• Graphic Design Principles

• Desktop Publishing Software

TLE 8 9. Fish Processing
1st – 4th Quarter • Fish Preservation Techniques
Table of Contents: • Fish Product Development
1. Agriculture 10. Handicrafts
• Crop Production • Weaving
• Horticulture • Beadwork
• Aquaculture 11. Household Services
2. Bread and Pastry • Cleaning and Sanitation
• Baking Techniques • Laundry Techniques
• Pastry Making 12. Nail Care
3. Caregiving • Manicure and Pedicure
• Basic Caregiving Skills Techniques

• Elderly Care • Nail Art

4. Carpentry 13. Masonry

• Woodworking Tools and • Bricklaying

Techniques • Concrete Work
• Furniture Making 14. Mechanical Drafting
5. Commercial Cooking • Technical Drawing
• Food Preparation and • CAD Software
Presentation
15. Plumbing
• Menu Planning
• Pipe Installation
6. Dressmaking and Tailoring
• Plumbing System Maintenance
• Sewing Techniques
16. PC Hardware Servicing
• Garment Construction
• Computer Assembly
7. Electrical and Electronics
• Troubleshooting
• Basic Electrical Circuits
17. RAC (Refrigeration and Air
• Electronic Device Repair Conditioning)
8. Entrepreneurship-based Desktop • HVAC Principles
Publishing
 • Cooling System Repair Lesson #1: Agriculture

18. SMAW Welding ➢ Introduction:

• Welding Techniques Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants

and rearing animals for food, fiber, medicinal
• Metal Fabrication
plants, and other products used to sustain
19. Tile Setting human life. It plays a vital role in the global
economy, food security, and environmental
• Tile Installation
sustainability. This lesson will explore the
• Grouting Techniques definition, history, and examples of
20. Automotive agriculture in the Philippines.

• Vehicle Maintenance 1. Crop Production: Crop production is

the branch of agriculture focused on
• Auto Repair Basics cultivating and harvesting crops for
human consumption and other uses. It
involves the cultivation of various
plants, including staple crops, fruits,
vegetables, and cash crops. Crop
production encompasses several
important aspects:

• Planting: The process of sowing seeds

or planting seedlings in prepared
fields. It involves selecting the
appropriate planting methods, spacing,
and timing to ensure optimal growth.

• Cultivation: Activities carried out to

promote crop growth, such as soil
preparation, weed control, and nutrient
management. This includes techniques
like plowing, tilling, irrigation, and the
application of fertilizers.

• Pest and Disease Management:

Implementing measures to protect
 crops from pests, insects, diseases, and • Vegetable Farming: Vegetable
weeds. This may involve integrated production is widespread in the
pest management (IPM) strategies, Philippines, with various crops grown
including biological, chemical, and for local consumption and export.
cultural control methods. Common vegetables include tomatoes,
eggplants, squash, okra, and leafy
• Harvesting: The process of gathering
greens. Farmers employ techniques like
mature crops for consumption or
crop rotation, mulching, and organic
further processing. It includes
farming practices.
techniques like proper timing,
handling, and storage to maintain crop 2. Horticulture: Horticulture is a branch of
quality and minimize post-harvest agriculture focused on the cultivation
losses. of ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables,
and landscape design. It encompasses
Famous Crops and Processes in the Philippines:
various aspects:
• Rice Production: Rice is the staple food
in the Philippines, and rice farming is a
significant agricultural activity. It
involves processes such as seed
selection, land preparation,
transplanting, irrigation, pest
management, and harvesting. The
Philippines is known for producing
various rice varieties, including
aromatic and heirloom rice.

• Coconut Farming: The Philippines is

one of the largest producers of • Floriculture: Cultivation of flowers and
coconuts in the world. Coconut ornamental plants for decorative
farming includes planting, purposes. This includes growing cut
maintenance, and harvesting of flowers, potted plants, and landscaping
coconut trees. The coconuts are used flowers for gardens, events, and the
for their meat, water, oil, and other by- floral industry.
products. • Pomology: The branch of horticulture
• Banana Plantations: The country has that deals with fruit cultivation. It
vast banana plantations, particularly in involves selecting suitable fruit
Mindanao. Banana cultivation involves varieties, planting, pruning, pest
land preparation, planting, pest management, and harvesting
management, and proper harvesting techniques.
techniques. The Philippines exports • Olericulture: The cultivation of
various banana varieties, such as vegetables for consumption. It includes
Cavendish and Lakatan. growing a wide range of vegetables,
from leafy greens to root crops, and
employing practices like crop rotation,
 pest control, and post-harvest Lesson #2: Bread and Pastry
handling.
➢ Introduction:
3. Aquaculture: Aquaculture refers to the
Bread and pastry are fundamental
farming of aquatic organisms,
components of the culinary world, providing
including fish, shellfish, and aquatic
diverse and delectable food options.
plants, in controlled environments. It is
an essential sector of the Philippines' 1. Bread: Bread is a staple food made by
agriculture industry. Aquaculture combining flour, water, yeast (or
includes: leavening agents), and other
ingredients, followed by baking. It
holds a significant place in various
cultures and cuisines.

• Fish Farming: Rearing and production

of various fish species, such as tilapia,
bangus (milkfish), and catfish. Fish
farming involves pond or cage culture,
feeding, water quality management,
and disease control.

• Shrimp and Prawn Farming: Cultivation

of shrimp and prawns in ponds or 1.1 Definition and History of Bread:
controlled environments. It includes
• Definition: Bread is a baked food
the selection of appropriate species,
product made from dough, primarily
water quality management, feeding,
composed of flour and water, mixed
and disease prevention.
with a leavening agent, and then
• Seaweed Cultivation: Growing and baked.
harvesting of seaweed for various
• History: Bread-making dates back
purposes, including food, cosmetics,
thousands of years, with evidence of
and biotechnology. Seaweed farms are
early forms of bread found in ancient
established in coastal areas, and
civilizations such as Egypt,
cultivation techniques vary depending
Mesopotamia, and Greece.
on the species.
1.2 Bread-Making Techniques:

• Mixing and Kneading: The process of

combining ingredients, such as flour,
 water, yeast, salt, and sometimes sugar 2.1 Definition and History of Pastry:
or fat, to form a dough. Kneading
• Definition: Pastry is a dough-based
helps develop gluten, giving bread its
product used as a base or covering for
structure and elasticity.
various sweet or savory dishes.
• Proofing: Allowing the dough to rise in
• History: Pastry-making has a long
a warm and humid environment,
history dating back to ancient
allowing the yeast to ferment and
civilizations such as the Egyptians,
create carbon dioxide bubbles.
Greeks, and Romans.
• Baking: The final step in bread-making,
2.2 Types of Pastry:
where the dough is placed in an oven
and baked until it turns golden brown • Shortcrust Pastry: A versatile and
and develops a crust. commonly used pastry that is crisp and
crumbly, suitable for pies and tarts.
1.3 Popular Filipino Bread:
• Puff Pastry: A delicate and flaky pastry
• Pandesal: A soft and slightly sweet
made by repeatedly folding layers of
bread roll, often enjoyed for breakfast
dough and butter, resulting in a light
or as a snack.
and airy texture.
• Ensaymada: A buttery and rich bread
• Choux Pastry: A light and airy pastry
topped with butter, sugar, and grated
used to make profiteroles, éclairs, and
cheese.
cream puffs.
• Spanish Bread: A sweet bread filled
2.3 Popular Filipino Pastries:
with butter, sugar, and sometimes
rolled in bread crumbs. • Empanada: A pastry filled with savory
ingredients such as meat, vegetables,
• Pan de Coco: A coconut-filled bread
and sometimes cheese.
roll with a sweet and chewy texture.
• Hopia: A flaky pastry filled with sweet
2. Pastry: Pastry encompasses a wide
or savory fillings, such as mung bean,
range of baked goods made from a
lotus seed, or pork.
combination of flour, fat (such as
butter or shortening), and water. It • Buko Pie: A traditional Filipino pie filled
serves as the base or covering for both with young coconut meat and a
sweet and savory treats. creamy custard.
Lesson #3: Caregiving • Medication Management:
Administering medications as
➢ Introduction:
prescribed and ensuring proper
Caregiving is a crucial field that involves dosage and timing.
providing assistance, support, and nurturing
• Emotional Support: Providing
care to individuals who are unable to fully
companionship, empathy, and
care for themselves.
emotional reassurance to the person
receiving care.

• Household Management: Assisting

with household tasks, meal
preparation, and light housekeeping.

• Monitoring and Reporting: Observing

and documenting changes in the
individual's health, behavior, or overall
well-being.

1. Definition and Importance of • Advocacy: Acting as an advocate for

Caregiving: the individual's rights, needs, and
preferences in healthcare settings.
• Definition: Caregiving refers to the act
of providing physical, emotional, and 4. Examples of Caregiving:
social support to individuals who • Elder Care: Assisting older adults with
require assistance due to age, illness, daily activities, healthcare
disability, or other limitations. management, and social engagement.
• Importance: Caregiving plays a vital • Child Care: Providing care and
role in improving the quality of life for supervision for children, ensuring their
those in need by ensuring their well- safety, education, and emotional well-
being, comfort, and safety. being.
2. History of Caregiving: • Special Needs Care: Supporting
• Professionalization of Caregiving: In individuals with disabilities by helping
recent years, caregiving has become with mobility, communication, and
recognized as a profession, with independent living skills.
trained caregivers offering their • Hospice Care: Offering compassionate
services in healthcare facilities, homes, care to terminally ill individuals,
and assisted living centers. focusing on pain management,
3. Responsibilities of a Caregiver: comfort, and emotional support.

• Personal Care: Assisting with activities

of daily living such as bathing,
dressing, grooming, and toileting.
Lesson #4: Carpentry techniques for enhanced efficiency and
accuracy.
➢ Introduction:
3. Techniques and Skills in Carpentry:
Carpentry is a skilled trade that involves
working with wood to construct, install, and • Measuring and Marking: Accurate
repair various structures and objects. measurement and marking are
fundamental skills in carpentry to
ensure precise cuts and proper
alignment.

• Cutting and Shaping: Carpenters utilize

a range of tools such as saws, planes,
and routers to cut and shape wood
according to specific dimensions and
design requirements.
1. Definition and Importance of
• Joinery: Joinery techniques like mortise
Carpentry:
and tenon, dovetail, and tongue-and-
• Definition: Carpentry is the art and groove are used to connect wood
practice of shaping, cutting, joining, pieces securely and create strong and
and assembling wood to create durable structures.
functional and aesthetically pleasing
• Assembly and Installation: Carpenters
structures, furniture, and objects.
assemble and install wooden
• Importance: Carpentry plays a crucial components, including frames, doors,
role in the construction industry, windows, cabinets, and furniture, using
providing skilled craftsmanship for fasteners, adhesives, and other
building homes, commercial structures, appropriate methods.
furniture, and other wooden elements.
• Finishing and Detailing: Carpentry also
2. History of Carpentry: involves applying finishes such as
staining, painting, varnishing, or
• Ancient Origins: Carpentry has a rich
sealing to protect and enhance the
history dating back thousands of years,
appearance of wood surfaces.
with early civilizations using wood as a
primary construction material. 4. Examples of Carpentry:

• Traditional Techniques: Throughout • Framing: Carpenters construct building

history, carpenters have developed frameworks, including walls, floors, and
various techniques, joinery methods, roofs, using precise measurements,
and tools to shape and manipulate layout plans, and structural
wood effectively. engineering principles.

• Modern Innovations: With • Cabinetry: Skilled carpenters craft

advancements in technology, carpentry custom cabinets for kitchens,
has embraced power tools, computer- bathrooms, and other spaces,
aided design, and precision cutting
 considering functionality, aesthetics, Lesson #5: Commercial Cooking
and storage needs.
➢ Introduction:
• Furniture Making: Carpenters create
Commercial cooking refers to the professional
unique and functional furniture pieces
preparation and cooking of food in a
such as tables, chairs, beds, and
commercial setting, such as restaurants,
shelves, incorporating design elements
hotels, catering services, and other food
and joinery techniques.
establishments.
• Trim and Finish Work: Carpenters add
decorative moldings, baseboards,
crown moldings, and other trim
elements to enhance the appearance
of interior spaces.

• Restoration and Repair: Carpentry skills

are also utilized in restoring and
repairing damaged wooden structures,
furniture, or historic buildings.

1. Definition and Importance of

Commercial Cooking:

• Definition: Commercial cooking

involves the systematic and
professional preparation of food in
large quantities to meet the demands
of commercial food service operations.

• Importance: Commercial cooking plays

a vital role in the hospitality industry,
providing delicious and high-quality
meals to customers while adhering to
food safety and quality standards.

2. History of Commercial Cooking:

• Emergence of Restaurants: The rise of

commercial cooking can be traced
back to the development of
restaurants in the 18th century. These
establishments offered meals prepared
by professional cooks for paying
customers.

• Culinary Innovations: Over time,

commercial cooking techniques,
 equipment, and recipes have evolved, 4. Examples of Commercial Cooking:
influenced by regional cuisines, cultural
• Restaurant Cuisine: Commercial cooks
exchanges, and advancements in
contribute to various types of
culinary arts.
restaurant cuisines, such as Italian,
• Professional Culinary Education: The French, Chinese, Indian, Mexican, and
establishment of culinary schools and more, mastering specific techniques
institutes has further contributed to the and flavor profiles.
refinement and standardization of
• Banquet and Catering Services:
commercial cooking practices.
Commercial cooks prepare large-scale
3. Techniques and Skills in Commercial meals for events, weddings,
Cooking: conferences, and other special
occasions, ensuring consistency,
• Menu Planning: Commercial cooks
quality, and timely service.
collaborate with chefs and restaurant
managers to develop menus that meet • Institutional Food Service: Commercial
customer preferences, dietary cooks work in schools, hospitals,
restrictions, and cost considerations. corporate cafeterias, and other
institutions, providing nutritious and
• Food Preparation: Commercial cooks
flavorful meals to meet dietary
are skilled in various preparation
guidelines and diverse preferences.
techniques, including chopping, slicing,
dicing, marinating, seasoning, and • Food Production for Retail: Some
handling ingredients safely and commercial cooks are involved in the
efficiently. production of packaged food products,
including sauces, soups, baked goods,
• Cooking Methods: Commercial
and ready-to-eat meals for retail
cooking encompasses a wide range of
distribution.
cooking methods, such as grilling,
baking, sautéing, frying, roasting,
braising, and steaming, to achieve
desired flavors, textures, and doneness.

• Food Presentation: Commercial cooks

focus on the aesthetic presentation of
dishes, arranging them attractively on
plates or platters, garnishing with
herbs, sauces, or other decorative
elements.

• Timing and Coordination: Commercial

cooking requires efficient coordination
among the kitchen staff to ensure
timely preparation and delivery of
orders, especially during peak hours.
Lesson #6: Dressmaking and Tailoring tailoring, enabling faster and more
precise garment production.
➢ Introduction:
• Influence of Fashion Trends:
Dressmaking and tailoring are essential skills
Dressmaking and tailoring have
in the field of fashion and garment
adapted to changing fashion trends
production.
throughout history, incorporating new
silhouettes, styles, and construction
methods.

3. Techniques and Skills in Dressmaking

and Tailoring:

• Pattern Making: Dressmakers and

tailors create patterns using
measurements and design
specifications, which serve as guides
for cutting and assembling fabric
pieces.
1. Definition and Importance of
Dressmaking and Tailoring: • Fabric Selection: Understanding
different types of fabrics and their
• Definition: Dressmaking and tailoring properties is crucial for dressmakers
involve the creation, alteration, and and tailors to choose suitable materials
customization of garments to fit for specific garments.
individuals' specific measurements,
preferences, and style. • Garment Construction: Dressmakers
and tailors use sewing machines and
• Importance: Dressmaking and tailoring hand-sewing techniques to join fabric
ensure well-fitted and stylish clothing, pieces, create seams, attach zippers or
allowing individuals to express their buttons, and finish edges.
personality, enhance their appearance,
and meet their unique fashion needs. • Fittings and Alterations: Proper fitting
is essential in dressmaking and
2. History of Dressmaking and Tailoring: tailoring. Garments are fitted on the
• Ancient Origins: The art of dressmaking individual, and adjustments are made
and tailoring can be traced back to to ensure a comfortable and flattering
ancient civilizations, where garments fit.
were sewn by hand using basic tools • Embellishments and Finishing:
and techniques. Dressmakers and tailors add decorative
• Development of Garment Construction elements such as trims, lace,
Techniques: Over time, advancements embroidery, or appliqués to enhance
in technology, such as the invention of the aesthetic appeal of garments. They
the sewing machine, have also ensure proper finishing techniques
revolutionized dressmaking and for neat and durable seams.
4. Examples of Dressmaking and Lesson #7: Electrical and Electronics
Tailoring:
➢ Introduction:
• Custom-Made Clothing: Dressmakers
The study of electrical and electronics is vital
and tailors create unique, made-to-
in understanding the principles, systems, and
measure garments, such as wedding
devices related to electricity and its
dresses, suits, evening gowns, and
applications.
formal wear.

• Alterations and Repairs: Dressmakers

and tailors provide alteration services
to modify existing garments to fit
better or repair damaged clothing.

• Tailored Business Attire: Tailors

specialize in creating well-fitted suits,
trousers, blazers, and shirts, ensuring a
professional and polished look. 1. Definition and Importance of Electrical
and Electronics:
• Bespoke Fashion: Dressmakers and
tailors collaborate with fashion • Definition: Electrical and electronics
designers to bring their unique designs refer to the branch of science and
to life, working closely to translate engineering that deals with the study,
sketches or ideas into finished design, and application of electrical
garments. circuits, systems, and devices.

• Importance: Electrical and electronics

play a crucial role in modern society,
powering our homes, industries,
communication systems,
transportation, and countless other
technological advancements.

2. History of Electrical and Electronics:

• Discoveries and Inventions: The history

of electrical and electronics is marked
by key discoveries and inventions,
including the development of the
electric battery by Alessandro Volta,
the invention of the electric light bulb
by Thomas Edison, and the formulation
of Maxwell's equations by James Clerk
Maxwell.

• Industrial Revolution: The Industrial

Revolution in the 18th and 19th
centuries paved the way for significant
 advancements in electrical engineering, electricity supply to homes, industries,
with the widespread adoption of and infrastructure.
electrical power distribution, motors,
• Electronic Devices and Systems: The
and generators.
field of electronics encompasses the
• Digital Revolution: The latter half of the design and development of electronic
20th century witnessed the digital devices such as smartphones,
revolution, leading to the development televisions, computers, audio systems,
of computers, integrated circuits, and medical equipment.
microprocessors, and the rapid
• Control Systems: Electrical and
progress of electronics.
electronics engineers work on the
3. Fundamental Concepts in Electrical and design and implementation of control
Electronics: systems for various applications,
including industrial automation,
• Electric Circuits: Understanding the
robotics, and process control.
behavior of electric circuits is
fundamental in electrical and • Renewable Energy Systems: With a
electronics. This includes concepts such growing emphasis on sustainability,
as voltage, current, resistance, electrical engineers contribute to the
capacitance, and inductance. development of renewable energy
systems, such as solar power, wind
• Electronics Components: Components
power, and energy storage
like resistors, capacitors, diodes,
technologies.
transistors, and integrated circuits are
the building blocks of electronic
systems and devices.

• Circuit Analysis: Techniques such as

Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, and
network analysis methods are
employed to analyze and solve
electrical and electronic circuits.

• Digital Electronics: The study of digital

electronics focuses on the design and
implementation of digital systems
using logic gates, flip-flops, registers,
and other digital components.

4. Examples of Electrical and Electronics:

• Power Distribution Systems: Electrical

engineers design and maintain power
grids, transformers, switchgear, and
distribution networks to ensure reliable
Lesson #8: Entrepreneurship-Based Desktop • Evolution of Printing Technology: The
Publishing history of desktop publishing is closely
intertwined with the evolution of
➢ Introduction:
printing technology. From the
Entrepreneurship-based desktop publishing is invention of the printing press by
a lesson that explores the field of desktop Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th
publishing within the context of century to the development of digital
entrepreneurship. printing and desktop publishing
software in the late 20th century,
advancements in technology have
revolutionized the printing industry.

• Desktop Publishing Revolution: The

advent of personal computers and
sophisticated software, such as
PageMaker and QuarkXPress in the
1980s, marked the desktop publishing
revolution. These tools enabled
1. Definition and Importance of
individuals and small businesses to
Entrepreneurship-Based Desktop
create professional-looking layouts
Publishing:
and designs without the need for
• Definition: Entrepreneurship-based traditional printing methods.
desktop publishing refers to the
3. Key Concepts in Entrepreneurship-
utilization of desktop publishing
Based Desktop Publishing:
software and tools to create and
produce various print and digital • Design Principles: Understanding
materials for entrepreneurial purposes, design principles, such as layout,
such as marketing collateral, typography, color theory, and
publications, branding materials, and composition, is crucial for creating
more. visually appealing and effective print
and digital materials.
• Importance: In today's digital age,
effective visual communication is • Desktop Publishing Software:
essential for businesses to engage their Entrepreneurs use desktop publishing
target audience and build their brand. software like Adobe InDesign,
Entrepreneurship-based desktop Microsoft Publisher, or Canva to design
publishing empowers entrepreneurs to and layout materials, manipulate
design and produce professional- images and graphics, and manage
quality materials in-house, saving costs typography.
and maintaining creative control over
• Print and Digital Production:
their brand identity.
Entrepreneurship-based desktop
2. History of Desktop Publishing: publishing covers the production
process, including preparing files for
printing, selecting appropriate printing
 methods, and optimizing materials for Lesson #9: Fish Processing
digital distribution.
➢ Introduction:
4. Examples of Entrepreneurship-Based
Fish processing is a crucial aspect of the
Desktop Publishing:
fishing industry that involves transforming
• Marketing Collateral: Entrepreneurs raw fish into various marketable products.
create marketing materials like
brochures, flyers, business cards, and
banners to promote their products or
services.

• Branding and Identity: Desktop

publishing allows entrepreneurs to
design logos, brand guidelines, and
visual elements that reflect their
brand's personality and values.

• Publications and Magazines:

Entrepreneurs involved in niche
markets or specialized industries can 1. Definition and Importance of Fish
create their own publications or Processing:
magazines to establish thought • Definition: Fish processing refers to the
leadership and engage their target techniques and methods used to
audience. convert raw fish into a wide range of
• Digital Content: Desktop publishing products, including fresh, frozen, dried,
extends to digital platforms, enabling smoked, canned, and filleted fish. It
entrepreneurs to create e-books, involves cleaning, sorting, preserving,
online newsletters, social media and packaging fish to improve its
graphics, and website designs. quality, safety, and marketability.

• Importance: Fish processing plays a

vital role in the fishing industry by
extending the shelf life of fish,
increasing product value, and meeting
consumer preferences. It allows fish to
be transported over longer distances,
opens opportunities for export, and
provides consumers with a diverse
range of fish products.

2. History of Fish Processing:

• Early Preservation Methods: Fish

processing techniques have been
practiced for centuries. Historically, fish
was preserved through methods like
 salting, drying, and smoking to prevent • Value-Added Processing: Fish can be
spoilage and make it suitable for long- processed into value-added products
distance transportation. such as fish fillets, fish cakes, fish
nuggets, fish sausages, and fish paste.
• Technological Advancements: Over
These products offer convenience and
time, advancements in technology,
diverse culinary options for consumers.
such as refrigeration, freezing, and
canning, revolutionized fish processing. • Packaging and Quality Control: Proper
These innovations allowed for better packaging techniques, such as vacuum
preservation and the creation of a sealing or canning, ensure the
wider variety of fish products. freshness and quality of processed fish
products. Quality control measures,
3. Fish Processing Methods:
including inspection and adherence to
• Cleaning and Gutting: The initial step food safety regulations, are crucial to
in fish processing involves cleaning and maintain product standards.
gutting the fish, removing scales,
4. Examples of Fish Processing:
internal organs, and any undesirable
parts. • Fresh and Chilled Fish: Fish can be
processed and stored under
• Filleting and Cutting: Filleting is the
refrigeration to maintain its freshness.
process of removing the fish's flesh
This includes gutting, scaling, and
from its bones. Cutting techniques are
chilling the fish to lower temperatures.
used to portion fish into desired
shapes and sizes. • Frozen Fish: Freezing fish helps to
extend its shelf life and preserve its
quality. Fish can be frozen whole, as
fillets, or in portions, allowing for long-
term storage and transportation.

• Canned Fish: Canning involves

processing fish by placing it in a sealed
can along with various preservatives or
flavorings. Canned fish products have a
long shelf life and are convenient for
consumption.

• Smoked and Dried Fish: Smoking and

drying methods impart unique flavors
and textures to fish. Smoked fish is
• Preservation Methods: Fish can be prepared by exposing fish to smoke,
preserved through various methods, while dried fish involves removing
including refrigeration, freezing, moisture through air drying or sun
salting, smoking, and drying. Each drying.
method offers distinct benefits in terms
of flavor, texture, and shelf life.
 including personal use, trade, and
religious ceremonies.
Lesson #10: Handicrafts
• Cultural Significance: Handicrafts have
➢ Introduction:
been closely tied to cultural traditions,
Handicrafts are products created by hand customs, and rituals. They often
using traditional skills and techniques. incorporate unique cultural motifs,
symbolism, and techniques that
represent the heritage of a particular
community or region.

• Evolution and Adaptation: Handicrafts

have evolved over time, adapting to
changing materials, technologies, and
market demands. While traditional
techniques are still preserved,
contemporary influences and
innovations have also influenced the
1. Definition and Significance of development of handicrafts.
Handicrafts:
3. Examples of Handicrafts:
• Definition: Handicrafts refer to
• Pottery and Ceramics: Pottery involves
products made by skilled artisans using
shaping clay into various vessels or
traditional methods, tools, and
decorative objects and firing them at
materials. These products are often
high temperatures. Ceramics
decorative or functional and showcase
encompass a broader range of clay-
the creativity, craftsmanship, and
based creations, including sculptures,
cultural identity of a particular region
tiles, and tableware.
or community.

• Significance: Handicrafts play a

significant role in preserving cultural
heritage, promoting sustainable
practices, and supporting local
economies. They reflect the traditions,
artistry, and skills passed down
through generations and contribute to
the overall cultural and artistic
landscape.

2. History of Handicrafts: • Textile Crafts: Textile crafts encompass

a wide variety of techniques such as
• Ancient Origins: Handicrafts have a rich weaving, embroidery, knitting, and
history that dates back to ancient dyeing. These crafts produce beautiful
civilizations. People have been crafting fabrics, garments, accessories, and
objects by hand for various purposes, tapestries.
• Woodcraft: Woodcraft involves carving, Lesson #11: Household Services
turning, and shaping wood to create
➢ Introduction:
intricate sculptures, furniture, toys, and
decorative items. Household services play a crucial role in
maintaining clean, organized, and functional
living environments.

• Metalcraft: Metalcraft includes 1. Definition of Household Services:

techniques like blacksmithing, forging, Household services refer to a range of
and jewelry-making. It produces tasks and activities performed within a
ornamental objects, tools, and jewelry household to ensure the cleanliness,
using metals such as gold, silver, organization, and smooth functioning
copper, and bronze. of the living space. These services are
typically provided by individuals or
• Basketry: Basketry involves weaving
companies specializing in domestic
natural materials, such as straw, grass,
assistance.
or twigs, to create baskets, mats, and
containers for storage or decoration. 2. Types of Household Services:

• Paper Crafts: Paper crafts encompass a) Cleaning Services: Cleaning services

techniques like origami, papier-mâché, involve the thorough cleaning of the
and paper cutting. These crafts home, including sweeping, mopping,
produce delicate and intricate designs vacuuming, dusting, and sanitizing various
using paper as the primary material. areas such as floors, windows, furniture,
and appliances.

b) Laundry Services: Laundry services

encompass the washing, drying, ironing,
and folding of clothes and household
linens. Some services may also offer dry
cleaning and delicate garment care.

c) Cooking and Meal Preparation Services:

Cooking and meal preparation services
involve preparing and cooking meals for
individuals or families. These services can
range from daily meal provision to
specialized dietary requirements.
d) Home Organization Services: Home services tailored to individual preferences
organization services focus on and dietary needs.
decluttering, arranging, and optimizing
d) Professional Organizers: Professional
the space within the home. This includes
organizers assist individuals in
organizing closets, pantries, cabinets, and
decluttering, organizing, and optimizing
creating efficient storage systems.
their living spaces for better functionality
e) Pet Care Services: Pet care services cater and aesthetics.
to the needs of pets within the household,
e) Pet Sitting Services: Pet sitting services
including feeding, grooming, walking, and
provide care, feeding, exercise, and
providing companionship.
companionship for pets when their owners
f) Elderly or Childcare Services: Elderly or are away.
childcare services provide assistance and
f) Nanny Services: Nanny services offer
support for older adults or children,
childcare assistance, including supervision,
including companionship, supervision,
playtime, meal preparation, and
meal preparation, and personal care.
educational activities.
3. History of Household Services:
Household services have been a part of
human civilization for centuries,
although the specific services and
methods have evolved over time. In
the past, household tasks were
primarily performed by family
members or hired domestic help. With
industrialization and changing social
dynamics, specialized household
service providers emerged to meet the
growing demand for domestic
assistance.

4. Examples of Household Services:

a) Maid Services: Maid services offer

comprehensive cleaning and household
assistance, including general cleaning,
laundry, and sometimes cooking or
childcare.

b) Cleaning Companies: Cleaning

companies provide professional cleaning
services for homes, offices, and other
commercial spaces.

c) Personal Chefs: Personal chefs offer

customized meal preparation and cooking
Lesson #12: Nail Care stamping, stenciling, or using nail art
accessories.
➢ Introduction:

Nail care involves the maintenance and

beautification of nails on the hands and feet.

d) Nail Extensions: Nail extensions are artificial

enhancements used to extend the length of
1. Definition of Nail Care: nails. These include acrylic, gel, or fiberglass
Nail care refers to the practices and extensions that are applied to the natural
techniques used to keep nails clean, healthy, nails to create longer and more durable nails.
and aesthetically pleasing. It involves regular
grooming, cleaning, shaping, and applying
treatments or enhancements to nails.

2. Types of Nail Care:

a) Basic Nail Care: Basic nail care includes

regular cleaning, shaping, and maintenance of
nails to keep them neat and healthy. This
involves trimming nails to a desired length,
filing them to smooth any rough edges, and
pushing back cuticles.

b) Nail Polish Application: Nail polish

application is a popular form of nail care that
involves applying colored nail polish to
enhance the appearance of nails. It includes
applying a base coat, two or more layers of
polish, and a top coat for protection and
shine.

c) Nail Art: Nail art is a creative form of nail

care that involves intricate designs, patterns,
e) Nail Treatments: Nail treatments aim to
and decorations on nails. It can be done using
improve the health and condition of nails.
various techniques like freehand painting,
These may include moisturizing cuticle oils,
strengthening treatments, nail masks, or
treatments for specific nail concerns like b) Pedicure: A pedicure involves similar
brittle nails or nail fungus. nail care procedures but specifically for
the feet.
3. Characteristics of Nail Care:

a) Hygiene: Nail care promotes proper

hygiene by ensuring clean and well-
maintained nails, reducing the risk of bacterial
or fungal infections.

b) Aesthetics: Nail care enhances the

appearance of nails, making them look neat,
polished, and stylish.

c) Maintenance: Regular nail care helps

prevent nail breakage, splitting, or peeling,
c) Nail Salon: Nail salons are
maintaining healthy and strong nails.
establishments that provide professional
d) Self-expression: Nail care allows individuals nail care services, including manicures,
to express their personal style and creativity pedicures, and nail enhancements.
through different nail art designs and color
d) Nail Technician: Nail technicians are
choices.
trained professionals who specialize in nail
4. History of Nail Care: Nail care practices care procedures and treatments.
can be traced back to ancient
civilizations. In ancient Egypt, people
stained their nails using henna, while in
ancient China, nail polish made from
beeswax and gum arabic was popular.
Nail care evolved over time, with
advancements in techniques, products,
and tools.

5. Examples of Nail Care:

a) Manicure: A manicure involves

cleaning, shaping, and polishing the
nails on the hands.
Lesson #13: Masonry

➢ Introduction:

Masonry is a specialized field of construction

that involves the building of structures using
bricks, stones, concrete blocks, or other
materials held together with mortar.

b) Stone Masonry: Stone masonry utilizes

natural stones, such as granite, limestone, or
marble, to construct durable and visually
appealing structures. Stones can be arranged
in various patterns, such as rubble masonry or
ashlar masonry.

1. Definition of Masonry: Masonry refers

to the construction technique of
building structures using individual
units, such as bricks, stones, or blocks,
bonded together with mortar. It is
known for its strength, durability, and
aesthetic appeal. Masonry structures
can range from simple walls to
complex architectural designs.

2. Types of Masonry: c) Concrete Block Masonry: Concrete block

masonry uses precast concrete blocks with
a) Brick Masonry: Brick masonry involves the hollow or solid cores. These blocks are
use of bricks, which are rectangular units stacked and bonded with mortar to create
made from clay or concrete. They are laid in walls, foundations, or partitions.
courses using mortar to create walls, facades,
or other structures.
d) Reinforced Masonry: Reinforced masonry intricate patterns, textures, and colors,
involves the incorporation of steel making it a popular choice for
reinforcement bars within the masonry units architectural features.
to enhance structural strength and resist
d) Low Maintenance: Masonry structures
tension forces.
require minimal maintenance, as they are
resistant to decay, pests, and weathering.

4. History of Masonry:

Masonry has a rich history dating back

thousands of years. Ancient civilizations like
the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans made
significant contributions to masonry
techniques and architecture. The use of bricks
and stones in construction has been prevalent
throughout history, with advancements in
e) Glass Block Masonry: Glass block masonry materials and construction methods.
uses transparent or translucent glass blocks to
5. Examples of Masonry:
create decorative walls or partitions, allowing
the passage of light while maintaining privacy. a) Brick Walls: Brick walls are commonly used
in residential and commercial buildings for
their durability, aesthetics, and sound
insulation properties.

3. Characteristics of Masonry:

a) Strength and Durability: Masonry b) Stone Facades: Stone facades add a

structures are known for their strength timeless and elegant look to buildings, often
and longevity. They can withstand heavy seen in historical structures and high-end
loads, natural forces, and fire. architectural designs.
b) Thermal and Acoustic Insulation:
Masonry provides excellent insulation
properties, helping to maintain
comfortable indoor temperatures and
reducing sound transmission.

c) Aesthetic Appeal: Masonry offers a wide

range of design possibilities, allowing for
 showcase remarkable examples of masonry
construction.

c) Retaining Walls: Masonry retaining walls

are used to hold back soil and provide
structural support, preventing erosion and
creating level terraces.

d) Fireplaces: Masonry fireplaces are built

using fire-resistant materials like bricks or
stones, offering both functionality and
aesthetic appeal.

e) Historical Landmarks: Many famous

landmarks worldwide, such as the Great Wall
of China and the Colosseum in Rome,
Lesson #14: Mechanical Drafting

➢ Introduction:

Mechanical drafting is a specialized field

within technical drawing that focuses on
creating detailed and accurate drawings of
mechanical components, machines, and
systems.

b) 3D Modeling: With the advent of

computer-aided design (CAD) software,
mechanical drafting has evolved to include
three-dimensional (3D) modeling. 3D
modeling allows drafters to create virtual
representations of objects, which can be
rotated, scaled, and manipulated. This
enhances visualization and enables more
accurate and realistic designs.

1. Definition of Mechanical Drafting:

Mechanical drafting is the process of creating

technical drawings that accurately represent
mechanical components and systems. It
involves the use of specialized drafting tools,
software, and industry-standard conventions
to communicate design information.
Mechanical drafters translate conceptual
ideas into precise drawings used for
manufacturing, construction, or c) Assembly Drawings: Assembly drawings
documentation purposes. depict the relationship and arrangement of
multiple components within a mechanical
2. Types of Mechanical Drafting: system or product. These drawings show how
a) 2D Drafting: Traditional mechanical drafting the parts fit together, including details of
primarily involved the creation of two- fasteners, joints, and interconnections.
dimensional (2D) drawings using manual
drafting tools, such as drafting boards,
pencils, and templates. These drawings
represent the top, front, and side views of
objects and include detailed dimensions,
annotations, and symbols.
 a) Precision and Accuracy: Mechanical
drafting requires attention to detail and
precise measurements to ensure that the
drawings accurately represent the intended
design.

b) Standardization: Mechanical drafters

adhere to industry standards, conventions,
and symbols to ensure consistency and clear
communication between designers,
engineers, and manufacturers.
d) Exploded Views: Exploded views provide a
c) Communication: Mechanical drafting serves
visual representation of an assembly by
as a visual language that effectively
separating the components and showing their
communicates design intent, specifications,
relative positions. This aids in understanding
and manufacturing requirements.
the assembly process and identifying
individual parts. d) Multidisciplinary Knowledge: Mechanical
drafters need a solid understanding of
mechanical principles, materials,
manufacturing processes, and engineering
concepts to create accurate and functional
drawings.

4. History of Mechanical Drafting:

Mechanical drafting has a long history dating

back to ancient times, where hand-drawn
technical illustrations were used to document
inventions and mechanical devices. The
Industrial Revolution and the development of
e) Technical Illustrations: Mechanical drafters
engineering disciplines in the 19th century
may also create technical illustrations, such as
brought about significant advancements in
isometric or perspective drawings, to present
mechanical drafting techniques. The
complex designs or highlight specific features.
introduction of CAD software in the 1960s
revolutionized the field, allowing for faster
and more efficient drafting processes.

5. Examples of Mechanical Drafting:

a) Machine Parts: Mechanical drafters create

detailed drawings of individual machine parts,
such as gears, shafts, bearings, or valves,
specifying dimensions, tolerances, and
3. Characteristics of Mechanical Drafting: material properties.
b) Mechanical Assemblies: Drafters produce Lesson #15: Plumbing
assembly drawings that show how multiple
➢ Introduction:
components fit together to form mechanical
systems, such as engines, pumps, or Plumbing is a vital aspect of building
transmissions. c) Architectural and construction and maintenance that involves
Engineering Plans: Mechanical drafters may the installation, repair, and maintenance of
contribute to architectural and engineering water supply and drainage systems.
projects by creating drawings that incorporate
mechanical systems, such as HVAC (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning) or plumbing
layouts.

d) Product Design: Mechanical drafters

collaborate with product designers to create
drawings and models of consumer products,
appliances, or industrial equipment.

e) Manufacturing Documentation: Drafters 1. Definition of Plumbing:

generate manufacturing documentation,
Plumbing refers to the system of pipes,
including detailed drawings and
fixtures, valves, and other components
specifications, that guide the production
used for the distribution of potable water,
process and ensure quality and consistency.
as well as the removal of wastewater,
within buildings. It encompasses various
tasks such as installing, repairing, and
maintaining water supply lines, drainage
systems, and associated fixtures like sinks,
toilets, showers, and water heaters.

2. Types of Plumbing:

a) Water Supply Plumbing: This type of

plumbing focuses on the distribution of clean,
potable water throughout a building. It
includes the installation of pipes, fittings,
valves, and fixtures necessary to supply water
for drinking, cooking, bathing, and other
domestic uses.
 control or extinguish fires in case of
emergencies.

b) Drainage Plumbing: Drainage plumbing

deals with the removal of wastewater from a
building. It involves the installation of
drainpipes, vents, traps, and sewage disposal
systems to ensure the proper flow and
disposal of wastewater and sewage. 3. Characteristics of Plumbing:

a) Water Distribution: Plumbing systems

ensure the efficient distribution of clean water
to different parts of a building, providing
access to essential services for occupants.

b) Drainage and Waste Removal: Plumbing

systems facilitate the proper removal and
c) Gas Plumbing: Gas plumbing involves the disposal of wastewater, preventing
installation and maintenance of gas supply contamination and maintaining hygiene.
lines and fixtures, such as gas stoves, heaters,
and fireplaces. Gas plumbers ensure the safe c) Fixture Connections: Plumbing involves
delivery and usage of natural gas or propane connecting fixtures like sinks, toilets, showers,
within a building. and appliances to the water supply and
drainage systems, ensuring their proper
functioning.

d) Maintenance and Repairs: Plumbers are

responsible for inspecting, maintaining, and
repairing plumbing systems to prevent leaks,
blockages, or malfunctions.

e) Compliance with Codes and Standards:

Plumbing work must adhere to local building
codes, regulations, and industry standards to
ensure safety, functionality, and
d) Fire Suppression Plumbing: Fire environmental sustainability.
suppression systems, such as sprinklers and
4. History of Plumbing:
fire hydrants, are an important part of
plumbing in commercial and residential Plumbing has a rich history dating back to
buildings. These systems provide a means to ancient civilizations. Early plumbing systems
can be traced to ancient Egyptian, Roman, Lesson #16: PC Hardware Servicing
and Greek civilizations, where they developed
➢ Introduction:
rudimentary systems for water supply and
drainage. The Industrial Revolution marked a PC hardware servicing involves the diagnosis,
significant turning point in plumbing, with the repair, and maintenance of computer
invention of new materials and technologies hardware components.
that revolutionized the field. Today, plumbing
systems have advanced significantly,
incorporating modern materials, efficient
fixtures, and innovative water conservation
techniques.

5. Examples of Plumbing Applications:

a) Residential Plumbing: Plumbers install and

maintain plumbing systems in houses,
apartments, and other residential buildings,
ensuring a reliable water supply and efficient
wastewater removal.
1. Definition of PC Hardware Servicing:
b) Commercial Plumbing: Plumbing systems
PC hardware servicing refers to the process of
in commercial buildings, such as offices,
troubleshooting, repairing, and maintaining
hotels, hospitals, and schools, require
computer hardware components. It involves
specialized designs and considerations to
identifying and resolving hardware-related
meet the demands of larger occupancies and
issues, replacing faulty components, and
varied usage patterns.
optimizing the performance of computer
c) Industrial Plumbing: Industrial facilities, systems.
such as factories, manufacturing plants, and
2. Types of PC Hardware Servicing:
warehouses, have unique plumbing
requirements, including specialized piping a) Diagnostic Services: Technicians use
systems for specific processes and equipment. diagnostic tools and techniques to identify
hardware problems and determine the
d) Environmental Plumbing: Plumbers may
root cause of computer issues.
work on systems that promote water
conservation, such as rainwater harvesting b) Repair and Replacement: This involves
systems, greywater recycling systems, or repairing or replacing faulty hardware
sustainable irrigation systems. components such as motherboards,
processors, memory modules, hard drives,
power supplies, and peripherals like
keyboards, mice, and monitors.

c) System Upgrades: PC hardware

servicing includes upgrading computer
components to enhance performance,
such as adding more memory, replacing
 outdated processors, or installing faster the development of specialized skills and
storage drives. services to address hardware-related issues.
Over time, PC hardware servicing has evolved
d) Preventive Maintenance: Regular
alongside computer technology, keeping
cleaning, dusting, and inspection of
pace with new hardware advancements,
computer hardware components to
diagnostic tools, and repair techniques.
prevent overheating and ensure optimal
performance. 5. Examples of PC Hardware Servicing
Applications:
e) Firmware and BIOS Updates: Updating
firmware and BIOS (Basic Input/Output a) Component Replacement: Repairing
System) to ensure compatibility, security, or replacing malfunctioning hardware
and functionality improvements. components like RAM modules, hard
drives, graphics cards, or power
3. Characteristics of PC Hardware
supplies.
Servicing:
b) Operating System Installation:
a) Technical Expertise: PC hardware servicing
Installing or re-installing the operating
requires a strong understanding of computer
system, device drivers, and necessary
hardware components, their functionalities,
software on a computer system.
and troubleshooting techniques.
c) System Maintenance: Conducting
b) Problem Solving: Technicians must possess
routine maintenance tasks such as
analytical skills to diagnose hardware issues
cleaning, cable management, and
accurately and develop effective solutions.
thermal paste application to ensure
c) Attention to Detail: A meticulous approach optimal performance and longevity.
is necessary to handle delicate computer
d) System Upgrades: Upgrading
components and ensure proper installation
hardware components to improve
and connection.
performance, such as installing a faster
d) Safety Measures: PC hardware servicing processor, increasing memory capacity,
involves working with electrical components, or adding a solid-state drive (SSD).
so technicians must adhere to safety
protocols to avoid accidents or damage to
equipment.

e) Customer Service: Effective communication

and customer interaction skills are essential to
understand user concerns and provide
satisfactory solutions.

4. History of PC Hardware Servicing:

As personal computers became increasingly

popular in the late 20th century, the need for
PC hardware servicing emerged. The rapid
advancements in computer technology led to
Lesson #17: RAC (Refrigeration and Air conditioners, and vehicle air
Conditioning) conditioning systems.

Introduction: RAC (Refrigeration and Air c) Industrial Refrigeration: Industrial

Conditioning) refers to the technology and refrigeration systems are employed in
processes involved in cooling and large-scale settings like food
conditioning air, as well as the preservation processing plants, warehouses, and
and storage of perishable items. cold storage facilities. They handle the
cooling and preservation of bulk
quantities of perishable goods.

d) Transport Refrigeration: Transport

refrigeration systems are installed in
vehicles, such as refrigerated trucks
and containers, to maintain the
temperature and quality of goods
during transportation.

1. Definition of RAC: 3. Characteristics of RAC:

RAC, or Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, is a) Heat Transfer: RAC involves the transfer of
the branch of engineering that deals with the heat from one area to another using
principles, techniques, and equipment used refrigerants and heat exchange mechanisms.
for cooling, refrigeration, and air conditioning. b) Compression and Expansion: Refrigeration
It involves controlling temperature, humidity, systems rely on the compression and
and air quality to create comfortable expansion of refrigerants to cool the air or
environments, preserve perishable goods, and objects.
maintain the optimal functioning of
equipment. c) Humidity Control: RAC systems can
regulate humidity levels by removing excess
2. Types of RAC: moisture from the air.
a) Refrigeration: Refrigeration systems d) Energy Efficiency: Modern RAC systems
are designed to cool and preserve focus on energy-efficient designs and
perishable items such as food, technologies to minimize environmental
medicines, and other temperature- impact and reduce energy consumption.
sensitive products. Common examples
include refrigerators, freezers, walk-in e) Environmental Considerations: The
coolers, and cold storage facilities. selection and use of refrigerants in RAC
systems play a vital role in minimizing ozone
b) Air Conditioning: Air conditioning depletion and global warming potential.
systems are used to cool and condition
the air in buildings and vehicles, 4. History of RAC:
providing comfort and maintaining The development of refrigeration and air
suitable environments. Examples conditioning technology dates back to the
include central air conditioning early 19th century when scientists and
systems, window units, split air
engineers began experimenting with various Lesson #18: SMAW Welding (Shielded
cooling methods. Notable milestones include Metal Arc Welding)
the invention of mechanical refrigeration by
➢ Introduction:
Jacob Perkins in 1834 and the introduction of
air conditioning for commercial use by Willis SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding), also
Carrier in 1902. Since then, RAC technology known as stick welding, is a widely used
has advanced significantly, with continuous welding process that joins metals by creating
improvements in efficiency, sustainability, and an electric arc between a coated electrode
cooling capabilities. and the workpiece.

5. Examples of RAC Applications:

a) Residential Cooling: Air conditioning

systems installed in homes to provide comfort
during hot weather conditions.

b) Commercial Buildings: Centralized air

conditioning systems used in office buildings,
shopping malls, hotels, and hospitals to
maintain comfortable indoor environments.
1. Definition of SMAW Welding:
c) Food Preservation: Refrigeration systems in
SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) is a
grocery stores, restaurants, and food
welding process that uses a consumable
processing facilities to preserve perishable
electrode coated with a flux to create an
food items and maintain quality and
electric arc between the electrode and the
freshness.
workpiece. The heat generated by the arc
d) Pharmaceutical Storage: Specialized melts the electrode and the base metal,
refrigeration systems in pharmacies and forming a weld pool. As the weld cools, the
laboratories to store temperature-sensitive molten metal solidifies, creating a strong and
medications and vaccines. durable bond between the joined pieces.

e) Data Centers: Cooling systems used in data 2. Types of SMAW Welding:

centers to regulate temperatures and prevent
a) Manual SMAW: This is the most common
equipment overheating.
type of SMAW welding, where the welder
f) Transport Refrigeration: Refrigerated trucks manually controls the movement of the
and containers used to transport perishable electrode and the deposition of weld metal. It
goods, such as food and pharmaceutical offers versatility and can be used for various
products, over long distances. joint configurations and metal types.

b) Automatic SMAW: In automatic SMAW, the

welding process is mechanized or automated,
with the electrode movement and deposition
controlled by specialized equipment. It is
often used for repetitive or high-volume
welding tasks.
 3. Characteristics of SMAW Welding: b) Pipe Welding: SMAW is commonly
employed in pipeline construction and repair,
a) Portability: SMAW welding equipment is
welding pipes of various sizes and materials.
portable, making it suitable for on-site or
remote welding applications. c) Maintenance and Repair: SMAW welding is
utilized for repairing metal components,
b) Versatility: SMAW welding can be
equipment, and machinery in industries such
performed on a wide range of metals,
as automotive, shipbuilding, and
including carbon steel, stainless steel, cast
manufacturing.
iron, and non-ferrous materials.
d) Fabrication: SMAW is employed in metal
c) Flux Coating: The electrode used in SMAW
fabrication shops to create custom metal
welding is coated with a flux that shields the
structures, frameworks, and assemblies.
weld pool from atmospheric contamination,
prevents oxidation, and improves the quality e) Infrastructure Projects: SMAW welding
of the weld. plays a vital role in infrastructure
development, including bridges, buildings,
d) Joint Preparation: SMAW welding can be
dams, and power plants.
used for various joint configurations, such as
butt joints, fillet joints, lap joints, and T-joints.

e) Power Source Flexibility: SMAW welding

can be carried out using different types of
power sources, including conventional AC
transformers and DC rectifiers.

4. History of SMAW Welding:

SMAW welding has a long history, with its

roots dating back to the late 19th century.
The process became more widespread and
commercially viable in the early 20th century
with advancements in electrode coating and
power source technology. Over the years,
SMAW welding has been refined and
improved, leading to better electrode
compositions, welding techniques, and
equipment designs.

5. Examples of SMAW Welding

Applications:

a) Construction: SMAW welding is extensively

used in the construction industry for joining
structural steel members, fabricating metal
frameworks, and connecting steel plates.
Lesson #19: Tile Setting b) Wall Tile Setting: Wall tile setting involves
installing tiles on vertical surfaces such as
➢ Introduction:
walls. It requires precise alignment, leveling,
Tile setting is a specialized skill in the field of and secure attachment to the wall substrate.
construction and interior design that involves
the installation of tiles on various surfaces.

1. Definition of Tile Setting:

Tile setting, also known as tile installation or c) Countertop Tile Setting: Countertop tile
tile laying, refers to the process of placing setting is done on kitchen or bathroom
tiles on surfaces to create a decorative and countertops. It involves ensuring a level and
functional finish. It involves preparing the sturdy surface for the tiles while considering
substrate, applying adhesive or mortar, factors like water resistance and ease of
positioning the tiles, and grouting the joints cleaning.
to achieve a secure and visually appealing
installation.

2. Types of Tile Setting:

a) Floor Tile Setting: This type of tile setting is

performed on horizontal surfaces such as
floors. It requires careful leveling and proper
adhesion to ensure the tiles can withstand
foot traffic and load-bearing.
d) Backsplash Tile Setting: Backsplash tile
setting is commonly used in kitchens and
bathrooms to protect walls from moisture and
stains. It requires meticulous tile placement
and grouting to create a visually appealing
and functional backsplash.
 5. Examples of Tile Setting Applications:

a) Residential Projects: Tile setting is

commonly used in residential projects for
bathroom and kitchen floors, walls,
backsplashes, and fireplace surrounds.

b) Commercial Spaces: Commercial buildings,

including hotels, restaurants, and offices,
often incorporate tile setting for their
flooring, lobbies, entrances, and common
3. Characteristics of Tile Setting: areas.

a) Precision: Tile setting requires careful c) Retail Spaces: Retail stores and shopping
measurement, leveling, and alignment to malls utilize tile setting to create attractive
achieve a professional and seamless and durable flooring surfaces in high-traffic
installation. areas.

b) Adhesive or Mortar Application: Proper d) Industrial Facilities: Tile setting is employed

selection and application of adhesive or in industrial settings such as factories,
mortar are crucial to ensure secure bonding warehouses, and laboratories, where chemical
between the tiles and the substrate. resistance, durability, and ease of
maintenance are important factors.
c) Grouting: Grouting is the process of filling
the gaps between tiles with grout, enhancing e) Outdoor Installations: Tile setting is also
the aesthetic appeal and providing stability to applied in outdoor spaces like patios,
the tile installation. walkways, and pool decks, using tiles
specifically designed for outdoor use.

d) Surface Preparation: Tile setting involves

preparing the substrate by cleaning, leveling,
and applying appropriate surface treatments
or waterproofing materials, depending on the
requirements of the project.

4. History of Tile Setting:

Tile setting has a rich history dating back

thousands of years. The use of ceramic tiles
for decorative purposes can be traced back to
ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians,
Greeks, and Romans. Over time,
advancements in tile manufacturing and
installation techniques have led to the
development of various tile types, sizes, and
installation methods.
Lesson #20: Automotive

Introduction: The automotive industry plays a

significant role in transportation,
manufacturing, and technological
advancements.

1. Definition of Automotive:

Automotive refers to anything related to

automobiles, which are self-propelled vehicles
designed for passenger transportation. The c) Off-Road Vehicles: Off-road vehicles are
field of automotive encompasses various designed for driving on unpaved or rugged
aspects, including vehicle design, terrains. Examples include SUVs (Sports Utility
manufacturing, maintenance, and repair. Vehicles), pickup trucks, and ATVs (All-Terrain
2. Types of Automotive: Vehicles).

a) Passenger Cars: Passenger cars are

designed primarily for the transportation of
people. They come in various sizes, styles, and
fuel types, including gasoline, diesel, electric,
and hybrid.

d) Motorcycles: Motorcycles are two-wheeled

vehicles that are powered by internal
combustion engines or electric motors. They
are designed for one or two riders and offer a
more compact and agile mode of
transportation.
b) Commercial Vehicles: Commercial vehicles
include trucks, vans, and buses used for the
transportation of goods and passengers. They
are designed with larger cargo capacities and
specific functionalities to suit commercial
purposes.
 4. History of Automotive:

The history of automotive can be traced back

to the late 19th century when Karl Benz and
Gottlieb Daimler invented the first gasoline-
powered automobiles. Over time, the
automotive industry has witnessed significant
developments, including the mass production
e) Special Purpose Vehicles: Special purpose of vehicles, the introduction of assembly lines
vehicles are designed for specific applications, by Henry Ford, and the advancements in
such as emergency response vehicles, military engine technology, safety features, and
vehicles, and construction equipment. alternative fuel sources.

5. Examples of Automotive Applications:

a) Automotive Engineering: Automotive

engineers are involved in the design,
development, and testing of automotive
components and systems, such as engines,
transmissions, chassis, and electrical systems.

b) Automotive Mechanics: Automotive

mechanics specialize in the maintenance,
repair, and diagnosis of automotive vehicles,
3. Characteristics of Automotive: ensuring their proper functioning and
performance.
a) Mobility: Automotive vehicles provide a
means of transportation, allowing individuals c) Automotive Design: Automotive designers
to travel conveniently and efficiently. create the visual aesthetics and functional
aspects of vehicles, considering factors such
b) Safety: Safety features and systems, such as as aerodynamics, ergonomics, and user
seat belts, airbags, anti-lock braking systems experience.
(ABS), and stability control, are incorporated
into automotive vehicles to ensure passenger d) Automotive Manufacturing: Automotive
safety. manufacturing involves the production of
vehicles, including assembly, quality control,
c) Performance: Automotive vehicles are and supply chain management.
designed to deliver optimal performance in
terms of speed, acceleration, handling, and e) Automotive Sales and Marketing: Sales and
fuel efficiency. marketing professionals in the automotive
industry focus on promoting and selling
d) Technology: Advancements in automotive vehicles, considering customer needs and
technology have led to the integration of market trends.
various features, including navigation
systems, entertainment systems, driver-
assistance systems, and autonomous driving -----END-----
capabilities.