HES032 (Microbiology and Parasitology)

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / SECOND YEAR

Session # 10

LESSON TITLE: Specific Host Defense Mechanism Materials:

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Book, pen, notebook, and paper

At the end of the lesson, the nursing student can:

1. Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immunity Reference:
(CMI);
2. Distinguish between active acquired immunity and passive Engelkirk, P., & Engelkirk, J. (2015). Burton's
th
acquired immunity; Microbiology for the Health and Sciences. 10
3. Distinguish between natural active acquired immunity and ed., Philadelphia: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins
natural passive acquired immunity; artificial active Tortora, G., F.B. (2016). Microbiology an
acquired immunity and artificial passive acquired th
Introduction. 12 ed., United States of America:
immunity and cite an example of each; Pearson Education Inc.
4. Enumerate the role of the different classes of antibodies
and T cells inthe adaptive immunity.
5. Briefly discuss the different types of vaccines.

Daily Productivity Tip:

Do not study in bed. Sit at a desk and create a good work atmosphere.

LESSON PREVIEW / REVIEW (5 minutes)

Recall from the five (5) cardinal signs of inflammation by filling in the boxes below:

Calor : : Swell

: Pain Rubor :

: Loss of function

Good! Today’s session is a continuation of the last session about host defense mechanism. Now, let us begin!

MAIN LESSON (50 minutes)

Unlike innate immunity, adaptive immunity is induced and specific to a particular microbial invader or foreign substance.
Adaptive immunity consists of two parts: humoral immunity and cellular immunity . Adaptive immunity is a range of microbial
defenses that target specific pathogens. We are now in the third line of defense.

Specific Host Defense Mechanism

Adaptive Immunity Remember!

Naturally Acquired Artificially Acquired
Active Passive Active Passive Adaptive Immunity is
ACQUIRED, SPECIFIC, AND
Active - antibodies are actually produced within the person’s body after WITH MEMORY
being exposed to an infection or getting a vaccine.
Passive - antibodies are directly transferred to individual. Individuals didn’t
do anything but to receive the preformed antibodies.

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Adaptive immunity is a dual nature with two major arms:

Humoral Immunity Cellular Immunity

B lymphocytes (from the red bone marrow) T lymphocytes (from the thymus)
production of antibodies recognize antigenic peptides after they have been
processed by phagocytic cells such as macrophages.

I. Humoral Immunity

Have you heard about IgM and IgG during the COVID-19 pandemic? These are one of the classes of antibodies.

REMEMBER ME G AMDE
IgG – Greatest plasma concentration (70-80%); Goes across
placenta
IgA- 13%; sAliva, teArs (body secretions)
IgM – 6%; Mega (largest immunoglobulin molecule);
activates compleMent easily
IgD – 0.02%; Don’t know function (serum function not known;
but presence on B functions are observed)
IgE – 0.002%; allergEE (allergy)

Antibodies are proteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen. An antigen is a substance,
usually foreign, that stimulates the production of antibodies.

In the battlefield, the antigens are the enemies while the antibodies are the soldiers to combat them.

IgM appears first in the initial exposure to the antigen while IgG follows later and provides long-term
immunity. The presence of IgM indicates an active infection while IgG indicates a past infection.

II. Cellular or Cell-Mediated Immunity

Humoral antibodies are effective against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria that are circulating freely, where the
antibodies can contact them. Intracellular antigens, such as a virus within an infected cell, are not exposed to
circulating antibodies. Some bacteria and parasites can also invade and live within cells. T cells probably evolved in
response to the need to combat intracellular pathogens. They are also the way in which the immune system
recognizes cells that are abnormal, especially cancer cells.

CLASSES OF T LYMPHOCYTES:

T Helper Cells (CD4+ T Cells) - cooperate with B cells in the

production of antibodies, mainly through cytokine signaling.
T Regulatory Cells (T Suppressor Cells) – to combat
autoimmunity by suppressing T cells that escape deletion in the
thymus without the necessary ―education‖ to avoid reacting
against the body’s self.
T Cytotoxic Cells (CD8+ T Cells) - has the ability to recognize
and kill target cells that are considered nonself. Primarily, these
target cells are self-cells that have been altered by infection with
a pathogen, especially viruses. Other important target cells are
tumor cells and transplanted foreign tissue.

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 Think and Learn: What is a cytokine storm?

Are all immune responses beneficial?

Hypersensitivity refers to an antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal; allergies are a familiar example

Types of Hypersensitivity

Type I Type II Type III Type IV

(Anaphylactic/Immediate) (Antibody Dependent (Immune Complex) (Delayed/Cell-
Reaction Cytotoxicity) Reaction Reaction Mediated) Reaction

anaphylaxis, asthma, hay Transfusion reaction, Serum sickness, Arthus Contact dermatitis,
fever, food allergies autoimmune hemolytic reaction, Lupus tuberculin test,
anemia, HDN erythematosus pneumonitis

Practical Applications of Immunology

Types of Vaccines
1. Attenuated vaccines. The process of weakening pathogens is called attenuation, and the vaccines are referred to
as attenuated vaccine.
2. Inactivated vaccines. Vaccines made from pathogens that have been Inactivated viruses or viral antigens: killed by
heat or chemicals—called inactivated vaccines—can be produced faster and more easily, but they are less effective
than live other.
3. Subunit vaccines. A subunit vaccine (or acellular vaccine) is one that uses antigenic (antibody-stimulating) portions of
a pathogen, rather than using the whole pathogen.
4. Conjugate vaccines. Successful conjugate vaccines have been made for protection against by conjugating bacterial
capsular antigens (which by themselves are not very antigenic) to molecules that stimulate the immune system to
produce antibodies against the less antigenic capsular antigens.
5. Toxoid vaccines. A toxoid is an exotoxin that has been inactivated (made nontoxic) by heat or chemicals. Antibodies
that neutralize toxins are called antitoxins, and a serum containing such antitoxins is referred to as an antiserum.
6. Autogenous vaccines. An autogenous vaccine is one that has been prepared from bacteria isolated from a localized
infection, such as a staphylococcal boil.
7. DNA vaccines. Currently, DNA vaccines or gene vaccines are only experimental.

Think and Learn: Are you vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine? If
so, what is your vaccine, and to which type above they belong?

TAKE A QUICK BREAK. BREATHE SLOWLY. WRITE FREELY.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (30 minutes)

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed.
You are given 30 minutes for this activity (20 points):

1. These are molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
a. antigen
b. antibodies
c. vaccines

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d. immunoglobulin
ANSWER:
RATIO:
Antigens are molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies.

2. These are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens.

a. antigen
b. antibodies
c. vaccines
d. immunoglobulin
ANSWER:

RATIO: Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens.

3. The primary function of these cells are to secrete of cytokines.

a. T cells
b. B cells
c. helper T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
ANSWER:
RATIO: Helper T cells primarily secrete cytokines to assist other immune cells in their responses.

4. The primary function of these cells is to destroy virally infected host cells, foreign cells, and tumor cells.
a. T cells
b. B cells
c. helper T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
ANSWER:
RATIO: Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for destroying virally infected cells, foreign cells, and tumor cells.

5. These vaccines can be injected safely to stimulate the production of antibodies that are capable of neutralizing the
exotoxins of pathogens
a. conjugate vaccine
b. inactivated vaccine
c. attenuated vaccine
d. toxoid vaccine
ANSWER:
RATIO: Toxoid vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies that neutralize the exotoxins of pathogens.

6. These vaccines should not be administered to immunosuppressed individuals, because it could cause disease in these
persons
a. conjugate vaccine
b. inactivated vaccine
c. attenuated vaccine
d. toxoid vaccine
ANSWER:
RATIO: Attenuated vaccines should not be administered to immunosuppressed individuals because they contain
live, weakened pathogens that could cause disease.

7. Are the first antibodies formed in the primary response to antigens including pathogens?

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a. IgA
b. IgM
c. IgD
d. IgE
e. IgG
ANSWER:
RATIO: IgM is the first class of antibodies produced in the primary immune response to an antigen.

8. This Ig attaches to viruses, bacteria, and protozoal parasites, such as Entamoeba histolytica, and prevents the
pathogens from adhering to mucosal surfaces, thus preventing invasion ?
a. IgA
b. IgM
c. IgD
d. IgE
e. IgG
ANSWER:
RATIO: IgA prevents pathogens from adhering to mucosal surfaces and thus helps in preventing infection.

9. The only class of immunoglobulin that can cross the placenta?

a. IgA
b. IgM
c. IgD
d. IgE
e. IgG
ANSWER:
RATIO: IgG is the only class of immunoglobulin that can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity
to the fetus.

10. An Ig that is found on the surfaces of basophils and mast cells?

a. IgA
b. IgM
c. IgD
d. IgE
e. IgG
ANSWER:
RATIO: IgE is found on the surfaces of basophils and mast cells and is involved in allergic responses
and defense against parasites.

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers to the students. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves.
Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER:
RATIO:

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3. ANSWER:
RATIO:

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4. ANSWER:
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LESSON WRAP-UP (5 minutes)

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

Exit Ticket: One-minute paper

a. How do you feel about today’s session? __ Happy __ Satisfied __ Sad __ Confused

b. What question(s) do you have as we end this session?

th
Reading Assignment: For the next session, read chapter 17 and 18 of Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Siences, 10
ed.

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