A2 Physics H.W

Cambridge International AS & A Level
* 0 3 3 7 8 3 1 3 3 8 *
PHYSICS 9702/41
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions May/June 2022
2 hours
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 100.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 24 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (CE/SG) 304353/3
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2
Data
acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2
speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C
unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1
gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2
permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4
Formulae
uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

v 2 = u 2 + 2as
hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h
upthrust F = ρgV
fs v
Doppler effect for sound waves fo = v ! v
s
electric current I = Anvq
resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...
1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + ...
R R1 R2
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32
GM
gravitational potential ϕ =– r
GMm
gravitational potential energy EP = – r
1 Nm
pressure of an ideal gas p = 3 V 〈c2〉
simple harmonic motion a = – ω 2x
velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

v = !ω (x 02 - x 2)
Q
electric potential V =
4rf0 r
Qq
electrical potential energy EP =
4rf0 r
1 1 1
capacitors in series = + + ...
C C1 C2
capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + ...
t
discharge of a capacitor x = x 0 e - RC
BI
Hall voltage VH =
ntq
alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ωt
radioactive decay x = x0e–λt
0.693
decay constant λ =
t1
2
IR (Z 1 - Z 2) 2
intensity reflection coefficient =
I0 (Z 1 + Z 2) 2
Stefan–Boltzmann law L = 4πσr 2T 4
∆λ Df v
Doppler redshift á ác
λ f
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4
1 (a) (i) State Newton’s law of gravitation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Use Newton’s law of gravitation to show that the gravitational field strength g at a
distance r away from a point mass M is given by
GM
g= .
r2
[2]
(b) The Earth has a mass of 5.98 × 1024 kg and a radius of 6.37 × 106 m.
The Moon has a mass of 7.35 × 1022 kg and a radius of 1.74 × 106 m.
The Earth and the Moon can both be considered as point masses at their centres. Their
centres are a distance of 3.84 × 108 m apart.
(i) Show that the gravitational field strength at the surface of the Moon due to the mass of
the Moon is 1.62 N kg–1.
[1]
(ii) Explain why there is a point X on the line between the centres of the Earth and the Moon
where the resultant gravitational field strength due to the Earth and the Moon is zero.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(iii) Calculate the distance x of point X from the centre of the Moon.
x = ..................................................... m [3]
[Total: 10]

6
2 A sphere of mass 1.6 × 10–10 kg has a charge of +0.27 nC. The sphere is in a uniform electric field
that acts vertically upwards, as shown in the side view in Fig. 2.1.
SIDE VIEW
electric field lines
plane in which
sphere moves
sphere
Fig. 2.1
The force exerted on the sphere by the electric field causes the sphere to remain at a fixed vertical
height in a horizontal plane.
There is a uniform magnetic field in the region of the electric field. The sphere moves at a speed of
0.78 m s–1 in the horizontal plane. The magnetic field causes the sphere to move in a circular path
of radius 3.4 m, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 2.2.
VIEW FROM ABOVE
electric field lines

3.4 m out of the page
path of sphere
sphere
Fig. 2.2
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7
(a) (i) Determine the direction of the uniform magnetic field.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the motion of the sphere in the horizontal plane is circular.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Calculate the strength of the uniform electric field.
electric field strength = ............................................... N C–1 [2]
(c) By considering the magnetic force on the sphere, show that the flux density of the uniform
magnetic field is 0.14 T.
[3]
[Total: 8]

8
3 A fixed mass of an ideal gas is initially at a temperature of 17 °C.

The gas has a volume of 0.24 m3 and a pressure of 1.2 × 105 Pa.
(a) (i) State what is meant by an ideal gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the amount n of gas.
n = .................................................. mol [2]
(b) The gas undergoes three successive changes, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
4.0
C
pressure / 105 Pa
3.0
2.0
1.0 B A
0
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
volume / m3
Fig. 3.1
The initial state is represented by point A. The gas is cooled at constant pressure to point B
by the removal of 48.0 kJ of thermal energy.
The gas is then heated at constant volume to point C.
Finally, the gas expands at constant temperature back to its original pressure and volume at
point A. During this expansion, the gas does 31.6 kJ of work.
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9
(i) Show that the magnitude of the work done during the change AB is 19.2 kJ.
[2]
(ii) Complete Table 3.1 to show the work done on the gas, the thermal energy supplied to
the gas and the increase in internal energy of the gas, for each of the changes AB, BC
and CA.
Table 3.1
work done thermal energy increase in internal

change
on gas / kJ supplied to gas / kJ energy of gas / kJ
AB – 48.0
BC
CA – 31.6
[5]
[Total: 11]

10
4 A pendulum consists of a bob (small metal sphere) attached to the end of a piece of string. The
other end of the string is attached to a fixed point. The bob oscillates with small oscillations about
its equilibrium position, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
string
L
equilibrium
position bob
oscillations
Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)
The length L of the pendulum, measured from the fixed point to the centre of the bob, is 1.24 m.
The acceleration a of the bob varies with its displacement x from the equilibrium position as shown
in Fig. 4.2.
0.4
a / m s–2
0.2
0
–0.06 –0.04 –0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
x/m
–0.2
–0.4
Fig. 4.2
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(a) State how Fig. 4.2 shows that the motion of the pendulum is simple harmonic.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) Use Fig. 4.2 to determine the angular frequency ω of the oscillations.
ω = .............................................. rad s–1 [2]
(ii) The angular frequency ω is related to the length L of the pendulum by

k
ω =
L
where k is a constant.
Use your answer in (b)(i) to determine k. Give a unit with your answer.
k = .................................... unit .............. [2]
(c) While the pendulum is oscillating, the length of the string is increased in such a way that the
total energy of the oscillations remains constant.
Suggest and explain the qualitative effect of this change on the amplitude of the oscillations.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]

12
5 Fig. 5.1 shows four diodes and a load resistor of resistance 1.2 kΩ, connected in a circuit that is
used to produce rectification of an alternating voltage.
X
VIN 1.2 kΩ VOUT
Y
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) State what is meant by rectification.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the type of rectification produced by the circuit in Fig. 5.1.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A sinusoidal alternating voltage VIN is applied across the input terminals X and Y. The variation
with time t of VIN is given by the equation
VIN = 6.0 sin 25πt
where VIN is in volts and t is in seconds.
(i) On Fig. 5.1, label the output terminals P and Q with the appropriate symbols to indicate
the polarity of the output voltage VOUT. [1]
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(ii) The magnitude of the output voltage VOUT varies with t as shown in Fig. 5.2.
VOUT / V
0
0
t/s
Fig. 5.2
On Fig. 5.2, label both of the axes with the correct scales. Use the space below for any
working that you need.
[3]
(c) The output voltage in (b) is smoothed by adding a capacitor to the circuit in Fig. 5.1.
The difference between the maximum and minimum values of the smoothed output voltage is
10% of the peak voltage.
(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw the circuit symbol for a capacitor showing the capacitor correctly
connected into the circuit. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 5.2, sketch the variation with t of the smoothed output voltage. [2]
(iii) Calculate the capacitance C of the capacitor.
C = ...................................................... F [3]
[Total: 12]

14
6 (a) Define magnetic flux.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A square coil of wire of side length 12 cm consists of 8 insulated turns. The coil is stationary
in a uniform magnetic field. The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field, as
shown in Fig. 6.1.
magnetic field lines

into the page
12 cm
square coil
8 turns
terminals
Fig. 6.1
The flux density B of the magnetic field varies with time t as shown in Fig. 6.2.
400
B / mT
200
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
t/s
Fig. 6.2
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(i) Determine the magnetic flux linkage inside the coil at time t = 0.60 s. Give a unit with
your answer.
magnetic flux linkage = .................................... unit .............. [3]
(ii) State how Fig. 6.2 shows that the electromotive force (e.m.f.) E induced across the
terminals between t = 0 and t = 0.60 s is constant.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Calculate the magnitude of E.
E = ...................................................... V [2]
(c) The procedure in (b) is repeated, but this time the terminals of the coil are connected together.
State and explain the effect on the coil of connecting the terminals together during the change
of magnetic flux density shown in Fig. 6.2.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 11]

16
7 (a) State what is meant by a photon.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Electromagnetic radiation of a varying frequency f and constant intensity I is used to illuminate
a metal surface. At certain frequencies, electrons are emitted from the surface of the metal.
The variation with f of the maximum kinetic energy EMAX of the emitted electrons is shown in
Fig. 7.1.
4.0
EMAX / 10–19 J
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f / 1014 Hz
Fig. 7.1
(i) State the name of this phenomenon.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(ii) Describe three conclusions that can be drawn from the graph in Fig. 7.1. The conclusions
may be qualitative or quantitative.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) The experiment in (b) is repeated twice, each time making one change.
State, with a reason, how the graph obtained would compare with Fig. 7.1 when:
(i) a different metal is used, but keeping the intensity I of the radiation the same
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) the same metal is used, but with electromagnetic radiation of intensity 2I.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

18
8 (a) (i) State what is meant by nuclear binding energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, sketch a line to show the variation with nucleon number A of the binding
energy per nucleon E of a nucleus.
0
0 250
A
Fig. 8.1
[2]
(b) In one type of nuclear process, deuterium (21H) undergoes the reaction
2H + 21H 3He + 10n.

1 2
(i) State the name of this type of nuclear process.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain, with reference to your line in (a)(ii), why this reaction results in the release of
energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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19
(c) Table 8.1 shows the masses of the particles involved in the reaction in (b).
Table 8.1
particle mass / u
1n 1.008 665
0
2H 2.014 102
1
3He 3.016 029

2
Calculate the energy released when 1.00 mol of deuterium undergoes the reaction.
energy = ...................................................... J [5]
[Total: 12]

20
9 (a) (i) Explain how X-rays are produced for use in medical diagnosis.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State why X-ray images are taken of multiple sections of the body during computed
tomography (CT) scanning.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) An X-ray image is taken of the structure shown in Fig. 9.1.
2.4 cm
soft tissue bone

Q
incident detected
X-rays X-rays
5.6 cm
Fig. 9.1
The linear attenuation coefficient of bone is 3.4 cm–1.

The linear attenuation coefficient of soft tissue is 0.89 cm–1.
The incident X-rays are parallel and have a uniform intensity I0 across the structure.
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21
Determine, in terms of I0, the intensity of the detected X-rays from:
(i) point P
detected intensity = ...................................................... I0 [2]
(ii) point Q.
detected intensity = ...................................................... I0 [2]
(c) Explain, with reference to your answers in (b), whether the X-ray image of the structure in
Fig. 9.1 has good contrast.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]

22
10 (a) State Wien’s displacement law.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows the wavelength distributions of electromagnetic radiation emitted by two stars
A and B.
rate of
emission
star A
star B
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
wavelength / μm
Fig. 10.1
The surface temperature of star A is known to be 5800 K.
(i) Determine the surface temperature of star B.
surface temperature = ...................................................... K [2]
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23
(ii) Star B appears less bright than star A when viewed from the Earth.
Use Fig. 10.1 to suggest, with a reason, how else the physical appearance of star B
compares with that of star A.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The lines in Fig. 10.1 have been corrected for redshift.
(i) State what is meant by redshift.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how cosmologists are able to determine that light from a distant star has
undergone redshift.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
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24
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© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

* 4 5 9 1 8 0 5 8 6 2 *
PHYSICS 9702/42
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions May/June 2022
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (PQ/CT) 304031/3
2
Data

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0
Formulae

v 2 = u 2 + 2as
upthrust F = ρgV
fs v
s
1 1 1
R R1 R2
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32
GM
GMm
1 Nm

v = !ω (x 02 - x 2)
Q
4rf0 r
Qq
4rf0 r
1 1 1
C C1 C2
t
BI
Hall voltage VH =
ntq
0.693
decay constant λ =
t1
2
IR (Z - Z 2) 2
intensity reflection coefficient = 1
I0 (Z 1 + Z 2) 2
∆λ Df v
λ f

4
1 (a) (i) Define gravitational potential at a point.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Starting from the equation for the gravitational potential due to a point mass, show that
the gravitational potential energy EP of a point mass m at a distance r from another point
mass M is given by
GMm
EP = – r
where G is the gravitational constant.
[1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows the path of a comet of mass 2.20 × 1014 kg as it passes around a star of mass
1.99 × 1030 kg.
X 34.1 km s–1 star

mass 1.99 × 1030 kg
comet
mass 2.20 × 1014 kg
path of comet
At point X, the comet is 8.44 × 1011 m from the centre of the star and is moving at a speed of
34.1 km s–1.
At point Y, the comet passes its point of closest approach to the star. At this point, the comet
is a distance of 6.38 × 1010 m from the centre of the star.
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5
Both the comet and the star can be considered as point masses at their centres.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the change in the gravitational potential energy ΔEP of the
comet as it moves from position X to position Y.
ΔEP = ...................................................... J [2]
(ii) State, with a reason, whether the change in gravitational potential energy in (b)(i) is an
increase or a decrease.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Use your answer in (b)(i) to determine the speed, in km s–1, of the comet at point Y.
speed = .............................................. km s–1 [3]
(c) A second comet passes point X with the same speed as the comet in (b) and travelling in the
same direction. This comet is gradually losing mass. The mass of this comet when it passes
point X is the same as the mass of the comet in (b).
Suggest, with a reason, how the path of the second comet compares with the path shown in
Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]

6
2 (a) State Coulomb’s law.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Positronium is a system in which an electron and a positron orbit, with the same period,
around their common centre of mass, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
centre of mass
electron positron
The radius r of the orbit of both particles is 1.59 × 10–10 m.
(i) Explain how the electric force between the electron and the positron causes the path of
the moving particles to be circular.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Show that the magnitude of the electric force between the electron and the positron is
2.28 × 10–9 N.
[2]
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7
(iii) Use the information in (b)(ii) to determine the period of the circular orbit of the two
particles.
period = ...................................................... s [3]
(c) Positronium is highly unstable, and after a very short period of time it becomes gamma
radiation.
(i) Describe how gamma radiation is formed from the two particles in positronium.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State one medical application of the process described in (c)(i).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 13]

8
3 (a) Define specific latent heat of vaporisation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water at atmospheric pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa is
2.3 × 106 J kg–1. A mass of 0.37 kg of liquid water at 100 °C is provided with the thermal energy
needed to vaporise all of the water at atmospheric pressure.
(i) Calculate the thermal energy q supplied to the water.
q = ...................................................... J [1]
(ii) The mass of 1.0 mol of water is 18 g. Assume that water vapour can be considered to
behave as an ideal gas.
Show that the volume of water vapour produced is 0.64 m3.
[3]
(iii) Assume that the initial volume of the liquid water is negligible compared with the volume
of water vapour produced.
Determine the magnitude of the work done by the water in expanding against the
atmosphere when it vaporises.
work done = ...................................................... J [2]
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9
(iv) Use your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(iii) to determine the increase in internal energy of the
water when it vaporises at 100 °C. Explain your reasoning.
increase in internal energy = ...................................................... J [2]
(c) Use the first law of thermodynamics to suggest, with a reason, how the specific latent heat
of vaporisation of water at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure compares with its
value at atmospheric pressure.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]

10
4 (a) State what is meant by resonance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a heavy pendulum and a light pendulum, both suspended from the same
piece of string. This string is secured at each end to fixed points.
fixed points
string
heavy pendulum light pendulum
Fig. 4.1
Both pendulums have the same natural frequency.

The heavy pendulum is set oscillating perpendicular to the plane of the diagram. As it
oscillates, it causes the light pendulum to oscillate.
Fig. 4.2 shows the variation with time t of the displacements of the two pendulums for three
oscillations.
heavy
displacement / cm
0 light
0 t/s
Fig. 4.2
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11
The variation with t of the displacement x of the light pendulum is given by
x = 0.25 sin 5.0rt
where x is in centimetres and t is in seconds.
(i) Calculate the period T of the oscillations.
T = ...................................................... s [2]
(ii) On Fig. 4.2, label both of the axes with the correct scales. Use the space below for any
additional working that you need.
[2]
(iii) Determine the magnitude of the phase difference φ between the oscillations of the light
and heavy pendulums. Give a unit with your answer.
φ = .................................. unit ............... [2]
[Total: 8]

12
5 (a) Define the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Two capacitors, of capacitances C1 and C2, are connected in parallel to a power supply of
electromotive force (e.m.f.) E, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
C1
C2
Fig. 5.1
Show that the combined capacitance CT of the two capacitors is given by
CT = C1 + C2.
Explain your reasoning. You may draw on Fig. 5.1 if you wish.
[3]
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13
(c) Two capacitors of capacitances 22 μF and 47 μF, and a resistor of resistance 2.7 MΩ, are
connected into the circuit of Fig. 5.2.
12 V
X
2.7 MΩ
Y
22 μF 47 μF
Fig. 5.2
The battery has an e.m.f. of 12 V.
(i) Show that the combined capacitance of the two capacitors is 15 μF.
[1]
(ii) The two-way switch S is initially at position X, so that the capacitors are fully charged.
Use the information in (c)(i) to calculate the total energy stored in the two capacitors.
total energy = ...................................................... J [2]
(iii) The two-way switch is now moved to position Y.
Determine the time taken for the potential difference (p.d.) across the 22 μF capacitor to
become 6.0 V.
time = ...................................................... s [3]
[Total: 11]
14
6 (a) State the two conditions that must be satisfied for a copper wire, placed in a magnetic field,
to experience a magnetic force.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A long air-cored solenoid is connected to a power supply, so that the solenoid creates a
magnetic field. Fig. 6.1 shows a cross-section through the middle of the solenoid.
Z section through
solenoid wires
Y
W
X
Fig. 6.1
The direction of the magnetic field at point W is indicated by the arrow. Three other points are
labelled X, Y and Z.
(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw arrows to indicate the direction of the magnetic field at each of the
points X, Y and Z. [3]
(ii) Compare the magnitude of the flux density of the magnetic field:
● at X and at W .................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
● at Y and at Z. .................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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15
(c) Two long parallel current-carrying wires are placed near to each other in a vacuum.
Explain why these wires exert a magnetic force on each other. You may draw a labelled
diagram if you wish.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]

16
7 (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Two coils are wound on an iron bar, as shown in Fig. 7.1.
coil 2 V
iron bar
coil 1 V1
Fig. 7.1
Coil 1 is connected to a potential difference (p.d.) V1 that gives rise to a magnetic field in the
iron bar.
Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of the magnetic flux density B in the iron bar.
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4
Fig. 7.2
A voltmeter measures the electromotive force (e.m.f.) V2 that is induced across coil 2.
© UCLES 2022 9702/42/M/J/22

17
On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation with t of V2 between t = 0 and t = 0.40 s.
V2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4
Fig. 7.3
[4]
(c) Coil 2 in (b) is now replaced with a copper ring that rests loosely on top of coil 1. The supply
to coil 1 is replaced with a cell and a switch that is initially open, as shown in Fig. 7.4.
iron bar
copper ring
coil 1
Fig. 7.4
(i) The switch is now closed. As it is closed, the copper ring is observed to jump upwards.
Explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest, with a reason, what would be the effect of repeating the procedure in (c)(i) with
the terminals of the cell reversed.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

18
8 (a) State one piece of experimental evidence for:
(i) the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the wave nature of matter.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength λ of an alpha-particle moving at a speed of

6.2 × 107 m s–1.
λ = ..................................................... m [3]
(ii) The speed v of the alpha-particle in (b)(i) is gradually reduced to zero.
On Fig. 8.1, sketch the variation with v of λ.
0
0 6.2 v / 107 m s–1
Fig. 8.1
[2]
(c) Suggest an explanation for why people are not observed to diffract when they walk through a
doorway.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
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19
9 (a) (i) State Hubble’s law.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how cosmologists use observations of emission spectra from stars in distant
galaxies to determine that the Universe is expanding.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain how Hubble’s law and the idea of the expanding Universe lead to the Big Bang theory
of the origin of the Universe.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]

20
10 (a) State what is meant by radioactive decay.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A radioactive sample consists of an isotope X of half-life T that decays to form a stable
product. Only X and the stable product are present in the sample.
At time t = 0, the sample has an activity of A0 and contains N0 nuclei of X.
(i) On Fig. 10.1, sketch the variation with t of the number N of nuclei of X present in the
sample. Your line should extend from time t = 0 to time t = 3T.
1.00N0
0.75N0
0.50N0
0.25N0
0
0 T 2T 3T
t
Fig. 10.1
[3]
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21
(ii) On Fig. 10.2, sketch the variation with N of the activity A of the sample for values of N
between N = 0 and N = N0.
1.0A0
0.5A0
0
0 0.5N0 1.0N0
N
Fig. 10.2
[2]
(c) State the name of the quantity represented by the gradient of your line in:
(i) Fig. 10.1
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Fig. 10.2.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
N
(d) For the sample in (b), calculate the fraction N at time t = 1.70T.
0
N
N0 = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 11]
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* 6 3 0 6 2 7 6 2 5 5 *
PHYSICS 9702/41
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions October/November 2022
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE/JG) 320623
2
Data

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0
Formulae

v 2 = u 2 + 2as
upthrust F = ρgV
fs v
s
1 1 1
R R1 R2
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22

2
3
GM
GMm
1 Nm

v = !ω (x 02 - x 2)
Q
4rf0 r
Qq
4rf0 r
1 1 1
C C1 C2
t
BI
Hall voltage VH =
ntq
0.693
decay constant λ =
t1
2
IR (Z - Z 2) 2
intensity reflection coefficient = 1
I0 (Z 1 + Z 2) 2
∆λ Df v
λ f
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

4
1 (a) State the equation for the gravitational force F between two point masses m1 and m2 that are
separated by a distance r. State the meaning of any other symbols you use.
[2]
(b) A satellite is in a circular orbit of radius R around a planet of mass M.
Show that the period T of the orbit is given by
T 2 = kR3
where k is a constant that depends on the value of M. Explain your reasoning.
[3]
(c) A satellite is in a circular orbit around the Earth with a period of 24 hours.
The mass of the Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg.
(i) Calculate the radius of the orbit.
radius = ..................................................... m [2]
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5
(ii) State the two other conditions that must be met for the orbit to be geostationary.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]

6
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a laboratory thermometer that is calibrated to measure temperature in degrees
Celsius.
bulb glass tube
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
mercury capillary
Fig. 2.1
The thermometer makes use of the fact that the density of mercury varies with temperature.
(a) State two other physical properties of materials, apart from the density of a liquid, that can be
used for measuring temperature.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The thermometer is initially at 23.0 °C, as shown in Fig. 2.1. It is used to measure the
temperature of an insulated beaker of water that is at 37.4 °C. The bulb of the thermometer is
inserted into the water, and the water is stirred until the reading on the thermometer becomes
steady.
The mass of water in the beaker is 18.7 g.

The mass of mercury in the thermometer is 6.94 g.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1.
The specific heat capacity of mercury is 0.140 J g–1 K–1.
The glass of the thermometer and the beaker containing the water can be considered to have
negligible heat capacity.
(i) Calculate, to three significant figures, the final steady temperature indicated by the
thermometer in the water.
temperature = .................................................... °C [4]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22

7
(ii) Suggest one change that could be made to the design of the thermometer that would
enable it to give a more accurate measurement of temperature.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i) Explain why the thermometer in Fig. 2.1 does not provide a direct measurement of
thermodynamic temperature.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Thermodynamic temperature T may be determined by the behaviour of a type of

substance for which T is proportional to the product of pressure and volume.
State the name of this type of substance.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

8
3 An object is suspended from a spring that is attached to a fixed point as shown in Fig. 3.1.
fixed point
spring
object oscillations
equilibrium position
Fig. 3.1
The object oscillates vertically with simple harmonic motion about its equilibrium position.
(a) State the defining equation for simple harmonic motion. Identify the meaning of each of the
symbols used to represent physical quantities.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The variation with displacement x from the equilibrium position of the velocity v of the object
is shown in Fig. 3.2.
0.2
v / m s–1
0.1
0
– 0.12 – 0.08 – 0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.12
x/m
– 0.1
0.2
– 0.2
Fig. 3.2
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9
The variation with x of the potential energy EP of the oscillations of the object is shown in
Fig. 3.3.
0.050
EP / J
0.025
0
– 0.12 – 0.08 – 0.04 0 0.04 0.08 x / m 0.12
Fig. 3.3
Use Fig. 3.2 and Fig. 3.3 to:
(i) determine the amplitude x0 of the oscillations
x0 = ..................................................... m [1]
(ii) show that the angular frequency of the oscillations is 1.7 rad s–1
[2]
(iii) determine the mass M of the object.
M = .................................................... kg [2]

10
(c) The oscillations of the object are now lightly damped.
(i) State what is meant by damping.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Assume that the damping does not change the angular frequency of the oscillations.
On Fig. 3.2, sketch the variation with x of v when the amplitude of the oscillations
is 0.060 m. [2]
[Total: 11]
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11
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12
4 (a) State what is indicated by the direction of an electric field line.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a pair of parallel metal plates with a potential difference (p.d.) of 2400 V
between them.
+ 2400 V
metal plates
4.6 cm
0V
Fig. 4.1
The plates are separated by a distance of 4.6 cm. The plates are in a vacuum.
(i) On Fig. 4.1, draw five lines to represent the electric field in the region between the plates.
[3]
(ii) Calculate the strength of the electric field between the plates.
electric field strength = ............................................... N C–1 [2]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22

13
(c) A moving proton enters the region between the plates from the left, as shown in Fig. 4.2.
+ 2400 V
region of
electric field
proton
0V
Fig. 4.2
(i) The proton is deflected by the electric field.
On Fig. 4.2, draw a line to show the path of the proton as it moves through and out of the
region of the electric field. [2]
(ii) A helium nucleus ( 42He) now enters the region of the electric field along the same initial
path as the proton and travelling at the same initial speed.
State and explain how the final speed of the helium nucleus compares with the final
speed of the proton after leaving the region of the electric field.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]

14
5 A capacitor of capacitance 470 μF is connected to a battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 24 V in

the circuit of Fig. 5.1.
X Y
24 V 470 μF V
P Q
5.6 kΩ 5.6 kΩ
Fig. 5.1
The two-way switch S is initially at position X.
P and Q are identical long straight wires, each with a resistance of 5.6 kΩ. These wires are placed
near to, and parallel to, each other. Wire Q is connected to a voltmeter.
At time t = 0, switch S is moved to position Y so that the capacitor discharges through wire P.
(a) (i) Calculate the charge Q0 on the capacitor at time t = 0.
Q0 = ..................................................... C [2]
(ii) Calculate the current I0 in wire P at time t = 0.
I0 = ...................................................... A [1]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22

15
(iii) Calculate the time constant τ of the discharge circuit.
τ = ...................................................... s [2]
(iv) On Fig. 5.2, sketch a line to show the variation with t of the current I in wire P as the
capacitor discharges.
I0
0
0 t
Fig. 5.2
[2]
(b) (i) Explain why there is an induced e.m.f. across wire Q during the discharge of the
capacitor.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) On Fig. 5.3, sketch a line to suggest the variation with t of the voltmeter reading V.
0
0 t
Fig. 5.3
[1]
[Total: 11]

16
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a thin slice of semiconducting material used in a Hall probe.
Q R
X Y
P S
W Z
I
Current I passes through the slice in the direction shown.
The slice is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B, so that two of its faces are
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
A steady Hall voltage VH is developed between face PQXW and face SRYZ.
(a) (i) Use the letters in Fig. 6.1 to identify the faces that are perpendicular to the magnetic
field.
....................................................... and ....................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain how the steady Hall voltage VH is developed between faces PQXW and SRYZ.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22

17
(b) The magnitude of VH is given by the equation

BI
VH = .
ntq
(i) State the meaning of the symbols n, t and q. You may refer to the letters in Fig. 6.1.
n: .......................................................................................................................................
t: ........................................................................................................................................
q: .......................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Suggest, with reference to the equation, why the slice of the material used in a Hall
probe is thin.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

18
7 (a) A sinusoidal alternating voltage has a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) potential difference (p.d.) of
4.2 V and a frequency of 50 kHz.
(i) The alternating voltage is applied across a resistor of resistance 760 Ω.
By considering the peak voltage, show that the maximum power dissipated by the
resistor is 46 mW.
[2]
(ii) On Fig. 7.1, draw a smooth curve to show how the power P dissipated in the resistor
varies with time t between t = 0 and t = 40 μs. Assume that P = 0 when t = 0.
50
P / mW
25
0
0 10 20 30 40
t / μs
Fig. 7.1
[3]
(iii) Use your line in (a)(ii) to explain why the mean power dissipated in the resistor is 23 mW.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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19
(b) The alternating voltage in (a) is now applied to a piezoelectric crystal in air.
(i) Explain what happens to the air surrounding the crystal.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) A second piezoelectric crystal is placed in the air near to the first crystal.
Explain the effect of the surrounding air in (b)(i) on the second crystal.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

20
8 (a) State what is meant by the work function energy of a metal.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Ultraviolet radiation of frequency 1.36 × 1015 Hz is incident, in a vacuum, on a metal surface.
The power of the radiation incident on the surface is 8.36 mW. Photoelectrons are emitted
with a maximum kinetic energy of 3.09 × 10–19 J.
(i) Determine the number of photons incident on the surface per unit time.
number per unit time = ................................................... s–1 [2]
(ii) Calculate the work function energy Φ of the metal.
Φ = ...................................................... J [2]
(c) The frequency of the radiation incident on the surface in (b) is increased while the power
remains constant.
State and explain the effect of this change on:
(i) the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) the rate of emission of photoelectrons.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22
21
9 (a) State what is meant by the luminosity of a star.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A star in the constellation Canis Major is a distance of 8.14 × 1016 m from the Earth and has a
luminosity of 9.86 × 1027 W. The surface temperature of the star is 9830 K.
(i) Calculate the radiant flux intensity of the radiation from the star observed from the Earth.
Give a unit with your answer.
radiant flux intensity = ............................................. unit ................. [2]
(ii) Determine the radius of the star.
radius = ..................................................... m [2]
(c) Explain how the surface temperature of a distant star may be determined from the wavelength
spectrum of the light from the star.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]

22
10 Carbon-15 (156C) is an isotope of carbon that undergoes radioactive decay to nitrogen-15 (157 N),
which is a stable isotope of nitrogen.
Radioactive decay is both a random and a spontaneous process.
(a) State what is meant by:
(i) random
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) spontaneous.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A small sample of carbon-15 decays. The mass M of carbon-15 in the sample decreases with
time t.
Fig. 10.1 shows the variation with t of the value of ln (M / 10–16 g).
–4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
t/s
–5
In (M / 10–16 g)
–6
–7
–8
Fig. 10.1
(i) State how Fig. 10.1 demonstrates that radioactive decay is random.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 10.1, draw the straight line of best fit. [1]
© UCLES 2022 9702/41/O/N/22

23
(iii) Show that the decay constant λ of carbon-15 is given by the magnitude of the gradient of
your line in (b)(ii).
[1]
(iv) Use your line in (b)(ii) to determine λ. Give a unit with your answer.
λ = ....................................................... unit .......................... [2]
(v) Use your answer in (b)(iv) to calculate the half-life of carbon-15.
half-life = ...................................................... s [1]
(c) The equation for the decay of carbon-15 can be written as
15C 15N + 0 + 0ν.

6 7 –1β 0
State and explain how the mass of the products of the decay must compare with the mass of
the carbon-15 nucleus.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
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24
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* 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 0 3 4 *
PHYSICS 9702/51
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation May/June 2022
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
This document has 8 pages.
DC (CJ/JG) 303266/3
2
1 Two parallel metal plates, each of area A, are separated by a small distance d, as shown in
Fig. 1.1.
area A
metal plates
The plates are initially charged using a power supply.
The plates are then connected to an uncharged capacitor. The potential difference V across the
capacitor is measured.
It is suggested that V is related to d by the relationship

W Cd
=1+
V KA
where C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and K and W are constants.
Plan a laboratory experiment to test the relationship between V and d.
Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of your equipment.
Explain how the results could be used to determine values for K and W.
In your plan you should include:
● the procedure to be followed
● the measurements to be taken
● the control of variables
● the analysis of the data
● any safety precautions to be taken.
© UCLES 2022 9702/51/M/J/22

3
Diagram
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© UCLES 2022 9702/51/M/J/22
5
2 A student investigates the relationship between the luminosity L of a star and its mass M for a set
of stars known as main-sequence stars.
It is suggested that L and M are related by the equation
L = SZM n
where S is the luminosity of the Sun, and Z and n are constants.
(a) A graph is plotted of lg L on the y-axis against lg M on the x-axis.
Determine expressions for the gradient and y-intercept.
gradient = ...............................................................
y-intercept = ...............................................................
[1]

6
(b) Values of M and L are given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
M / 1030 kg L / 1028 W lg (M / 1030 kg) lg (L / 1028 W)
4.8 ± 0.4 1.4
6.4 ± 0.4 3.1
12 ± 2 32
23 ± 2 350
43 ± 4 3600
91 ± 4 66 000
Calculate and record values of lg (M / 1030 kg) and lg (L / 1028 W) in Table 2.1.
Include the absolute uncertainties in lg (M / 1030 kg). [2]
(c) (i) Plot a graph of lg (L / 1028 W) against lg (M / 1030 kg).

Include error bars for lg (M / 1030 kg). [2]
(ii) Draw the straight line of best fit and a worst acceptable straight line on your graph. Label
both lines. [2]
(iii) Determine the gradient of the line of best fit. Include the absolute uncertainty in your
answer.
gradient = ......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 9702/51/M/J/22

7
5.5
5.0
lg (L / 1028 W)
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
lg (M / 1030 kg)

8
(iv) Determine the y-intercept of the line of best fit. Include the absolute uncertainty in your
answer.
y-intercept = ......................................................... [2]
(d) Using your answers to (a), (c)(iii) and (c)(iv), determine the values of n and Z. Include the
absolute uncertainties in your values. You need not be concerned with units.
Data: S = 3.85 × 1026 W
n = ...............................................................
Z = ...............................................................
[3]
(e) Another main-sequence star has a mass of 3.0 × 1030 kg.
Determine the luminosity L of this star.
L = ..................................................... W [1]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2022 9702/51/M/J/22

* 3 3 9 4 9 3 2 6 3 9 *
PHYSICS 9702/52
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation May/June 2022
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (RW/SG) 303271/3
2
1 Two parallel cylindrical conductors each have a small cross‑sectional area A. A thin metal bar
connects the two conductors, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
area A
C
cylindrical
x
conductors metal bar
C
y area A
The metal bar has a square cross‑section with sides of length y. For each conductor, the distance
between its end C and the centre of the metal bar is L. The distance between the centres of the
conductors is x.
The ends C are connected to a power supply and the current I in the conductors is measured.
It is suggested that I is related to L by the relationship

E 2PL Qx
= + 2
I A y
where E is the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the power supply, and P and Q are constants.
Plan a laboratory experiment to test the relationship between I and L.
Explain how the results could be used to determine values for P and Q.
© UCLES 2022 9702/52/M/J/22

3
Diagram
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© UCLES 2022 9702/52/M/J/22
5
2 The brightness of some stars varies regularly. These stars are called variable stars.
Fig. 2.1 shows the variation of luminosity with time for a variable star.
period
luminosity
time
Fig. 2.1
A student determines the period T and mean luminosity L of the star.
The student repeats the process for different variable stars.
It is suggested that L and T are related by the equation
L = SKT a
where S is the luminosity of the Sun, and a and K are constants.
(a) A graph is plotted of lg L on the y‑axis against lg T on the x‑axis.
Determine expressions for the gradient and y‑intercept.
gradient = ...............................................................
y‑intercept = ...............................................................
[1]

6
(b) Values of T and L are given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
T / days L / 1030 W lg (T / days) lg (L / 1030 W)
22 2.9 ± 0.2
32 4.9 ± 0.2
42 6.9 ± 0.2
54 9.8 ± 0.2
78 16 ± 2
97 21 ± 2
Calculate and record values of lg (T / days) and lg (L / 1030 W) in Table 2.1.

Include the absolute uncertainties in lg (L / 1030 W). [2]
(c) (i) Plot a graph of lg (L / 1030 W) against lg (T / days).

Include error bars for lg (L / 1030 W). [2]
both lines. [2]
answer.
gradient = ......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 9702/52/M/J/22

7
1.5
1.4
lg (L / 1030 W)
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
lg (T / days)

8
(iv) Determine the y‑intercept of the line of best fit. Include the absolute uncertainty in your
answer.
y‑intercept = ......................................................... [2]
(d) Using your answers to (a), (c)(iii) and (c)(iv), determine the values of a and K. Include the
absolute uncertainties in your values. You need not be concerned with units.
Data: S = 3.85 × 1026 W
a = ...............................................................
K = ...............................................................
[3]
(e) A variable star has a period of 5.0 days.
Determine the luminosity L of this star.
L = ..................................................... W [1]
[Total: 15]
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
© UCLES 2022 9702/52/M/J/22

* 8 5 6 1 5 2 0 7 9 3 *
PHYSICS 9702/51
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation October/November 2022
1 hour 15 minutes
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE/SG) 320624
2
1 A thin copper sheet is suspended from a small hole near the top of the sheet and placed in a
magnetic field, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
t
hole
copper sheet
area A
direction of
magnetic field
The sheet has area A and thickness t.
The sheet is displaced from its equilibrium position through a horizontal distance s0 and then
released so that it oscillates perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. The horizontal
distance s of the sheet from its equilibrium position is measured after five complete oscillations.
It is suggested that s is related to A by the relationship
s = s0e–ABKt
where B is the magnetic flux density of the field and K is a constant.
Plan a laboratory experiment to test the relationship between s and A.
Explain how the results could be used to determine a value for K.
© UCLES 2022 9702/51/O/N/22

3
Diagram
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5
2 A student investigates a circuit containing resistors and a metal wire as shown in Fig. 2.1.
Z P Q
crocodile clips
V
metal wire
Y
Fig. 2.1
Resistors Y and Z have resistances Y and Z respectively.
The student connects a resistor of resistance R between P and Q.
The student then adjusts the length of the wire between the crocodile clips until the voltmeter
reads zero. The student measures the length L of wire between the crocodile clips.
The student repeats the experiment with different values of R.
It is suggested that L and R are related by the equation
Z 4ρL
=
R πYd 2
where d is the diameter of the wire and ρ is the resistivity of the metal.
1
(a) A graph is plotted of L on the y-axis against on the x-axis.
R
Determine an expression for the gradient.
gradient = ......................................................... [1]

6
(b) Values of R and L are given in Table 2.1.
Each resistance value R has a percentage uncertainty of ± 5%.
Table 2.1
R/Ω 1 L / cm
/ 10–3 Ω–1
R
22 71.0
27 57.5
33 45.0
39 36.5
47 27.5
54 23.0
1
Calculate and record values of / 10–3 Ω–1 in Table 2.1.
R
1
Include the absolute uncertainties in . [2]
R
1
(c) (i) Plot a graph of L / cm against / 10–3 Ω–1.
R
1
Include error bars for . [2]
R
both lines. [2]
answer.
gradient = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 9702/51/O/N/22
7
75
70
L / cm
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1
/ 10–3 Ω–1
R

8
(d) The student measures the diameter of the wire. The student’s values are:
0.263 mm 0.262 mm 0.263 mm 0.257 mm 0.262 mm 0.259 mm.
Determine the average diameter d. Include the absolute uncertainty in d.
d = .................................................. mm [1]
(e) (i) Resistors Y and Z each have a resistance of 22 Ω ± 5%.
Using your answers to (a), (c)(iii) and (d), determine the value of ρ. Include an appropriate
unit.
ρ = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Determine the percentage uncertainty in ρ.
percentage uncertainty in ρ = ..................................................... % [1]
(f) Determine the resistance R that would give a value of L of 95.0 cm. Include the absolute
uncertainty in your answer.
R = ..................................................... Ω [2]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2022 9702/51/O/N/22

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acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

simple harmonic motion a = – ω 2x

velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + ...

alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ωt

radioactive decay x = x0e–λt

Stefan–Boltzmann law L = 4πσr 2T 4

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

1 (a) (i) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

electric field lines

VIEW FROM ABOVE

electric field lines

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

(a) (i) Determine the direction of the uniform magnetic field.

(b) Calculate the strength of the uniform electric field.

electric field strength = ............................................... N C–1 [2]

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

3 A fixed mass of an ideal gas is initially at a temperature of 17 °C.

(a) (i) State what is meant by an ideal gas.

(ii) Calculate the amount n of gas.

n = .................................................. mol [2]

The gas is then heated at constant volume to point C.

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

work done thermal energy increase in internal

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

ω = .............................................. rad s–1 [2]

(ii) The angular frequency ω is related to the length L of the pendulum by

k = .................................... unit .............. [2]

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

(a) (i) State what is meant by rectification.

VIN = 6.0 sin 25πt

where VIN is in volts and t is in seconds.

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

(iii) Calculate the capacitance C of the capacitor.

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22 [Turn over