LINE CODING
transmission
A computer network is designed to send
information from one point in the network to
another.
While designing a network, we have two choices
•Convert data into digital signal
•Convert data into analog signal
Digital transmission includes
Line coding (binary data to digital signals)
Improve the efficiency of line coding
Sampling (a technique for changing analog data
to binary data)
Data Encoding
Digital Digital Analog Analog
to to to to
Digital Analog Analog Digital
Digital to
Digital
Encoding
Unipolar Polar Bipolar
Characteristic of Line Coding
Signal level versus data level
Pulse rate versus bit rate
dc components
Self synchronization
DC Component
First has a dc component, positive voltages are
not cancelled by negative voltages.
DC Signal Has Zero Frequency.
Self synchronization
To correctly interpret the signals, receiver’s bit
intervals should exactly match with the sender’s
bit intervals.
The ability to recover timing from the signal
itself.
Long series of ones and zeros could cause a
problem.
Signalling rate versus bit rate
Signalling rate number of signals per
second. Signal is the minimum amount of time
reqd to transmit a symbol.
Bit rate number of bits per second. If a signal
carries only 1 bit, the signalling rate and the bit
rate are same.
Bit rate = Signalling rate * log 2 L
L is the number of data levels in the signal.
Unipolar Encoding
(also called on-off keying, OOK)
Form of digital signal with only one level of
amplitude.
1s are encoded as positive values. 0s are
encoded as a zero value.
Limitations of unipolar encoding
dc component
Lack of synchronization
Average of unipolar encoded signal is non-zero,
so there is dc component.
Polar encoding
It uses two voltage levels.positive and negative
levels.
Due to two voltage levels, there is a less
problem of dc component.
Types of polar encoding
POLAR
Manchest Differential
NRZ RZ er -
Manchest
er
Non-return to Zero(NRZ)
Value of the signal is either positive or negative.
Types of NRZ
NRZ-L
NRZ-I
NRZ-L encoding
Level of signal depends upon the type of bit
that it represents
1 -ve Voltage
0 +ve voltage
Limitation of NRZ-L
When data contains a long stream of 0s and 1s.
Receiver receives a continuous voltage and
determines the number of bits by its clock which
may or may not be synchronized with the sender
clock.
NRZ-I encoding
In NRZ-I, an inversion of the voltage level
represents a 1 bit. It is the transition between a
positive and a negative voltage.
It is superior to NRZ-L due to the
synchronization provided by the signal change
each time a 1 bit is encountered.
1 Signal Change
0 No Change
NRZ-L and NRZ-I encoding
Figure 4.6 Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes
NRZ
Advantages:
🞑 Simplicity in implementation.
🞑 No DC component.
Disadvantages:
🞑 Continuous part is non-zero at 0Hz. Causes “Signal
Droop”.
🞑 Does not have any error correction capability.
🞑 Does not posses any clocking component for ease of
synchronisation.
🞑 Is not transparent.
RZ
uses 3 values - +ve, -ve & zero.
The signal is return to zero in midway of each
duration.
1 +ve to Zero
0 -ve to zero
Manchester Encoding
An inversion at the middle of each bit interval
negative to positive transition represents
binary 1, and a positive to negative transition
represents binary 0.
MANCHESTER
Advantages:
🞑 No DC component.
🞑 Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for transmission over AC
coupled lines).
🞑 Easy to synchronise with.
🞑 Is Transparent.
Disadvantages:
🞑 Because of the greater number of transitions it occupies a significantly
large bandwidth.
🞑 Does not have error detection capability.
These characteristic make this scheme unsuitable for use in Wide
Area Networks. However, it is widely used in Local Area Network
such as Ethernet and TokenRing.
Differential Manchester
inversion at the middle of the bit interval is
used for synchronization, but the presence or
absence of an additional transition at the
beginning of the interval is used to identify the
bit.
A transition means binary 0 and no transition
means binary 1
1 absence of transition at the beginning of the bit interval
0 presence of transition at the beginning of the bit interval
Bipolar
3 voltage level-- +ve , ‘0’ & -ve.
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
Pseudoternary
1 alternating +1/2 , -1/2 voltage
0 0 voltage
High Density Bipolar-3 zeros (HDB3)
Bipolar with 8-Zero Substitution (B8ZS)
25/45
Comparison of Line Codes
Self-synchronization:
🞑 Manchester codes have built in timing information
because they always have a zero crossing in the
center of the pulse.
🞑 Polar RZ codes tend to be good because the signal
level always goes to zero for the second half of the
pulse.
🞑 NRZ signals are not good for self-synchronization.
Error probability:
🞑 Polar codes perform better (are more energy efficient)
than Unipolar or Bipolar codes.
🞑 Channel characteristics:
Depends upon the PSD of the line codes.
Digital to Analog encoding
Analog to analog encoding
AM
FM
PM
Analog to digital encoding
Message
signal Digital bit
(analog)
Sampler Quantization Encoding
