TE Mechanical-Numerical Methods & Optimization - Unit 05

Inverse Interpolation
Compiled by
Dr. Shyam Arjun Sonawane
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Government College of Engineering & Research, Avasari (Kh)
What is Inverse Interpolation ?
• Given (x0,y0), (x1,y1), …… (xn,yn), find the value of ‘x’ at a value of ‘y’
that is not given.
Interpolation: Lagrange formula
• We have been finding the value of y corresponding to a certain value of
x from a given set of values of x and y by using the Lagrange formula
given by
yg=(y0)(L0) + (y1)(L1) + (y2)(L2) +…………+(Yn-1)(Ln-1)
• L0 = (xg − x1) (xg − x2)……. (xg − xn-1)/ (x0 − x1 ) (x0 − x2 ) ……. (x0 − xn-1 )
• L1 = (xg − x0) (xg − x2)……. (xg − xn-1)/ (x1 − x0 ) (x1 − x2 ) ……. (x1 − xn-1 )
• L2 = (xg − x0) (xg − x1)……. (xg − xn-1)/ (x2 − x0 ) (x2 − x1 ) ……. (x2− xn-1 )
• ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
• Ln-1 = (xg − x0) (xg − x1)……. (xg − xn-2)/ (xn-1 − x0 ) (xn-1 − x1) ……. (xn-1 − xn-2 )
Inverse Interpolation: Lagrange formula
• On the other hand, the process of estimating the value of x for a
value of y is called inverse interpolation.
• When the values of y are unequally spaced, Lagrange’s method is

used
• and when the values of y are equally spaced, Newton’s forward

difference formula or iterative method can be used.
Inverse Interpolation: Lagrange formula…cont
• Lagrange’s formula for inverse interpolation is used when we are required
to find the value of x corresponding to a certain value of y from a given set
of values of x and y. The formula is as follows
• xg = (x0)(L0) + (x1)(L1) + (x2)(L2) +…………+(xn-1)(Ln-1)
• L0 = (yg − y1) (yg − y2)……. (yg − yn-1)/ (y0 − y1 ) (y0 − y2 ) ……. (y0 − yn-1 )
• ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
• Ln-1 = (yg − y0) (yg − y1)……. (yg − yn-2)/ (yn-1 − y0 ) (yn-1 − y1 ) ……. (yn-1 − yn-2 )
• Example: The following are co-ordinates of a set of points. Find x at
y=2 using Lagrange formula
x 0 1 2 3
y 0 1 7 25
• Solution: In this case we have, yg =2

• L0 = (yg − y1) (yg − y2) (yg − y3)/ (y0 − y1 ) (y0 − y2 ) (y0 − y3 )
=(2 − 1) (2 − 7) (2 − 25)/ (0 − 1 ) (0 − 7 ) (0 − 25 )
= - 0.6571
=(2 − 0) (2 − 7) (2 − 25)/ (1 − 0 ) (1 − 7 ) (1 − 25 )
= 1.5972

=(2 − 0) (2 − 1) (2 − 25)/ (7 − 0 ) (7 − 1 ) (7 − 25 )
= 0.0608
The Lagrange Polynomial: Degree n Construction
=(2 − 0) (2 − 1) (2 − 7)/ (25 − 0 ) (25 − 1 ) (25 − 7 )
= - 9.2592 x 10-4
xg = (x0)(L0) + (x1)(L1) + (x2)(L2) + (x3)(L3)

= (0)(- 0.6571) + (1)(1.5972) + (2)(0.0608) + (3)(- 9.2592 x 10-4 )
xg = 1.7160 at yg = 2
Problems on Inverse Interpolation
1. The following table gives the values of x and y.
x 1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1

y 4.2 6.8 9.8 13.4
Find the value of x corresponding to y=12 using suitable method.

2. For the given table find the value of x for f(x)=0.390
x 20 25 30 35
f(x) 0.342 0.423 0.5 0.65
3. The following data gives the values of y corresponding to certain
values of x. Find the value of x when y=167.59789 by applying
Lagrange’s method.
x 1 2 5 7
y 1 12 117 317
Reference Books
1. Steven C. Chapra, Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for
Engineers, 4/e, Tata McGraw Hill Editions
2. Dr. B. S. Garewal, Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science,
Khanna Publishers,.
3. Steven C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for
Engineers and Scientist, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Co-Ltd
4. Rao V. Dukkipati, Applied Numerical Methods using Matlab, New
Age International Publishers
Reference Books …Contd
5. Gerald and Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson
Education Asia
6. E. Balagurusamy, Numerical Methods, Tata McGraw Hill
7. P. Thangaraj, Computer Oriented Numerical Methods, PHI
8. S. S. Sastry, Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, PHI.
Lagrange Method of Interpolation
Compiled by
What is Interpolation ?
• Given (x0,y0), (x1,y1), …… (xn,yn), find the value of ‘y’ at a value of ‘x’
that is not given.
Lagrange Interpolation
Lagrangian interpolating polynomial is given by
n
f n ( x) =  Li ( x) f ( xi )
i =0
where ‘ n ’ in f n (x) stands for the n th order polynomial that approximates the function y = f (x)
given at (n + 1) data points as (x0 , y 0 ), (x1 , y1 ),......, (x n −1 , y n −1 ), (x n , y n ) , and

n x − xj
Li ( x) = 
j =0 xi − x j
j i
Li (x) is a weighting function that includes a product of (n − 1) terms with terms of j = i

omitted.
3
The Lagrange Polynomial: The Linear Case
The problem of determining a polynomial of degree one that passes
through the distinct points
(x0, y0) and (x1, y1)
is the same as approximating a function f for which
f (x0) = y0 and f (x1) = y1
by means of a first-degree polynomial interpolating, or agreeing
with, the values of f at the given points.
Using this polynomial for approximation within the interval given by
the endpoints is called polynomial interpolation.
The Lagrange Polynomial: The Linear Case …cont
• Define the functions L0(x) = (x − x1)/ (x0 − x1 )and L1(x) = (x − x0) /(x1 −
x0) .
• The linear Lagrange interpolating polynomial though (x0, y0) and (x1,
y1) is
• P(x) = L0(x)f(x0) + L1(x)f(x1)

=((x − x1)/ (x0 − x1)) f(x0) + ((x − x0)/ (x1 − x0)) f(x1)
• Note that L0(x0) = 1, L0(x1) = 0, L1(x0) = 0, and L1(x1) = 1,
• which implies that
P(x0) = 1 · f(x0) + 0 · f(x1) = f(x0) = y0
and
P(x1) = 0 · f(x0) + 1 · f(x1) = f(x1) = y1.
• So P is the unique polynomial of degree at most 1 that passes
through (x0, y0) and (x1, y1).
• Example: Linear Interpolation
• Determine the linear Lagrange interpolating polynomial that passes
through the points (2, 4) and (5, 1).
• Solution: In this case we have
L0(x) = (x − 5)/(2 − 5) = − (1/3) (x − 5) and
L1(x) = (x − 2)/ (5 − 2) = (1/3) (x − 2),
• so
P(x) = − (1/3) (x − 5) * 4 + (1/3) (x − 2) *1
= -(4/3)x+(20/3)+(1/3)x-(2/3)
P(x) = −x + 6.
• The linear Lagrange interpolating polynomial that passes through the

points (2, 4) and (5, 1).
• To generalize the concept of linear interpolation, consider the
construction of a polynomial of degree at most n that passes
through the n + 1 points
(x0, f (x0)), (x1, f (x1)), . . . , (xn, f (xn)).
• Constructing the Degree n Polynomial

We first construct, for each k = 0, 1, . . . , n, a function Ln,k (x) with
the property that Ln,k (xi ) = 0 when i ≠ k and Ln,k (xk ) = 1.
…cont
• To satisfy Ln,k (xi ) = 0 for each i ≠ k requires that the numerator of
Ln,k (x) contain the term
(x − x0)(x − x1) · · · (x − xk−1)(x − xk+1) · · · (x − xn).
• To satisfy Ln,k (xk ) = 1, the denominator of Ln,k (x) must be this same
term but evaluated at x = xk .
• Thus
Ln,k (x) = [(x − x0) · · · (x − xk−1)(x − xk+1) · · · (x − xn)] /
[(xk − x0) · · · (xk − xk−1)(xk − xk+1) · · · (xk − xn)].
…cont
…cont
• Example: f (x) = (1/x)

(a) Use the numbers (called nodes) x0 = 2, x1 = 2.75 and x2 = 4 to find
the second Lagrange interpolating polynomial for f (x) = 1/x .
(b) Use this polynomial to approximate f (3) = 1/3
…cont
• Part (a): Solution
• We first determine the coefficient polynomials L0(x), L1(x), and
L2(x):
• L0(x) = [(x − 2.75)(x − 4)] / [(2 − 2.5)(2 − 4)]
= (2/3)[(x − 2.75)(x − 4)]
• L1(x) =[(x − 2)(x − 4)] / [(2.75 − 2)(2.75 − 4)]
= −(16/15)[(x − 2)(x − 4)]
• L2(x) =[(x − 2)(x − 2.75)] / [(4 − 2)(4 − 2.5)]
= (2/5)[(x − 2)(x − 2.75)]
…cont
…cont
(b) Use this polynomial to approximate f (3) = 1/3
Part (b): Solution
• An approximation to f (3) = 1/3 is
• f (3) ≈ P(3) = (9/22) − (105/88) + (49/44)
=(29/88)
≈ 0.32955.
…cont
Problems on Lagrange’s Interpolation
1. The velocity distribution of a fluid near a flat surface is given
below
x 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8
V 0.72 1.81 2.73 3.47
Where x is the distance from the surface (mm) and V is the velocity
(mm/sec). Use Lagrange’s interpolation polynomial
2. Using the following points, fit a polynomial using Lagrange’s
method and find the value of y at x=2.7
x 2.10 2.5 3.10 3.50

y 5.14 6.78 10.29 13.58
3. Find the polynomial f(x) by using Lagrange’s interpolation formula
and hence fit f(3) for the following series
x 0 1 2 5
y 2 3 12 147
4. Using Lagrange’s formula, find a unique polynomial P(x) of degree
2 or less and hence evaluate P(1.5)
x 1 3 4
y 1 27 54
5. Using suitable interpolation formula find a polynomial which
passes the points
x 0 1 3 4
y -12 0 6 12
6. Use Lagrange’s method to fit a polynomial to the following points
and find the value of y at x=1
x -1 0 2 3
y -8 3 1 12
Reference Books
Khanna Publishers,.
Education Asia
Newton’s Forward and Backward
Difference Interpolation
Compiled by
What is Interpolation ?
• Given (x0,y0), (x1,y1), …… (xn,yn), find the value of ‘y’ at a value of ‘x’
that is not given.
Lagrange Interpolation Disadvantages
• The amount of computation required is large
• Interpolation for additional values of requires the same
amount of effort as the first value (i.e. no part of the previous
calculation can be used)
• When the number of interpolation points are changed
(increased/decreased), the results of the previous
computations can not be used
• Error estimation is difficult (at least may not be convenient)
3
Newton’s Forward Interpolation
• Use Newton Interpolation which is based on developing difference
tables for a given set of data points
• The Nth degree interpolating polynomial obtained by fitting N + 1
data points will be identical to that obtained using Lagrange
formulae!
• Newton interpolation is simply another technique for obtaining the
same interpolating polynomial as was obtained using the Lagrange
formulae
Newton’s Forward Interpolation …cont
• We assume equi-spaced points
• Forward differences are now defined as follows:
• ∆0fi = fi (Zeroth order forward difference)

• ∆fi = fi + 1 - fi (First order forward difference)
• ∆2fi = ∆ fi + 1 - ∆ fi (Second order forward difference)
∆2fi = (fi + 2 – fi + 1 ) – (fi + 1 - fi )
∆2fi = fi + 2 – 2fi + 1 + fi
• ∆3fi = ∆2 fi + 1 - ∆2 fi (Third order forward difference)
∆3fi = (fi + 3 – 2fi + 2 + fi + 1 ) – (fi + 2 – 2fi + 1 + fi )
∆3fi = fi + 3 –3fi + 2 + 3fi + 1 + fi
• ∆kfi = ∆k - 1 fi + 1 - ∆ k - 1 fi (kth order forward difference)

• Typically we set up a difference table
• Note that to compute higher order differences in the tables, we
take forward differences of previous order differences instead of
using expanded formulae.
• The order of the differences that can be computed depends on
how many total data points, x0…………xN , are available
• N + 1 data points can develop up to Nth order forward differences
• Then put the values in the formula
• fg = f0 + u ∆fo + ((u(u-1)) / 2 !) ∆2fo + ((u(u-1) (u-2)) / 3 !) ∆3fo +
((u(u-1) (u-2) (u-3)) / 4 !) ∆4fo ……………………
Where u= ((xg – x0 ) / h)
h = step size
Example: From the following table of yearly premium for policies
maturity at coming ages, estimate the premiums for policies
maturity at the age of 46 years.
Age (x) 45 50 55 60 65
Premium (y) 2.871 2.404 2.083 1.862 1.712
Solution: (1) Calculate the value of h and u
h= x1 – x0
= 55 – 45
=5
u= ((xg – x0 ) / h)
= ((46 - 45) / 5 )
= 0.2
(2) Prepare the Newton’s Forward difference table
x y ∆yo ∆2yo ∆3yo ∆4yo
45 2.871 -0.467 0.146 -0.046 0.017
50 2.404 -0.321 0.1 -0.029
55 2.083 -0.221 0.071
60 1.862 -0.15
65 1.712
(3) Calculate the value of yg at xg = 46
yg = y0 + u ∆yo + ((u(u-1)) / 2 !) ∆2yo + ((u(u-1) (u-2)) / 3 !) ∆3yo +
((u(u-1) (u-2) (u-3)) / 4 !) ∆4yo
yg = 2.871 + (0.2)(-0.467) + ((0.2(0.2 -1)) / 2 !) (0.146) + ((0.2(0.2 -1)

(0.2 -2)) / 3 !) (-0.046) + ((0.2(0.2 -1) (0.2 -2) (0.2 -3)) / 4 !) (0.017)
• yg = 2.871 – 0.0934 – 0.01168 – 2.208 x10-3 – 5.712 x 10-4
• yg = 2.7631
• At xg = 46 , yg = 2.7631 (Answer)
Problems on Newton’s Forward Interpolation
1. State the order of polynomial which might be suitable for
following function. Calculate f(3.5) using forward difference
formula
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y 19 48 99 178 291 444 643 894
2. Find the value of y for x=0.5 for the following table of x, y values
using Newton’s forward difference formula
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 5 25 100 250
3. From the tabulated values of x and y given below prepare forward
difference table. Find the polynomial passing through the points and
estimate the value of y when x=1.5. Also find the slope of curve at
x=1.5
x 0 2 4 6 8
y 5 29 125 341 725
4. Find the polynomial passing through the following points using
Newton’s forward difference formula and hence find y and dy/dx at x
=0.5
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 1 7 25 61 12
5. Following is the table of square roots. Calculate the values of
square root of 151 and 155 by using Newton’s forward difference
formula
x 0 1 3 4
y -12 0 6 12
6. The following data are taken from the steam table. Find the
pressure at t=142⁰C using Newton’s forward difference formula
T (⁰C) 140 150 160 170 180

P (Kgf/cm2) 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.225
7. The velocity distribution of a fluid near a flat surface is given below.
Where x is the distance from the surface (cm) and V is the velocity
(cm/sec). Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula obtain the
velocity at x=0.4, 0.4, 0.6 & 0.8
x 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

V 0.72 1.81 2.73 3.47 3.98
Newton’s Backward Interpolation
• Newton backward interpolation is essentially the same as Newton
forward interpolation except that backward differences are used
Newton’s Backward Interpolation …cont
• Typically we set up a difference table
x y
x0 y0
x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
Example: For the following data using backward difference
polynomial interpolate at x = 0.25
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

y 1.4 1.56 1.76 2.00 2.28
Solution: (1) Calculate the value of h and u
h= x1 – x0
= 0.2 – 0.1
= 0.1
u= ((xn - 1 – xg ) / h)
= ((0.5 – 0.25) / 0.1 )
= 1.5
(2) Prepare the Newton’s backward difference table
x y
0.1 1.4
0.2 1.56 0.16
0.3 1.76 0.2 0.04
0.4 2.0 0.24 0.04 0
0.5 2.28 0.28 0.04 0 0
---- yn - 1
Problem on Newton’s Backward Interpolation
1. Prepare the backward difference table for the given values of x and
y
x 0 2 4 6 8 10
y 2 6 8 9 11 15
Reference Books
Khanna Publishers,.
Education Asia

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Inverse Interpolation

• When the values of y are unequally spaced, Lagrange’s method is

• and when the values of y are equally spaced, Newton’s forward

• Solution: In this case we have, yg =2

• L2 = (yg − y0) (yg − y1) (yg − y3)/ (y2 − y0 ) (y2 − y1 ) (y2 − y3 )

xg = (x0)(L0) + (x1)(L1) + (x2)(L2) + (x3)(L3)

x 1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1

Find the value of x corresponding to y=12 using suitable method.

given at (n + 1) data points as (x0 , y 0 ), (x1 , y1 ),......, (x n −1 , y n −1 ), (x n , y n ) , and

Li (x) is a weighting function that includes a product of (n − 1) terms with terms of j = i

• P(x) = L0(x)f(x0) + L1(x)f(x1)

• The linear Lagrange interpolating polynomial that passes through the

• Constructing the Degree n Polynomial

• Example: f (x) = (1/x)

x 2.10 2.5 3.10 3.50

• ∆0fi = fi (Zeroth order forward difference)

• ∆kfi = ∆k - 1 fi + 1 - ∆ k - 1 fi (kth order forward difference)

yg = 2.871 + (0.2)(-0.467) + ((0.2(0.2 -1)) / 2 !) (0.146) + ((0.2(0.2 -1)

T (⁰C) 140 150 160 170 180

x 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.2 1.56 0.16

0.3 1.76 0.2 0.04

0.4 2.0 0.24 0.04 0

0.5 2.28 0.28 0.04 0 0

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