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    Methods of Heat Transfer Sda

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    Methods of Heat Transfer Sda

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    botswanaboy9
    8 views16 pages

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    METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER SDA

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    8 views16 pages

    Methods of Heat Transfer Sda

    Uploaded by

    botswanaboy9

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

    1.CONDUCTION
    2.CONVECTION
    3.RADIATION

    *SIMPLE MOLECULAR ACCOUNT OF HEAT TRANSFER


    IN SOLIDS(HOW SOLIDS CONDUCT HEAT)
    Conduction is the transfer of energy from one atom or molecule to
    another atom or molecule.
    *The atoms in a substance are always vibrating.
    * When heat is applied to a substance the heat energy is given to the
    atoms and they vibrate and move faster and so their kinetic energy
    increases.
    * The vibrating atoms bump into neighboring atoms and pass on their
    kinetic energy and so on. In this way the heat energy moves through
    the substance.

    * perform and describe experiments to demonstrate good and bad


    conductors of heat

    GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT;


    Metals are extremely good at conducting heat
    Non-metals are poor at conducting heat whilst liquids and gases are
    extremely poor
    Demonstrating Different Rates of Thermal Conduction in Metals

     A simple to demonstrate the relative conducting properties of


    different materials can be carried out using apparatus similar to
    that shown in the diagram below

    Experiment
    The above apparatus consists of 4 different metal strips
    of equal width and length arrange around an insulated circle

    Control variables: length of metal rod, diameter of rods, position in the


    Bunsen flame.
    *The drawing pin falls off the copper rod first followed by the
    aluminium.
    *From this we can conclude that copper conducts better than
    aluminium, while aluminium conducts better than iron and brass.

     Metals are the best thermal conductors


    o This is because they have a high number of free electrons

    Conduction: the atoms in a solid vibrate and bump into each other
    o

    BAD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT

    *Poor conductors are called insulators

    Water is a poor conductor of heat

    *RELATE CONVECTION IN FLUIDS TO DENSITY


    CHANGES

    Convection

     Convection is the main way that heat travels


    through liquids and gases
    o Convection cannot occur in solids
     When a fluid (a liquid or a gas) is heated:
    o The molecules push each other apart, making the
    fluid expand
    o This makes the hot fluid less dense
    o The hot fluid rises, and the cooler fluid moves in to take
    its place
    o Eventually, the hot fluid cools, contracts and sinks back
    down again
    o The resulting motion is called a convection current

    *Perform and describe experiments to illustrate convection


    (a) Demonstrating Convection Currents in liquids
     A simple demonstration of convection in liquids involves taking
    a beaker of water and placing a few crystals of potassium
    permanganate in it, to one side, as shown in the diagram above
     When the water is heated at that side, the potassium
    permanganate will dissolve in the heated water and rise along
    with the warmed water, revealing the convection current

    (b)Demonstrating Convection Currents in a gases

    EXAMPLE 1
    * The air around the candle flame is heated and expands. It becomes
    less dense, rises and escapes through chimney B.
    Colder air enters the chamber through chimney A due to convection
    currents.
    *The convection currents carry with them some of the smoke particles
    and as such smoke enters through chimney A and escapes through
    chimney B.
    *The arrows on the diagram indicate the direction followed by the
    smoke from the cloth.

    *show understanding of the term radiation (infrared)

    Thermal Radiation
     All objects give off thermal radiation
    o The hotter an object is, the more thermal radiation it emits
    o Thermal radiation is the part of the electromagnetic
    spectrum called infrared
     Thermal radiation is the only way in which heat can travel
    through a vacuum
    o It is the way in which heat reaches us from the Sun
    through the vacuum of space
     The color of an object affects how good it is at emitting and
    absorbing thermal radiation:

     The table below summaries the absorbing and emitting abilities


    `of different colors

    Absorbing and Emitting of Difference Colors Table

    NB:If a question refers to the color of something (black, white or


    shiny) then the answer will probably have something to do with
    thermal radiation! If the question involves a vacuum (empty space)
    then mention radiation as it is the only way in which heat can travel
    through a vacuum as conduction and convection require particles to
    transfer heat

    Investigating Good & Bad absorbers of radiant heat.


    The diagram below shows two cardboards placed at an equal distance
    from a heater. One cardboard is painted white while the other one is
    painted black. Metals pins are pasted to each cardboard with wax.

    Which of the two pins falls first? Explain why.


    ANSWER:
    Investigating Good & Bad emitters of radiant heat.
    Two test tubes, one painted black and the other painted white are
    filled with boiling water as shown in the diagram below. The two test
    tubes are then allowed to cool while the temperature of the water is
    measured over a period of time
    Which of the two thermometers will show a quick fall in temperature?
    Explain why.
    ANSWER:

    EVERYDAY APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTION,


    CONVECTION AND RADIATION
    Vacuum Flask

    1.Reduces heat transfer in or out through conduction, convection and radiation.


    2.Can store and maintain temperature (either hot or cold) of the contents in the
    flask.
    Type of heat How heat transfer is reduced
    transfer
    Vacuum between the double glass
    Convection
    walls.
    *Vacuum between the double glass
    walls.(vacuum is a bad conductor
    of heat)
    * The double walls of the flask are
    Conduction
    made of glass which is a poor
    conductor of heat

    *Insulated cover and stopper.


    *Shiny silvered inner surface of the
    Radiation
    glass walls.
    2.CAR COOLING SYSTEM

    *Water heated by the engine rises to the top of the engine


    *This water is pumped into the top of the radiator
    *The fan cools the water in the radiator
    *Cooled water falls from the radiator into the engine

    3.WATER HEATING SYSTEM


    *The process begins with radiation, where the sun's rays, which are electromagnetic waves,
    reach the solar collector of the heater.
    *This collector is typically a flat panel or a set of tubes coated with a dark, heat-absorbing
    material.
    *The absorbed solar radiation is then converted into heat, which is transferred to the water in
    the collector through conduction. Conduction is the process of heat transfer through a solid
    material, in this case, the walls of the collector and the water pipes.

    *The heated water then rises to the top of the tank due to convection, a process where heat
    is transferred through a fluid (in this case, water) due to the movement of molecules.
    * As the hot water rises, it is replaced by cooler water from the bottom of the tank, which is
    then heated by the collector. This cycle continues, maintaining a supply of hot water.
    4.SCHOOL UNIFORM
    A white shirt is usually recommended to be worn during summer to absorb less heat.
    Jerseys are usually dark coloured to help the students absorb more heat during winter
    or cold weather.
    5.HOW JACKETS KEEPS US WARM
    Our body supplies the heat, and the material helps to trap body heat and keeps the heat
    from escaping into the air.

    CONSEQUENCES OF METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER


    Land and sea breeze
    SEA BREEZE

    *During a daytime the land gets hotter than the sea.

    *The warm air rises upwards and is replaced by cool air that blows
    from the sea towards the land.

    *This sets up some convection currents known as Sea Breezes

    LAND BREEZE

    *At night the land loses heat faster than sea.


    *Now the warmer air over the sea rises and then is replaced by cool
    air that blows from the land to the sea and sets up convection currents
    that will be called Land Breezes
    Tropical Cyclones

    -Air over warm parts of the sea become warm.


    -The warm air rises carrying moisture high into the atmosphere.
    -The movement of the earth causes the airflow to spin
    -This huge spinning mass of moist air is called a tropical cyclone.
    -It causes wet cloudy weather with strong winds.
    -If the winds become very strong (120-350 km/h) the storm is called a hurricane or
    typhoon.

     Days & nights in deserts


    Nights are very cold, and the days are very hot.
    *During the day sand absorbs a lot of heat and as such days are hotter in the desert
    (Sand is a good absorber.). It has a very low specific heat capacity.

    *At night the sand emits most of its heat and as such nights can be very cold in the
    desert.
    *GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

    *Shorter wavelength radiation from sun easily penetrates the glass walls and roof and is
    absorbed by the plants.
    *It is reradiated /emitted as longer wavelength radiation which cannot pass through the glass
    wall therefore heat is trapped inside.

    *This is known as the Greenhouse effect.


    *The Greenhouse Effect gives rise to Global warming which in turn leads to
     climate change which could lead to extinction of some animal & plant
    species,
     melting of polar ice caps which results in flooding of coastal areas,
     Increase in violent storms (especially tropical cyclones) due to the
    increased energy in the atmosphere.
     Desertification in some areas.

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