ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Name: Irfan Ali

Roll no: 0000551352
Address: Jhang syedah shaheen town Islamabad
Contact number: 03198198378
Course name: Islamic studies
Code no.8221
Assignment no.2
Tutor name: Syed Mahboob Shah
Semester: Autumn 2023

Question no. 1: Write a detailed note on the Muslim contribution to the

sciences and arts.
Answer: The Brilliant Period of Muslim Commitment to Science and Expressions
The Islamic world encountered a prospering of logical and imaginative
accomplishment during what's frequently named the "Golden Age," generally
extending from the eighth to the thirteenth hundreds of years. This time saw
Muslims save and interpret old information as well as make notable disclosures
and advancements that established the groundwork for present day science and
craftsmanship.
Scientific Contribution:
Preservation and Interpretation: Muslim researchers assumed a vital part in
gathering, deciphering, and dispersing the logical works of old Greeks, Romans,
Indians, and Chinese. This immense information base became available to
European researchers during the Renaissance, filling future logical advancement.
Science: The world owes an extraordinary arrangement to Muslim mathematicians.
They created polynomial math (the actual word is Arabic), the idea of nothing, and
the numeral framework we use today (frequently called Arabic numerals). These
progressions were principal for additional numerical investigation.
Stargazing: Muslim cosmologists based upon crafted by Ptolemy and mentioned
huge observable facts of the night sky. They laid out observatories, developed
instruments like the astrolabe, and assembled star diagrams that helped route,
affecting European journeys of revelation.
Medication: Muslim doctors made critical commitments to medication through
headways in medical procedure, pharmacology, and life systems. They laid out
clinics with drug stores and wards, rehearsed cleanliness and sterilization, and
recognized different infections.
Artistic contribution of Muslim in various field.
Architecture: Islamic architecture is renowned for its intricate details, geometric
patterns, and use of domes, arches, and courtyards. Famous examples include the
Alhambra palace in Spain and the Taj Mahal in India.
Calligraphy: Arabic calligraphy, the art of beautiful writing, became a highly
revered art form in the Islamic world. It adorned mosques, manuscripts, and
everyday objects, demonstrating the importance of language and the written word.
Decorative Arts: Islamic art emphasized geometric patterns, floral motifs, and
arabesque designs. These adorned everything from textiles and ceramics to
metalwork and woodwork, showcasing a unique aesthetic style.
Literature: Arabic literature flourished during this era, producing works of poetry,
prose, and philosophy. The tales of "One Thousand and One Nights" are a notable
example, captivating audiences worldwide.
The Muslim commitment to science and expressions lastingly affects the world.
Their commitment to grant, interpretation, and development made ready for future
logical headways and keeps on rousing specialists and planners today. By
understanding this rich legacy, we gain a more profound appreciation for the
interconnectedness of societies and the ground works of the cutting edge world.

Question no. 2:Who were the Ashra Mubashrah (Ten Blessed Companions)?
Discuss their contributions to Islam.
Answer: The Ashra Mubashara, also known as the Ten Blessed Companions, were
a group of ten close companions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who were
promised Paradise by the Prophet himself. These companions were highly
respected for their strong faith, dedication, and important roles in the early days of
Islam.
Each of these companions had unique contributions to Islam:
1. Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.): He was the first male to convert to Islam and
provided crucial support to the Prophet. After the Prophet's passing, he
became the first Caliph and helped establish the Islamic community in
Medina.
2. Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (R.A.): Initially against Islam, he later
converted and became a strong defender of the faith. As the second Caliph,
he ruled justly and made significant contributions to Islamic law and
administration.
3. Hazrat Usman ibn Affan (R.A.): A wealthy companion who played a key
role in compiling the Quran. He was known for his generosity and served as
the third Caliph.
4. Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (R.A.): The Prophet's cousin and son-in-law,
known for his knowledge, bravery, and unwavering faith.
5. Hazrat Talha ibn Ubaydillah (R.A.): Known for his piety, generosity, and
participation in battles defending Islam.
 6. Hazrat Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (R.A.): An early convert known for his
courage and wealth, and a prominent figure in the early Muslim community.
7. Hazrat Abdur Rahman ibn Awf (R.A.): A successful merchant who
contributed to the economic development of the Muslim community with his
fairness and wisdom.
8. Hazrat Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (R.A.): A prominent military commander
who led successful battles in defense of Islam.
9. Hazrat Sa'id ibn Zayd (R.A.): Faced persecution for his faith but remained
steadfast in his beliefs.
10.Hazrat Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah (R.A.): A trusted companion known for
his piety, leadership skills, and strategic thinking.
The Ashra Mubashara played crucial roles in the early development of Islam by
being among the first to embrace the faith, defending Islam against persecution,
providing military leadership, establishing Islamic governance, passing down the
Prophet's teachings, and serving as examples of piety and devotion. Their
contributions continue to inspire Muslims today.
Question no. 3: What are the key features of Islamic Civilization?
Answer:
1. Islamic Faith: The core tenets of Islam, including the belief in one God
(Allah) and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, form the foundation of
Islamic Civilization. These beliefs guide the moral, ethical, and spiritual
aspects of life for Muslims.
2. Islamic Law (Sharia): Sharia is a comprehensive legal framework derived
from the Quran and Hadith, providing guidelines for personal conduct,
family matters, business transactions, and criminal justice. It serves as a
moral compass for Muslims and shapes their interactions with others.
3. Islamic Art and Architecture: Islamic art and architecture are
characterized by intricate geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy.
These artistic expressions adorn mosques, palaces, and other structures,
reflecting the beauty and complexity of Islamic civilization.
4. Scientific and Intellectual Achievements: Islamic scholars made
significant contributions to various fields, such as mathematics, astronomy,
medicine, and philosophy. Their translations of ancient texts and original
research led to advancements in knowledge that influenced the development
of science and technology.
5. Trade and Commerce: Islamic civilization was a hub of trade and
commerce, facilitated by networks connecting different regions. Cities like
Baghdad, Cairo, and Constantinople served as major trading centers,
fostering economic growth and cultural exchange.
6. Urban Centers: Islamic civilization developed vibrant urban centers with
bustling markets, mosques, palaces, and public buildings. These cities were
hubs of cultural, intellectual, and economic activity, showcasing the
achievements and diversity of Islamic societies.
7. Social Structure: Islamic societies had a hierarchical social structure based
on religious and tribal affiliations. Rulers, scholars, merchants, and artisans
each played distinct roles in society, contributing to its stability and
development.
8. Diversity and Tolerance: Islamic civilization exhibited cultural and
religious diversity, with Muslims, Christians, Jews, and others coexisting in
many regions. Islamic societies often demonstrated tolerance towards non-
Muslims, allowing them to practice their faiths and contribute to society.
These key features collectively define the essence of Islamic Civilization,
highlighting its rich history, cultural achievements, and enduring impact on
the world.
Question no.4:Who were the wives of the prophet (Mother’s of the Islamic
nation ).
Answer: The wives of the Prophet Muhammad, known as the "Mothers of the
Islamic Nation" or "Ummahat al-Mu'minin," were not only his spouses but
also esteemed figures in early Islamic history. Each of these women had
unique qualities and contributions to the Muslim community. Here is a brief
explanation of their significance:
1. Khadijah bint Khuwaylid: Khadijah was the first wife of the Prophet
Muhammad and a strong supporter of his mission. She was a successful
businesswoman and provided emotional and financial support to the Prophet
during the early years of Islam.
2. Sawda bint Zam'a: Sawda was known for her kindness and compassion.
She offered comfort to the Prophet after the death of Khadijah and played a
nurturing role in the household.
3. Aisha bint Abi Bakr: Aisha was a scholar and narrator of Hadith, known
for her intelligence and knowledge. She played a significant role in the
transmission of Islamic teachings and jurisprudence.
4. Hafsa bint Umar: Hafsa was known for her piety and devotion to Islam.
She was entrusted with the preservation of the Quran during the time of the
Prophet.
5. Zaynab bint Khuzayma: Zaynab was known for her generosity and care for
the less fortunate. Her marriage to the Prophet exemplified compassion and
support for widows.
 6. Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya: Umm Salama was known for her
wisdom and sound judgment. She provided counsel to the Prophet and the
Muslim community during challenging times.
7. Zaynab bint Jahsh: Zaynab was known for her compassion and charitable
deeds. She cared for the poor and needy in the community.
8. Juwayriya bint al-Harith: Juwayriya's marriage to the Prophet helped to
foster peace and unity among tribes. She symbolized the importance of
reconciliation and diplomacy in Islam.
9. Umm Habiba Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan: Umm Habiba's steadfastness in
her faith and migration to Abyssinia demonstrated resilience and
commitment to Islam.
10.Safiyya bint Huyayy: Safiyya's conversion to Islam and marriage to the
Prophet highlighted the inclusivity and acceptance of diverse backgrounds in
the Muslim community.
11.Maymunah bint al-Harith: Maymunah's marriage to the Prophet in his
later years showcased the importance of companionship and support in all
stages of life.
These women, as the wives of the Prophet Muhammad, played vital roles in
shaping the early Muslim community, providing guidance, support, and
leadership. Their examples continue to inspire Muslims around the world, and
they are revered for their contributions to the development and spread of
Islam.
Question. 5: Write a detailed note on Al-Tazkiyah (Self-Purification).
Answer: Al-Tazkiyah, also known as self-purification or spiritual purification, is a
fundamental concept in Islam that involves the purification and refinement of
one's inner self, character, and intentions. It is a process through which
individuals strive to cleanse their hearts, minds, and souls from negative traits,
 sins, and impurities, while cultivating positive qualities and virtues in
accordance with Islamic teachings.
Here are some key aspects of Al-Tazkiyah (Self-Purification):
1. Purification of the Heart: Al-Tazkiyah emphasizes the purification of the
heart from spiritual diseases such as arrogance, envy, greed, hatred, and
pride. It involves recognizing and addressing these negative traits through
self-reflection, repentance, and seeking forgiveness.
2. Seeking Nearness to Allah: Self-purification aims to strengthen one's
relationship with Allah by increasing faith, devotion, and sincerity in
worship. It involves striving to attain closeness to Allah through acts of
worship, remembrance, and mindfulness of His presence.
3. Developing Good Character: Al-Tazkiyah focuses on developing positive
character traits such as patience, humility, gratitude, compassion, and
honesty. It encourages individuals to embody the moral values and ethical
principles taught by Islam in their interactions with others.
4. Striving for Excellence: Self-purification involves striving for excellence in
all aspects of life, including personal conduct, relationships, and
responsibilities. It encourages individuals to excel in their actions,
intentions, and efforts to please Allah and benefit others.
5. Self-Reflection and Accountability: Al-Tazkiyah requires self-reflection,
introspection, and accountability for one's thoughts, words, and deeds. It
involves regularly assessing one's spiritual state, seeking self-improvement,
and taking responsibility for one's actions.
6. Avoiding Sin and Repentance: Self-purification entails avoiding sinful
behavior, harmful actions, and negative influences that can tarnish the soul.
It emphasizes repentance, seeking forgiveness from Allah, and making
amends for any wrongdoings.
 7. Continuous Growth and Progress: Al-Tazkiyah is an ongoing process of
self-improvement and spiritual growth that requires dedication,
perseverance, and commitment. It involves setting goals, seeking
knowledge, and striving for constant progress in one's spiritual journey.
By engaging in the practice of Al-Tazkiyah, Muslims seek to purify their hearts,
refine their character, and strengthen their connection with Allah. It is a
transformative process that leads to inner peace, spiritual fulfillment, and a
deeper understanding of the purpose of life in accordance with Islamic
teachings.

THE END.