FUNDAMENTALS OF

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
AND INTELLIGENCE
(CDI 101)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I-Fundamentals of Criminal
Investigation
Chapter II-Nature,Concept and principle of
Intelligence
Chapter I
FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Criminality was occured with the difficulty to reveal the identity and location of the
perpetrator and also somehow the victim. It took weeks or months,unfortunate years to have
identification of identity and whereabouts the victim and perpetrator.

In the onset of the technology ,Criminal Investigation become more efficient that
provide an aid to identify the identity of a person involve and whereabouts in shortest possible
time.Forensic matters ,crime laboratory is a wide spread use for the detection ,evaluation and
analysis of any physical evidence,liquid substances ,develop latent fingerprint ,blood projectile
and firearms and many more .In Criminal Investigation ,various discipline were employed to
provide certain result for each and every crime happened .

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND INVESTIGATION OPERATION

A Criminal investigation is the process of searching,collecting preparing ,identifying ,and

presenting evidence to prove the truth or falsity of an issue of law.

Criminal investigation it is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three fold aims.

 To identify the guilty party

 To locate the guilty party

And to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.

(Criminal Investigation Manual ,2011 revised ,Philippine National Police Manual ,2010)

Criminal Investigation is the inquiry due to complaint file,to gather fact ,by examining
tracking and searching ,step by step process diligently and thorough observation,the fatc of
the commission of the crime , the identity of the actor and the circumstances attendant
thereto,by prudent scrunity of all available evidence to the end that the violators of law be
brought to the bar of Justice and the innocent be free therefrom ( Pena and Sadili)
Criminal Investigation is an art which deals with the identity and location of the offender
and prove his guilt in a criminal proceeding.(Dr. Pedro S. Solis)

Criminal Investigation is the systematic method of inquiry that is more a science than an art
.

Investigation Operandi -includes investigation of crime of incident ,administrative

investigation and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances
for filing criminally or administratively

For criminal investigations to be successful ,the investigator must understand the general
rules of evidence .

As investigator adopt a more scientific approach to criminal investigations and rely more on
tangible evidence than on the confessions of suspects or eyewitness accounts ,the
relationship between the investigator and evidence examiners becomes crucial to the
success of the investigation.

Most criminal investigations begin at the scene of a crime

It is important that the first officer on the scene properly protects the evidence .

The entire investigation hinges on the initial law enforcement responder being able to
properly identify ,isolate and secure the scene.

Crime scenes should be secured by establishing a restricted perimeter

The purpose of securing the scene is to restrict access and prevent evidence destruction

There are many factors that dictate how a crime scene should be protected
however ,nationally recognized standards for crime scene protection suggest the following
three layer or tier perimeter .

 An outer perimeter (established as a boarder larger than the actual scene to keep
onlookers and nonessentials personnel safe and away from the scene).
 An inner permimeter (allows for a command post and comfort area just outside of the
scene).
 The core (actual scene).

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND INVESTIGATOR

Goals of Criminal Investigations

 Determine whether crime has been committed

  Legally obtain information and evidence to identify the responsible person
 Arrest the suspect
 Recover stolen property
 Present the best possible case to the prosecutor
Objectives of Criminal Investigation
 In reality ,the objectives of a criminal investigation are not as simple as just solving
cases.
 Occasionally , a case is unsolvable,yet every lead must be exhausted
 Criminal investigation is both an art and a science .In science ,the absolute truth is often
echieve.
 Determine if a crime was committed
 Collect information and evidence legally to identify who was responsible
 Apprehend the person responsible or report him to the appropriate
 Civilian police agency
 Recover stolen property
 Present the best possible case to the prosecutor
 Provide clear ,concise testimony

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR

A Criminal Investigator is a type of law enforcement professional who attempts to solve felony
crimes ,identify and detain suspects in hopes of preventing future criminal activity. A Criminal
Investigator ,to accomplish these various responsibilities ,may work alone or as part of an
investigative team uncover facts about a particular case.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTIGATOR

Knowledge of the fundamentals ,method and techniques of investigation is essential.

DEVELOPMENT OF CHARACTERISTICS

 Investigator should strive to be objective

 Criminal Investigator can affect the lives of all those involved ,both guilty and innocent.

ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. Suspicion -
means not taking nothing for granted
Be constantly wary of the things that appear too obvious
 2. Curiosity

Means a desire to investigate and learn facts or truth about people ,places or objects

3. Keen observation

The ability to take accurate notice of that notice which is present to their senses.

Sight,touch,hearing,taste and smell.

4. Ability to summarize

Investigator and associate observations ,and evaluate them of violations of the law .

5.Biases and Prejudices

An unbiased and unprejudiced mind is essential to investigators.

A. Bias means a highly personal and unreasoned distortion of judgement.

B. Prejudice means an opinion or learning advers to anything without just grounds or before
sufficient knowledge

6. Patience , Courtesy ,Sympathy and Empathy

Establish of rapport with victims and witnesses is on of the prime facilitator of an

investigation.

7. Credibility vs. Exhibition

Investigator should not attempt to exhibit expertise in all fields of law enforcement .

8. Rapid Decision -maker against a hasty conclusion maker

A rapid decision by seasoned investigator can be based on experience and training ,while
hasty conclusion is often based on a superficial investigation or preconceived idea .

QUALITY OF A GOOD INVESTIGATOR

1. Perseverance
2. Endurance
3. Incorruptibility ,honest and integrity
4. Intelligence and wisdom of Solomon
5. Knowledge of psychology and other natural sciences
6. Acting ability
 7. Mastery in oral and written communication
8. Keen power of observation and description
9. Courage
10. Working knowledge of Criminal law,evidence ,criminal procedure and special laws
11. Sense of Justice and fair play
12. Ability to "read between lines"
13. Working knowledge of martial arts and firearms proficiency

SIX CARDINAL RULE IN THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

The investigating officer should seek various method of interrogatory questioning to acquire
complete details in connection to crime incident such as 5W's and 1H in order to determine
whether or not the suspect or has committed the crime.

1. Who committed it?

This inquiry focus on the complete and correct details of name of those involved in the
incident such as the complaint ,victim witnesses and anyone present in the area of incident.

2. WHAT?

These inquiries are directly intended to the crime being committed . In law enforcement work
particularly reports sometimes pointed crime or offence under Revise Penal Code,Special laws,
Presidential Decrees or ordinances and executive order.

3. WHERE?

These inquiries cover the geographical location of the crime committed or crime scene ,the
body of the victim (crime against person),property( crimes against property) and the evidence .

4.WHEN?

These inquiries cover the time and date in the commission of the crime ,discovery of stolen
property and the apprehension of the suspect .

5. WHY?

These inquiries give the idea about the cause and originof the crime that independent or
dependent on the will of the perpetrator, thought exist that motivate for the commission of the
crime psychological ,emotional or mental factor.

6.HOW?
These inquiries refer to the means ,method or manner of the commission of the crime modus
operandi also included as pattern for the accomplishing the commission of the crime.

THE THREE TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION IN GATHERING FACTS

1. Information

Data gathered by an investigator form other person's including the victim himself and from.

1. Public records
2. Private records
3. Modus Operandi file.

2. Interrogation/Interview

Interview- skillful questioning of witnesses and suspects

Interogation- this is the process of questioning witnesses and suspect to obtain further
information.

Purposes of Interrogation

1. To obtain confession to the crime

2. To induce subject (subject /witnesses) to make admission
3. To extract facts and circumstances sorrounding the crime
4. To develop information which will lead to the recovery of the fruits of the crime
5. To discover the details of other crime where suspects participated.

INTEROGATION TECHNIQUES

A.Emotional appeal

Place the subject in the proper frame of mind .the investigator should provide emotional
stimuli that will prompt the subject to unburden himself by confiding. Analyze the subjects
person ality and decide what motivation would prompt him to tell the truth ,and then provide
those motives through appropriate emotional appeals .

B. Sympathetic appeal

The suspect may feel the need for sympathy or friendship when he is apparently in
trouble .Gestures of friendship may win his cooperation.

C. Kindness
 The simplest technique is to assure that the suspect will confess if he is treated in a kind and
friendly manner

D. Extenuation

The investigator indicates he does not consider his subjects indiscretion a grave offense.

E. Shifting the blame

The interrrogator makes clear his belief that the subjects is obviously not the sort of person
who usually gets mixed up in a crime like this. The interrrogator could tell from the start that he
was not dealing with a fellow who is criminal by nature and choice.

Mutt and Jeff

Two agents are employed

-Mutt ,the relentless investigator ,who is not going to waste any time because he knows that
the subject is guilty

-Jeff ,on the other hand ,is obviously a kind-hearted man.

F. Bluff on a split pair

This is applicable when there is more than one suspect . The suspects are separated and one
is informed that the other has talked.

G. Pretence of Physical Evidence

The investigator may pretend that the certain physical evidence has found by laboratory

H. Jolting

May be applied to calm and nervous subjects by constantly observing the suspects ,the
investigator chooses a propitious moment to shout a pertinent question and appear as through
he is beside himself with rage .the subject may be unnerved to be extent of confessing.

Custodial Interrogation /Investigation

Is the questioning of law enforcement officer on a person under custody and otherwise
deprived of his freedom or liberty. This is the stage in investigation where there is strict
observance of the Miranda doctrine.

Miranda Doctrine
 This case which is Miranda vs. Arizona ,is a US Supreme Court Jurisprudence which laid
down the constitutional rights of the accused during custodial investigation. It was incorporated
in our 1973 Constitution and later in the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.

3. Instrumentation

Scientific examination of real evidence ,application of instrument and methods of physical

sciences in detecting crime.

It is application of instrument and method and method of physical science to the detection of
crime. The sum total of all sciences in crime-detection known as Crominalistics.

CHAPTER II

NATURE, CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE

Definition of Intelligence

According to Police Intelligence

Intelligence is defined as the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis
integration, and the interpretation of all available information

Intelligence is processed information, Identifies the problem that the Intelligence process is
going to examine.

What's the difference between information and intelligence?

Information is knowledge communicated about a particular fact or circumstance Intelligence is

all about finding out information, determining what it means-and then using it to lake action!

Information is everywhere whether it's daily news online blogs or conversations between
friends - Intelligence however, often refers to the information not freely available, or within the
public domain

Intelligence as we see it, is typically privileged information intended for a particular audience
The art of intelligence to collect this privileged and/or protected information, and use it to our
benefit.

I.Functions of Intelligence

Today all countries have their service. They may be different in their organization , efficiency
and method but they all have the basic function.
 1. The collection or procurement of information
2. The evaluation of the information then become intelligence
3. The dissemination of Intelligence- to those who need it.

II. Principles of Intelligence

Principles are the basic guides on the decisions and actions , a fix or broad statement from
which other are derived .Provide direction towards specific result.

1. Criteria

a. Universal of application

It should be applied to as many phases and aspect of Intelligence as possible.

b. It must be broad

It should be truly a general rule . It should form the basis for formulation of corollary and
subsidiary guides.

c. It must be collaborative

Linking to each other to create picture of Intelligence

2. Philosophical guide for intelligence

a. There exist an essential unity between knowledge and action ,the knowledge enhances the
effectiveness of action and minuses the chances error.

b. The prudent searching of fact base on the data gathered could able to create significant
pattern for determination and protection and threat elimination

c. The knowledge requirements for decision making are complex and beyond the capacities of
anyone necessary to meet their requirements.

3. Intelligence Principle

a. Principle of Objectivity

In intelligence the well organized and guided succeed . It is the basic intelligence concept
that there should be unity of knowledge and action.

b. Principle of Interdependence
Intelligence is artificially subdivided into components elements to ensure complete coverage,
eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or manageable task

c. Principle of Continuity

It necessary that coverage be continues so that shape of what happens today could be studied
in the light of what happened before, which in return would enable us to predict the shape of
the future

d. Principle of Communication

Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated all the decision the manner that
they will permits it's effective used

e. Principle of Usefulness

Intelligence is useless if it remains in the mind or of it's collectors or it's producer. The story
must be told and it must be told well. The story must be convincing and to be convincing, it
must not only be plausiblenof facts but it's significant

f. Principle of Flexibility (Dynamic Approach to adapt)

Intelligence must have the ability to change or be changed according to circumstances, hence,
alternatives must be drawn

g. Principle of Selection

Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at hand. Intelligence involves
plowing throughmaze of information, the considerable aod inumerable numbers of means or of
picking the most promising multitute to leads. The requirement of decision making covers very
nearly the entire span of human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the most essential
and pertinent, intelligence will go off in all the directions in one monumental waste of effort

h. Principle of Timeliness

Intelligence must be communicated to the decision maker at the appropriate time to permit its
most effective used

i. Principle of Security

Security is achieved by the measures which intelligence takes to protect and preserve the
integrity of it's activities. The Code of Secrecy (PNP doctrine)

j. Intelligence as a cycle
All intelligence activities generally follow a three phase cycle oriented to the commander's
mission. This cycle is continuous and all steps are carried out at the same time

III. FOUR It's OF INTELLEGENCE

1. Interest - a feeling of compassion

2. Integrity - Virtue of honesty

3. Ingenuity - veracity of facts, in accordance by law

4. Intelligence - discernment for what is right from wrong

IV. PRINCIPAL AREAS OF INTEREST IN INTELLIGENCE

1. MILITARY

Offensive and defensive tactics, war plan, strategic and tactical principle, organization armed
forces, commandment structure, personnel, material, morale arm depot.

2. GENERAL

Topography and hydrographical characteristics, historical background

3. DIPLOMATIC

Foreign policies, Alliances, diplomatic establishment, foreign services pwrsonnel, technique of

conducting foreign relations.

4. POLITICAL

Ideology, culture, tradition, institution, personalities and area of affection

5. ECONOMIC

Financial, Commercial, Industrial, mining and agriculture

6. COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION

Signals, telephone, wireless trucks, bridges, highways, building signal command center

7. SOCIAL

National structure, school building, government building and offices, General Census, Mental
factors, Behavioral Influence
V . Categories of Intelligence

A. Broad categories of Intelligence

1. Strategic Intelligence

An intelligence product that provides insight or understanding, contributing to desicions on

broad strategies, polices and resources, directed to achieving long term organizational
objectives.

2. Operational Intelligence

An intelligence product which supports national and regional managers of line areas in
planning activity and deploying resources to achieve operational objectives.

3. Tactical Intelligence

An intelligence product which supports line areas and other operational areas in taking
casespecific action to achieve complaince or enforcement objectives.

B. General forms of Intelligence

1. National Intelligence

The total product of intelligence developed by all goverment agencies the cover broad
aspect of National Security and National Policy.

2. Department Intelligence

Intelligence used by various departmenr for the advancement of department/ agencies.

3. Military Intelligence

This is used the preparation of military police,plans and programs, it includes strategic
and combat intelligence.

Things to consider:

P - People

W - Weather

E - Enemy
 T - Terrain

Orders Of The Battle Intelligence

A part of military intelligence is concern with the manner in

which military force ar organized and disposed.

4. Counter Intelligence

Covers the activity destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities to the
production of information againts espionage and sabotage.

Known as NEGATIVE INTELLIGENCE, it is an activity intended to conceal of protect one's

own informatio from adversaries intelligence operation.

Negative Intelligence is a generic term incorporates the following:

Security Intelligence

Means the total sum of efforts to counsel the national policies , diplomatic decisions,
military data and any information that SECRET in nature affecting national security of the nation
from unathorized individual. Denial effort to protect the information to access by unathorized
person.

Counter Intelligence

The organized effort to protect specific data that might be of value to the opponents ow
intelligence organizations.

Counter Espionage

Negative Intelligence becomes a dynamic amd active effort. Its purpose is to investigate
actual or theoretical violation of espionage laws, to enforcw those laws and apprehend
violations.Its job is to catch the spies.

Importance of counter Intelligence

A. Denies information to the adsersaries

B. Reduces the risk of a command

C. Aids in achieving suprises

 D. Increase the security of the command

E. Decrease the enemy ability to create information about

forces.

Five Categories of CI operation

1. Military Security

It encompasses the measures taken by a command to protect itself againts

espionage enemy operation, sabotage, subversion or suprises.

A. Secrecy descipline

B. Tactical measures to combat area

C. Security troops movement

2.Port Frontier and travel Security

Something to do with application of both military and civilian security measures for ci control at
point of every departure , borders or boundaries .

3.Civil Security

I compasses active and passive ci measures affecting the non-military nationals permanently or
temporarily residing in an area under military jurisdiction.

A. Systematic registration of civilians and aliens

B. Surveillance of suspected political organization

C. Control of internal commerce

4. Censorship

The control and examination of the civil , national , armed forces , field press and POW

5.Special Operations

Counter subversion , sabotage and espionage

VI. POLICE INTELLIGENCE

Police intelligence is defined as the end products resulting from the collection , evaluation ,
analysis , integration and interpretation of all available information regarding the activities of
criminal and other law violators for the purpose of affecting their arrest , obtaining evidence
and for stalling their plans to commit crime .

A. Functional Classification

1. Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT)

It refers to the production of intelligence essential to prevention of crimes , investigation ,

arrest and prosecution of criminal offenders .

2. International Security Intelligence (INSINT)

It refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and order

3. Public Safety Intelligence (PUSTINT)

It refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives and properties

A. Activities in Police Intelligence

1. Strategic Intelligence

The intelligence information which is primarily long range in nature with title practical
immediate operation value

2. Line Intelligence

It is immediate in nature and necessary for more effective police planning and operation

3. National Intelligence

It refers to the integrated products of intelligence developed by all the government

branches, departments , concerning the broad aspect of national security and policy . It is
concerned to more than one department or agency and it is not produced by single entity and
used to coordinate all the activities of the government in developing and executing integrated
and national policies and plans.

4. Counter Intelligence

It is phase of intel covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness and hostile
foreign activities and protection of information against espionage , subversion and sabotage .
 5. Undercover Work

It is an investigative process in which disguise and pretext, cover and deception is utilized.

CHAPTER III

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

Information- are raw data or unevaluated materials of every description derived from observation,
communication, report, rumours, imagination, and other sources from which intelligence is produced.

Intelligence Information- refers to any information gathered or received which is of intelligence

interest.

End Products- results later evaluation, analysis, interpretation and integration of raw materials.

Activity- product of knowledge after collection, processing, dissemination and use.

Organization- refers to the intelligence personnel or intelligence unit itself.

Sources- refer to where/whom/which the information was obtained either be private, public, agent of
the government.

General Classification of Sources of Information

Close Sources- is information that is confidential and NOT publicly available

Informant reports

Investigation reports

Open Sources- is information that is PUBLICLY available

Source of Information Four (4) main categories:

Human

Field

Electronic

Scientific
Intelligence Cycle- an organized process by which information is gathered, assessed and distributed in
order to fulfil the goals of the intelligence function.

Mission- is the focal point of the intelligence operation; a particular task given to a person or group to
carry out, or one which should accomplish.

Phases of Intelligence Cycle

Phase I- Directing Collection Effort

The Intel Staff Officer or Unit Commander determines the required important information relevant to
mission. Then these requirements will be distributed to the different collection agencies by directing or
by request.

Determination of the intelligence requirements.

Categories of intelligence requirements in relation to use:

Executive

Contributory

Operational

Collateral

Categories of intelligence requirement by type:

Basic

Current

Estimative Intelligence

Determination of Essential Elements of Information (EEI)

EEI are items of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of operation and the
enemy, which the commander feels needed before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.

Establishment of Priorities

Are necessary to decide which items or information are more important- a system of priority is needed,
critical importance and lesser importance; EEI highest priority intelligence requirements essential to
planning.

Phase II- Collecting of Information

The collecting agency determines what specific information is to be collected by whom and from whom.
After the collecting activity is carried out, the collected information is then submitted for processing.
General ideas in collecting of information

Ask the right questions in order to determine the seriousness of the threat.

Determine source(s) of information

Collecting Agency- any person, unit or activity that collects and/or processed information by research,
surveillance, or the exploitation of the source of information.

Criteria of collecting Agency/Unit

Capability

Balance

Multiplicity

Two Basic Collection strategies

Resource integration

Agent Mixed redundancy

Collecting Agency

Government Agencies/Office

Intelligence units/ intelligence agencies

Organization

Who is task to collect information

Intelligence officer/agent

Civilian Agent

Assets

Methods of collection

Overt

Covert

Contemporary means used in collection of information

Photography

Surveillance

Elicitation
Interview

Interrogation

Personnel Security Investigation

Tapping and bugging

Information Collection Planning- the continuous process which ultimately coordinates and integrates
the effort of all collecting Agencies/Units.

Reasons to adapt:

To ensure that we collect information in an efficient manner.

To ensure that we collect information in an effective manner.

Steps in Information Collection Plan

The information requirements of the Intelligence Task/Mission.

What information is needed to be collected?

Who we will collect this information from?

How we will collect this information?

Who we will use to collect this information?

When they should collect this information?

Factors to be considered in collection Planning

Personality

Organization

Resources/equipment

Activity

Phase III- PROCESSING OF COLLECTED INFORMATION

Phase in which information becomes intelligence. The processing phase of intelligence activity is the
most expensive and time consuming activity. Data processing involves the following:

Recording

Evaluation

Things to be consider during evaluation

Pertinence (significance)
Reliability
Accuracy
EVALUATION GUIDE

RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION (CUFNOR)

Completely reliable

Usually reliable

Fairly Reliability

Not usually reliability

Unreliability

Reliability cannot be judged

ACCURACY OF INFORMATION

Confirmed by other sources

Probably true

Possibly true

Doubtfully true

Improbable

Truth cannot be judged

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

T- Direct observation by the commander and chief of unit

U- Reports by penetration agent or resident agent
V- Report by PNP/AFP troops involved in encounter
W- Interrogation of captured enemy agent/ foreigner
X- Observation of government and civilian employee or official
Y- Observation by member of the populace
Z- Documentary

Interpretation- is the process of establishing the meaning and significance of information. It involves the
following:
Analysis
Integration
Deduction

Phase IV- DISSEMINATION AND USE

 This is the timely conveyance of intelligence information in an appropriate form and by any
suitable means to those who need. The primary purpose of timely dissemination is to enable the
commander to make decision which confidence; a secondary purpose is to provide knowledge, in light
of which new information may be processed.

Two principles preclude the release of intelligence information:

First, there must be the “need to know” on the part of recipient.

“Need to know” is not necessarily determined by a person’s position in the organization

hierarchy. Need to know is usually akin to tasked performed.

Secondly, a potential receipt should be “cleared” by responsible authority as being eligible to receive the
intelligence data.

Confidential sources are the lifeline of the intelligence effort. They must be protected at
almost any price. Therefore, it is apparent that the “need to know” and proper
clearance of the receiver are surpassed by the consideration, “will the use of data
destroy or endanger the source of information?”

Means of Dissemination

Method of Dissemination

Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the channel of command.

Memorandum, circulars, special orders.

Operations order, oral or written

Conference staff member

Intelligence document

Personal contact

Messages or electronic means

Criteria of dissemination

Timeliness

Propriety
Users of Intelligence

National Leaders and Commanders

Advisors and staff

Allied or friendly nation and Coordinated units of uniform personnel

Processor

INTELLIGENCE OPERATION

-is the result of intelligence planning. Planning is always ahead of operation, although an operation can
be made without a plan. It is usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but definitely, this is poor
intelligence management.

A. TASK INVOLVED IN POLICE INTELLIGENCE OPERATION

1. Discovery and identification activity
2. Casing- surveillance/reconnaissance
3. Liaison prison program
4. Informant management
5. Clipping services
6. Debriefing
7. Relevant Miscellaneous Activity
8. Utilization of informant planning and organizational employment purposes.

B. 14 CYCLES OF INTELLIGENCE OPERATION

1. Mission and Target
Infiltration
Penetration
2. Planning
3. Spotting
4. Investigation
5. Recruitment
6. Training
7. Briefing
8. Dispatch
9. Communication
Technical
Non-technical
10. Debriefing
11. Payment
12. Disposition
13. Reporting
14. Operational Testing
C. OVERT OR OPEN METHOD- in overt intelligence information or document is produce openly without
regards as to whether the subject of the investigation become knowledgeable of the purpose for which
it is being gathered.
D. COVERT METHOD- in covert intelligence, information is obtained without the knowledge of the
person against whom the information may be used or if the method of procurement are done in an
open manner.
E. OVERTMETHOD OF GAHTHERING INFORMATION
Interview
Interrogation
Instrumentation
Research
Investigation
Debriefing