2  l 2  m2  n2  lm  mn  nl 

Question 4:
(a) Subtract 4a  7ab  3b  12 from 12a  9ab  5b  3.
(b) Subtract 3 xy  5 yz  7 zx from 5 xy  2 yz  2 zx  10 xyz.
(c) Subtract 4 p2 q  3 pq  5 pq2  8 p  7q  10 from 18  3 p  11q  5 pq  2 pq 2  5 p 2 q.
Answer 4:
(a) (b)
12a  9ab  5b  3 5 xy  2 yz  2 zx  10 xyz
4a  7ab  3b  12 3 xy  5 yz  7 zx
                
8a  2ab  2b  15 2 xy  7 yz  5 zx  10 xyz

(c)
5 p 2 q  2 pq 2  5 pq  11q  3 p  18
4 p 2 q  5 pq 2  3 pq  7q  8 p  10
          
p 2 q  7 pq 2  8 pq  18q  5 p  28

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Exercise 9.2
Question 1:
Find the product of the following pairs of monomials:
(i) 4, 7 p (ii) 4 p, 7 p (iii) 4 p, 7 pq
(iv) 4 p3 , 3 p (iv) 4 p , 0

Answer 1:
(i) 4  7 p = 4  7  p = 28 p
(ii) 4 p  7 p =  4  7    p  p  = 28 p 2
(iii) 4 p  7 pq =  4  7  p  pq  = 28 p 2 q
(iv) 4 p3  3 p =  4  3  p3  p  = 12 p 4
(v) 4 p  0 =  4  0  p  = 0

Question 2:
Find the areas of rectangles with the following pairs of monomials as their lengths and
breadths respectively:
 p, q  ; 10m,5n  ;  20 x ,5 y  ;  4 x,3x  ; 3mn, 4np 
2 2 2

Answer 2:
(i) Area of rectangle = length x breadth
= p  q  pq sq. units
(ii) Area of rectangle = length x breadth
= 10m  5n  10  5  m  n  = 50mn sq. units
(iii) Area of rectangle = length x breadth
= 20 x 2  5 y 2   20  5  x 2  y 2  = 100x2 y 2 sq. units
(iv) Area of rectangle = length x breadth
= 4 x  3x 2   4  3  x  x 2  = 12x 3 sq. units
(v) Area of rectangle = length x breadth
= 3mn  4np   3  4  mn  np  = 12mn2 p sq. units

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Question 3:
Complete the table of products:
First monomial 
 2x 5 y 3x 2 4xy 7x2 y 9x2 y 2
Second monomial 
2x 4x 2 ….. ….. ….. ….. …..
5 y ….. ….. 15x 2 y ….. ….. …..
3x 2 ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..
4xy ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..
7x2 y ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..
9x2 y 2 ….. ….. ….. ….. ….. …..

Answer 3:
First monomial 
 2x 5 y 3x 2 4xy 7x2 y 9x2 y 2
Second monomial 
2x 4x 2 10xy 6x 3 8x2 y 14x3 y 18x3 y 2
5 y 10xy 25y 2 15x 2 y 20xy 2 35x 2 y 2 45x 2 y 3

3x 2 6x 3 15x 2 y 9x 4 12x3 y 21x 4 y 27x 4 y 2


4xy 8x2 y 20xy 2 12x3 y 16x 2 y 2 28x3 y 2 36x3 y 3

7x2 y 14x3 y 35x 2 y 2 21x 4 y 28x3 y 2 49x 4 y 2 63x 4 y 3

9x2 y 2 18x3 y 2 45x 2 y 3 27x 4 y 2 36x3 y 3 63x 4 y 3 81x 4 y 4

Question 4:
Obtain the volume of rectangular boxes with the following length, breadth and height
respectively:
(i) 5a,3a 2 7a 4 (ii) 2 p, 4q,8r
(iii) xy, 2 x 2 y, 2 xy 2 (iv) a, 2b,3c

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Answer 4:
(i) Volume of rectangular box = length x breadth x height
= 5a  3a 2  7a 4   5  3  7   a  a 2  a 4 
= 105a 7 cubic units
(ii) Volume of rectangular box = length x breadth x height
= 2 p  4q  8r   2  4  8  p  q  r 
= 64 pqr cubic units
(iii) Volume of rectangular box = length x breadth x height
= xy  2 x 2 y  2 xy 2  1 2  2   x  x 2  x  y  y  y 2 
= 4x4 y 4 cubic units
(iv) Volume of rectangular box = length x breadth x height
= a  2b  3c  1 2  3 a  b  c  = 6abc cubic units

Question 5:
Obtain the product of:
(i) xy, yz, zx (ii) a,  a 2 , a 3
(iii) 2, 4 y,8 y 2 ,16 y3 (iv) a, 2b,3c, 6abc
(v) m, mn, mnp

Answer 5:
(i) xy  yz  zx  x  x  y  y  z  z = x 2 y 2 z 2
(ii) a   a 2   a3 =  1  a  a 2  a 3  =  a 6
(iii) 2  4 y  8 y 2 16 y 3   2  4  8 16   y  y 2  y 3  = 1024y 6
(iv) a  2b  3c  6abc  1 2  3  6  a  b  c  abc  = 36a 2b 2 c 2
(v) m   mn  mnp  1 m  m  m  n  n  p  = m3n2 p

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Exercise 9.3
Question 1:
Carry out the multiplication of the expressions in each of the following pairs:
(i) 4 p, q  r (ii) ab, a  b
(iii) a  b, 7a 2b2 (iv) a 2  9, 4a
(v) pq  qr  rp, 0

Answer 1:
(i) 4 p q  r   4 p  q  4 p  r
= 4 pq  4 pr
(ii) ab   a  b   ab  a  ab  b
= a 2b  ab 2
(iii)  a  b   7 a 2 b 2  a  7 a 2 b 2  b  7 a 2b 2
= 7 a 3b 2  7 a 2 b 3
(iv) a 2
 9   4 a  a 2  4a  4a  9
= 4a 3  36a
(v)  pq  qr  rp   0 = pq  0  qr  0  rp  0
=0+0+0=0

Question 2:
Complete the table:
First expression Second expression Product
(i) a bcd …..
(ii) x y 5 5xy …..
(iii) p 6 p2  7 p  5 …..
(iv) 4 p2q2 p2  q2 …..
(v) abc abc …..

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Answer 2:
First expression Second expression Product
(i) a bcd a b  c  d 
= a b  a c  a  d
= ab  ac  ad
(ii) x y 5 5xy 5 xy  x  y  5 
= 5 xy  x  5 xy  y  5 xy  5
= 5x 2 y  5xy 2  25xy

(iii) p 6 p2  7 p  5 p  6 p 2  7 p  5
= p  6 p2  p  7 p  p  5
= 6 p3  7 p 2  5 p

(iv) 4 p2q2 p2  q2 4 p2q2  p2  q2 


= 4 p2q2  p2  4 p2q2  q2
= 4 p4q2  4 p2q4

(v) abc abc abc  a  b  c 


= abc  a  abc  b  abc  c
= a 2bc  ab 2 c  abc 2

Question 3:
Find the product:
 2   9 2 2 
(i)  a    2a    4a 
2 22 26
(ii)  xy   
 3   10
x y 

 10 3   6 3 
(iii)  pq    p q  (iv) x  x 2  x3  x 4
 3  5 

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Answer 3:
(i)  a    2a    4a    2  4  a
2 22 26 2
 a 22  a 26 
= 8  a 2 22 26  8a 50
 2   9 2 2   2 9 
(ii)  xy    x y  =     x  x2  y  y 2 
 3   10   3 10 
3 3 3
= x y
5
 10 3   6 3   10 6 
(iii)  pq   p q  =    p  p3  q3  q 
 3  5   3 5
= 4 p 4 q 4
(iv) x  x 2  x 3  x 4  x1 2 3 4 = x10

Question 4:
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(a) Simplify: 3 x  4 x  5   3 and find values for (i) x  3 (ii) x  .
2
(b) Simplify: a  a 2  a  1  5 and find its value for (i) a  0 (ii) a  1 (iii) a  1.

Answer 4:
(a) 3 x  4 x  5   3  3 x  4 x  3 x  5  3 = 12 x 2  15 x  3
For x  3, 12 x 2  15 x  3 = 12  3  15  3  3
2
(i)
= 12 x 9 – 45 + 3 = 108 – 45 + 3 = 66
2
1 1 1 1 15
(ii) For x  , 12 x 2  15 x  3 = 12    15   3 = 12    3
2 2 2 4 2
15 12  15 3
= 6 
2 2 2
(b) a  a  a  1  5  a  a  a  a  a 1  5 = a  a  a  5
2 2 3 2

For a  0, a 3  a 2  a  5 =  0    0    0   5
3 2
(i)
=0+0+0+5=5
For a  1, a  a  a  5 = 1  1  1  5
3 2
(ii) 3 2

=1+1+1+5=8

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For a  1, a 3  a 2  a  5 =  1   1   1  5
3 2
(iii)
= 1  1 1  5 = 2  6 = 4

Question 5:
(a) Add: p  p  q  , q  q  r  and r  r  p  .
(b) Add: 2x  z  x  y  and 2 y  z  y  zx  .
(c) Subtract: 3l  l  4m  5n  from 4l 10n  3m  2l  .
(d) Subtract: 3a  a  b  c   2b  a  b  c  from 4c  a  b  c  .

Answer 5:
(a) p  p  q   q  q  r   r  r  p  = p 2  pq  q 2  qr  r 2  rp
= p 2  q 2  r 2  pq  qr  rp
(b) 2 x  z  x  y   2 y  z  y  x  = 2 xz  2 x 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 y 2  2 xy
= 2 xz  2 xy  2 xy  2 yz  2 x 2  2 y 2
= 2 x 2  2 y 2  4 xy  2 yz  2 zx
(c) 4l 10n  3m  2l   3l  l  4m  5n  = 40ln  12lm  8l 2  3l 2  12lm  15ln
= 8l 2  3l 2  12lm  12lm  40ln  15ln
= 5l 2  25ln
(d) 4c  a  b  c   3a  a  b  c   2b  a  b  c  
= 4ac  4bc  4c 2  3a 2  3ab  3ac  2ab  2b 2  2bc 
= 4ac  4bc  4c 2  3a 2  2b 2  3ab  2bc  3ac  2ab 
= 4ac  4bc  4c 2  3a 2  2b2  ab  3ac  2bc 
= 4ac  4bc  4c 2  3a 2  2b 2  ab  3ac  2bc
= 3a 2  2b 2  4c 2  ab  4bc  2bc  4ac  3ac
= 3a 2  2b 2  4c 2  ab  6bc  7ac

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Exercise 9.4
Question 1:
Multiply the binomials:
(i)  2 x  5  and  4 x  3
(ii)  y  8  and  3 y  4 
(iii)  2.5l  0.5m  and  2.5l  0.5m 
(iv)  a  3b  and  x  5 
(v)  2 pq  3q  and 3 pq  2q 
2 2

3 2 2  2 2 2
(vi)  a  3b  and 4  a  b 
4   3 

Answer 1:
(i)  2 x  5    4 x  3  2 x  4 x  3  5  4 x  3
= 2x  4x  2x  3  5  4x  5  3
= 8 x 2  6 x  20 x  15
= 8 x 2  14 x  15
(ii)  y  8   3 y  4   y  3 y  4   8 3 y  4 
= y  3 y  y  4  8  3 y  8  4
= 3 y 2  4 y  24 y  12
= 3 y 2  28 y  12
(iii)  2.5l  0.5m    2.5l  0.5m   2.5l   2.5l  0.5m   0.5m   2.5l  0.5m 
= 2.5l  2.5l  0.5l  0.5m  0.5m  2.5l  0.5m  0.5m
= 6.25l 2  1.25lm  1.25lm  0.25m 2
= 6.25l 2  0.25m2
(iv)  a  3b    x  5   a  x  5   3b  x  5 
= a  x  a  5  3b  x  3b  5
= ax  5a  3bx  15b
(v)  2 pq  3q 3 pq  2q  = 2 pq  3 pq  2q   3q 3 pq  2q 
2 2 2 2 2

= 2 pq  3 pq  2 pq  2q 2  3q 2  3 pq  3q 2  2q 2
= 6 p 2 q 2  4 pq3  9 pq3  6q 4
= 6 p 2 q 2  5 pq3  6q 4

1
3 2 2  2 2 2 3 2 2  8 2
(vi)  a  3b   4  a  b    a  3b    4a  b 
2

4   3  4   3 
3  8   8 
 a 2   4a 2  b 2   3b 2   4a 2  b 2 
4  3   3 
3 2 3 8 8
= a  4a 2  a 2  b2  3b2  4a 2  3b2  b2
4 4 3 3
= 3a  2a b  12a b  8b
4 2 2 2 2 4

= 3a 4  10a 2b 2  8b 4

Question 2:
Find the product:
(i)  5  2 x  3  x  (ii)  x  7 y  7 x  y 
(iii) a 2
 b  a  b 2  (iv)  p2  q2   2 p  q 
Answer 2:
(i)  5  2 x  3  x   5   3  x   2 x  3  x  = 5  3  5  x  2x  3  2x  x
= 15  5 x  6 x  2 x 2 = 15  x  2 x 2
(ii)  x  7 y  7 x  y   x  7 x  y   7 y   7 x  y 
= x  7x  x  y  7 y  7x  7 y  y
= 7 x 2  xy  49 xy  7 y 2
= 7 x 2  48 xy  7 y 2
(iii) a 2
 b  a  b2   a 2   a  b 2   b   a  b 2 
= a 2  a  a 2  b2  b  a  b  b2
= a 3  a 2b 2  ab  b3
(iv) p 2
 q2   2 p  q   p2   2 p  q   q2  2 p  q 
= p2  2 p  p2  q  q2  2 p  q2  q
= 2 p3  p 2 q  2 pq 2  q3

2
Question 3:
Simplify:
(i)  x  5  x  5  25
2

(ii)  a  5 b  3  5
2 2

(iii)  t  s t  s 
2 2

(iv)  a  b  c  d    a  b  c  d   2  ac  bd 
(v)  x  y  2 x  y    x  2 y  x  y 
(vi)  x  y   x2  xy  y 2 
(vii) 1.5 x  4 y 1.5 x  4 y  3  4.5 x  12 y
(viii)  a  b  c  a  b  c 

Answer 3:
(i) x 2
 5  x  5  25  x 2  x  5  5  x  5   25
= x 2  x  x 2  5  5  x  5  5  25
= x3  5 x 2  5 x  25  25
= x3  5 x 2  5 x
(ii) a 2
 5 b3  3  5  a 2  b3  3  5  b3  3  5
= a 2  b3  a 2  3  5  b3  5  3  5
= a 2b3  3a 2  5b3  15  5
= a 2b3  3a 2  5b3  20
(iii) t  s t 2 2
 s   t t 2  s   s 2 t 2  s 
= t  t 2  t  s  s2  t 2  s2  s
= t 3  st  s 2t 2  s 3
(iv)  a  b  c  d    a  b  c  d   2  ac  bd 
 a  c  d   b  c  d   a  c  d   b  c  d   2ac  2bd
= ac  ad  bc  bd  ac  ad  bc  bd  2ac  2bd
= ac  ac  ad  ad  bc  bc  bd  bd  2ac  2bd
= 2ac  2bd  2ac  2bd
= 4ac

3
(v)  x  y  2 x  y    x  2 y  x  y   x  2 x  y   y  2 x  y   x  x  y   2 y  x  y 
= 2 x2  xy  2 xy  y 2  x2  xy  2 xy  2 y 2
= 2 x2  x2  xy  2 xy  xy  2 xy  y 2  2 y 2
= 3x2  4 xy  y 2
(vi)  x  y   x2  xy  y 2   x  x 2  xy  y 2   y  x 2  xy  y 2 
= x3  x2 y  xy 2  x2 y  xy 2  y3
= x3  x2 y  x2 y  xy 2  xy 2  y3
= x3  y 3
(vii) 1.5 x  4 y 1.5 x  4 y  3  4.5 x  12 y
 1.5 x 1.5 x  4 y  3  4 y 1.5 x  4 y  3  4.5 x  12 y
= 2.25x2  6.0 xy  4.5x  6.0 xy  16 y 2  12 y  4.5x  12 y
= 2.25x2  6.0 xy  6.0 xy  4.5x  4.5x  16 y 2  12 y  12 y
= 2.25 x 2  16 y 2
(viii)  a  b  c  a  b  c   a  a  b  c   b  a  b  c   c  a  b  c 
= a 2  ab  ac  ab  b 2  bc  ac  bc  c 2
= a 2  ab  ab  ac  ac  bc  bc  b 2  c 2
= a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab

4
Exercise 9.5
Question 1:
Use a suitable identity to get each of the following products:
(i)  x  3 x  3 (ii)  2 y  5 2 y  5 
 1  1
(iii)  2a  7  2a  7  (iv)  3a    3a  
 2  2
(v) 1.1m  0.4 1.1m  0.4  (vi) a 2
 b 2  a 2  b2 
(vii)  6 x  7  6 x  7  (viii)  a  c  a  c 
 x 3y   x 3y 
(ix)      (x)  7a  9b  7a  9b 
 2 4  2 4 

Answer 1:
 x  3 x  3   x  3
2
(i)
  x   2  x  3   3 [Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2 2

= x2  6 x  9
 2 y  5 2 y  5   2 y  5
2
(ii)
=  2 y   2  2 y  5   5 [Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2 2

= 4 y 2  20 y  25
 2a  7  2a  7    2a  7 
2
(iii)
=  2a   2  2 a  7   7  [Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2 2

= 4a 2  28a  49
2
 1  1  1
(iv)  3a   3a     3a  
 2  2  2
2
1 1
=  3a   2  3a     [Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2

2 2
1
= 9a 2  3a 
4
1.1m  0.41.1m  0.4  1.1m    0.4
2 2
(v)
Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]

1
= 1.21m 2  0.16

(vi) a 2
 b2  a 2  b2    b2  a 2  b2  a 2 

=  b2    a 2 
2 2

[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
= b4  a4

 6 x  7  6 x  7    6 x    7  [Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
2 2
(vii)
= 36 x 2  49

 a  c  a  c    c  a  c  a    c  a 
2
(viii)

= c  2 c  a  a
2 2

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

= c 2  2ca  a 2

2
 x 3 y  x 3 y   x 3 y 
(ix)         
 2 4  2 4   2 4 
2 2
 x x 3y  3y 
=   2    
2 2 4  4 

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

x2 3 9
=  xy  y 2
4 4 16

 7a  9b  7a  9b    7a  9b 
2
(x)

=  7a   2  7a  9b   9b 
2 2

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

= 49a 2  126ab  81b 2

2
Question 2:
Use the identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab to find the following products:
(i)  x  3 x  7  (ii)  4 x  5  4 x  1
(iii)  4 x  5  4 x  1 (iv)  4 x  5  4 x  1
(v)  2 x  5 y  2 x  3 y  (vi)  2a 2
 9  2a 2  5
(vii)  xyz  4  xyz  2 

Answer 2:
 x  3 x  7    x    3  7  x  3  7
2
(i)

[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]

= x 2  10 x  21

 4 x  5 4 x  1   4 x    5  1 4 x  5 1
2
(ii)
[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 16 x 2  6  4 x  5  16 x 2  24 x  5

(iii)  4 x  5  4 x  1 =  4 x 2   5  1 4 x   5   1


[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 16 x 2   6   4 x  5  16 x 2  24 x  5

 4 x  5 4 x  1   4 x   5   1 4 x  5   1


2
(iv)
[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 16 x 2   5  1  4 x  5
= 16 x 2  4  4 x  5
= 16 x 2  16 x  5
 2 x  5 y  2 x  3 y    2 x    5 y  3 y   2 x  5 y  3 y
2
(v)
[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 4 x 2  8 y  2 x  15 y 2
= 4 x 2  16 xy  15 y 2

3
 2a  9  2a 2  5   2a 2    9  5  2a 2  9  5
2
(vi) 2

[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 4a 4  14  2a 2  45
= 4a 4  28a 2  45
 xyz  4 xyz  2   xyz    4  2  xyz   4    2
2
(vii)
[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= x2 y 2 z 2  6 xyz  8

Question 3:
Find the following squares by using identities:
b  7  xy  3z  6x  5y
2 2 2
(i) (ii) (iii) 2

2
2 3 
 m  n  0.4 p  0.5q   2 xy  5 y 
2 2
(iv) (v) (vi)
3 2 

Answer 3:
b  7  b  2  b  7  7 [Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2 2 2
(i)
= b 2  14b  49

 xy  3z    xy   2  xy  3z   3z  [Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2 2 2 2
(ii)
= x 2 y 2  6 xyz  9 z 2

 6x  5 y    6x2   2  6x2  5 y  5 y 
2 2 2
(iii) 2

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

= 36 x4  60 x2 y  25 y 2

2 2 2
2 3  2  2 3 3 
(iv)  m  n   m  2 m n   n
3 2  3  3 2 2 
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

4
4 2 9
= m  2mn  n2
9 4

 0.4 p  0.5q    0.4 p   2  0.4 p  0.5q   0.5q 


2 2 2
(v)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 0.16 p 2  0.40 pq  0.25q 2

 2 xy  5 y    2 xy   2  2 xy  5 y   5 y 
2 2 2
(vi)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 4 x 2 y 2  20 xy 2  25 y 2

Question 4:
Simplify:
a  b2 
2
(i) 2

 2 x  5   2 x  5
2 2
(ii)

 7m  8n    7m  8n 
2 2
(iii)

 4m  5n    5m  4n 
2 2
(iv)

 2.5 p  1.5q   1.5 p  2.5q 


2 2
(v)

 ab  bc   2ab2c
2
(vi)

m  n2 m   2m3n2
2
(vii) 2

Answer 4:
a  b2    a 2   2  a 2  b2   b2  [Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2 2 2
(i) 2

= a 4  2a 2 b 2  b 4

 2 x  5   2 x  5   2 x   2  2 x  5   5    2 x   2  2 x  5   5  
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii)
 
[Using identities  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 and  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2

= 4 x 2  20 x  25   4 x 2  20 x  25

5
= 4 x 2  20 x  25  4 x 2  20 x  25
= 40x

(iii)
 7m  8n    7m  8n    7m   2  7m  8n  8n    7m   2  7m  8n  8n  
2 2 2 2 2 2
 
[Using identities  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 and  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2

= 49m2  112mn  64n2  49m2  112mn  64n2 


= 49m 2  112mn  64n 2  49m 2  112mn  64n 2
= 98m 2  128n 2

(iv)  4m  5n    5m  4n    4m   2  4m  5n   5n    5m   2  5m  4n   4n 
2 2 2 2 2 2

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

= 16m2  40mn  25n 2  25m 2  40mn  16n 2


= 16m2  25m 2  40mn  40mn  25n 2  16n 2
= 41m 2  80mn  41n 2

 2.5 p  1.5q   1.5 p  2.5q 


2 2
(v)

  2.5 p   2  2.5 p 1.5q  1.5q   1.5 p   2 1.5 p  2.5q   2.5q  


2 2 2 2
 

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

= 6.25 p 2  7.50 pq  2.25q 2  2.25 p 2  7.50 pq  6.25q 2 


= 6.25 p 2  7.50 pq  2.25q 2  2.25 p 2  7.50 pq  6.25q 2
= 4 p 2  4q 2

 ab  bc   2ab2c   ab   2  ab  bc   bc   2ab 2c
2 2 2
(vi)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= a 2b 2  2ab 2 c  b 2 c 2  2ab 2 c
= a 2b 2  b 2 c 2

6
m  n2 m   2m3n2 =  m2   2  m2  n2 m   n2 m   2m3n2
2 2 2
(vii) 2

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

= m 4  2 m 3 n 2  n 4 m 2  2m 3 n 2
= m4  n4 m2

Question 5:
Show that:
 3x  7   84 x   3x  7 
2 2
(i)

 9 p  5q   180 pq   9 p  5q 
2 2
(ii)
2
4 3  16 2 9 2
(iii)  m  n   2mn  m  n
3 4  9 16
 4 pq  3q    4 pq  3q   48 pq 2
2 2
(iv)
(v)  a  b  a  b    b  c  b  c    c  a  c  a   0
Answer 5:
L.H.S. =  3x  7   84 x   3x   2  3x  7   7   84 x
2 2 2
(i)

[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]


2

= 9 x 2  42 x  49  84 x
= 9 x 2  42 x  49
=  3x  7   a  b  a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2
[
= R.H.S.

L.H.S. =  9 p  5q   180 pq   9 p   2  9 p  5q   5q   180 pq


2 2 2
(ii)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 81 p 2  90 pq  25q 2  180 pq
= 81 p 2  90 pq  25q 2
=  9 p  5q   a  b  a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2
[

7
2 2 2
4 3  4  4 3 3 
(iii) L.H.S. =  m  n   2mn   m   2  m  n   n   2mn
3 4  3  3 4 4 
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

16 2 9
= m  2mn  n2  2mn
9 16
16 2 9 2
= m  n
9 16
= R.H.S.

L.H.S. =  4 pq  3q    4 pq  3q 
2 2
(iv)

=  4 pq   2  4 pq  3q   3q    4 pq   2  4 pq  3q   3q  
2 2 2 2
 
[Using identities  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 and  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2 2

= 16 p 2 q 2  24 pq 2  9q 2  16 p 2 q 2  24 pq 2  9q 2 
= 16 p 2 q 2  24 pq 2  9q 2  16 p 2 q 2  24 pq 2  9q 2
= 48 pq 2
= R.H.S.

(v) L.H.S. =  a  b  a  b    b  c  b  c    c  a  c  a 
= a 2  b2  b2  c2  c2  a 2 [Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
=0
= R.H.S.

Question 6:
Using identities, evaluate:
(i) 712 (ii) 99 2 (iii) 102 2
(iv) 9982 (v) 5.2 2 (vi) 297  303
(vii) 78  82 (viii) 8.9 2 (ix) 1.05  9.5

8
Answer 6:
712   70  1   70   2  70 1  1
2 2 2
(i)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 4900 + 140 + 1 = 5041

992  100  1  100   2 100 1  1


2 2 2
(ii)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 10000 – 200 + 1 = 9801

1022  100  2   100   2 100  2   2 


2 2 2
(iii)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 10000 + 400 + 4 = 10404

9982  1000  2   1000   2 1000  2   2 


2 2 2
(iv)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 1000000 – 4000 + 4 = 996004

5.22   5  0.2    5  2  5  0.2   0.2 


2 2 2
(v)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

= 25 + 2.0 + 0.04 = 27.04

297 x 303 = (300 – 3) x (300 + 3) =  300    3


2 2
(vi)
[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
= 90000 – 9 = 89991

78 x 82 = (80 – 2) x (80 + 2) =  80    2 
2 2
(vii)
[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
= 6400 – 4 = 6396

8.92  8  0.9   8  2  8  0.9   0.9 


2 2 2
(viii)
[Using identity  a  b   a 2  2ab  b2 ]
2

9
= 64 + 14.4 + 0.81 = 79.21

1.05 x 9.5 = (10 + 0.5) x (10 – 0.5) = 10    0.5


2 2
(ix)

[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]

Question 7:
Using a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b  , find

512  49 2 1.02   0.98


2 2
(i) (ii)
(iii) 1532  147 2 (iv) 12.12  7.9 2

Answer 7:
(i) 512  492   51  49  51  49 
[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
= 100 x 2 = 200

1.02   0.98  1.02  0.981.02  0.98


2 2
(ii)
[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
= 2.00 x 0.04 = 0.08

(iii) 1532  147 2  153  147 153  147 


[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
= 300 x 6 = 1800

(iv) 12.12  7.9 2  12.1  7.9 12.1  7.9 


[Using identity  a  b  a  b   a 2  b 2 ]
= 20.0 x 4.2 = 84.0 = 84

10
Question 8:
Using  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab , find

(i) 103 x 104


(ii) 5.1 x 5.2
(iii) 103 x 98
(iv) 9.7 x 9.8
Answer 8:
103 x 104 = (100 + 3) x (100 + 4) = 100    3  4  100  3  4
2
(i)

[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]

= 10000 + 7 x 100 + 12
= 10000 + 700 + 12 = 10712

5.1 x 5.2 = (5 + 0.1) x (5 + 0.2) =  5   0.1  0.2   5  0.1 0.2


2
(ii)
[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 25 + 0.3 x 5 + 0.02
= 25 + 1.5 + 0.02 = 26.52

103 x 98 = (100 + 3) x (100 – 2) = 100    3  2  100  3   2 


2
(iii)
[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 10000 + (3 – 2) x 100 – 6
= 10000 + 100 – 6 = 10094

(iv) 9.7 x 9.8 = (10 – 0.3) x (10 – 0.2)


= 10    0.3   0.2  10   0.3   0.2 
2

[Using identity  x  a  x  b   x 2   a  b  x  ab ]
= 100  0.3  0.2 10  0.06
= 100 – 0.5 x 10 + 0.06
= 100 – 5 + 0.06 = 95.06

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