Press 28 034719

One Variable Calculus and
Differential Equations
for non-majors – MT171
Idrissa S. A.
Amour.Idrissa@udsm.ac.tz
FS for General Periods

Department of Mathematics - UDSM
June 14, 2022
Other Periods, T = 2L
Moving from a period of T = 2π to T = 2L.
Transformation is introduced such that u = −π when
x = −L and u = π when x = L, one possibility
πx
u=
L
Lu
Let f (x) = f ( ) = F (u). Fourier series for F (u):
π
∞
F (u) = a0 + ∑ (an cos nu + bn sin nu)
n=1
where, the coefficients

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1 π 1 π
a0 = F (u)du, an = ∫ F (u) cos nudu
2π ∫−π π −π
1 π
bn = ∫ F (u) sin nudu n = 1, 2, . . .
π −π
If we change the variable to x, we have
πx π
u= Ô⇒ du = dx
L L
thus the series formed is
∞
nπ nπ
f (x) = a0 + ∑ (an cos x + bn sin x)
n=1 L L
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with Fourier coefficients of f (x) given by the Euler
formulas
1 L
a0 = f (x)dx (1)
2L ∫−L
1 L nπ
an = ∫ f (x) cos xdx n = 1, 2, . . . (2)
L −L L
1 L nπ
bn = ∫ f (x) sin xdx n = 1, 2, . . . (3)
L −L L
Interval of integrations: We may replace the interval
of integration by any interval of length T = 2L, for
example 0 ≤ x ≤ 2L.
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Periodic Square Wave
Example: Find the Fourier series of the function in
black
square wave and half wave rectifier
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−0.2
−2 −1 0 1 2
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⎧
⎪ 0 if − 2 < x < −1
⎪
⎪
⎪
f (x) = ⎨k if − 1 < x < 1 , f (x + 4) = f (x)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 if 1 < x < 2
⎪
Solution: T = 2L = 4 Ô⇒ L = 2
1 L 1 1 k
a0 = ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ kdx =
2L −L 4 −1 2
1 L nπ 1 1 nπ
an = ∫ f (x) cos xdx = ∫ k cos xdx
L −L L 2 −1 2
2k nπ
= sin
nπ 2
ISA MT171 – 2021/2022 6 / 18
Thus an = 0 if n is even and
⎧
⎪ 2k
⎪
⎪
⎪ if n = 1, 5, 9, . . .
⎪ nπ
an = ⎨
⎪
⎪ 2k
⎪
⎪
⎪ − if n = 3, 7, 11, . . .
⎩ nπ
1 L nπ 1 1 nπ
bn = ∫ f (x) sin xdx = ∫ k sin xdx = 0 why?
L −L L 2 −1 2
Hence the Fourier series is
k 2k π 1 3π 1 5π
f (x) = + ( cos x − cos x + cos x + . . . )
2 π 2 3 2 5 2
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Half-Wave Rectifier
Example: A sinusoidal voltage E sin wt where t is time,
is passed through a half-wave rectifier that clips the
negative portion of the wave (fig. in blue print). Find
the fourier series of the resulting periodic function.
⎧ π
⎪0
⎪
⎪ if − < x < 0
w
u(t) = ⎨ π
⎪
⎪
⎪ E sin wt if 0 < x <
⎩ w
Solution: T = 2L = 2π
w Ô⇒ L = w
π
Since u = 0 when −L < t < 0, we obtain

w π/w E
a0 = E sin wtdt =
2π ∫0 π
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Half-Wave Rectifier
1
using sin θ1 cos θ2 = ( sin(θ1 + θ2 ) + sin(θ1 − θ2 )), then
2
w π/w
an = ∫ E sin wt cos nwtdt
π 0
wE π/w
= [ sin(1 + n)wt + sin(1 − n)wt]dt
2π ∫0
If n = 1, the integral is zero, and if n = 2, 3, . . .:
π/w
wE cos(1 + n)wt cos(1 − n)wt
an = (− − )∣
2π (1 + n)w (1 − n)w 0
E − cos(1 + n)π + 1 − cos(1 − n)π + 1
= ( + )
2π 1+n 1−n
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Half-Wave Rectifier
If n is odd, this equal to zero, and for even n we have
E 2 2 2E
an = ( + )=− , n = 2, 4, 6, . . .
2π 1 + n 1 − n (n − 1)(n + 1)π
In a similar fashion we find that

w π/w
bn = E sin wt sin nwtdt
π ∫0
wE π/w
= [ − cos(1 + n)wt + cos(1 − n)wt]dt
2π ∫0
If n = 1, the integral is E /2,

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Half-Wave Rectifier
if n ≠ 1
π/w
wE sin(1 + n)wt sin(1 − n)wt
bn = [− + ] =0
2π (1 + n)w (1 − n)w 0
E
Ô⇒ b1 = and bn = 0 for n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
2
Consequently
E E 2E 1
u(t) = + sin wt − ( cos 2wt+
π 2 π (1)(3)
1 1
cos 4wt + cos 6wt + . . . )
(3)(5) (5)(7)
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Even and Odd functions
The function g is said to be even if g (−x) = g (x) and
odd if g (−x) = −g (x).
1 If g (x) is an even function, then
L L
∫−L g (x)dx = 2 ∫0 g (x)dx
2 If g (x) is an odd function, then

L
∫−L g (x)dx = 0
3 The product of an even and an odd function is odd.

Prove all the three facts!!!
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If f (x) is even, then f (x) sin(nπx/L) is odd,
Ô⇒ bn = 0, we obtain a Fourier series without sine
terms.
Similarly, if f (x) is odd, so is f (x) cos(nπx/L)
Ô⇒ a0 = 0 and an = 0, we obtain a Fourier series
without a constant term and cosine terms.
Theorem (Fourier cosine series, Fourier sine
series): The Fourier series of an even function of
period 2L is a Fourier cosine series
∞
nπ
f (x) = a0 + ∑ an cos x
n=1 L
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with coefficients
1 L 2 L nπ
a0 = ∫ f (x)dx, an = ∫ f (x) cos xdx, n = 1, 2, . .
L 0 L 0 L
The Fourier series of an odd function of period 2L is a
Fourier sine series
∞
nπ
f (x) = ∑ bn sin x
n=1 L
with coefficients
2 L nπ
bn = ∫ f (x) sin xdx, n = 1, 2, . . .
L 0 L
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Derived Functions
Theorem: The Fourier coefficients of a sum f1 + f2 are

the sums of the corresponding Fourier coefficients of f1
and f2 . The Fourier coefficients of cf are c times the
corresponding Fourier coefficients of f .
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Sawtooth Wave
Example: Find the Fourier series of the function
f (x) = x + π if − π < x < π and f (x + 2π) = f (x)
sawtooth wave
10
0
−10 0 10 20 30
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Sawtooth Wave
Solution: We may write f = f1 + f2 , where f1 = x and
f2 = π. The Fourier coefficients of f2 are 0 except for the
first term (constant term), which is π. Hence the
Fourier coefficients of f1 + f2 ; an , bn are those of f1
except for a0 which is π. Since f1 is odd a0 = 0 = an for
n = 1, 2, . . ., and
2 π 2 π
bn = f1 (x) sin nxdx = x sin nxdx
π ∫0 π ∫0
π
2 −x cos nx 1 π 2
= [ ∣ + ∫ cos nxdx] = − cos nπ
π n 0
n 0 n
2 2 2
⇒ b1 = 2 , b2 = − , b3 = , b4 = − . . .
2 3 4
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Sawtooth Wave
The Fourier series is therefore
1 1
f (x) = π + 2( sin x − sin 2x + sin 3x − + . . . )
2 3
Fourier series with 7 terms
8
f(x)
6
FS
4
−2
−4 −2 0 2 4
ISA MT171 – 2021/2022 18 / 18

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One Variable Calculus and

FS for General Periods

where, the coefficients

Since u = 0 when −L < t < 0, we obtain

In a similar fashion we find that

If n = 1, the integral is E /2,

2 If g (x) is an odd function, then

3 The product of an even and an odd function is odd.

Theorem: The Fourier coefficients of a sum f1 + f2 are

ISA MT171 – 2021/2022 15 / 18

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