Survey 6

THEODOLITE
• Accurate instrument used to measure

angles.
• Both horizontal and vertical angles are
measured.
TYPES
1. Transit theodolite
a) Vernier transit theodolite
b) Micro optic theodolite.
c) Electronic theodolite.
2. Non transit theodolite.
• Can only measure horizontal
angle
Parts
1. Telescope
2. Vertical circle.
Alidade assembly
3. Vertical clip screw.
4. Altitude spirit level.
5. A-frame.
6. Upper plate.
7. Lower plate.
8. Plate spirit level. Horizontal circle
arrangement
9. Levelling head.
10. Tripod.
Parts
Note
• The size of the theodolite is expressed by the
diameter of the scale plate.
➢ 80mm theodolite
➢ 120 mm theodolite etc.
• The altitude level is more sensitive than the plate
level.
Parts
Striding levels
• Installed for astronomical observations.
• Axis of striding level will be parallel to

the horizontal axis of the instrument.
Parts
Clamp screws and tangent screws.
Upper clamp Tight Tight Loose
Lower clamp Tight Loose Tight
No rotation Rotation without Rotation with

change in reading. change in reading.
Tangent screws are used for finer bisection after

clamping both the clamp screws.
Terminologies.
1. Transiting / reversing / Plunging.
• Process of rotating the telescope in the vertical
plane about the horizontal axis.
2. Swinging.
• The process of rotating the telescope in the
horizontal plane about the vertical axis.
• We have right swing and left swing.
3. Face left observation.

• The vertical circle is to the left face of the
observer.
• Also known as “Bubble up condition” or
“Telescope Normal”
Terminologies.
4. Face right observation.

• The vertical circle is on the right face of the
observer.
• Also known as “Bubble down condition” or
“Telescope Inverted”
5. Double Centering /Double sighting.

• Process of taking measurements by both face
observations.
• It increases the accuracy of the work.
Fundamental lines.
1. Horizontal axis.
• Axis about which the telescope is
transited.
• Also known as Trunnion axis.
2. Vertical axis.
• Axis about which the telescope is rotated
about the horizontal plane.
3. Altitude level axis.

• Axis tangential to the longitudinal curve
of the altitude level at the center.
Fundamental lines.
4. Plate level axis.
Axis tangential to the longitudinal curve
of the plate level at its center.
5. Line of sight.
Note.
When the bubble is at its center, the spirit
level axis should be parallel to the
horizontal ground.
Vertical circle
Altitude level
Telescope
Plate level
Horizontal Circle
Arrangement
VERTICAL AXIS
Fundamental relations.
1. Plate level axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

VERTICAL AXIS
2. Horizontal axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

VERTICAL AXIS
3. Line of sight perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

VERTICAL AXIS
4. Altitude level axis should be parallel to the LOS,

…when it is horizontal and the vertical circle should
…read 0-0.
VERTICAL AXIS
4. Altitude level axis should be parallel to the LOS,

…when it is horizontal and the vertical circle should
…read 0-0.
Temporary adjustments.
1. Setting
2. Centering
3. Levelling.
4. Elimination of parallax.
Permanent adjustments.
1. Plate level test.
To make the plate bubble at the center
of its run only when the vertical axis is
truly vertical.
2. Cross hair ring test.
To make the vertical cross hair in a
plane perpendicular to the horizontal
axis.
3. Collimation in azimuth test.
To make the LOS perpendicular to the
horizontal axis.
Permanent adjustments.
4. Spire test.
To make the horizontal axis
perpendicular to the vertical axis.
5. Bubble tube adjustment test.

To make the altitude level parallel
to the LOS when it is horizontal.
6. Vertical arc test.

To make the vertical circle read 0-0
when the LOS is horizontal and
perpendicular to the vertical axis.
Instrumental Errors eliminated by
Mean of two Vernier reading
Eccentricity of verniers and

centers
Eccentricity of inner and outer

axis
Measurement of horizontal angles.
Method of repetition.
Method of repetition.
• A horizontal angle is measured repeatedly for a
minimum of three times in clockwise direction.
𝑳𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅

• Final angle =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐:𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
• Provides an angle finer than possible with the

least count of the instrument.
Instrumental Errors eliminated by
Mean of several readings distributed over
different portions of the graduated circle
Eliminates Instrumental errors due to
imperfect graduations.
Method of reiteration / series / direction.
Method of reiteration / series / direction.
• Adopted when multiple angles have to be

measured from a single instrument station.
Measurement of vertical angles.
Uses of theodolite.
1.To measure horizontal and vertical angle.
2.To set out circular curves. (Two theodolite method)
3.To run a straight line between two points.
4.To prolong a line.
5.For ranging.
6.Can be used as level.

Traversing and omitted measurements
Methods of traverses.
1. Chain traverse
2. Compass traverse
Loose needle method: Directions of
magnetic meridians are established at
every traverse station. It’s a slow and
inaccurate method.
3. Plane table traverse
4. Theodolite or Transit traverse
Fast or fixed needle method: Directions
of the magnetic meridian is established
at the starting station only. Its more
accurate.
5. Tacheometric or Stadia traverse
6. Total station traverse
Plotting of a traverse
1. Angle and distance method.

Closing errors are identified only at the
end of plotting.
2. Coordinate methods.
Closing errors are identified, calculated
and corrected prior to plotting.
Traverse computations
1. Latitude (L)
2. Departure (D)
Latitude (L)
• The length of the projection of a line on the
N-S meridian.
• L = l cos 𝜽
• Northings are positive latitudes.
• Southings are negative latitudes.
Departure (D)
• The length of the projection of the line on
the E-W meridian.
• D = l sin 𝜽
• Eastings are positive departure.
• Westings are negative departure.
If the latitude and departure of a line AB is L
and D respectively then the length and bearing
of the line is given as
l = 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑫𝟐
−𝟏 𝑫
Ɵ = tan
𝑳
# The latitude and departure of a line AB is
3m and -4m respectively, the length and
bearing of the line AB is ____
Consecutive or Dependent coordinates.
Latitude and departure of the forward
point of a line w.r.t its previous point.
Total or Independent coordinates.
Latitude and departure of points
expressed w.r.t a common origin.
Total or Independent coordinates.
Latitude and departure of points
expressed w.r.t a common origin.
NOTE
• It is more accurate to plot with total coordinates

as compared to consecutive coordinates.
• Any error in the plotted position of a point in

consecutive coordinates will affect the position
of the next plotted position
Closing error (e) and angle of misclosure (α).

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THEODOLITE

• Accurate instrument used to measure

• Installed for astronomical observations.

• Axis of striding level will be parallel to

Clamp screws and tangent screws.

Upper clamp Tight Tight Loose

Lower clamp Tight Loose Tight

No rotation Rotation without Rotation with

Tangent screws are used for finer bisection after

3. Face left observation.

4. Face right observation.

5. Double Centering /Double sighting.

3. Altitude level axis.

1. Plate level axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

1. Plate level axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

2. Horizontal axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

1. Plate level axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

2. Horizontal axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

3. Line of sight perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

1. Plate level axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

2. Horizontal axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

3. Line of sight perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

4. Altitude level axis should be parallel to the LOS,

1. Plate level axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

2. Horizontal axis perpendicular to the vertical axis.

3. Line of sight perpendicular to the horizontal axis.

4. Altitude level axis should be parallel to the LOS,

5. Bubble tube adjustment test.

6. Vertical arc test.

Eccentricity of verniers and

Eccentricity of inner and outer

𝑳𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅

• Provides an angle finer than possible with the

Method of reiteration / series / direction.

• Adopted when multiple angles have to be

1.To measure horizontal and vertical angle.

2.To set out circular curves. (Two theodolite method)

3.To run a straight line between two points.

4.To prolong a line.

6.Can be used as level.

1. Angle and distance method.

• It is more accurate to plot with total coordinates

• Any error in the plotted position of a point in

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