CHAPTER 4:

GENDER:
SYSTEM,
THEORIES,
AND RIGHTS
Ms. Allysha D. Narvasa, RPm
 LESSON 1: PATRIARCHY

01 define patriarchy

02 know what men control in a patriarchal system

03 discuss the characteristiccs of a patriarchal system
discuss a belief system regarding gender that served a
social structure that considered men superior over women.
CIVIL CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
ARTICLE 370. A married woman may use:
(1) Her maiden first name and surname and add her
husband’s surname, or
(2) Her maiden first name and her husband’s
surname, or
(3) Her husband’s full name, but prefixing a word
indicating that she is his wife, such as “Mrs.”
*using of maiden name even if married is NOT
prohibited (Supreme Court)
*traditional beliefs on women’s roles remain evident
 PATRIARCHY
Greek word Patriarkhes = “rule
of the father”
patrilineal society - only men
Describes the power of the can inherit property and the
father as head of household family name.
Systematic organization of male history suggests an egalitarian
supremacy and female system rather than a patriarchal
subordination one. = concept of divine
Oppress women through social, feminine
political, and economic
institutions.
 Promotes male privilege
PATRIARCHAL (male-dominated, male-

SOCIETIES
identified, male-centered)
Propagate the ideology of
motherhood.

WHAT MEN CONTROL IN THE

PATRIARCHAL SYSTEM?
Women’s productive (labor)
power
Women’s reproduction
Women’s sexuality
Women’s mobility
Property and other
economic resources
 Women’s reproduction
women cannot decide as to how
many children they want, or a
decision to terminate the
pregnancy

Women’s productive
(labor) power
women’s productivity
both within the
household and
outside
 Women’s mobility
imposition of restriction
limit on interaction

Women’s sexuality
women are obliged Property and economic resources
to provide sexual most property and other
services to their productive assets are
husbands. moderated by men and are
the way they dress, passed on from father to son
behave and mobility
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
PATRIARCHAL SYSTEM
Male dominance - me n makes all
decisions
Male identification - qualities
associated to men
Male centered - men are the heroes
and center of activity
Men must be in control at all times
MEN’S RIGHTS LOBBY
“Men are now the gender victims as a result of
feminism having gone too far, with men having
increased responsibilities but few rights around
issues of marriage, divorce, child custody and
access to children”

modern legislation is seen to be

overprotective of women’s interest,
resulting in discrimination against
men
MASCULINITY THEMES

I. MULTIPLE MASCULINITY
there is no one pattern of masculinity that is found
everywhere
different cultures and different periods of history
homosexuality
economic class
masculinities cannot be delimited to a sole definition
or description as various countries, culture, and levels
in life view this concept differently
MASCULINITY THEMES

II. HIERARCHY AND HEGEMONY

hegemonic masculinity - culturaly dominant in a given
setting. it contains within it the image of the man in
power, a man with power and a man of power. We
equate manhood with being strong, successful,
capable, reliable, in control.
pattern of practice that allowed men’s dominance
over women to continue
lesson 2:
sexism
 Lesson
Objectives
01 define sexism and how it works

02 discuss the different tyoes of sexism

03 discuss institutional sexism

 What is
sexism?
Is prejudice or discrimination based on a person’s
sex or gender; but especially against women and
girls
Means of maintaining control
Forms of oppression may be economical,
educational, political, social and cultural
Became widely known in the 1960sduring the
women’s liberation movement
21st century = oppression of any gender
types of sexism
 old-fashioned
explicit and overt beliefs that men are superior

modern
arguing that opportunities for men and women are
now equal and those who complain about sexism are
just hostile towards men.

hostile
belief that women are whiny individuals who love to control
men by being a sexual tease.
benevolent ambivalent
believes that women possess belief that some women are
the qualities of purity and worthy of love and respect,
morality and should be while others deserve bad
treated like a princess. seems treatment.
to favor women but is
condescending.
institutional
sexism
When society provides different opportunities and
benefits for one sex over the other
Philippines is one of the most gender equal country
worldwide as well as being the tope ASEAN country
and only Asian country that is in the top ten Global
Gender Gap report (PSA, 2018)
Filipino women earn 8.5% lower than men the same
profession (2018)
institutional
sexism
4 areas of Institutional sexism
1. at work
2. at home - women’s 2nd shift/double
burden
3. in politics
4. in the military
 midterm
activity
On a 1/8 illustration board – make a
01 poster/collage/slogan/etc. of what summarizes
today’s society on Patriarchy and Sexism.

02 at the back write an explanation of your output

(printed or handwritten)

materials of your choice

03
deadline November 14, 2023 - upload on BS
 midterm
activity
Rubric:
Concept/content/explanation-20pts
Creativity/materials used-15pts
Originality-15pts
 PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE IN

ER AND SEXUA
ND LITY
GE
PSYCHOSOCIAL
TWO PRIMARY ASPECTS:
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
AFFECT - PEOPLE’S EMOTIONS
AND FEELINGS
BEHAVIOR - PEOPLE’S ACTION

COGNITIVE - PEOPLE’S
THOUGHT PROCESSES

SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL

PSYCHOLOGY
 AWARENESS
CONSCIOUS UNDERSTANDING OF
SOMETHING

SOCIALIZATION
PROCESS OF LEARNING CULTURAL
NORMS AND TRADITIONS

INTIMACY
PROCESS OF KNOWING OF OTHERS
WELL- BEING AS
A PSYCHOSOCIAL
GOAL
 LGBT
PSYCHOLOGY
THE ABC’s of the LGBTQIA+
LESBIAN
GAY
BISEXUAL
TRANSGENDER
QUEER
INTERSEX
ASEXUAL/ ALLY
PLUS +
 TERMS ABOUT
HUMAN SEXUALITY
ANDROGYNOUS GENDER IDENTITY
PEOPLE WHOSE GENDER EXPRESSION HOW YOU FEEL MAN, WOMEN, OR
MAY OR MAY NOT BE DISTINCTLY MALE NEITHER
OR FEMALE

GENDER GENDER EXPRESSION

INTERNAL SENSE OF BEING MASCULINE OR HOW YOU EXPRESS YOU SENSE OF BEING
FEMININE OR NEITHER MALE OR FEMALE OR NEITHER
 TERMS ABOUT
HUMAN SEXUALITY
SEXUAL ORIENTATION CISGENDER
EMOTIONAL AND SEXUAL ATTRACTION TO GENDER IDENTITY MATCHES WITH THE SEX
A PERSON YOU ARE ASSIGNED AT BIRTH

SEX ASSIGNED AT BIRTH NON- BINARY

BASED ON YOUR SEX ORGAN PEOPLE WHO DO NOT FEEL LIKE A BOY OR
GIRL
TRANSGENDER
UMBRELLA TERM FOR PERSONS
WHOSE GENDER IDENTITY,
GENDER EXPRESSION, OR
BEHAVIOR DOES NOT CONFORM
TO THAT TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED
WITH THE SEX TO WHICH THEY
WERE ASSIGNED AT BIRTH
 TRANSGENDER
UMBRELLA TERM
FTM CROSSDRESSING
FEMALE TO MALE DRESS AS OPPOSITE GENDER FROM TIME
TO TIME

MTF
,MALE TO FEMALE
DRAG KINGS AND QUEENS
GENDER QUEER DRESS AS THE OPPOSITE GENDER FOR
PEOPLE WHO FEEL LIKE THEIR GENDER ENTERTAINMENT
DOES NOT FIT THE GENDER BINARY VIEW
MEN AND
MASCULINITIES
MEN’S RIGHT LOBBY

MEN ARE NOW

GENDER VICTIMS
MASCULINITY THEMES
MULTIPLE MASCULINITY - NO
ONE PATTERN
HIERARCHY AND HEGEMONY -
MANHOOD = STRONG,
SUCCESSFUL, CAPABLE,
RELIABLE, IN CONTROL,.
COLLECTIVE MASCULINITIES -
SOCIAL DEFINE PARTICULAR
PATTERNS OF CONDUCT OF
INDIVIDUALS
MASCULINITIES AND WELL-
BEING
UNLIKELY TO TALK ABOUT THEIR
WORRIES AND MORE LIKELY TO DRINK
AND ENGAGE IN OTHER DESTRUCTIVE MASCULINITIES AND ALCOHOL
BEHAVIORS WHEN STRESSED AND DRUG USE
MORE LIKELY TO DRINK, DRANK ALCOHOL
FAMILY FORMATION, FATHERING, IN GREATER QUANTITY AND MORE
FREQUENTLY, MORE LIKELY TO FACE
CAREGIVING, AND DOMESTIC ALCOHOL- RELATED HEALTH AND
ROLES SOCUAL PROBLEMS
NOT GREATLY INCREASING THEIR ROLE
IN HOUSEHOLD WORK AND UNPAID
CARE
PROTEST MASCULINITY
IT DESCRIBES INSTANCES OF EXTREME
FORMS OF SEX- TYPED BEHAVIOR ON
THE PART OF SOME MALES

CARING MASCULINITY

STRONG ALLY AGAINST HEGEMONIC

MASCULINITY
 CHAPTER 4:
GENDER: SYSTEM,
THEORIES, AND
RIGHTS
ALLYSHA D. NARVASA, RPm
 LESSON 3:
FEMINIST THEORY
At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
1. know the history of feminism
2. discuss the basic feminist ideas
3. define feminist theory
4. discuss the different types of
feminist theory.
is a political, cultural, or economic movement that endeavors to
establish equal rights and legal protection for women
HISTORY OF FEMINISM
Christine de Pisan
✓ first female professional
writer in france
✓ earliest account of a woman
defending her sex in writing
(Epitre au Dieu d'Amours)
✓ stood up to misogynist poem
Roman de la rose by Jean de
Meun
HISTORY OF FEMINISM
 FIRST WAVE
✓ right to equal contract and
property rights
✓ abolition of CHATTEL
MARRIAGE
✓ end of 19th century -
women's suffrage
✓ sexual, reproductive,
economic rights
HISTORY OF FEMINISM
 FIRST WAVE - 1848-1920
HISTORY OF FEMINISM
 SECOND WAVE 1963-1980s
✓ equality issues
✓ ending women discrimination
HISTORY OF FEMINISM
 THIRD WAVE 1990s-20th
✓ emerged mid 1990s -
unfinished work of 2nd
wave (limited to upper-
middle class white
women)
✓ women's issues on an
international level
✓ race,class,religion,nation
ality
 BASIC FEMINIST IDEAS
1. push for change towards equality among
men and women, not just talk about it.
2. Have the freedom to choose.
3. Oppose laws and traditions that limit
education, job and income opportunities
for women.
4. Ending sexual violence and give women
control over their sexuality and
reproduction
 FEMINIST THEORY
A major theoretical branch of sociology that
moved its assumptions, analysis and focus
away from traditional viewpoints and instead
studied women issues as experienced by
women themselves.
 THREE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST
THEORY
1. Women have something valuable to
contribute in the society
2. Women have been unable to achieve their
potential, receive rewards, or gain full
participation in society.
3. Feminist research should go towards
social transformation
 TYPES OF FEMINIST THEORY
1. Liberal feminist
2. Radical feminism - (libertarian and
cultural)
3. Marxist/socialist feminism
4. Existential feminism
5. Multicultural feminism
6. Cultural feminism
7. Eco-feminism
 LESSON 4:
QUEER THEORY
At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
1. Discuss what queer theory is about
2. Identify significant persons who
were able to include queer theory
as among the important elements in
discussing gender and gender
issues.
 QUEER THEORY
• Asserts that identities are not stable and
determined particularly in relation to a person's
sex, gender, and/or self-expression; that there
are several ways a person can express his or her
sexual self.
• No definite origin. However, a product of the
1970's feminist movement
• Established in the 1990's
• Came about in lesbian and gay studies
• Queer became an umbrella term for those who
 CORE THEORISTS
TERESA DE LAURETIS
✓ coined queer theory as
a term to describe a
manner of thinking that
did not use binary
gender constructs
✓ Queer Theory: Lesbian
and Gay Sexualities
(1991)
 CORE THEORISTS
MICHEL FOUCAULT
✓ His work was
fundamental in the
development of queer
theory
✓ Refused the idea that an
authority could define
sexuality
✓ Sexuality is not an
inherent personal
 CORE THEORISTS
EVE SEDGWICK
✓ Epistemology of the
Closet (2007)
✓ Social crisis created by
defining sexuality as just
heterosexual and
homosexual
✓ Debate team in 1990
 CORE THEORISTS
JUDITH BUTLER
✓ Developed her own
theory - GENDER
PERFORMATIVITY
✓ Asserted that society
and culture created
gender roles and
imposed these as ideal
or appropriate.
 LESSON 5:
THE YOGYAKARTA
PRINCIPLES
At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
1. know what the yogyakarta principle
is
2. Understand a person's freedom and
rights in terms of self-expression
 THE YOGYAKARTA RINCIPLES
A set of principles on the application of
international human rights law in relation to
sexual orientation and gender identity.
✓ The original yogyakarta principles - March
26, 2007
✓ The 2017 Yogyakarta principles plus 10
✓ Formulated at an international meeting of
human rights groups at yogyakarta,
Indonesia from November 6-9, 2006
 THE YOGYAKARTA RINCIPLES
PROFESSOR MICHAEL
O'FLAHERTY
✓ Made immense
contributions to the
drafting and revision
of the Yogyakarta
Principles
 THE YOGYAKARTA RINCIPLES
29 principles grouped into 8 basic human rights:
1. Rights to universal enjoyment of human
rights, non discrimination and recognition
before the law
2. Rights to human and personal security
3. Economic, social and cultural rights
4. Rights to expression, opinion and association
5. Freedom of movement and asylum
 THE YOGYAKARTA RINCIPLES
29 principles grouped into 8 basic human
rights:
6. rights of participation in cultural and family
life
7. Rights of human rights defenders
8. Rights of redress and accountability.