XI CS - Material - 2024 - Compressed - Compressed

XI – COMPUTER SCIENCE – 2024-25
fzpdp mwptpay; - Nky;epiy Kjyhk; Mz;L

nghUslf;fk;
(gFjp II) jutpdq;fs;> khwpfs; kw;Wk; Nfhitfs; ....... 52

myF I - fzpdp mwpKfk;
10. gha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghL ............................................................ 58
1. fzpdp mwpKfk; ................................................................... 1
11. C++-d; nraw;$Wfs; ...................................................... 67
2. vz; Kiwfs; ......................................................................... 8
12. mzpfs; kw;Wk; fl;LUf;fs; ......................................... 75
(gFjp II) - G+ypad; ,aw;fzpjk; ......................................... 17
myF IV - nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f nkhop
3. fzpdp mikg;G .................................................................. 20
13. mwpKfk; - nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f El;gq;fs; ..... 81
4. ,af;f mikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fs; ............. 26
14. ,df;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; ............................... 84
5. tpz;Nlh];-y; Ntiy nra;jy; ......................................... 29
15. gy;YUthf;fk; .................................................................... 90
myF II - newpKiwrhh; rpf;fy; jPh;T
16. kuGhpkk;................................................................................ 95
6. tptuf;Fwpg;G kw;Wk; mUtkhf;fk; ................................. 34
myF V - fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ,izag; ghJfhg;G
7. gphpj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy; .................................... 38
17. fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ,izag; ghJfhg;G101
8. Row;rpAk;> jw;Row;rpAk; ...................................................... 42
18. fzpg;nghwpapy; jkpo; .....................................................105
myF III - C++ Xh; mwpKfk;
9. C++ Xh; mwpKfk;................................................................. 46
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp .................................................................107
GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

1. fzpdp mwpKfk; myF I - fzpdp mwpKfk
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. fzpdp mwpKfk;
❖ rhh;y]; ghNg[; vd;gth; ,d;iwa fzpg;nghwpapd; je;ij. ,th;
mdybf;fy; ,d;[pd; vd;w fUtpia tbtikj;jhh;.
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf: ❖ Kjy; jiyKiw fzpg;nghwpfspy; ntw;wplf; Foy;(Vacum tube)
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
1 Kjy; jiyKiw fzpg;nghwpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gFjpg;nghUs; ❖ ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw fzpg;nghwpfspy; jphpjilafk;(Transistors)
(m) ntw;wplf;Foy; (M) jphpjilafk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
(,) xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; (<) Ez;nraypfs; ❖ %d;whk; jiyKiw fzpg;nghwpfspy; xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs;
2 jw;fhypf epidtfk; vJ? (Integrated Circuits – IC) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
(m) ROM (M) PROM (,) RAM (<) EPROM ❖ ehd;fhk; jiyKiw fzpg;nghwpfspy; Ez; nrayp (kpfg;nghpa
mstpyhd xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; - VLSI) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
3 ntspaPl;L rhjdj;ij milahsk; fhz;f.
(m) tpirg;gyif (M) epidtfk; (,) jpiuafk; (<) Rl;b ❖ Ie;jhk; jiyKiw fzpg;nghwpfspy; kPg;ngU mstpyhd
xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; (ULSI) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
4 cs;sPl;L rhjdj;ij milahsk; fhz;f
(m) mr;Rg;nghwp (M) Rl;b (,) tiutp (<) gltPo;jj
; p ❖ ENIAC 1800 rJu mbg;gug;gpy;> 18>000 ntw;wplf;Foy;fSld;> 50 ld;
vilapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 fl;bl tiuglj; jpl;lk;> gpsf;]; ml;il Nghd;wtw;iw mr;rplg; gad;gLk; ❖ rpe;J vOj;Jf;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s> xspapay; vOj;J czh;jj ; p
ntspaPl;L rhjdk; vJ?
(OCR) gad;gLfpwJ.
(m) ntg;g mr;Rg;nghwp (M) tiutp
(,) Gs;sp mr;Rg;nghwp (<) ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp ❖ fzpg;nghwp epidtfj;jpy; Neubahfj; jftiy cs;spl tUbfs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
6 V.b.vk; ,ae;jpuq;fspy;> fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? ❖ ifNuifia czh;e;J fzpg;nghwpf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;fpl ifNuif
(m) njhLjpiu (M) jpiuafk; tUb gad;gLfpwJ.
(,) xyp ngUf;fp (<) mr;Rg;nghwp
❖ xU eghpd; tpopj;jpiu ,uj;j ehsq;fis gjpT nra;a tpopj;jpiu
7 xU fzpg;nghwp kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fk; NghJ ve;j tifahd tUb gad;gLfpwJ.
njhlq;Fjiyg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
❖ xspg;Nghd jpiuapy; Neubahf tiua gad;gLfpwJ.
(m) cld; njhlf;fk; (M) jz; njhlf;fk;
(,) njhL njhlf;fk; (<) nka; njhlf;fk; ❖ fhfpjj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;l my;yJ vOjg;gl;l vOj;Jfisf; fz;lwpa
xsptop vOj;J gbg;ghd; gad;gLfpwJ.
8 POST-d; tphpthf;fk;
❖ fzpg;nghwpapy; jftiy tpiuthfTk;> gpioapd;wpAk; gjpT nra;a
(m) Post on Self Test (M) Power on Software Test gl;ilf;FwpaPL/fpA+.Mh; gbg;ghd; gad;gLfpwJ.
(,) Power on Self Test (<) Power on Self Text
❖ Fuy; cs;sPl;L rhjdk; Fuy; juitg; ngw;W fzpg;nghwpf;F
9 fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ xU Kjd;ik epidtfkhFk;? mDg;GfpwJ.
(m) ROM (M) RAM (,) Flash drive (<) Hard disk ❖ ,yf;f tbtpy; glq;fis Neubahf vLf;f ,yf;f tif Nfkuh
10 ve;jf; fzpg;nghwp jiyKiwapy; xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; gad;gLfpwJ.
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? ❖ tpir (Keyer) vd;gJ ifahy; rkpQ;ir nra;tjw;fhd xU
(m) Kjyhk; (M) ,uz;lhk; (,) %d;whk; (<) ehd;fhk; rhjdkhFk;
❖ nghJthfg;gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntspaPl;L rhjdk; jpiuafk;
❖ jpiuafk; jfty;fis tp[pV(VGA) %yk; jpiuapy; fhl;LfpwJ.
❖ jhs;fspy; tiufis ntspaPl;il mr;rpl tiutp gad;gLfpwJ.
GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 1 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

❖ Gs;sp mr;Rg;nghwpapd; mr;rpLk; Ntfk; 30 Kjy; 1550 rpgpv]; (CPS – ROM Read Only Memory gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;
Character per Second) POST Power on Self Test kpd; ,izg;gpy; Ra Ma;T
❖ thp mr;Rg;nghwp tpdhbf;F 1000f;F Nkw;gl;l thpfis mr;rpLk; BIOS Basic Input Output System mbg;gil cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;L
❖ Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwp epkplj;jpw;F 100 gf;fq;fis mr;rpLk; Kiwik
❖ ikg;gPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp epkplj;jpw;F 1 Kjy; 20 gf;fq;fis mr;rpLk; QR Quick Response cldb gjpypspg;G
❖ fzpg;nghwp jpiuaf ntspaPl;ilg; nghpa jpiuapy; jpiuapl gy;Y}lf CCD Charged Coupled Device kpd;Ndw;wg;gl;l ,iz rhjdk;
gltPo;j;jp (Multimedia Projector) gad;gLfpwJ. GUI Graphical User Interface tiufiy gadh; ,ilKfk;
❖ fzpg;nghwpia ,af;Fk; mbg;gil nkd;nghUs; ,af;f mikg;G CRT Cathode Ray Tube fj;NjhL Nu bA+g;
❖ Boot strap Loader vd;w epuy;>“,af;f mikg;G” nkd;nghUis LCD Liquid Crystal Display ypf;tpl; fphp];ly; b];gpNs
td;tl;bypUe;J> Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpw;F mDg;GfpwJ.
LED Light Emitting Diodes iyl; Vkpl;bq; ilNahl;fs;
VGA Video Graphics Array xspcU tiugl thpir
FWf;fk; tphpthf;fk; jkpohf;fk; CPS Character Per Second nehbf;F vj;jid vOj;Jf;fs;
ENIAC Electronic Nuerical vnyf;l;uhdpf; epA+khpf;fy; mq;Fyj;jpw;F vj;jid Gs;spfs;
DPI Dots per Inch
Integrater and Calculator ,d;lf;Nulh; mz;l; fhy;FNyl;lh;
PPM Pager per Minute epkplj;jpw;F vj;jid gf;fq;fs;
UNIVAC Universal Automatic Adpth;ry; Ml;NlhNkbf; fk;g;A+l;lh;
Computer
IC Integrated Circuit xUq;fik Rw;Wfs; fUtp fz;Lgpbj;jth; fz;Lgpbj;j Mz;L
VLSI Very Large Scale Integrated kpfg;nghpa mstpyhd mdybf;fy; ,d;[pd; rhh;y]; ghNg[; 1837
Circuits xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs; Kjy; jiyKiw 1940-1956
ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integrated kPg;ngU mstpyhd xUq;fpize;j ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw 1956-1964
Circuits Rw;Wfs;
%d;whk; jiyKiw 1964-1971
OS Operating System ,af;f mikg;G
ehd;fhk; jiyKiw 1971-1980
ANN Artificial Neural Networks nraw;if euk;gpay; tiyaikg;G
Ie;jhk; jiyKiw 1980-,d;W tiu
WAN Wireless Area Network gue;j tiyaikg;G
ENIAC N[.gpnu];gh; vnfh;l; 1940-1956
NLP Natural Language Processing ,aw;if nkhop nrayhf;fk; kw;Wk; [hd; nksr;rpyp
AI Artificial Intelligence nraw;if Ez;zwpT (ngd;rpy;Ntdpah
DLNN Deep Learning Neural Mokhd fw;wy; euk;gpay; gy;fiyf; fofk;)
Networks tiyaikg;G ,ae;jputpay; Rl;b nlypgd;fd; (n[h;khdpa 02/10/1968
OCR Optical Character xspapay; vOj;J czh;j;jp epWtdk;)
Recognition xspapay; Rl;b hpr;rh;L yad;> ];Bt; fphP]; 1980
IPO Input Process Output cs;sLP -nrayhf;fk;-ntspaPL Rl;bia fz;Lgpbj;jth; lf;s]; vq;nfy; gh;l; (gpy; 1960
CPU Central Processing Unit ikar; nrayfk; ,q;fpyP];-d; cjtpAld;)
CU Control Unit fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; Rl;bapd; fhg;Ghpkk; lf;s]; vq;nfy; gh;l; (gpy; etk;gh; 17> 1970
,q;fpyP];-d; cjtpAld;)
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk;
Kjy; jpiuafk; khh;r; 1> 1973
MU Memory Unit epidtfk; (n[uhf;]; My;l;Nlh
RAM Random Access Memory Neub mZfy; epidtfk; fzpg;nghwpapd; ghfkhf)

5 fl;Lg;ghl;lfj;jpd; nray;fis vOJf.
vz;zpf;if ❖ ikar;nrayfk;> epidtfk;> cs;sPl;L/ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fSf;F
,ilNa ghpkhwg;gLk; juitf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
fzpg;nghwpapd; jiyKiwfs; 6
❖ fzpg;nghwpapd; KOr;nray;ghl;ilAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ikar; nrayfj;jpd; gFjpfs; 3 1.fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;
2.fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; 6 epidtfj;jpd; nray;ghL ahJ?
3. epidtfk; ❖ juT kw;Wk; epuy; fl;lisfis epidtfk; Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ
epidtfk; 2 1.Kjd;ik epidtfk; ❖ ,uz;L tifahd epidtfq;fs; cs;sd.
2. ,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk;  1. Kjd;ik epidtfk;: ,J xU jw;fhypf epidtfk;
Rl;bapd; tiffs; 3 1.,ae;jputpay;  2. ,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk;: epue;jukhf Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
2.xspapay;
7 cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPL NtWgLj;Jf.
3.Nyrh;
cs;sPL ntspaPL
mr;Rg;nghwpapd; tiffs; 2 1.jl;ly; tif
fzpg;nghwpf;F juit nray;gLj;jg;gl;l ntspaPl;il
2.jl;lh tif nfhLf;fpwJ gadUf;F toq;FfpwJ
fzpg;nghwpia njhlq;Fjy; 2 1.jz; njhlf;fk; v.fh: tpirg;gyif> Rl;b v.fh: jpiuafk;> mr;Rg;nghwp
2.cld; njhlf;fk;
8 Kjd;ik epidtfk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy epidtfk; NtWghL ahJ?
Kjd;ik epidtfk; ,uz;lhk;epiy epidtfk;
FW tpdhf;fs;:
mopAk; epidtfk; mopahj epidtfk;
1 fzpg;nghwp vd;why; vd;d? juT kw;Wk; jfty;fis juTfis epue;jukhf Nrkpf;fpwJ
fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ fl;lisfis cs;sPlhfg; ngw;W> mjpNtfkhfr; jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpf;fpwJ
nray;gl;L> tpUk;gpa ntspaPl;il toq;Fk; xU kpd;Z rhjdk; MFk;. kpd;rhuk; epWj;jg;gl;lTld; kpd;rhuk; epWj;jg;gl;lhYk;
jfty;fs; mope;JtpLk; jfty;fs; mopahJ
2 juT kw;Wk; jfty; NtWgLj;Jf.
juT jfty; v.fh: RAM v.fh: td;tl;L> FWtl;L
gy;NtW tiffspYk; jpul;lg;gLk; KbTfis vLf;ff;$ba
mbg;gil nra;jpj; JZf;F cz;ikfspd; njhFg;G
njhlh;G nfhs;tjw;Fk;> rhpahd nghUs; nfhz;lit
rpW tpdhf;fs;:
tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; (m) nrayhf;fk;
nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;wJ 1 fzpg;nghwpapd; jd;ikfs; ahit?
v.fh: 134> 16> ftpjh v.fh: ftpjhtpd; taJ 16 fzpg;nghwpapd; jd;ikfs;
3 ikar; nrayfj;jpd; (CPU) gFjpfs; ahit? ❖ Ntfk;
i fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; ❖ Jy;ypak;
ii fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk;
❖ Nrhh;tpd;ik
iii epidtfk;
❖ gpioapd;ik
4 fzpj Vuz nrayfj;jpd; (ALU) nray;ghL ahJ?
i ikar;nrayfj;jpd; xU gFjp ❖ epidtfj;jpwd;
ii gy fzpg;gPL nray;fisj; jutpd; kPJ epfo;jJ
; fpwJ ❖ gy;tif nrayhf;fj;jpwd;
iii $l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy; kw;Wk; jUf;fr; nray;fis
nra;fpwJ.

2 fzpg;nghwpapd; gad;ghLfis vOJf.  thpGs;sp mr;Rg;nghwp: xU gf;f mstpyhd Gs;spfis
fzpg;nghwpapd; gad;ghLfs;: fy;tp> Muha;r;rp> Rw;Wyh> thdpiy mr;rpLk;
Kd;dwptpg;G> r%f tiyjsk;> kpd;tzpfk;> tpkhdk;> uapy;> Nghf;Ftuj;J 7 MwhtJ jiyKiwapd; jd;ikfisg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.
gazr;rPl;L Kd;gjpT> jpiuauq;f EioTr;rPl;L Kd;gjpT> tpisahl;L ❖ fhyk;: vjph;fhyk;
kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;fpw;Fk; fzpg;nghwp gad;gLfpwJ.
❖ nkhop: ,aw;if nkhop
3 cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf. ❖ ,iz kw;Wk; gfph;T fzpg;gPL
fzpg;nghwpf;F juitAk;> fl;lisfisAk; cs;sPlhf toq;f gad;gLk;
❖ rpwe;jjhfTk;> tpiuthfTk; kw;Wk; rpwpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
rhjdq;fs; cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
❖ nraw;if kdpjh;fis cUthf;Fjy;
v.fh: tpirg;gyif> Rl;b
❖ Fuy; mwpjy; nkd;nghUs; cUthf;Fjy;
4 VNjDk; %d;W ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fis tpsf;Ff. 8 jpiuafj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpwg;gpay;Gfis gw;wp vOJf.
i jpiuafk;: ❖ nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntspaPl;L rhjdk;
 nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntspaPl;L rhjdk; ❖ jpiuafj;jpy; glq;fs; gpf;nry; vdg;gLk; glf;$WfSld;
 jpiuafj;jpy; glq;fs; gpf;nry; vdg;gLk; glf;$WfSld; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ❖ jpiuafk; jftiy VGA %yk; jpiuapy; fhl;LfpwJ.
 jpiuafk; jftiy VGA %yk; jpiuapy; fhl;LfpwJ. ❖ CRT, LCD, LED Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd jpiuafq;fs;
 CRT, LCD, LED Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd jpiuafq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd
fpilf;fpd;wd
ii tiutp:
neLtpdhf;fs;:
 tiufiy ntspaPl;il mr;rpl gad;gLfpwJ
 glq;fis tiua xw;iw epwk; my;yJ gy tz;zk; nfhz;l 1 xU fzpg;nghwpapd; mbg;gil ghfq;fis njspthd tpsf;fg;glj;Jld;
Ngdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. tpsf;Ff.
iii gy;Y}lf gltPo;jj; p ❖ fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ td;nghUs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUspd; fyit MFk;
 fzpg;nghwp jpiuaf ntspaPl;il nghpa jpiuapy; jpiuaplg; ❖ fzpg;nghwp nfhLf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU gzpiaAk; cs;sPL-
gad;gLfpwJ. nrayhf;fk;-ntspaPL vd;w Row;rpia mbg;gilahf nfhz;L
5 xspapay; Rl;b kw;Wk; Nyrh; Rl;b NtWgLj;Jf. nrayhw;WfpwJ.
xspapay; Rl;b Nyrh; Rl;b
Rl;b efh;tijj; jPh;khdpf;f xsp mfr;rptg;G fjph;fis
gad;gLfpwJ gad;gLj;JfpwJ
Fiwthd czh;jpwd; nfhz;lJ kpFe;j czh;jpwd; nfhz;lJ.
fbdkhd Nkw;gug;gpYk; nray;gLk;
6 jl;ly; tif mr;Rg;nghwpiag; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf.

i xU rpW fk;gp> ik ehlh kPJ jl;b Gs;spiaNa (m) vOj;ijNah
Vw;gLj;Jk;
ii xNu rkaj;jpy; gy gbfis vLf;fyhk;
v.fh:
 Gs;sp mr;Rg;nghwp: xU Neuj;jpy; xU thpia kl;Lk; mr;rpLk;

i cs;sPl;lfk;  Kjy; ,af;f mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
 midj;J tifahd juTfisAk; fzpg;nghwpf;Fs; cs;splg;  Kjy; jiyKiwia xg;gpLk;NghJ mstpy; rpwpaJ> Fiwe;j
gad;gLfpwJ. mit epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kpd;rhuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ
 v.fh: tpirg;gyif> Rl;b iii %d;whk; jiyKiw:
ii ikar;nrayfk;  fhyk;: 1964-1971
 fl;lisfis> fzpg;nghwp Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; khw;wp  gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjd;ik nghUs;: xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs;
mjid nrayhf;fk; nra;fpwJ
 nkhop: cah;epiy nkhop
 cs;sL P > ntspaPL kw;Wk; epidtfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 Fiwe;j kpd;rhuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. mstpy; rpwpaJ>
 juit cs;sPlhf ngw;W> nfhLf;fg;gl;l fl;lisfspd;gb tpiuthd nray;ghL kw;Wk; mjpf ek;gfj;jd;ik cilaJ
nray;gLj;jp> ntspaPl;il toq;FfpwJ.
 ikar; nrayfj;jpd; gFjpfs;: 1.fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;> 2.fzpj Vuzr; iv ehd;fhk; jiyKiw:
nrayfk;> 3.epidtfk;  fhyk;: 1971-1980
 fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;: ikar;nrayfk;> epidtfk;>  gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjd;ik nghUs;: Ez; nrayp
cs;sPl;L/ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fSf;F ,ilNa ghpkhwg;gLk;  rpwpaJ kw;Wk; NtfkhdJ
juitf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. fzpg;nghwpapd;
KOr;nray;ghl;ilAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.  ifalf;f fzpg;nghwpfs; mwpKfkhfpd.
 fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk;: ,J gy fzpg;gPL nray;fisj; jutpd;  IBM kw;Wk; Apple Nghd;w Ez; fzpg;nghwpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
kPJ epfo;j;JfpwJ. $l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy;> tFj;jy; kw;Wk; v Ie;jhk; jiyKiw:
jUf;fr; nray;fis nra;fpwJ.
 fhyk;: 1980-,d;W tiu
 epidtfk;: fzpj Vuzr; nrayfj;jpd; tpil
 gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjd;ik nghUs;: kPg;ngU mstpyhd
cs;epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfs;
iii ntspaPl;lfk;: nray;gLj;jg;gl;l ntspaPl;il gadUf;F
 ,iz nrayhf;fk;
toq;FfpwJ. v.fh: jpiuafk;> mr;Rg;nghwp
2 fzpg;nghwpapd; gy;NtW jiyKiwfis tpsf;Ff.  kP-flj;jp
i Kjy; jiyKiw:  fzpg;nghwpapd; msT fzprkhff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fhyk;: 1940-1956  epow;glq;fs; kw;Wk; tiuglq;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd;
 gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjd;ik nghUs;: ntw;wplf; Foy;  nraw;if Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; epGzh; mikg;G mwpKfk;
 nkhop: ,ae;jpu nkhop  jPh;khdpj;jy; kw;Wk; mjpfr; rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;T
 mstpy; nghpaJ fhZjy;
 mjpf msT kpd;rhuj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ vi Mwhk; jiyKiw:
 mjpf ntg;gk; fhuzkhf nraypyf;Fk;  fhyk;: vjph;fhyk;
 v.fh: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC1  nkhop: ,aw;if nkhop
 ,iz kw;Wk; gfph;T fzpg;gPL
ii ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw:
 fhyk;: 1956-1964  rpwe;jjhfTk;> tpiuthfTk; kw;Wk; rpwpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
 gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjd;ik nghUs;: jphpjilafk;  nraw;if kdpjh;fis cUthf;Fjy;
 nkhop: ,ae;jpu nkhop kw;Wk; mnrk;gpsp nkhop  Fuy; mwpjy; nkd;nghUs; cUthf;Fjy;
 cs;sPl;L rhjdk;: Jis ml;il

3 gpd;tUgtw;iw tpsf;Fq;fs;: 4 njhFg;G nkhop (assembly langauge) vd;why; vd;d?
(m) ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp njhFg;G nkhop vd;gJ xU jho;kl;l (low-leve) epuyhf;f nkhopahFk;
(M) gy;Y}lfg; gltPo;j;jp
5 cah;epiy nkhop (High-level language) vd;why; vd;d?
(,) gl;ilf;Fwp / QR FwpaPL gbg;ghd; cah;epiy nkhop vd;gJ xU fzpg;nghwp epuyhf;f nkhopahFk;. ,J
i ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp: fzpg;nghwpahy; tiuaWf;fg;glhjJ. vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba xU
 ,J xU ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdk; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyf;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fUQ;rptg;G> kQ;rs; kw;Wk; rpahd; cs;slf;fpa ikFg;gpia 6 ,aw;if nkhop nrayhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
gad;gLj;jp tz;z rhaiy cUthf;FfpwJ. ,aw;if nkhop nrayhf;fk; vd;gJ nraw;if Ez;zwptpd;(Artificial
 xU tz;zj;jpy; mr;rpl> fUg;G ikFg;gpia gad;gLj;JfpwJ Intelligence) xU mq;fkhFk;. ,J kdpj nkhopiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf; $ba
 fhfpjj;jhspy; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w ikiaj; njspf;fpwJ xU fzpg;nghwp epuiy cUthf;Ftjw;fhd jpwid toq;FfpwJ.
 mr;rpLk; Ntfk;: epkplj;jpw;F 1 Kjy; 20 gf;fq;fs; 7 nraw;if Ez;zwptpd; Fiwfis vOJf.
ii gy;Y}lfg; gltPo;jj; p: i tpiy kpfTk; mjpfk;
 ,J xU ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdk; ii Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gad;ghLfSf;F> nraw;if Ez;zwpT rpwe;jjhf
 fzpg;nghwp jpiuaf ntspaPl;il nghpa jpiuapy; jpiuaplg; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mit kdpjdpd; mDgtj;jpw;F ,izahfhJ
gad;gLfpwJ.
iii R+o;epiy> gz;ghL kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F Vw;g KbntLf;Fk; jpwd;
 tFg;giwfspy; my;yJ $l;l muq;Ffspy; tpsf;ff; fhl;rpiaf; mw;wJ
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
iii gl;ilFwp/QR FwpaPL gbg;ghd;: iv Mf;fr;rpe;jid(creative thinking) fpilahJ
 ,J xU cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdk; 8 jl;ly; tif mr;Rg;nghwpiag; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf.
 ,it gl;ilf;FwpaPLfis gbj;J mtw;iw kpd; Jbg;Gfshf ❖ xU rpW fk;gp> ik ehlh kPJ jl;b Gs;spiaNa (m) vOj;ijNah
khw;wp fzpg;nghwp nrayfj;jpw;F mDg;Gk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
 tpiuthfTk;> gpioapd;wpAk; gjpT nra;a gad;gLfpwJ. ❖ xNu rkaj;jpy; gy gbfis vLf;fyhk;
 QR FwpaPlhdJ> ,U ghpkhz gl;ilf;FwpaPlhFk;. ,J Nfkuh ❖ tiffs;: 1. Gs;sp mr;Rg;nghwp> 2. thpGs;sp mr;Rg;nghwp
%yk; gbf;fg;gl;Lg; glj;ij czh;j;JfpwJ. 9 xspg;Ngdh Fwpg;G tiuf.
❖ Ngd Nghd;w tbtk; nfhz;l Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; fUtp
❖ ,jd; Kidapy; xsp czh;jpwd; nfhz;l nghUs;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;): nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
❖ ,it jpiuapy; Neubahf tiuAk; jd;ik nfhz;lit
1 td;nghUs; vd;why; vd;d?
fzpg;nghwpapy; cs;s gUg;nghUs;fshd kjh;Nghh;l;> epidtfk;> 10 jz; njhlf;fk; Fwpg;G tiuf.
jpiuafk; kw;Wk; tpirg;gyif Nghd;wit td;nghUs; MFk; xU fzpg;nghwpia Kjd; Kjypy; njhlq;Ftijj; jz; njhlf;fk;
my;yJ td; njhlf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;
2 nkd;nghUs; vd;why; vd;d?
nkd;nghUs; vd;gJ fzpg;nghwpf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lis my;yJ 11 cld; njhlf;fk; Fwpg;G tiuf.
fl;lisfspd; njhFg;G MFk; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fzpg;nghwpia VNjDk; xU R+oypy; mjd;
,af;fj;ij epWj;jp kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fjiy cld; njhlf;fk; my;yJ
3 ,ae;jpu nkhop vd;why; vd;d? nkd; njhlf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;.
,ae;jpu nkhop vd;gJ ,Uepiy ,yf;fq;fs; my;yJ gpl;Lfspd;
njhFg;ghFk;. mJ fzpg;nghwp gbf;f kw;Wk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg;
gad;gLfpwJ

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (rpW tpdhf;fs;):  gbnaLg;ghd; gad;gLj;Jk; xj;j njhopy;El;gj;ij
gad;gLj;JfpwJ
1 gy;Y}lf gltPo;j;jp gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.  ,jd; gpopjpwd; (resolution) 1200 dpi
❖ fzpg;nghwp jpiuaf ntspaPl;il nghpa jpiuapy; jpiuaplg;  mr;rpLk; Ntfk;: epkplj;jpw;F 100 gf;fq;fs;
gad;gLfpwJ. ❖ ii. ikg;gPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp:
❖ tFg;giwfspy; my;yJ $l;l muq;Ffspy; tpsf;ff; fhl;rpfis
 fhfpjj; jhspy; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w ikiaj; njspg;gjd; %yk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
nray;gLfpwJ
2 ifNuif tUb vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ?
 fUQ;rptg;G> kQ;rs; kw;Wk; rpahd; cs;slf;fpa ikf;Fg;gpfisg;
❖ ifNuif tUb> capusitapay; (biometric) njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;gLj;jp tz;z rhaiy cUthf;FfpwJ.
mbg;gilapy; ,aq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ
 mr;rpLk; Ntfk;: epkplj;jpw;F 1 Kjy; 20 gf;fq;fs;
❖ flTf;nrhy;Yf;F gjpyhf kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghdJ kw;Wk; trjpahdJ.
2 ntspaPl;lfk; vd;why; vd;d? VNjDk; %d;W ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fis
tpsf;Ff.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (neL tpdhf;fs;): gadh;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba tifapy; jftiyj; njhptpf;Fk;
ve;jnthU td;nghUSk; ntspaPl;lfk; vdg;gLk;
1 mr;Rg;nghwpapd; tiffis tpthp i jpiuafk;:
1. jl;ly; tif mr;Rg;nghwp
 nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntspaPl;L rhjdk;
❖ xU rpW fk;gp> ik ehlh kPJ jl;b Gs;spiaNa (m) vOj;ijNah  jpiuafj;jpy; glq;fs; gpf;nry; vdg;gLk; glf;$WfSld;
Vw;gLj;Jk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
❖ xNu rkaj;jpy; gy gbfis vLf;fyhk;  jpiuafk; jftiy VGA %yk; jpiuapy; fhl;LfpwJ.
❖ i. Gs;sp mr;Rg;nghwp  CRT, LCD, LED Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd jpiuafq;fs;
 Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd nrUfp my;yJ fk;gpfisg; fpilf;fpd;wd
gad;gLj;jp mr;rpLfpwJ ii tiutp:
 xU Neuj;jpy; xU thpia kl;Lk; mr;rpLk;  tiufiy ntspaPl;il mr;rpl gad;gLfpwJ
 mr;rpLk; Ntfk;: 30 Kjy; 1550 rpgpv]; (CPS – Character Per  glq;fis tiua xw;iw epwk; my;yJ gy tz;zk; nfhz;l
Second) Ngdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
❖ ii. thpGs;sp mr;Rg;nghwp iii gy;Y}lf gltPo;jj
; p
 epiyahd mr;R jiyia mr;rplg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ  fzpg;nghwp jpiuaf ntspaPl;il nghpa jpiuapy; jpiuaplg;
 xU gf;f mstpyhd Gs;spfis mr;rpLk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 mr;rpLk; Ntfk;: tpdhbf;F 1000 f;F Nkw;gl;l thpfs;
2. jl;lh mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
❖ Nyrh; kw;Wk; epiykpd;Ndhl;l njhopy;El;gj;ij gad;gLj;JfpwJ
❖ Ntfk; kw;Wk; juj;jpy; rpwe;jJ
❖ i. Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwp:
 mr;Rg;nghwpapd; cs;Ns xU cUiy KOtJk; Nyrh; fjph;
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf tULk;NghJ xU epiyahd kpd;rhuk; xU
tbtj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

2. vz; Kiwfs; myF I - fzpdp mwpKfk;
❖ fzpg;nghwpapd; Ntfk; mJ nray;gLj;jg;gLk; gpl;Lfspd;
2. vz; Kiwfs; vz;zpf;ifia nghUj;jJ.
❖ ,ilntspf;fhd ASCII kjpg;G 32.
❖ Ropaj;jpw;f;fhd(0) ASCII kjpg;G 48.
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njL: ❖ Mq;fpy rpwpa vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd(a to z)ASCII kjpg;G 97 Kjy; 122.
❖ Mq;fpy nghpa vOj;Jf;fSf;fhd(A to Z)ASCII kjpg;G 65 Kjy; 90.
1 fzpg;nghwpapd; ika nrayfj;jpy; gpl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if vt;thW ❖ ISCII FwpKiwapy; Unicode xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ?
(m) igl; (M) epgpy; (,) Nth;L ePsk; (<) gpl; ❖ vjph;kiw ,Uepiy vz;fis vspjhf Fwpf;f gad;gLk; Kiw
“FwpAU msT” Kiw
2 xU fpNyh igl; vd;gJ vj;jid gpl;Lfisf; nfhz;lJ? ❖ 1-d; epug;gp FwpAU vz;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;
(m) 1000 (M) 8 (,) 4 (<) 1024
FWf;fk; tphpthf;fk; jkpohf;fk; / Fwpg;G
3 ASCII vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk;:
Bit Binary Digit ,Uepiy vz;fs;
(m) American School Code for Information Interchange
ASCII American Standard Code jfty; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhd mnkhpf;f
(M) American Standard Code for Information Interchange for Information juepiy FwpaPL Kiw.
(,) All Standard Code for Information Interchange Interchange 7 bit (27)=128 vOj;Jf;fis Fwpf;Fk;
(<) American Society Code of Information Interchange (gioa gjpg;G - Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fs;
kl;Lk;)
4 2^50 vd;gJ vij Fwpf;Fk; 8 bit (28)=256 vOj;Jf;fis Fwpf;Fk;
(m) fpNyh (Kilo) (M) nluh (Tera) (Gjpa gjpg;G- Mq;fpy kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa
(,) gPl;lh (Peta) (<) [Pl;lh (Zetta) vOj;Jf;fs;)
5 Binary Coded Decimal Kiwapy; vj;jid vOj;JUf;fisf; ifahs BCD Binary Coded Decimal 6 bit (26)=64 vOj;Jf;fis kl;Lk;
KbAk;? Fwpf;Fk;
(m) 64 (M) 255 (,) 256 (<) 128 EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded 8 bit (28)=256 vOj;Jf;fis Fwpf;Fk;
6 11012-f;F epfuhd gjpdhWepiy kjpg;G vJ? Decimal Interchange Code
(m) F (M) E (,) D (<) B ISCII Indian Standard Code for jfty; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhd ,e;jpa
7 00100110 f;fhd 1d; epug;G vJ? Information Interchange juepiy FwpaPL Kiw
(m) 00100110 (M) 11011001 (,) 11010001 (<) 00101001 8 bit (28)=256 vOj;Jf;fis Fwpf;Fk;
Unicode 16 bit (216)=65536 vOj;Jf;fis
8 fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ vz;zpiy vz; my;y?
Fwpf;Fk; (cyfpd; midj;J
(m) 645 (M) 234 (,) 876 (<) 123
nkhopfSk; cs;slf;fpaJ)
BIU Bureau of Indian ,e;jpa jueph;zaf; FO
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; Standards
IBM International Business
❖ Data vd;w nrhy; Datum vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ. ,jd; nghUs; Machine
nray;gLj;jg;glhj cz;ik jfty;
❖ fzpg;nghwp juTfis ‘0’ kw;Wk; ‘1’ vd;w vz;fspy; ifahSfpd;wJ. ngah; RUf;fk; msT
❖ Nth;L ePsk; vd;gJ xU fzpg;nghwpapd; ika nrayfj;jpy; vj;jid
gpl; (Bit) 0 (m) 1
gpl;Lfs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij Fwpf;Fk;

epgpy; (Nibble) 4 bit
,Uepiy → gjpdhWepiy kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp ,Uepiy →
igl; (Byte) 8 bit gjpd;k epiy
fpNyh igl; (KiloByte) K 1024 byte (2^10=1,024) (1111010110)2 f;F epfuhd gjpdhW epiy
vz;zhf khw;Wf. (11.011)2 f;F epfuhd gjpd;k
nkfh igl; (MegaByte) M 1024 KB (2^20) epiy vz;zhf khw;Wf.
[pfh igl; (GigaByte) G 1024 MB (2^30) 0011 1101 0110
nluh igl; (TeraByte) T 1024 GB (2^40) 11.011
gPl;lh igl; (PetaByte) P 1024 TB (2^50) 3 D 6 = (1x21 + 1x20) . (0x2-1 + 1x2-2 + 1x2-2)
=(1x2 + 1x1) . (0x0.5 + 1x0.25 +
vf;]h igl; (ExaByte) E 1024 PB (2^60) 1x0.125)
[Plh igl; (ZettaByte) Z 1024 EB (2^70) (1111010110)2 = (3D6)8 =(2+1) . (0 + 0.25 + 0.125)
Nahl;lh igl; (YottaByte) Y 1024 ZB (2^80) =3.37510
vz; Kiw mbkhdk; vz;fs; vz;zpiy → gjpd;k epiy vz;zpiy → ,Uepiy

gjpd;k (Decimal) 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 711 vd;w vz;zpiy vz;id 23 vd;w gjpd;k vz;id
,Uepiy (Binary) 2 0,1 gjpd;k epiy vz;zhf khw;W ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;W
vz;zpiy (Octal) 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 7 1 1 2 3
vjpdhW epiy (Hexa Decimal) 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
1 x 80 = 1*1 = 1
1 x 81 = 1*8 = 8
010 011
vz; Kiwfs; khw;Wjy;
7 x 82 = 7*64 = 448
238 = 010 0112
457
,Uepiy → gjpd;k epiy ,Uepiy → vz;zpiy
(10111)2 vd;w ,Uepiy vz;id (11010110)2f;F epfuhd 7118 = 45710
gjpd;k epiyf;F khw;W vz;zpiy vz;zhf khw;Wf.
gjpdhW epiy → gjpd;kepiy gjpdhW epiy → ,Uepiy
1 0 1 1 1
011 010 110 2C vd;w gjpdhW epiy vz;id 2C vd;w gjpdhW epiy
1x 20 = 1*1 = 1 gjpd;kepiy vz;zhf khw;W vz;id ,Uepiy vz;zhf
1 x 2 1 = 1*2 = 2 3 2 6 khw;W
2 C 2 C
1 x 2 2 = 1*4 = 4 (11010110)2 = (326)8
12 x 16 0= 12*1 = 16
0 x 2 3 = 0*8 = 0
2 x 16 1= 2*16 = 32 0010 1100
1 x 2 4 = 1*16 = 16
23 44 2C16 = 0010 11002
2C16 = 4410
101112 = 2310
FW tpdhf;fs;:
gjpd;k epiy - ,Uepiy gjpd;k epiy - vz;zpiy
23 vd;w gjpd;k vz;id ,Uepiy 457 vd;w gjpd;k epiy 1 juT vd;why; vd;d?
vz;zhf khw;W vz;id vz;zpiy vz;zhf ❖ juT vd;gjw;fhd Mq;fpy thh;j;ijahd Data vd;w nrhy; Datum
2 23 khw;W vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ. mjd; nghUs; nray;gLj;jg;glhj
cz;ik jfty;
2 11 – 1 8 457 ❖ juT vd;gJ kf;fs;> ,lq;fs; (m) nghUl;fspd; cz;ikj;
2 5 – 1 8 57 – 1 jfty;fisf; nfhz;lJ
2 2 – 1 8 7 – 1 2 1d; epug;G Kiwf;fhd topKiwfis vOJf.
1 – 0 i gjpd;k vz;Zf;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wf
ii khw;wg;gl;l ,Uepiy vz;> 8 gpl;Lf;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd;>
2310 = 101112 45710 = 7118 Kd;ndhl;lhf 0f;fis Nrh;jJ
; 8 gpl;Lfshf khw;wTk;
iii midj;J gpl;LfisAk; jiyfPohf khw;wTk; (1 vd;gij 0 vdTk;>
gjpd;kepiy→gjpdhW epiy kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp 0 vd;gij 1 vdTk; khw;Wf)
gjpd;kepiy→,U epiy 3 (46)10 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wf.
44 vd;w gjpd;kepiy vz;id
gjpdhW epiy vz;zhf khw;W (0.2)10 vd;w gjpd;k vz;iz 2 46
,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wf 2 23 –0
16 44
2 – 12 2 11 –1
KOvz;
gFjp 2 5 –1
4410 = 2C16 0.2 x 2 = 0.4 0 2 2 –1
gjpd;k epiy gjpdhW epiy
0.4 x 2 = 0.8 0 1 –0
0.8 x 2 = 1.6 1
10 A
0.6 x 2 = 1.2 1
11 B (46)10=1011102
12 C 0.2 x 2 = 0.4 0
13 D
4 (28)10 f;F 1d; epug;G Kiwapy; tpil fhz KbahJ. Vd; fhuzk; $W.
14 E (0.2)10 = 0.001102 1d; epug;G KiwahdJ vjph;kiw vz;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;
15 F 5 vOj;JUf;fis epidtfj;jpy; ifahStjw;fhd FwpaPl;L Kiwfisg;
gl;baypLf.
1d; epug;gp 2d; epug;gp i ASCII
(-24)10 f;fhd 1d; epug;G fhz;f (-24)10 f;ffhd 1d; epug;G fhz;f ii BCD
+24f;fhd ,Uepiy vz;: 11000 +24f;fhd ,Uepiy vz;: 11000 iii EBCDIC
8gpl; tbtpy; : 0001 1000 8gpl; tbtpy; : 0001 1000 iv ISCII
1d; epug;gp : 1110 0111 1d; epug;gp : 1110 0111 v Unicode
1ia $l;Lf : 1
2d; epug;gp : 1110 1000

rpW tpdhf;fs;: ❖ 256 (28=256) vOj;Jf;fis ifahSk;
❖ ,e;jpa jueph;zaf; FOkj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kiw
1 vz; Kiwapy; mbkhdk; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf ❖ jw;NghJ ,e;j Kiw AdpNfhl; FwpaPl;L Kiwapy; ,ize;Jtpl;lJ
❖ xt;nthU vz; KiwAk; mjd; mbkhd kjpg;ig nfhz;L 5 $l;Lf. (m) -2210 + 1510 (M) 2010 + 2510
milahsk; fhzg;gLk;
(m) -2210 + 1510
❖ mbkhdk; xt;nthU vz;KiwapYk; cs;s nkhj;j vz; kjpg;G
cUf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fwpf;Fk; 22-d; ,Uepiy vz;: 10110
❖ v.fh: gjpd;k vz;zpd; mbkhdk; 10> ,Uepiy vz;zpd; 15-d; ,Uepiy vz;: 1111
mbkhdk; 2
2 ,Uepiy vz; Kiw - Fwpg;G tiuf -22 vjph;kiw vz; vz;gjhy; mjw;fhd 2-d; epug;ig fhz;f:
❖ 0 kw;Wk; 1 vd;w ,uz;L vz;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd.
22-d; 8-gpl; ,Uepiy vz; : 0001 0110
❖ ,e;j Kiw 2d; mLf;F epiy epiw Kiwapy; 2ia mbkhdkhf
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 22-d; 1-d; epug;G : 1110 1001
3 (150)10 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;wp> mjid vz;zpiy 1-d; epug;Gld; 1-ia $l;l : 1
vz;zhf khw;Wf. 22-d; 2-d; epug;G : 1110 1010
15010 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;:
2 150 -22 = 1110 1010
2 75 –0 15 = 0000 1111
2 37 –1 -2210+1510 = 1111 1001
2 18 –1
2 9 –0
(M) 2010 + 2510
2 4 –1
2010 = 10100
2 2 –0
2510 = 11001
1 –0
2010 + 2510 = 101101
15010 = 100101102
neL tpdhf;fs;:
15010 f;F epfuhd vz;zpiy vz; 1 (m) kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp gjpd;k vz;iz> ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wtjw;fhd
010 010 110 topKiwfis tpthp.
(M) (98.46)10f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wf.
2 2 6 i kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp gjpd;k vz;iz> ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wtjw;fhd
15010=2268 topKiw:
4 ISCII Fwpg;G tiuf.  nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp ,Uepiy vz;zpd; KO vz;
❖ ,e;jpa nkhopapd; vOj;JUf;fis kl;Lk; ifahSk; Nehf;fpy; gFjpia 2-d; mLf;F epiy epiw Kiwia gad;gLj;jp> gjpd;k
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ vz;zhf khw;Wf.
❖ ,J 8gpl; FwpaPl;L KiwahFk;  kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp ,Uepiy vz;fis vLj;J vOJf.

 xt;nthU ,Uepiy vz;zpw;Fk; epfuhd vjph;kiw 2d; mLf;F 0.56 x 2 = 1.12 0
epiy kw;Wk; epiwfis ,lkpUe;J tykhf vOjTk; 0.12 x 2 = 0.24 0
 xt;nthU ,Uepiy vz; kjpg;GlDk;> 2d; mLf;F epiy 0.24 x 2 = 0.48 0
epiwia ngUf;Ff. 0.48 x 2 = 0.96 0
 ngUf;fy; kjpg;Gfis $l;Lf 0.96 x 2 = 1.92 1
 KO vz; gFjpiaAk;> kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp vz; gFjpiaAk; xU 0.92 x 2 = 1.84 1
jrkg;Gs;spAld; Nrh;j;J vOj Ntz;Lk; 0.84 x 2 = 1.68 1
ii (98.46)10 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz; 0.68 x 2 = 1.36 1
98 f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;: 1100010 0.36 x 2 = 0.72 0
0.72 x 2 = 1.44 1
2 98 0.44 x 2 = 0.88 0
2 49 –0 0.88 x 2 = 1.76 1
2 24 –1 0.76 x 2 = 1.52 1
2 12 –0 0.52 x 2 = 1.04 1
(98.46)10= 1100010.0111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 11 2
2 6 –0
2 gpd;tUk; gjpd;k vz;fSf;F 1d; epug;G kw;Wk; 2d; epug;gpfis fhz;f
2 3 –0
(m) -98 (M) -135
1 –1 (m) -98
98d; ,Uepiy vz; : 0110 0010
0.46f;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;:
1-d; epug;G : 1001 1101
0.0111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 11 1-ia $l;L : 1
KOvz; gFjp 2-d; epug;G : 1001 1110
0.46 x 2 = 0.92 0
0.92 x 2 = 1.84 1
0.84 x 2 = 1.68 1 (M) -135
0.68 x 2 = 1.36 1 135-d; ,Uepiy vz; : 1000 0111
0.36 x 2 = 0.72 0 1-d; epug;G : 0111 1000
0.72 x 2 = 1.44 1
1-ia $l;L : 1
0.44 x 2 = 0.88 0
0.88 x 2 = 1.76 1 2-d; epug;G : 0111 1001
0.76 x 2 = 1.52 1
0.52 x 2 = 1.04 1 3 (m) $l;Lf: 11010102 + 1011012
0.04 x 2 = 0.08 0 (M) fopf;f: 11010112 - 1110102
0.08 x 2 = 0.16 0 (m) 1101010 → (106)
0.16 x 2 = 0.32 0
101101 → ( 45)
0.32 x 2 = 0.64 0
0.64 x 2 = 1.28 1 10010111 → (151)
0.28 x 2 = 0.56 0

(M) $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (neL tpdhf;fs;):
1101011 → 107
1 vOj;JUf;fis epidtfj;jpy; ifahStjw;fhd FwpaPl;L Kiwfisg;
111010 → 58
gl;baypl;L tpthp.
0110001 → 49 i Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
 ,e;j Kiw jw;NghJ tof;fpy; ,y;iy
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;):  6 gpl; FwpaPl;L Kiw. 26=64 vOj;Jf;fis kl;Lk; ifahSk;
ii jfty; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhd mnkhpf;f juepiy FwpaPL Kiw (ASCII –
1 Ntl;L ePsk; vd;why; vd;d? American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Nth;L ePsk; vd;gJ xU fzpg;nghwpapd; ika nrayfj;jpy; vj;jid  ngUk;ghyhd fzpg;nghwpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw
gpl;Lfs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gij Fwpf;Fk;  Mq;fpy nkhop vOj;Jf;fis kl;LNk ifahSk;
2 2d; epug;G Kiwf;fhd topKiwfis vOJf.  7 gpl; FwpaPl;L Kiw. 27=128 vOj;JUf;fis ifahSk;
i gjpd;k vz;Zf;F epfuhd ,Uepiy vz;zhf khw;Wf  ,jd; Gjpa gjpg;G 28 gpl; Kiwapy; 256 vOj;Jf;fis ifahSk;
ii khw;wg;gl;l ,Uepiy vz;> 8 gpl;Lf;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd;> iii Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
Kd;ndhl;lhf 0f;fis Nrh;jJ
; 8 gpl;Lfshf khw;wTk;  8 gpl; FwpaPl;L Kiw. 28=256 vOj;JUf;fis ifahSk;
iii midj;J gpl;LfisAk; jiyfPohf khw;wTk; (1 vd;gij 0 vdTk;>  IBM epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
0 vd;gij 1 vdTk; khw;Wf)  ASCII Kiwapy; cs;s juTfis> EBCDIC Kiwapy; ,aq;Fk;
ii Fiw gpl;Lld; 1-ia $l;lTk; fzpg;nghwpfspy; gad;gLj;j> juTfspd; FwpaPl;il ASCII
KiwapypUe;J EBCDIC Kiwf;F khw;w Ntz;Lk;
3 BCD vd;why; vd;d?
❖ 26 gpl; FwpaPl;L Kiw iv jfty; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhd ,e;jpa juepiy FwpaPL Kiw (ISCII -
Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange)
❖ 64 vOj;JUf;fis kl;LNk ifahSk;
 ,e;jpa nkhopfis ifahSk; Nehf;fpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ
❖ ,e;j FwpaPl;L Kiw jw;NghJ tof;fpy; ,y;iy
 8 gpl; FwpaPl;L Kiw. 28=256 vOj;JUf;fis ifahSk;
 ,e;jpa jueph;zaf; FOkj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kiw
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (rpW tpdhf;fs;):  jw;NghJ ,e;j Kiw Adpf;Nfhl; FwpaPl;L Kiwapy;
,ize;Jtpl;lJ
1 igl;> gpl;> epgpy; - tpsf;Ff. v Adpf;Nfhl;
i gpl;: 0 my;yJ 1. ,J fzpg;nghwp jutpd; mbg;gil myF MFk;
 midj;J etPd fzpg;nghwpfs; kw;Wk; njhiy njhlh;G
ii epgpy;: 4 gpl;Lfspd; njhFjp rhjdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
iii igl;: 8 gpl;Lfspd; njhFjp  16 gpl; FwpaPl;L Kiw. 216=65,536 vOj;JUf;fis ifahSk;
 cyfpy; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd nkhopfis ifahSk;.

gapw;rp gl;liw 2 255 8 255 16 255
2 127 ⎯ 1 8 31 ⎯ 7 16 15 ⎯ 15
1 gpd;tUk; vz;fs; ve;j vz;Kiw rhh;e;jJ vd;W fz;Lgpbj;J vOjTk; 2 63 ⎯ 1 3 ⎯ 7
t.vz; vz;fs; vz;Kiw 2 31 ⎯ 1
2 15 ⎯ 1
1 (1010)10 gjpd;k vz; Kiw 2 7 ⎯ 1
2 (1010)2 ,Uepiy vz; Kiw 2 3 ⎯ 1
1 ⎯ 1
3 (989)16 gjpdhWepiy vz; Kiw
25510 = 111111112 25510 = 3778 25510 = FF16
4 (750)8 vz;zpiy vz; Kiw
2 126 8 126 16 126
5 (926)10 gjpd;k vz; Kiw 2 63 ⎯ 0 8 15 ⎯ 6 16 7 ⎯ 14
2 31 ⎯ 1 1 ⎯ 7
2 fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wfs; rhpah> jtwh vdf; fhz;f> jtW vdpy; 2 15 ⎯ 1
mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij $Wf. 2 7 ⎯ 1
t.vz; $w;Wfs; rhp / jtW vdpy; fhuzk; 2 3 ⎯ 1
jtW 1 ⎯ 1
25510 = 11111102 12610 = 1768 12610 = 7E16
1 786 vd;gJ xU jtW vz;zpiy vz; Kiwapy; 0
vz;zpiy vz; Kjy; 7 tiu cs;s vz; 4 fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Uepiy vz;fis mjw;F epfuhd gjpd;k>
cUf;fs; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; vz;zpiy kw;Wk; gjpdhWepiy vz;fshf khw;Wf. (1) 101110101
(2) 1011010 (3) 101011111
2 101 xU ,Uepiy rhp
vz;
101 110 101 0001 0111 0101
3 vz;zpiy vz;zpd; jtW vz;zpiy vz;zpd;
mbkhdk; 7 mbkhdk; 8 5 6 5 1 7 5
3 gpd;tUk; gjpd;k vz;fis ,Uepiy> vz;zpiy kw;Wk; gjpdhW epiy (1011010)2 = 5658 (1011010)2 = 17516
vz;fshf khw;Wf. (1) 1920 (2) 255 (3) 126
2 1920 8 1920 16 1920
2 960 ⎯ 0 8 240 ⎯ 0 16 120 ⎯ 0
2 480 ⎯ 0 8 30 ⎯ 0 7 ⎯ 8
(1011010)2 = 37310
2 240 ⎯ 0 3 ⎯ 6
2 120 ⎯ 0
2 60 ⎯ 0 001 011 010 0101 1010
2 30 ⎯ 0 1 3 2 5 A
2 15 ⎯ 0
2 7 ⎯ 1
10110102 = 1328 10110102 = 5A16
2 3 ⎯ 1
1 ⎯ 1
192010 = 111100000002 192010 = 36008 192010 = 78016
10110102 = 9010

(c) 6 4 5
101 011 111 0001 0101 1111
5 3 7 1 5 F
110 100 101
1010111112 = 5378 1010111112 = 15F16

(645)8 = 110 100 1012
6 fPo;fhZk; gjpdhWepiy vz;fis ,Uepiy vz;fshf khw;Wf.

(m) A6 (M) BE (,) 9BC8 (<) BC9
(m) A 6
1010111112 = 35110
5 fPo;fhZk; vz;zpiy vz;fis ,Uepiy vz;fshf khw;Wf. 1010 0110
(m) 472 (M) 145 (,) 347 (<) 6247 (x) 645
(A6)16 = 1010 011016
(m) 4 7 2
(M) B E
100 111 010

1011 1110
(472)8 = 100 111 0102
(BE)16 = 1011 11102
(M) 1 4 5
(,) 9 B C 8
001 100 101 1001 1011 1100 1000
(145)8 = 001 100 1012 (9BC8)16 = 1001 1011 1100 10002
(,) 3 4 7 (<) B C 9
011 100 111 1011 1100 1001

(347)8 = 011 100 1112 (BC9)16 =1011 1100 10012
(<) 6 2 4 7 7 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gjpd;k vz;fis 1-d; epug;gp kw;Wk; 2-d; epug;gpfspy;

vOJf.
(m) 22 (M) -13 (,) -65 (<) -46
110 010 100 111

(m) 22 : 1-d; epug;G kw;Wk; 2-d; epug;G KiwahdJ vjph;kiw
(6247)8 = 110 010 100 1112 vz;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;

(M) -13 (vLj;J nry;yg;gLk; gpl;) : 1
13d; ,Uepiy vz; : 0000 1101 -12 : 1111 0100
1-d; epug;G : 1111 0010 5 : 0000 0101
1-ia $l;L : 1 1111 1001
2-d; epug;G : 1111 0011
(,) 1410 - 1210
(,) -65 14-d; ,Uepiy vz; : 0000 1110
65d; ,Uepiy vz; : 0100 0001 12-d; ,Uepiy vz; : 0000 1100 (-)
1-d; epug;G : 1011 1110 0000 0010
1-ia $l;L : 1
2-d; epug;G : 1011 1111 (<) (-210) - (-610)
2-d; ,Uepiy vz; (8-gpl; tbtpy;) : 0000 0010
(<) -46 (vLj;J nry;yg;gLk; gpl;) : 1
46d; ,Uepiy vz; : 0010 1110 1-d; epug;G : 1111 1101
(vLj;J nry;yg;gLk; gpl;) 1 1-ia $l;l : 1
1-d; epug;G : 1101 0001 2-d; epug;G : 1111 1110
1-ia $l;L : 1
2-d; epug;G : 1101 0010 6-d; ,Uepiy vz; (8-gpl; tbtpy;) : 0000 0110
(vLj;J nry;yg;gLk; gpl;) : 1
8 gpd;tUk; FwpAU ,Uepiy vz;fspd; fzf;fpay; nray;ghLfis nra;f: 1-d; epug;G : 1111 1001
(m) 1010 + 1510 (M) -1210 + 510 (,) 1410 – 1210 (<) (-210) – (-610) 1-ia $l;l : 1
2-d; epug;G : 1111 1010
(m) 1010 + 1510
10-d; ,Uepiy vz; : 1010
-2 : 1111 1110
15-d; ,Uepiy vz; : 1111
-6 : 1111 1010 (-)
11001
0000 0100
(M) -1210 + 510
12-d; ,Uepiy vz; (8-gpl; tbtpy;) : 0000 1100
(vLj;J nry;yg;gLk; gpl;) : 11
1-d; epug;G : 1111 0011
1-ia $l;l : 1
2-d; epug;G : 1111 0100

2. vz; Kiwfs; - gFjp II. G+ypad; ,aw;fzpjk; myF I - fzpdp mwpKfk;
G+ypad; ,aw;fzpj Njw;wq;fs;
(gFjp II) - G+ypad; ,aw;fzpjk; ,izahd tpjp (Identity) A + 0 = A ($l;ly; rkdp)
A . 1 = A (ngUf;fy; rkdp)
khw;W tpjp (Complement) A+Ᾱ=1
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njL: A.Ᾱ=0
,lkhw;W tpjp (Commutative) A+B=B+A
1 ,tw;Ws; vJ> xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l rkpQ;irspy; ,aq;Fk; xU A . B = B. A
mbg;gil kpd;dZ Rw;whFk;?
(m) G+ypad; ,aw;fzpjk; (M) thapy; njhlh; tpjp (Associative) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
A . (B . C) = (A . B) . C
(,) mbg;gil thapy;fs; (<) jUtpf;fg;gl;l thapy;fs;
gfph;T tpjp (Distributive) A . (B + C) = A . B + A . C
2 ,tw;Ws; ve;j thapy; jUf;f jiyfPop vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ? A + (B . C) = (A + B) . (A + C)
(m) AND (M) OR (,) NOT (<) XNOR
ntw;W tpjp (Null Element) A+1=1
3 A+A=? A.0=o
(m) A (M) 0 (,) 1 (<) Ā khw;wpapd; khw;wp (Involution) ̅̅̅̅̅
(Ᾱ) = A
4 NOR thapy; vjd; ,izg;ghf cs;sJ? cs;sL P k; ntspaPLk; rkk; A+A=A
(m) NOT(OR) (M)NOT(AND) (Indempotency) A.A=A
(,) NOT(NOT) (<) NOT(NOR)
jd;dfj;Nj Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; A + (A . B) = A
5 NAND nghJikthapy; vd;gJ .............. thapy; vdg;gLk; (Absorption) A . (A + B) = A
(m) mbg;gil thapy; (M) jUtpf;fg;gl;l thapy;
3tJ gfph;T tpjp (Distributive) A+Ᾱ.B=A+B
(,) jUf;f thapy; (<) kpd;dZ thapy; bkhh;fd; tpjpfs; ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅.B̅
(A + B) = A
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(A . B) = A ̅+B
̅
xU kjpg;nghz; tpdhf;fs;
❖ G+ypad; ,aw;fzpjk; [hh;[; G+y; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ FW tpdhf;fs;

❖ nka;(1) my;yJ ngha;(0) vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;glf;$ba thf;fpaq;fs;
1 G+ypad; ,aw;fzpjk; vd;why; vd;d?
“jUf;fhPjpahd mwpf;iffs;” my;yJ “cz;ik nray;ghLfs;”
,yf;f tif fzpdpapy;> ,yf;f Rw;Wfis tbtikf;fg;
❖ mbg;gil thapy;fs;: AND, OR kw;wk; NOT gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU fzpj xOf;fk;
❖ jUtpf;fg;gl;l thapy;fs;: NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR
2 NAND thapy; - rpWFwpg;G vOJf.
❖ nghJik thapy;fs;: NAND, NOR ❖ AND kw;Wk; NOT vd;gjd; njhFg;ghFk;
❖ NAND: AND thapypd; jiyfPop ❖ AND nraw;Fwpapd; ntspaPl;il jiyfPohf mikj;jhy; NAND
❖ NOR: OR thapypd; jiyfPop thapypd; ntspaPl;il ngwyhk;
❖ tl;lkpl;l AND = NOR thapy; 3 XOR thapypd; nka;g;gl;bay; vOJf.
❖ tl;lkpl;l OR = NAND thapy; A B AB
❖ XOR: cs;sL P ntt;Ntwhf ,Ue;jhy;> ntspaPL 1 0 0 0
❖ XNOR: cs;sL P rkkhf ,Ue;jhy;> ntspaPL 1 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
4 njhlh; tpjpfis vOJf. neL tpdhf;fs;:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
A.(B.C) = (A.B).C 1 mbg;gil thapy;fis mjd; Nfhit kw;Wk; nka;gl;baYld; tpsf;Ff.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;(neLtpdhf;fs;)Q.No-1-y; cs;s AND, OR kw;Wk; NOT
5 jUtpf;fg;gl;l thapy;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
mbg;gil thapy;fspypUe;J(AND, OR, NOT) jUtpf;fg;gLk; thapy;fs; 2 NAND kw;Wk; NOR thapy;fspd; %yk; AND kw;Wk; OR thapy;fis
(NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR) jUtpf;fg;gl;l thapy;fs; vdg;gLk; vt;thW mwptpg;gha; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
NOR thapy;fisf; nfhz;L AND thapiy mikj;jy;:
rpW tpdhf;fs;
1 mbg;gil thapy;fspd; nka;g;gl;bay;fis vOJf.

AND OR NOT
A B A.B A B A+B A Ᾱ
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
NAND thapy;fisf; nfhz;L OR thapiy mikg;gJ
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 XNOR thapiyg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
❖ XOR thapypd; ntspaPl;il jiyfPohf khw;wpj;jUk;
❖ ,U cs;sL P fSk; rkkhf ,Ue;jhy;> ntspaPL ‘nka;”
❖ cs;sLP fs; ntt;Ntwhf ,Ue;jhy;> ntspaPL ‘ngha;” 3 jUtpf;fg;gl;l thapy;fs; mjd; Nfhit kw;Wk; nka;g;gl;baYld;
3 NAND kw;Wk; NOR thapy;fs; Vd; nghJik thapy;fs; tpsf;Ff.
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. $Ljy; tpdhf;fs;(neLtpdhf;fs;)Q.No-1-y; cs;s NAND, NOR, XOR
NAND kw;Wk; NOR thapy;fs; %yk; mbg;gil jUf;f thapy;fis kw;Wk; XNOR
cUthf;fyhk;. vdNt ,it nghJik thapy;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
4 XOR thapypd; nka;g;gl;bay; vOJf. $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;):
A B AB
0 0 0 1 jUf;f nray;ghLfs; vd;why; vd;d?
G+ypad; ,aw;fzpjk; khwpfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW nray;ghLfis nfhz;lJ.
0 1 1
AND, OR kw;Wk; NOT Nghd;wit jUf;f nray;ghLfs;.
1 0 1
1 1 0
5 bkhh;fd; Njw;wq;fis vOJf.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐴̅. 𝐵̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐴. 𝐵) = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (neLtpdhf;fs;):
1 thapy;fs;> Nfhit> kw;Wk; mjd; nka;g;gl;bay;

Vuz thapy; rpd;dk; nka;g; gl;bay; tpsf;fk;
A B AB ❖ nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L cs;sL P fSk; nka; vd ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk>
A C=AB 0 0 0 ,t;thapy; nka; vd ntspaPl;il jUk;.
AND 0 1 0 ❖ ,U cs;sL P fspy; VNjDk; xd;W (my;yJ) ,uz;Lk; ngha; vdpy;>
1 0 0 ngha; vd;w ntspaPl;il jUk;
B 1 1 1
A B A+B ❖ nfhLf;fg;gl;;l ,uz;L cs;sL P fspy; VNjDk; xd;W my;yJ

A C=A+B 0 0 0 ,uz;LfSNk nka; vd ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk> ,t;thapy; nka; vd
OR 0 1 1 ntspaPl;il jUk;.
1 0 1 ❖ ,U cs;sL P fSk; ngha; vdpy;> ngha; vd;w ntspaPl;il jUk;
B 1 1 1
❖ jUf;f jiyfPop
A Ᾱ
❖ xU cs;sPil kl;LNk Vw;Fk;.
NOT 0 1
A C=Ᾱ ❖ ntspaPL vg;nghOJk; cs;sl
P ;bd; jiyfPohfNt ,Uf;Fk;
1 0
A B ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ❖ AND thapiy njhlh;e;J xU NOT thapiy nfhz;bUf;Fk;
A C = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 0 0 1 ❖ AND thapypd; jiyfPop
NAND 0 1 1
1 0 1
❖ cs;sL
P fs; midj;Jk; nka; vdpy;> ntspaPL ngha;
B 1 1 0 ❖ ,y;iynadpy; ntspaPL nka;
A B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵 ❖ OR thapiy njhlh;e;J xU NOT thapiy nfhz;bUf;Fk;
A C = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 0 0 1 ❖ OR thapypd; jiyfPop
0 1 0
NOR 1 0 0
❖ nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L cs;sL P Sk; ngha; vdpy;> nka; vd;w
B 1 1 0 ntspaPl;il jUk;
❖ ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ngha; vd;w ntspaPl;il jUk;
A B AB ❖ cs;sL
P fs; ntt;Ntwhf ,Ue;jhy;> nka; vd;w ntspaPl;il jUk;
A C=AB 0 0 0 ❖ cs;sL
P fs; xNu kjpg;gpypUe;jhy;> ngha; vd;w ntspaPl;il jUk;
XOR 0 1 1
1 0 1
B 1 1 0
A B AʘB ❖ cs;sL
P fs; ntt;Ntwhf ,Ue;jhy;> ngha; vd;w ntspaPl;il jUk;
A C=AʘB 0 0 1 ❖ cs;sL
P fs; xNu kjpg;gpypUe;jhy;> nka; vd;w ntspaPl;il jUk;
XNOR 0 1 0
B 1 0 0
1 1 1

3. fzpdp mikg;G myF I - fzpdp mwpKfk;
xU kjpg;nghz; tpdhf;fs;:
3. fzpdp mikg;G
❖ ikar;nrayfk; fzpg;nghwpapd; Kjd;ikahd mq;fk;
❖ Kjy; Ez;nrayp 1970 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLf;fTk;: ❖ 4004: ,z;nly; epWtdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; nghJg;gad;
Ez;nrayp. ,J xU 4-gpl; Ez;nrayp
1 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ fzpg;nghwpapd; %is vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? ❖ Ez;nrayp xU epuyhf;fk; nra;af;$ba> gw;gy cgNahfj;jpw;fhd
(m) cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (M) ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; xU rpypfhd; rpg;ghFk;
(,) epidtf rhjdq;fs; (<) Ez;nrayp ❖ Ez;nrayp ,Uk vz;fis cs;sPlhf ngWk;
2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Ez;nraypapd; ghfk; my;y? ❖ fzpg;nghwpapd; Ntfk; nkfh n`l;]; kw;Wk; fpfh n`l;]; mstpy;
(m) fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (M) fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(,) Nf\; epidtfk; (<) gjpNtL ❖ juT epidtfg; gjpNtL (MDR): juit gjpNtl;by; Njf;fp itf;Fk;
❖ epidtf Kfthpg; gjpNtL (MAR): fl;lisapd; Kfthpia Njf;fp
3 vj;jid gpl;Lfs; xU Nth;il fl;likf;Fk;? itf;Fk;
(m) 8 (M) 16 (,) 32
❖ epuy; gjpNtL (Program Counter): mLj;J nraw;gLj;j Ntz;ba
(<) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nraypia nghUj;jJ fl;lisapd; Kfthpia Njf;fp itf;Fk;
4 gpd;tUk; ve;j rhjdk;> epidtf Kfthp gjpNtl;by; Kfthpiaf; ❖ bNfhlh;: Fwpg;gpl;l epidtf ,lj;ij Fwpf;Fk;
Fwpf;Fk; NghJ mjd; ,Ug;gplj;ij milahsk; fhl;Lk;? ❖ RAM: Kjd;ik epidtfk;
(m) nyhNfl;lh; (Locator) (M) vd;Nfhlh; (Encoder)
❖ ROM: mopahj epidtfk;
(,) bNfhlh; (Decoder) (<) ky;b gpsf;rh; (Multiplexer) ❖ PROM: xUKiw kl;Lk; jahhpf;fg;Lk;NghJ PROM Burner %yk;
5 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ xU CISC nrayp MFk;? epuy;fs; vOjg;gLk;.
(m) Intel P6 (M) AMD K6 (,) Pentium III (<) Pentium IV ❖ EPROM: GwCjh xsp %yk; mopj;J vOjyhk;
6 vJ Ntfkhf nray;gLk; epidtfk; MFk;? ❖ EEPROM: kpd;rhuj;jhy; mopj;J vOjyhk;
(m) td; tl;L (M) Kjd;ik epidtfk; ❖ Nf\; epidtfk;: mjpNtf epidtfk;
(,) Nf\; epidtfk; (<) GS-Nu epidtfk; ❖ RISC nraypf;F v.fh: Pentium IV, Intel P6. AMD K6 kw;Wk; K7
7 xU 8-gpl; epidtf ghl;il cs;s nrayp vj;jid epidtf ,lq;fis ❖ CISC nraypf;F v.fh: Intel 386 & 486, Pentium. Pentium II, III, Motorola
milahsk; fhZk;? 6800
(m) 28 (M) 1024 (,) 256 (<) 8000
8 xw;iw gf;f kw;Wk; xw;iw mLf;F 12nr.kP tpl;lk; cs;s DVD-apd; njhlh;G Kfk; kw;Wk; ,ilKfk;:
nkhj;j nfhs;sT vt;tsT?
njhlh;G Kfk; kw;Wk; gad;ghL
(m) 4.7GB (M) 5.5GB (,) 7.8GB (<) 2.2GB ,ilKfk;
9 CD apd; Fiwe;j mstpyhd jutpd; msT ahJ? njhlh; njhlh;G Kfk; gioa fzpdpfspy; ntspf;fUtpfis
(m) njhFjp (M) gFjp (,) gpl;]; (<) jlq;fs; ,izg;gjw;F
10 fzpg;nghwpapd; jpiur;rhjdj;ij ,izf;f cjTk; njhlh;G rhjdk; ,izahd njhlh;G gioa fzpdpfspy; mr;Rg;nghwpia
vJ? Kfk; ,izg;gjw;F
(m) USB (M) PS/2 (,) SCSI (<) VGA USB njhlh;G Kfk; Nfkuh> ];Nfdh;> nkhigy;> ntspg;Gw td;jl;L>
mr;Rg;nghwp Nghd;wtw;iw ,izf;f

USB 3.0 kpd;dZ rhjdq;fis ,izf;f. epkplj;jpw;F DVD Digital Versatile Disc (m)
5 [pfh igl; juTfis ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Digital Video Disc
VGA ,izg;ghd; LCD Gnuhn[f;lh;> fhl;rp jpiuia ,izf;f USB Universal Serial Bus
MbNah gpsf;]; xypngUf;fp> ikf;NuhNghd;> njhiyNgrp VGA Video Graphics Array
,izf;f SCSI Small Computer System
PS/2 Port Rl;b kw;Wk; tpirg;gyifia ,izf;f Interface
SCSI Port td;tl;L> gpiza ,izg;Gfis ,izf;f HDMI High Definition cah; tiuaiw gy;Y}lf
HDMI RUf;fg;glhj xyp kw;Wk; xsp juTfis Multimedia Interface ,ilKfk;
jpiuafj;jpw;F toq;f
vz;zpf;if:
Ez;nraypfs; Ez;nraypapd; Kf;fpa 3 1. fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk;
Ez;nrayp gpl;Lfs; epWtdk; Mz;L gFjpfs; 2. fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;
4004 4 Intel 1971 – 1981 3. gjpNtLfs;
8085 8 Intel Ez;nraypapd; gz;gpay;Gfs; 3 1. fbfhu Ntfk;
2. fl;lis njhFg;G
8086 16 Intel
3. Ntl;L msT
fl;lisj;njhFjpapd; 5 1. juT khw;wk;
FWf;fk;> tphpthf;fk;> jkpohf;fk; nray;fs; 2. vz; fzpj nray;Kiwfs;
FWf;fk; tphpthf;fk; jkpohf;fk; 3. jUf;f nray;Kiwfs;
MDR Memory Data Register juT epidtfg; gjpNtL 4. fl;Lg;ghl;L efh;T
MAR Memory Address Register epidtf Kfthpg; gjpNtL 5. cs;sL P /ntspaPL
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Fiwf;fg;gl;l fl;lis njhFjp Ez;nraypad; tiffs; 4 1. 8 gpl;
Computers fzpdpfs; (gpl;Lfspd; mbg;gilapy;) 2. 16 gpl;
CISC Complex Instruction Set rpf;fyhd fl;lis mikf;fg;gl;l 3. 32 gpl;
Computers fzpdpfs; 4. 64 gpl;
RAM Randon Access Memory Neub mZfy; epidtfk; Ez;nraypad; tiffs; 2 1. RISC
(fl;lisj;njhFjpapd; 2. CISC
DRAM Dynamic RAM khWk; Kjd;ik epidtfk;
mbg;gilapy;)
SRAM Static RAM epiyahd Kjd;ik epidtfk;
Neub mZfy; epidtfk; 2 1. DRAM
PROM Programmable Read-Only epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; 2. SRAM
Memory
ROM 3 1. PROM
EPROM Erasable Programmable mopf;ff; $ba epuyhf;f gbf;f
2. EPROM
Read-Only Memory kl;Lk; epidtfk;
3. EEPROM
EEPROM Electrically Erasable kpd;rhuj;jhy; mopf;Fk; kw;Wk;
Programmable Read-Only epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;
Memory
HD Hard Disk td;tl;L
CD Compact Disc FWtl;L

epidtf rhjdq;fspd; nfhs;sT:  fzpdpapd; td;nghUs; ghfq;fis ntspg;gilahf tpsf;Fk;
epidtf rhjdk; tif nfhs;sT ii fzpg;nghwp fl;likg;G:
CD 700 MB  fzpg;nghwpia tbtikg;gjpy; cs;s nghwpapay; fUJNfhis
12nr.kP> xU gf;f xU mLf;F cs;slf;fpaJ
DVD 4.7 GB
2 jutpd; msitg; nghUj;J Ez;nraypia tifg;gLj;Jf.
12nr.kP> xU gf;f ,U mLf;F 8.5 GB
i 8-gpl; Ez;nrayp
8 nr.kP 1.5 GB ii 16-gpl; Ez;nrayp
Flash memory 1GB – 2 TB iii 32-gpl; Ez;nrayp
Blue Ray ,uz;L mLf;F 5 GB iv 64-gpl; Ez;nrayp
3 fl;lisapd; njhFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; Ez;nraypapd; tiffis
FW tpdhf;fs;: vOJf.
i Fiwf;fg;gl;l fl;lis njhFjp fzpdpfs; (RISC)
ii rpf;fyhd fl;lis mikf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfs; (CISC)
1 xU Ez;nraypd; gz;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
i fbfhu Ntfk; 4 PROM kw;Wk; EPROM NtWgLj;Jf.
ii fl;lis njhFg;G PROM EPROM
iii Nth;L msT epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; mopaf;$ba epuyhf;F gbf;f
kl;Lk; epidtfk;
2 mwpTWj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? (my;yJ) fl;lisj; njhFg;G vd;why;
vd;d? mopah epidtfk; Gw Cjh xsp %yk; mopf;fyhk;
fzpg;nghwpapd; juit nraw;gLj;j nfhLf;Fk; fl;lisfNs> fl;lis xU Kiw kl;Lk; vOj KbAk; mopj;J vOj KbAk;
njhFg;G vd;fpNwhk; PROM Burner nkd;nghUis Gw Cjh xsp %yk; jfty;fs;
3 epuy; fTz;l;lh;(gjpNtL) (Program Counter) vd;why; vd;d? gad;gLj;jp juTfs; vOjg;gLfpwJ mopj;J> NtW epuy;fis vOjyhk;
epuypd; mLj;j nraw;gLj;j Ntz;ba fl;lisapd; Kfthpia rpwg;G 5 fzpg;nghwpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ilKfk; kw;Wk; njhlh;G Kfq;fis
gjpNtlhd epuy; gjpNtl;by; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk;. vOJf.
4 cah; tiuaiu gy;Y}lf ,ilKfk; (HDMI) vd;why; vd;d? i njhlh; njhlh;G Kfk;
RUf;fg;glhj xyp kw;Wk; xsp juTfis fzpg;nghwp jpiuafj;jpw;Fk;> ii ,izahd njhlh;G Kfk;
LCD Gnuh[f;lh;> b[pl;ly; njhiyf;fhl;rpf;Fk; nfhLf;f HDMI iii USB njhlh;G Kfk;
gad;gLfpwJ. iv VGA ,izg;ghd;
5 EPROM-y; cs;s juit vt;thW mopg;gha;? v MbNah gpsf;];
GwCjh xspia nrYj;jp EPROM-y; cs;s juit mopf;fyhk; vi PS/2 Port
vii SCSI Port
viii HDMI
rpW tpdhf;fs;:
6 CD kw;Wk; DVD NtWgLj;Jf.
CD DVD
1 fzpg;nghwp mikg;G> fzpg;nghwp fl;likg;G - NtWgLj;Jf.
i fzpg;nghwp mikg;G: Compact Disc Digital Versatile Disc (or) Digital Video
Disc
 fzpdpapd; td;nghUs; $Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ ghypfhh;gNdl; gpsh];bf;fhy; fz;zhb tl;L ,io
 fzpdpapd; gy;NtW ghfq;fis ifahSk; Kiwia MdJ
cs;slf;fpaJ
nfhs;ssT: 700MB nfhs;ssT: 4.7GB

juTfs; rpwpa jlq;fspy; xd;W (m) ,uz;L gf;fq;fisf; iii Nth;L msT (Word Size)
JZf;fshf (pits) Nrkpf;fg;gLk; nfhz;l> Xd;W (m) ,uz;L  xU jlit nrayp nraw;gLj;Jk; gpl;Lfspd; msT
mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;  ,J Kjd;ik epidtfk; (RAM) nraw;gLj;Jk; fl;lisapd;
mYkpdpak; (m) jq;f Kyhk; xU mLf;F nts;sp epwj;jpYk;> msitAk;> Ez;nraypapy; cs;s Crpfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;
G+rg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,U mLf;F jq;f epwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; nghUj;jJ
2 gbj;jy;/vOJjy; (Read / Write) nray;fis nrayp vt;thW nra;fpwJ?
7 gpsh\; epidtfk; kw;Wk; EEPROM vt;thW NtWgLj;Jtha;?
tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ)
gpsh\; EEPROM Ez;nrayp kw;Wk; epidtfj;jpw;F juT ghpkhw;wk; vg;gb epfo;fpwJ
EPROM my;yJ EEPROM tifia rpwg;G PROM tifia rhh;e;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
Nrh;e;jJ
mjpf epidtfk; nfhz;lJ. 1GB Fiwthd epidtfk; nfhz;lJ
Kjy; 2TB tiu
Ntfkhd mZfy; Neuj;ij nkJthf ,aq;Fk;
toq;FfpwJ
neLtpdhf;fs;:
1 Ez;nraypapd; gz;G $Wfis tpsf;Ff.

Ez;nraypapd; nray;ghL fPo;fhZk; gz;gpay;Gfis mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lJ.
i fhbfhu Ntk; (Clock Speed)
 fl;lisfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Ntfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 nkfh n`h;l]; (Mega Hertz) kw;Wk; fpfh n`h;l;];(Giga Herz)-y;
msf;fg;gLfpwJ
❖ ghl;il vd;gJ fzpdpapd; $WfSf;fpilNa njhlh;G nfhs;s
ii fl;lis njhFg;G (Instruction Set) gad;gLk; fk;gpfspd; njhFg;G MFk;
 juit nraw;gLj;j nfhLf;Fk; fl;lisfspd; njhFg;G ❖ epidtf Kfthp ghl;il epidtf ,lj;ij Fwpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 Ez;nraypia eph;tfpf;f toq;fg;gLk; mbg;gilahd ,ae;jpu ❖ bNfhlh; Fwpg;gpl;l epidtf ,lj;ij Fwpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
nkhop njhFg;G ❖ Kfthpg;gjpT> Kfthp ghl;ilAld; ,izf;fg;gl;L> mJ fl;lisapd;
 ,jd; nray;fs;: Kfthpia toq;FfpwJ.
 juT khw;wk; ❖ juTg;ghl;il> juit ikar;nrayfj;jpw;Fk;> epidtfj;jpw;Fk;
 vz; fzpj nray;Kiwfs; nfhz;L nry;y cjTfpwJ.
 jUf;f nray;Kiwfs; ❖ fl;Lg;ghl;L ghl;il> gbf;f kw;Wk; vOJk; nraiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
 fl;Lg;ghl;L efh;T ❖ gbf;Fk; nray;> epidtfj;jpypUe;J juit vLj;J MDR-f;F nfhz;L
 cs;sL P / ntspaPL nry;Yk;. xNu xU fl;Lg;ghl;L ,iz 0 kw;Wk; 1 kjpg;Gfis Vw;W
gbj;jy;/vOJjy; Ntiyfisr; nra;Ak;.
❖ vOJjy; nray;> juit MDR-y; ,Ue;J epidtfj;jpw;F nfhz;L
nry;Yk;

3 ,af;f Neuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epidtf rhjdq;fis VWthpirapy; iii mopf;ff;$ba epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; (EPROM – Erasable
mikf;fTk; Programmable Read Only Memory)
fzpg;nghwp epidtfk; vd;gJ kdpj %isiag; Nghd;wjhFk;.  PROM tifapd; rpwg;G tif
fzpg;nghwp epidtfk; juTfisAk;> fl;lisfisAk; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;
 GwCjh xsp %yk; cs;slf;fj;ij mopj;J> kPz;Lk; vOjyhk;
gad;gLfpwJ. ,J ,uz;L tiffspy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ:
iv kpd;rhuj;jhy; mopf;Fk; kw;Wk; epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;
i njhlh;r;rpahd mZfy;: epidtfk; KjypypUe;J filrptiu (EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
xt;nthd;Wk; thpirahf mZFk;
 PROM tifapd; rpwg;G tif
ii Neub mZfy;: xt;nthd;whf mZFtjw;F gjpyhf Neubahf  kpd;rhuj;ij nrYj;jpNa juTfis mopf;fyhk;
mZFk;.
 nkJthf ,aq;Fk; epidtfk;
epidtfr; rhjdq;fs;> mjd; nfhs;ssT> Ntfk; kw;Wk; tpiyiag;
nghUj;J fPNo cs;s glj;jpy; thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;):
1 ghl;il vd;why; vd;d?

fzpdpapd; $WfSf;fpilNa njhlh;G nfhs;s gad;gLk; fk;gpfspd;
njhFg;G ghl;il vdg;gLk;
2 gjpNtLfs; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
❖ cs;sike;j epidtfk;
❖ nray;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd juT kw;Wk; fl;lisfisr; Nrkpf;Fk;
3 Ez;nrayp vd;why; vd;d?
Ez;nraypahdJ xU epuyhf;fk; nra;af;$ba> gw;gy cgNahfj;jpw;fhd
xU rpypfhd; rpg;ghFk;. ,J ,Uk vz;fis cs;sl P hf ngw;W vz;
fl;lisf;Nfw;g> nrayhf;fk; nra;J gpd;G ntspaPLfis epidtfj;jpy;
Njf;fp itf;fpwJ.
4 fl;lisj; njhFjp vd;why; vd;d?
4 ROM-d;tiffis gw;wp tpsf;fkhf vOJf. xU Ez;nraypia eph;tfpf;f tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,ae;jpu nkhop
i gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; (ROM – Read Only Memory) topKiwfspd; mbg;gilj; njhFjp fl;lis njhFjp vdg;gLk;
 gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; 5 Nth;L msT vd;why; vd;d?
 mopahj epidtfk; Nth;L msT vd;gJ> xU jlit nrayp nraw;gLj;Jk; gpl;Lfspd;
 fzg;nghwp cUthf;fg;gLk;NghNj juTfs; vOjg;gLfpd;wd msthFk;
 juTfis khw;wNt> mopf;fNth KbahJ 6 fbfhu Ntfk; vd;why; vd;d?
 ,J fzpdpia Jtq;Ftjw;fhd epuy;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ ❖ fl;lisfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Ntfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
ii epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; (PROM – Programmable Read Only ❖ nkfh n`h;l]; (Mega Hertz) kw;Wk; fpfh n`h;l;];(Giga Herz)-y;
Memory) msf;fg;gLfpwJ
 mopahj epidtfk;
 juTfis xUKiw kl;LNk vOj KbAk;
 PROM Burner nkd;nghUis nfhz;L> epuyUf;F
Njitg;gLk;NghJ epuy;fis vOjpf;nfhs;syhk;

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (rpW tpdhf;fs;):
1 NtWgLj;Jf: Nf\; epidtfk; kw;Wk; gpsh\; epidtfk;

Nf\; epidtfk; gpsh\;
mjpNtf epidtfk; Ntfk; FiwT
tpiy mjpfk; tpiy FiwT
Fiwe;j nfhs;sT nfhz;lJ 1GB Kjy; 2TB nfhs;ssT
tiuapy; fpilf;Fk;
mbf;fb Njitg;gLk; kw;Wk; mopTwhj Nrkpf;Fk; rhjdk;
mZff;$ba juTfs;
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;
2 Read nray;ghL kw;Wk; Write nray;ghL - NtWgLj;Jf.
i Read nray;ghL> juit Nth;by; ,Ue;J epidtf juT
gjpNtLfSf;F mDg;Gk;
ii Write nray;ghL> juit epidtf juT gjpNtLfspypUe;J
Nth;bw;F mDg;Gk;
3 MDR vd;why; vd;d?
❖ MDR (Memory Data Register) vd;gJ juT epidtfg; gjpNtL
❖ ikar; nrayfk;> juT epidtfg; gjpNtL (MDR) kw;Wk; epidtf
Kfthp gjpNtLfisAk; (MAR) nfhz;Ls;sJ.
❖ epidtfj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; nrayfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa Njitahd juit
juT epidtfg; gjpNtLfs; Njf;fp itf;Fk;
4 Neub mZfy; epidtfj;jpd; tiffs; ahit? tpsf;Ff
i khWk; Kjd;ik epidtfk; (DRAM): mbf;fb epidtfj;ij
GJg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
ii epiyahd Kjd;ik epidtfk; (SRAM): epy Neuq;fspy;
epidtj;ij GJg;gpj;jhy; NghJk;. vdNt Ntfkhf nray;gLk;
5 Nfr; epidtfk; - Fwpg;G tiuf.
❖ mjpNtfkhd> tpiy cah;e;j epidtfk;
❖ Kjd;ik epidtfj;ijtpl> Nfr; epidtfj;jpd; msT kpfTk;
Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;
❖ Nfr; epidtfj;jpy;> mbf;fb Njitg;gLk; kw;Wk; mZff;$ba
juTfs; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;
❖ ,J tpiuthd gjpyspg;G Neuj;ij jf;f itf;f cjTfpwJ

4. ,af;f mikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fs; myF I - fzpdp mwpKfk;
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
4. ,af;f mikg;gpd; Nfhl;ghl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fs;
❖ gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;: Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia nra;a Njitahd
epuy;fspd; njhFg;G. v.fh: MS-Word, VLC gpNsah;
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLf;fTk;: ❖ mikg;G nkd;nghUs;: td;nghUs; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;
,aq;f tbtikf;fg;gl;l epuy;. v.fh: ,af;f mikg;G> epuy; ngah;g;gp
1 ,af;f mikg;ghdJ ................... ❖ ,af;f mikg;G: fzpg;nghwpf;Fk;> gadUf;Fk; ,ilKfkhf nray;gLk;
(m) gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; (M) td;nghUs; xU mikg;G nkd;nghUs;. ,J midj;J nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk;
td;nghUs;fis eph;tfpf;f cjTfpwJ. gadUf;Fk;> td;nghUSf;Fk;
(,) mikg;G nkd;nghUs; (<) cgfuzk; ,ilNa ,ilKfkhf nray;gLfpwJ.
2 ,af;f mikg;Gfspd; gad;ghl;ilf; fz;lwpaTk; ❖ fzpg;nghwp ,aq;Fk;NghJ ,af;f mikg;G jhdfNt epidtfj;jpw;F
(m) kdpj kw;Wk; fzpdp ,ilNa vspjhf njhlh;G Vw;wg;gLk;
(M) cs;sL
P kw;Wk; ntspaPL rhjdq;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ❖ fzpg;nghwpapy; kpd; ,izg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;l cld;> jhdhfNt
nray;glj; njhlq;FtJ fzpg;nghwp ,af;Fjy; (Booting)
(,) Kjd;ik epidtfj;ij Nkyhz;ik nra;a
❖ xw;iw gadh; ,af;f mikg;G: xU Neuj;jpy;> xU gadiu> xU gzpia
(<) ,it midj;Jk; kl;Lk; nra;a mDkjpf;Fk;
3 gpd;tUk; ve;j ,af;fp> ,af;f mikg;G my;y? ❖ gy gadh; ,af;f mikg;G: xU Neuj;jpy;> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gadh;fs;>
(m) nray;Kiw Nkyhz;ik (M) epidtf Nkyhz;ik juTfisAk; gad;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;Fk;
(,) ghJfhg;G Nkyhz;ik (<) epuy; ngah;g;gp R+oy; ❖ gadh; ,ilKfk;: gadh; fzpg;nghwpAld; Clhl rpwe;j topKiw
4 gpd;tUk; ve;j ,af;f mikg;gpy; tzpf ePjpahf chpkk; ngw;w ,af;f ❖ ypdf;];-y; EXT2 vd;w Nfhg;G mikg;G gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
mikg;G MFk;? FWf;fk;> tphpthf;fk;> jkpohf;fk;
(m) tpz;Nlh]; (M) cGz;L (,) ngNlhuh (<) nul;`l; FWf;fk; tphpthf;fk; jkpohf;fk;
5 gpd;tUk; ,af;f mikg;Gfspy; nkhigy; rhjq;fis Mjhpg;gJ vJ? OS Operating System ,af;f mikg;G
(m) tpz;Nlh]; 7 (M) ypdf;]; (,) gh]; (<) iOS GUI Graphical User Interface tiufiy gadh; ,ilKfk;
6 Nfhg;G Nkyhz;ik vt;thW eph;tfpf;fpwJ? FIFO First In First Out Kjypy; te;jJ Kjypy; nry;Yk;
(m) Nfhg;Gfs; (M) Nfhg;Giwfs; SJF Shortest Job First rpwpaJ Kjypy;
(,) milT mikg;Gfs; (<) ,it midj;Jk;
FAT File Allocation Table Nfhg;G xJf;fPL ml;ltiz
7 ClhL ,af;f mikg;G toq;Fk; trjp NTFS New Technology File System mLj;j jiyKiw Nfhg;G Kiwik
(m) tiufiy gadh; ,af;f ,ilKfk; (GUI)
(M) juT tpepNahfk; (,) ghJfhg;G Nkyhz;ik vz;zpf;if:
(<) cz;ikahd Neuk; nrayhf;f nkd;nghUs; 2 1. gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;
8 xw;iw gadh; ,af;f mikg;gpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L 2. mikg;G nkd;nghUs;
(m) ypdf;]; (M) tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f mikg;gpd; tiffs; 2 1. xw;iw gadh;
(nrayhf;f jpwd;fis nghUj;J) 2. gy gadh;
(,) MS DOS (<) Adpf;];
,af;f mikg;gpd; tiffs; 2 1. chpa chpkk;
9 ypdf;]; ve;j tif Nfhg;G Nkyhz;ikia gad;gLj;JfpwJ? (chpkj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;) 2. jpwe;j %y ,ytr chpkk;
(m) ext2 (M) NEFT (,) FAR (<) NFTS
,af;f mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa 8 1. gadh; ,ilKfk;
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; 2. epidtf Nkyhz;ik

3. nray; Nkyhz;ik 4 ghJfhg;G Nkyhz;ikapd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
4. ghJfhg;G Nkyhz;ik gadhpd; juTfis kpd;dD juT jpUlh;fsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f %d;W
5. gpio rfpg;Gj;jd;ik epiy ghJfhg;ig toq;FfpwJ. 1.Nfhg;G epiy> 2.mikg;G epiy> 3.tiy
6. Nfhg;G Nkyhz;ik epiy
7. gy; nrayhf;f ,af;f mikg;G 5 gy; gzpahf;fk;(Multi Processing) vd;why; vd;d?
8. Neu gfph;T ,af;f mikg;G xU gzpia ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nraypfshy;
9. guty; ,af;f mikg;G nray;gLj;jg;gLk;.
epidtf Nkyhz;ikapd; 2 1. ika nrayfj;jpd; gad;ghl;il xt;nthU nraypAk;> xU gzpapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; my;yJ ,uz;L
Nehf;fk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Ntiyfspy; nray;gLk;
2. Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpd; topahf 6 fzpg;nghwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW ,af;f mikg;Gfs; ahit?
fzpg;nghwpapd; Ntfj;ij 1. Adpf;];> 2. ypdf;];> 3. ikf;Nuhrhg;l; tpz;Nlh];
mjpfg;gLj;JtJ
nray;Kiwfspd; tiffs; 2 1. ,af;f mikg;G nray;Kiw
2. gadh; nray;Kiw rpW tpdhf;fs;:
nray;Nkyhz;ikapd; 4 1. Kjypy; te;jJ Kjypy; nry;Yk;
newpKiwfs; (FIFO) 1 Neuk; gfph;jy; ,af;f mikg;gpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfs; vd;d?
2. rpwpaJ Kjypy; (SJF) i ed;ikfs;:
3. tl;l thpir 
xt;nthU gzpf;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl; Neuk; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ
4. Kd;Dhpikf;F Vw;g 
xUKiw Neuk; xJf;fPL my;yJ nray;Kiw epiwtile;jTld;
ghJfhg;G Nkyhz;ikapd; 3 1. Nfhg;G epiy nrayp gy;NtW nray;fSf;F ,ilapy; tpiuthf khWfpwJ
epiyfs; 2. mikg;G epiy ii jPikfs;:
3. tiy epiy  juTg; ghpkhw;wj;jpd;NghJ ek;gfj;jd;ikapd;ik Vw;gLfpwJ
2 ,af;f mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa rpwg;gpay;Gfis gl;baypLf
FWtpdhf;fs;: i gadh; ,ilKfk;
ii epidtf Nkyhz;ik
1 epidtf Nkyhz;ikapd; ed;ikfs; ahit? iii nray; Nkyhz;ik
i ika nrayfj;jpd; gad;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
iv ghJfhg;G Nkyhz;ik
ii Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpd; topahf fzpg;nghwpapd; Ntfj;ij
mjpfg;gLj;JtJ v gpio nghWj;jy;
2 gy gadh; ,af;f mikg;G vd;why; vd;d? vi Nfhg;G Nkyhz;ik

xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gadh;fs;> xNu khjphpahd juTfisAk; vii gy nrayhf;f ,af;f mikg;G
gad;ghLfisAk; fzpg;nghwpapy; gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;Fk; ,af;f mikg;G
viii Neug;gfph;T ,af;f mikg;G
“gy gadh; ,af;f mikg;G” vdg;gLk;.
3 gy nrayhf;f ,af;f mikg;G - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
3 GUI vd;why; vd;d? ❖ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nraypfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
❖ GUI vd;gJ tiufiy gadh; ,ilKfk; (Graphical User Interface)
❖ xt;nthU nrayhf;fKk; xNu Ntiyapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; (m)
❖ ,J rd;dy;jpiu mbg;gilapyhd> Neubahf cs;sPL/ntspaPLfis ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ntt;NtW gzpfis nra;fpwJ.
ifahs;tjw;Fk;> gl;bfspypUe;J Njh;T nra;tjw;Fk;>
Njh;e;njLg;gjw;Fk; Njitahd Rl;Lk; fUtpfis nfhz;lJ ❖ ,e;j mk;rkhdJ mjpfgl;r ,af;fj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
❖ ,J fzpdpg;gzpapd; jpwid Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ
neL tpdhf;fs;:  A,B,C vd;w %d;W Ntiyfs; ,Ug;gjhf vLj;Jf;nfhz; lhy;>
KjyhtJ A gpd;dh; B mij njhlh;e;J C vd xt;nthU
1 guty; ,af;f mikg;gpd; fUj;JU gw;wp tpsf;Ff. Ntiyf;Fk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; Row;rp Kiwapy; ikar;nrayfk;
i b[pl;ly; gpizak; topahf cynfq;fpYk; gy ,lq;fspy; nrayhf;fk; nra;Ak;. kPz;Lk; mLj;j Row;rpapy; tl;lthpir
Nrkpf;fg;gl;L> nrayhf;fg;gl;l juTfis ,e;j mk;rk; Kiwapy; Ntiy xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLk;.
ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; iv Kd;Dhpikf;F Vw;g
ii cynfq;fpYk; cs;s ve;j fzpdpapy; cs;s Nfhg;GfisAk; mZf  nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ntiy Kd;Dhpik mbg;gilapy;
tif nra;fpwJ. xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
iii ,jd; ed;ikfs;:  A-f;F Kd;Dhpik vz; 5 vdTk;> B-f;F 7 vdTk; ,Ue;jhy;>
Kjypy; B-f;Fjhd; nrayfk; xJf;fg;gLk;
 tsq;fis gfph;jy;
 fzpdp tsq;fis ,izj;jy;
 thbf;ifahsh; njhlh;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy; $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;):
 Host fzpdpapd; Rikia Fiwj;jy;
2 xU ,af;f Kiwikf;fhd gadh; ,ilKfj;ij cUthf;Fk;NghJ 1 xU gadh; ,af;f mikg;G vd;why; vd;d?
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis gl;baypLf. xU Neuj;jpy;> xU gadiu> xU gzpia kl;Lk; nra;a mDkjpf;Fk;
i gadh; ,ilKfkhdJ> ,e;j mDgtj;ij ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F 2 Nfhg;G epiy vd;why; vd;d?
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F gadUf;F cjTfpwJ gpw gadh;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;Gfis ehk; mZFtjw;F mjw;Fwpa
ii ,ilKfk; gadhpd; Njitfisj; jpUg;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; mDkjpia ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfhg;gpid cUthf;fpath; my;yJ
iii gadh; ,ilKfkhdJ> gadhpd; tpiykjpg;gw;w Neuj;ij Nrkpf;fpwJ. fzpg;nghwp eph;thfp ,e;j mDkjpia toq;Fthh;.
tiufiy $Wfshd gl;bfs;> rd;dy; jpiufs;> jj;jy;> gzpf;Fwpfs; 3 nkd;nghUs; vd;why; vd;d?
kw;Wk; jl;lr;R nra;Ak; Ntiyiaf; Fiwj;jy; Nghd;wit ,af;f nkd;nghUs; vd;gJ fzpg;nghwpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpiar; nra;tjw;fhd
mikg;gpd; $Ljy; gadhFk; fl;lisfspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
iv thbf;ifahsiuj; jpUg;gjpg;gLj;JkhW tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
4 gpio nghWj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
v gadh; nra;Ak; jtWfis ,ilKfk; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNj Nghy; VjhtJ Xh; jtW NeUk;NghJ> ,af;f mikg;G nray; ,of;ff;$lhJ>
gadh; Fiwe;j gapw;rpapYk;> jtWfisj; jtph;f;Fk; tz;zk; ,Uj;jy; khwhf ,af;f mikg;G gpionghWg;Gj;jpwd; nfhz;L ,ay;G epiyf;F khw
Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lk;
3 ,af;f mikg;gpd; nrayp Nkyhz;ikapd; newpKiwfis tpsf;Ff.
i Kjypy; te;jJ Kjypy; nry;Yk; (FIFO):
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (neL tpdhf;fs;):
 thpir El;gj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ
 thpirg;gb Kjypy; EioAk; nray;Kiw Kjypy; CPU-y; 1 xU ,af;f mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fis tpsf;Ff. (m)
nray;gLj;jg;gl;L> mLj;jLj;J njhlh;fpwJ. ,af;f mikg;gpd; gad;fis vOJf.
ii rpwpaJ Kjypy; (SJF) i gadh; nra;a tpUk;Gtij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
 Ntiyapd; msit mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ ii gadh; kw;Wk; fzpg;nghwp ,ilapyhd vspa ClhLjy;
 vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> A Ntiyapd; msT 6 fpNyh igl;Lfs; kw;Wk; B iii fzpg;nghwpapy; kpd; ,izg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;l cld;> fzpg;nghwp
Ntiyapd; msT 9 fpNyh igl;LfSk; xJf;fg;gl;lhy;> Fiwthd jhdhfNt nray;ghl;il njhlq;FtJ
msT cs;s A KjypYk;> B ,uz;lhtJk; ,af;fg;gLk;
iv cs;sLP /ntspaPL rhjdq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ
iii tl;l thpir jpl;lkply;
v Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpd; gad;ghl;il eph;tfpj;jy;
 Row;rp Kiwapy;> xt;nthU gzpf;Fk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk;
XJf;fg;gLk; vi gadh; epuy;fSf;F ghJfhg;G toq;FtJ

5. tpz;Nlh];-y; Ntiy nra;jy; myF I - fzpdp mwpKfk;
❖ tpz;Nlh]; 10-y; fhh;lhd(Cortana) vd;w Fuy; nraypaf;f jdp
5. tpz;Nlh];-y; Ntiy nra;jy; cjtpahsh; trjp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
❖ ,z;lh;nel; vf;]g ; ;Nshuh; & ghah;ghf;];: ,iza cyhtp
❖ Switch User: mLj;j gadh; fzf;fpDs; fzpg;nghwpapd; ,af;fj;ij
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. Eioa tpz;Nlh]; top tFf;Fk;
❖ Log off: jpwe;Js;s midj;J epuy;fSk; %ba gpd;dNu mLj;j gadh;
1 fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;stw;Ws; ,af;f mikg;G eph;tfpf;Fk; nray;fis fzf;fpw;F khw;wk; nra;a ,aYk;
Njh;T nra;aTk; ❖ Lock: fzpg;nghwp Kiwikia tpl;L ntspapy; nry;Yk; epiyapy;
(m) epidtfk; (M) nrayp G+l;Lk; trjp cs;sJ
(,) I/O rhjdq;fs; (<) ,it midj;Jk; ❖ Restart: fzpg;nghwpia kW njhlf;fk; nra;tJ
2 tpz;Nlh]; gad;ghl;by; Nfhg;Gfs; nfhlepiyahf ve;j Nfhg;Giuapy; ❖ Sleep: Fiwe;j kpd; rf;jpapy; fzpg;nghwp ,af;f ,e;j epiy gad;gLk;.
Nrkpf;fg;gLk; ❖ Hibernate: Fiwe;j kpd;rf;jpahy; fzpg;nghwp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ vy;yh
(m) My document (M) My Picture ,aq;Fk; epuy;fSk; kw;Wk; jpwe;j tpz;Nlh];fSk; Nrkpf;fg;gl;L
tpiue;J njhlq;Fk; epiyf;F khWk;
(,) Document and Settings (<) My Computer
3 ve;j ,af;fikg;gpy; shift + delete vd;w Njh;T Nfhg;G kw;Wk; Nfhg;Giuia
epue;jukhf ePf;Fk;? fl;lisfs;:
(m) Windows 7 (M) Windows 8 (,) Windows 10 (<) ,it midj;Jk; fl;lis tpsf;fk;
4 Windows XP/Windows 7-y; “i`gh;Ndl;” vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? Winkey + D jpiu Kfg;Gf;Fr; nry;Yk;
(m) Safe mode y; fzpdpia kWnjhlf;fk; nra;jy; Alt (my;yJ) F10 nkDgl;bapy; cs;s Kjy; nkDtpy;
(M) hibernate mode y; fzpdpia epWj;Jjy; ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUk;
File→Exit (m) File→Close gad;ghl;bypUe;J ntspNaw
(,) ,af;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gad;ghLfis epWj;jpa gpwF fzpdpia
epWj;Jjy; File→Save(m) Ctrl + S Nfhg;ig Nrkpf;f
(,) ,af;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gad;ghLfis epWj;jhky; fzpdpia epWj;Jjy; File→Rename(m) F2 kWngahpl
Edit→Copy (m) Ctrl+C Njh;e;njLj;j Nfhg;G (m)
5 rhsuq;fspy; xU Nfhg;gpd; kWngahpl gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FWf;Ftop tpir Nfhg;Giuia efnyLf;f
(m) F2 (M) F4 (,) F5 (<) F6 Njh;e;njLj;j Nfhg;G (m)
Edit→Cut (m) Ctrl+X
Nfhg;Giuia ntl;l (m) efh;j;j
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;: Edit→Paste (m) Ctrl+V Njh;e;njLj;j Nfhg;G (m)
Nfhg;Giuia xl;l
❖ tpz;Nlh] 3.x-y; gy;gzp fUj;JU mwpKfkhdJ Ctrl + Click Mq;fhq;Nf cs;s xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giufis Njh;T
❖ tpz;Nlh]; 95-y; 32-gpl; Ez;nrayp mwpKfkhdJ
nra;a
❖ tpz;Nlh] XP-y; 64-gpl; Ez;nrayp mwpKfkhdJ njhlh;r;rpahf cs;s xd;Wf;F
Shift + Click
❖ tpz;Nlh]; 98-y; ,z;lh;nel; vf;];GNshuh; mwpKfkhdJ Nkw;gl;l Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giufis
❖ tpz;Nlh]; 2000-y; ehd;F gjpg;Gfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. 1.Professional, Njh;T nra;a
2.Server, 3.Advanced Server, 4.Data Centre Server Shift + Delete Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giufis kWRow;rp
❖ tpz;Nlh]; 7-y; VNuh gPf; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ njhl;bf;F nry;yhky;> epue;jukhf
fzpg;nghwpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f

FW tpdhf;fs;: 3 tpd;Nlh]; rd;dy; jpiuf; $Wfisg; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
rd;dy; jpiuapd; $Wfs;:
1 gy;gzpahf;fk; vd;why; vd;? i jiyg;Gg;gl;il
xU gzpia ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nraypfshy;
nray;gLj;jg;gLk;. ii gl;bg;gl;il
xt;nthU nraypAk;> xU gzpapd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; my;yJ ,uz;L iii gzpj;jsk;
(m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Ntiyfspy; nray;gLk; iv cUsy; gl;il
2 nre;ju gzpf;Fwp vd;why; vd;d? v %iyfs; kw;Wk; vy;iyfs;
tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f mikg;G epWtg;gLk;NghJ cUthf;fg;gLk; nfhlhepiy
4 xU Nfhg;Giuia cUthf;Fk; ,uz;L topKiwfis vOJf.
gzpf;Fwpfs; nre;ju gzpf;Fwpfs; vdg;gLk;
Kiw 1:
3 Nfhg;G kw;Wk; Nfhg;Giuf;F cs;s tpj;jpahrq;fs; ahit? i fk;g;a+l;lh; FWk;glj;ij jpwf;fTk;
i Nfhg;G: fzpg;nghwpapy; midj;J jfty;fSk; Nfhg;Gfshf ii Gjpa Nfhg;Giwia cUthf;f tpUk;Gk; ,af;fpia jpwf;fTk;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. iii File → New →Folder fpspf; nra;f
ii Nfhg;Giw: Nfhg;Gfis xUq;fikf;f Nfhg;Giufs; gad;gLfpwJ. iv Gjpa Nfhg;Giw> jhdikthf “New Folder” vd ,Uf;Fk;
4 Save kw;Wk; Save As-f;F cs;s tpj;jpahrq;fs; ahit? v Nfhg;Giwapd; ngaiu jl;lr;R nra;J Enter nghj;jhid mOj;jTk;
i Save: xU Nfhg;ig Kjd;Kjypy; fzpg;nghwpapy; Nrkpf;f Save fl;lis Kiw 2:
gad;gLfpwJ i jpiuKfg;gpy; Rl;bapd; tyJ nghj;jhidf; fpspf; nra;J> New →
ii Save As: Nrkpf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;ig NtnwhU ngahpy; Nrkpf;f Save As Folder fl;lisiaf; fpspf; nra;f
fl;lis gad;gLfpwJ. ii Gjpa Nfhg;Giw> jhdikthf “New Folder” vd ,Uf;Fk;
5 xU Nfhg;ig vt;thW kWngahpLtPh;fs;? iii Nfhg;Giwapd; ngaiu jl;lr;R nra;J Enter nghj;jhid mOj;jTk;
❖ kWngahpl tpUk;Gk; Nfhg;ig Njh;T nra;a 5 ntl;Ljy; kw;Wk; efnyLj;jy;-f;F cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
❖ F2 nghj;jhid mOj;j Ntz;Lk; ntl;Ljy; efnyLj;jy;
❖ Gjpa ngaiu jl;lr;R nra;J> Enter nghj;jhid mOj;jTk; Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giufis %y Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giufspd; gpujpia
,lj;jpypUe;J Gjpa ,lj;jpw;F Gjpa ,lj;jpw;F efnyLf;fg;gLk;
efh;j;jg;gLk;
rpW tpdhf;fs;: %yf;Nfhg;Gfs; mopf;fg;gLk; %yf;Nfhg;Gfs; mopf;fg;glhJ
fl;lis: fl;lis:
1 tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f mikg;gpd; nray;ghLfs; ahit?
Edit→Cut (or) Ctrl + X Edit→Copy (or) Ctrl + C
❖ nrhw;nraypfs;> ml;ltizr; nraypfs;> fzpg;ghd;> tpisahl;Lfs;
Edit→Paste (or) Ctrl + V Edit→Paste (or) Ctrl + V
Nghd;w gad;ghLfis ,af;Ftjw;F
❖ Gjpa gad;ghLfis epWTtjw;F
❖ td;nghUs;fis Nkyhz;ik nra;tjw;F neLtpdhf;fs;:
❖ Nfhg;G Nkyhz;ik nray;ghLfis nra;tjw;F
❖ fzpg;nghwpapd; mikg;Gfis (Settings) khw;wp mikf;f 1 tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f mikg;gpd; gytifahd gjpg;Gfis tpthp
i tpz;Nlh];; 1.x: 1985
2 kWRow;rp ngl;bia gw;wp xU Fwpg;G tiuf.
kWRow;rp njhl;b vd;gJ> gaduhy; ePf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;G my;yJ Nfhg;Giufs;>  16 gpl;Lfspy; tiufiy gadh; ,ilKfk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpf;fg;gLk; rpwg;G Nfhg;GiuahFk;. mopf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;Gfis  cs;sPl;L rhjdkhf Rl;b mwpKfkhdJ
kPl;nlLf;f ,J xU tha;g;ig toq;FfpwJ.

ii tpz;Nlh]; 2.x: 1987 xii tpz;Nlh[; 8: 2012
 rd;dy; jpiuia rpwpjhf;Fjy; my;yJ nghpjhf;Fjy; trjp  Ntfkhf nray;gl;lJ
 fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ  njhlf;f nghj;jhd; ePf;fg;gl;lJ
iii tpz;Nlh]; 3.x: 1992  gy; mLf;F Ez;nrayp> njhLjpiu> khw;W cs;sPl;L Kiwfs;
 “gy;gzp fUj;JU” mwpKfkhdJ Nghd;w rpwg;gk;rq;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
 256 tz;zq;fis ,af;Fk; jpwNdhL kpfetPd tz;zkakhdJ  ifNgrp kw;Wk; fzpg;nghwpfSf;fhd nghJthd gzpNkilahf
nray;gLfpwJ
iv tpz;Nlh]; NT: 1993
xiii tpz;Nlh]; 10: 2015
 tiyaikg;gpy; Nritafkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ
 njhlf;f nghj;jhd; kPz;Lk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
v tpz;Nlh]; 95:1995
 xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jpiu Kfg;G
 njhlf;f nghj;jhd;> njhlf;fg;gl;b> gzpg;gl;il> tpz;Nlh];
 “nrayp mwptpg;G” kw;Wk; “tpiuT eltbf;if nraypf;fhd kj;jpa
vf;]g; ;Nshuh; mwpKfkhdJ
mwptpg;G ikak;” mwpKfk;
 32gpl; Ez;nrayp mwpKfkhdJ  fhh;lhd Fuy; nraypaf;f jdp cjtpahsh; trjp
 gy;gzp kPJ mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ 2 xU Nfhg;ig Njbf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; gy;NtW topKiwfis tpsf;Ff.
vi tpz;Nlh]; 98: 1998 Search ngl;b %yk; NjLjy;
 Internet Explorer vd;Dk; cytp mwpKfkhdJ
i Start nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;jhy; Search ngl;b fhzg;gLk;
 tpz;Nlh]; mbg;gilapyhd tpisahl;Lfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
ii Njlg;gl; Ntz;ba Nfhg;gpd; ngaiu Search ngl;bapy; jl;lr;R nra;f
 nrUfp cgNahfpj;jy; (Plug and Play) rpwg;gk;rk; mwpKfk;
vii tpz;Nlh]; Me: 2000 iii Fwpg;gpl;l ngaupYs;s Nfhg;Gfs; jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk;
 jhdpaq;F fzpg;nghwp ghpNrhjpj;jy; kw;Wk; kPl;G fUtpfs; iv Search ngl;bf;F NkNy “See more results” fpspf; nra;jhy; Search Result
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld ciuahly; ngl;b Njhd;Wk;. ,jd; %yk; Nfhg;Gfis Njbj;
viii tpz;Nlh]; 2000: 2000 jpwf;fyhk;
 ehd;F gjpg;Gfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld fk;g;A+l;lh; gzpf;Fwp %yk; NjLjy;
 Professional: tzpf Nki[f; fzpg;nghwp kw;Wk; i fk;g;A+l;lh; gzpf;Fwpia jpiu Kfg;gpy; Nju;T nra;f
kbf;fzpdpfs;
ii fk;g;A+l;lh; tl;L ,af;fp vd;w jpiu> Nky; tyJ %iyapy; Njhd;Wk;.
 Server: Nritafk;
mjpy; Search box Njh;T cs;sJ
 Advanced Server: njhopy;Jiw gad;ghl;bw;fhf
 Data Centre Server: cah; Nghf;Ftuj;J fzpg;nghwp Nritafk; iii mjpy; Nfhg;gpd; xU gFjpia nfhLj;jhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l ngahpy;
ix tpz;Nlh]; XP: 2001 njhlq;Fk; midj;J Nfhg;GfisAk; fhl;Lk;
 64-gpl; Ez;nraypfs; mwpKfk; iv Nfhg;ig jpwf;f mjid fpspf; nra;aTk;
 tpz;Nlh]; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; gzpj;jsk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ 3 tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f mikg;gpy; FWf;F top gzpf;Fwpfis cUthf;Fk;
x tpz;Nlh]; Vista: 2006 nray; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
 tpz;Nlh]; Njhw;wk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ mbf;fb gad;gLk; Nfhg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nfhg;Giwfspd; FWf;F topfis
xi tpz;Nlh]; 7: 2009 cUthf;fp> mij Kfg;Gj; jpiuapy; itf;fyhk;.
 fzpg;nghwpapd; njhlq;Fjy; Neuk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ i FWf;F top Njitg;gLk; Nfhg;gpd; kPJ tyJ fpspf; nra;J> Send to →
 VNuh gPf;> gzpg;gl;ilapy; gad;ghLfis ,izj;jy;> ifnaOj;J Desktop (Create Shortcut) vd;w Njh;it fpspf; nra;f
czh;jy;> ,d;lh;nel; vf;];g;Nshuh; Nghd;w Gjpa gadh; ,ilKf ii tpz;Nlh]; jpiuKfg;gpy;> Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giwapd; FWf;Ftop
trjpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ gzpf;Fwp Njhd;Wk;.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;): 3 gzpf;Fwp> nre;ju gzpf;Fwp> FWf;F top gzpf;Fwp - Fwpg;G tiuf.
i gzpf;Fwp: Nfhg;G> Nfhg;Giu> FWf;Ftopfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;
1 Nfhg;G tphpthf;fj;jpd; ed;ik ahJ? glf;FwpaPL
i Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l gad;ghl;il njhptpf;fpwJ. ii nre;ju gzpf;Fwp: tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f mikg;G epWtg;gLk;NghJ
ii Nfhg;Gfis NjLk; gzpapiz vspikahf;FfpwJ cUthf;fg;gLk; nfhlhepiy gzpf;Fwpfs;
2 rd;dy; jpiu vd;why; vd;d? iii FWf;F top gzpf;Fwpfs;: XU Fwpg;gpl;l gad;ghL/Nfhg;G my;yJ
xU Mtzk; my;yJ gad;ghl;bd; nghJthd nrt;tfg; gFjp “rd;dy;” Nfhg;Giuf;fhd FWf;F top gzpf;Fwpfis cUthf;fyhk;. ,jd; kPJ
jpiu vdg;gLk; fpspf; nra;ag;gLk; NghJ ,jw;fhd gad;ghL/Nfhg;G my;yJ
3 Windows XP-y; cs;s ,uz;L tifahd rhsuq;fs; ahit? Nfhg;Giu jpwf;fg;gLk;
i gad;ghl;L rd;dy; 4 Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giuia vt;thW efh;j;Jtha;?
ii Mtz rd;dy; i Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giuia Njh;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;
4 Run fl;lisapd; gad; vd;d? ii Edit → Cut (m) Ctl + X (m) tyJ fpspf;→ Cut
❖ Run fl;lis gad;ghl;il ,af;f xU khw;W topia toq;FfpwJ iii xl;Ltjw;F> Edit → Paste (m) Ctl + V (m) tyJ fpspf; →Paste
❖ njhlf;f gl;bapYs;s Run vd;gij fpspf; nra;J> Njhd;Wk; ngl;bapy;>
5 Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giuia vt;thW efnyLj;J xl;Ltha;?
jpwf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gad;ghl;bd; ngaiu jl;lr;R nra;J> xU
gad;ghl;il njhlq;fyhk; i Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giuia Njh;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;
ii Edit → Copy (m) Ctl + C (m) tyJ fpspf;→ Copy
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (rpW tpdhf;fs;): iii xl;Ltjw;F> Edit → Paste (m) Ctl + V (m) tyJ fpspf; →Paste
6 USB flash ,af;fpapy;> Nfhg;G (m) Nfhg;Giuia vt;thW efnyLg;gha;?
1 Rl;bapd; nray;ghLfs; ahit? i USB flash ,af;fpia Neubahf USB-y; ,izf;fTk;
i cUg;gbia Rl;l: Rl;bia xU cUg;gbapd; kPJ efh;j;Jjy; ii efnyLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;gpd; kPJ tyJ fpspf; nra;aTk;
ii fpspf;: Rl;bapd; ,lJ nghj;jhid mOj;jp clNd tpl;LtpLjy;
iii Njhd;Wk; Nky;kPl;Gg; gl;bapy;> Send To Njh;it fpspf; nra;J> USB flash
iii tyJfpspf;: xU cUg;gbapd; kPJ> Rl;bapd; tyJ nghj;jhid mOj;j>
,af;fpia Njh;T nra;f.
xU Nky;kPl;Gg; gl;b Njhd;Wk;> mjpy; gy tpUg;gj; Njh;Tfs;
gl;bayplg;gLk;
iv ,U fpspf;: ,lJ nghj;jhid ,UKiw Ntfkhf mOj;jp tpLjy; $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (neL tpdhf;fs;):
v ,Oj;J tpLjy;: xU cUg;gbapd; kPJ Rl;bia itj;J> Rl;bapd; ,lJ
nghj;jhid mOj;jp gpbj;jthW> Rl;bia Njitahd ,lk; tiu 1 ePf;ff;$ba tl;by; Nfhg;G kw;Wk; Nfhg;Giwfis vt;thW efy; vLg;gha;?
,Oj;J> gpd; tpl;LtpLjy; i Kiw 1 (efnyLj;jy; kw;Wk; xl;Ljy;)
2 ,af;fpfs; (drivers) Vd; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd gFg;gha;T nra;f.  USB flash ,af;fpia USB y; Neubahf ,izf;fTk;
,af;fpfs; ,uz;L (m) %d;W tiffshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ  ,izf;fg;gl;l USB flash ,af;fp jhdhf jpwf;ftpy;iy vdpy;>
i td;tl;L ,af;fp: ,J fzpg;nghwpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s Start → Computer fpspf; nra;f
td;tl;bd; gFjpfisf; fhl;Lk;  USB flash ,af;fpia ,Ufpspf; nra;f
ii ePf;ff;$ba epidtfq;fs;: ,jpy; ePf;ff;$ba epidtfq;fshd  efnyLf;f Ntz;ba Nfhg;gpd; kPJ tyJ fpspf; nra;J Copy
CD/DVD tl;L> Ngdh ,af;fp(Pen Drive), ifNgrp> ];khh;l; ifNgrp> Njh;it fpspf; nra;aTk;
Nlg;sl; Ngd;w ePf;ff;$ba epidtfq;fisf; fhz;gpf;Fk;  USB ,af;fpf;F jpUk;gp> fhyp ,lj;jpy; tyJ fpspf; nra;J Paste
iii tiy ,af;fp: cq;fs; fzpg;nghwp gpw fzpg;nghwpfSld; Njh;it fpspf; nra;aTk;
,izf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jhy; mit tiy ,af;fpapy; fhz;gpf;Fk;

ii Kiw 2 – (Send To)
 USB flash ,af;fpia Neubahf USB-y; ,izf;fTk;
 efnyLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Nfhg;gpd; kPJ tyJ fpspf; nra;aTk;
 Njhd;Wk; Nky;kPl;Gg; gl;bapy;> Send To Njh;it fpspf; nra;J> USB
flash ,af;fpia Njh;T nra;f.

6. tptuf;Fwpg;G kw;Wk; mUtkhf;fk; myF II – newpKiwrhh; rpf;fy; jPhT
;
6. tptuf;Fwpg;G kw;Wk; mUtkhf;fk;
❖ fzpg;nghwpapd; fl;lisfis> $w;Wfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
❖ newpKiwapd; Nehf;fk;: rpf;fiy jPh;f;f gbg;gbahd thpir nfhz;l
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. $w;Wfs;
❖ rpy newpKiw rpf;fy;fSf;F newpKiwfis cUthf;fkhy;> gbKiw
1 gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfspy; rhpahd newpKiw rhh;e;jJ vJ? toq;fg;gLfpwJ
(m) kpjptz;b ghfq;fis ,izj;jy; ❖ juTfs; khwpfspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ
(M) kpjptz;bia tpthpj;jy; ❖ khwpfs;: juTfs; Nrkpg;gjw;fhd ngahplg;gl;l ngl;bfs;
(,) xU kpjptz;bapd; ghfq;fis ngahpLjy; ❖ newpKiwapd; epiy khwpfspd; njhFg;G %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd
(<) xU kpjptz;b vt;thW Ntiy nra;fpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Fjy; ❖ mUtkhf;fk;: Njitaw;w tptuq;fis Gwf;fzpg;gJ
❖ xU newpKiwapd; tptuf;Fwpg;G tpUk;gpa cs;sL P -ntspaPL cwT MFk;
2 gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfspy; vJ rhpahd newpKiw rhh;e;jJ my;y?
(m) ,uz;L vz;fis ngUf;Fjy; ❖ newpKiwapy; -- vd;gJ Fwpg;G
❖ newpKiwapy;: = vd;gJ kjpg;gpUj;J $w;W
(M) xU Nfhyj;ij tiujy;
❖ C+ + y; // vd;gJ Fwpg;G
(,) G+q;fhtpy; eilgapw;rp
❖ C+ + y; = vd;gJ kjpg;gpUj;J nraw;Fwp
(<) ,uz;L vz;fspd; kjpg;Gfis ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;
❖ C+ + y; = = vd;gJ rkj;jpw;fhd nraw;Fwp
3 gzpf;Fj; jFjpaw;w tptuq;fisj; jtph;j;J> mtrpakhdtw;iw kl;LNk ❖ Fwpg;GfSld; njhlq;Fk; $w;Wfs; fzpg;nghwp nray;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
Fwpf;Fk; gzpapd; mk;rq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLtJ vJ?
(m) tptuf;Fwpg;G (M) mUtkhf;fy; ❖ epiy vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd> mbg;gil mUtkhf;fk; MFk;
(,) xUq;fpidj;jy; (<) gphpj;jy;
vz;zpf;if
4 cs;sPL gz;G kw;Wk; cs;sPL-ntspaPL njhlh;ig xU rpf;fypy;
Fwg;gpLtij ,t;thW miof;fyhk;? newpKiw fl;Lkhdj; 4 1. juT
(m) tptuf;Fwpg;G (M) $w;Wfs; (,) newpKiw (<) tiuaiw njhFjpfs; 2. khwpfs;
5 cs;sPL ntspaPL cwit cWjpg;gLj;JtJ? 3. fl;Lg;ghl;L Xl;lk;
(m) newpKiw kw;Wk; gadh; chpikapd; nghWg;G 4. nray;fs;
newpKiw tbtikg;G El;gq;fs; 4 1. tptuf;Fwpg;G
(M) gadhpd; nghWg;G kw;Wk; newpKiwapd; chpik
2. mUtkhf;fk;
(,) newpKiwapd; nghWg;G Mdhy; gadhpd; chpik my;y 3. xUq;fpizg;G
(<) gadh; kw;Wk; newpKiwapd; nghWg;G 4. gphpj;jy;
6 i = 5; ,af;Ftjw;F Kd; i: = i - 1 ,af;fpajw;F gpd; i-d; kjpg;G fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;Tf; $w;Wfs; 3 1. njhlh; fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T
(m) 5 (M) 4 (,) 3 (<) 2 2. Njh;e;njLg;G fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T
7 0 i:=i-1 ,af;fpajw;F gpd; i-d; kjpg;G 3. Row;rp fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T
(m) 0 
$w;Wfis nray;gLj;jp> epiwthf ntspaPl;Lj; juTld; nray;ghl;il
1 xU newpKiw tiuaWf;fTk; epiwTnra;fpwJ.
newpKiw vd;gJ xU gzpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd my;yJ xU rpf;fiy ❖ Nkw;$wpa nray;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wk; gpur;rid rhpahd newpKiw.
jPh;f;f gbg;gbahd topKiwfspd;(Instruction) thpir MFk; 2 xU newpKiw gw;wpa tptuf;Fwpg;gpd; tbtikg;G vd;d?
2 xU newpKiw kw;Wk; xU nray;Kiwia NtWgLj;Jf xU newpKiwapd; tptuf;Fwpg;G tpUk;gpa cs;sPL-ntspaPL cwT MFk;.
i newpKiw (Algorithm): xU gzpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd my;yJ xU nghJthf tptuf;Fwpg;Gfis %d;W gFjp tbtj;jpy; vOjyhk;
rpf;fiy jPh;f;f gbg;gbahd topKiwfspd;(Instruction) thpir i newpKiwapd; ngah; kw;Wk; cs;sL
P fs;
ii nray;Kiw (Instruction): fl;lisfis nray;gLj;Jk;NghJ> xU ii cs;sL
P : cs;sL
P fspd; gz;Gfs;
nray;Kiw cUthfpwJ. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia epiwNtw;WfpwJ iii ntspaPL: cs;sL
P -ntspaPL cwT
my;yJ nfhLf;fg;gl;l rpf;fiy jPh;f;fpwJ
3 mUtkhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
3 njhlf;fj;jpy;> tptrhap> ML> Gy; fl;L> Xeha; = L, L, L, L tptrhap ❖ mUtkhf;fk; vd;gJ tptuq;fis kiwf;f my;yJ Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk;
Ml;Lld; Mw;iwf; flf;fpwhh;. kjpg;gpWj;jy; $w;iw gad;gLj;jp nray;KiwahFk;. mjd; mj;jpahtrpa mk;rq;fis kl;LNk
nray;jpl;lk; xd;iw cUthf;Ff. vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
i tptrhap> ML> Gy; fl;L> Xeha;:= L
❖ ,J rpf;fiy jPh;g;gjpy; Neubahf njhlh;Gila jfty;fis kl;LNk
ii tptrhap> ML:= R itj;Jf;nfhz;L xU khjphpia cUthf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ
4 %d;W vz;fspy;> kpf rpwpa vz;iz fz;Lgpbf;f xU nray;ghl;il ❖ v.fh: epy tiuglj;jpy; Njitahd jfty;fs; kl;LNk mjpy;
Fwpg;gplTk; fhl;bapUg;gh;
i cs;sL P : A, B, C 4 newpKiwapd; epiyia vt;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ?
ii A ntspaPL: A ❖ newpKiwapd; fzf;fPl;L epiy khwpj;njhFjpapy;
mUtkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
iii B < A kw;Wk; B < C vd;why;> ntspaPL: B
❖ xU newpKiwapy; xU nray;Kiwapd; epiy vd;gJ me;j Fwpg;gpl;l
iv C < A kw;Wk; C ntspaPL: C Neuj;jpy; khwpfspd; kjpg;ghFk;
5 √2 = 1.414 vd ,Ue;jhy;> square_root( ) nray;ghl;bd; ntspaPL -1.414-I ❖ khwpfspd; kjpg;Gfs; khw;wg;gl;lhy; kl;LNk epiy khWk;
nfhLf;fpwJ. gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; gpd;tpisTfis kPWtJ vJ? 5 kjpg;gpUj;jy; $w;wpd; tbtk; kw;Wk; nghUs; ahJ?
-- square_root(x) kjpg;gpUj;J $w;W xU khwpf;Fs; xU kjpg;ig Nrkpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
-- inputs : x is a real number, x > 0 nraw;Fwpapd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; khwpAk; tyJ gf;fj;jpy; mjd; kjpg;Gk;
vOjg;gLk;
-- outputs: y is a real number such that y2 = x
variable := value
xU vz;zpd; th;f;f%yk; kpif vz;zhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; ntspaPL
Fiw vz;zhf ,Uf;fhJ. 6 kjpg;gpUj;jy; nraw;Fwp kw;Wk; rkepiy nraw;Fwp ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL
vd;d?
kjpg;gpUj;jy; nraw;Fwp rkepiy nraw;Fwp
rpW tpdhf;fs;: khwpf;Fs; xU kjpg;ig Nrkpf;Fk;. tyJ gf;f kjpg;Gk; ,lJ gf;f
kjpg;Gk; rkkhdjhf cs;sjh vd
1 xU gpur;rid rhpahd newpKiw vd;W vg;nghOJ $WtPh;fs;? Nrjpf;Fk;
❖ xU rpf;fyhdJ cs;sPl;Lj; juT> Njitahd ntspaPL> cs;sPL kw;Wk; C++y; = vd;gJ kjpg;gpUj;jy; C++y; = = vd;gJ rkepiy nraw;Fwp
ntspaPL juTfSf;F ,ilNa cwit Fwpg;gpLfpwJ nraw;Fwp

;
neLtpdhf;fs;: -- ntspaPL: A, B. A: jpuhl;ir gor;rhW> B: Mg;gps; gor;rhW
Input A, B
1 xU newpKiwapy; fh;zk; (hypotunes) gw;wpa tptuf;Fwpg;Gfis vOJq;fs;>
T := A
tyJ Nfhz Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; ,uz;L Fiwe;j gf;fj;ijAk;> kw;Wk;
ntspaPL ePsk; %d;whk; gf;fj;ijAk; fhz;f. A := B
Hypotunes (A,B) B := T
-- cs;sLP : A, B vd;gJ KO vz;fs; kw;Wk; A>0 kw;Wk; B>0
Output A, B
-- ntspaPL: C vd;gJ KO vz; C2 = A2 + B2
Input A, B
C := A*A + B*B $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;):
Output C
1 nraw;$Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?
2 ax2 + bx + c = 0 vDk; ,Ugb rk;ghL xd;iw ePq;fs; jPh;f;f topKiw ,Ugb
fbdkhd newpKiwfs; gy gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW
rkd;ghL quadratic_solve(a,b,c) gphpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; nraw;$Wfs; vdg;gLk;
-- input: ?
2 tptuf;Fwpg;G vd;why; vd;d?
-- output: ? tbtikg;ghsh; kw;Wk; gadhpd;> chpikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis
,jw;F Njitahd tptuf;Fwpg;ig fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tha;ghl;bd; tiuaWg;gJ tptuf;Fwpg;G MFk;. ,J tbtikg;ghsUf;Fk;> gadUf;Fk;
%yk; vOJf. ,ilNaahd xg;ge;jk; MFk;
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 3 mUtkhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? (m) fUg;nghUs; vd;why; vd;d?
x=
𝟐𝒂 Njitaw;w tptuq;fis Gwf;fzpj;J my;yJ kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gJ> mjd;
vd;w R+j;jpuj;ij vz; %yk; gad;gLj;jp nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs; Kf;fpa gz;Gfis kl;LNk gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ mUtkhf;fk;.
quadratic_solve(a,b,c) 4 khwpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
juTfis Nrkpg;gjw;fhd ngahplg;gl;l ngl;bfshf khwpfs; gad;gLfpwJ.
--cs;sL
P : a, b, c vd;gJ KO vz;fs; kw;Wk; A>0, B>0, C>0
5 juT vd;why; vd;d?
−𝒃+√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄 −𝒃−√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
-- ntspaPL: x1= , x2= xU khwpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; kjpg;G juT vdg;gLk;. vz;fs; kw;Wk; ciu
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd juTfs; cs;sd.
Input a,b,c
6 epiy vd;why; vd;d?
d := sqrt(b*b – 4*a*c) epiy vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd mbg;gil mUtkhf;fk; MFk;. xU
x1 := (-b + d) / (2*a) newpKiwapy;> xU nray;Kiwapd; epiy khwpfspd; njhFg;G %yk;
x2 := (-b - d) / (2*a)uz;L Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
Output x1, x2
3 cs;slf;fq;fis ,lkhw;wk; nra;aTk;: A kw;Wk; B vd;w khwpfis ,uz;L $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (rpW tpdhf;fs;):
Ftisfshf fUjTk;. Ftis A-apy; Mg;gps; gor;rhW KotJkhf
cs;sJ. kw;Wk; Ftis B-apy; jpuhl;ir gor;rhW KOtJkhf cs;sJ. 1 fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T vd;why; vd;d? fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; $w;Wfs; ahit?
Ftis A kw;Wk; B y; cs;s gor;rhw;wpd; epiyia ,lkhw;wk; nra;a> ❖ newpKiw vd;gJ gbg;gbahd $w;Wfs; MFk;.
Njitahd khwpfspd; ,Uj;jp> mjd; newpKiwapd; tptuf;Fwpg;ig vOJf. ❖ $w;Wfs; newpKiwapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s thpirapy; epiwNtw;wg;glhky;>
Interchange(A, B) NtWthpirapy; epiwNtw;wg;glyhk;
-- cs;sL
P : A, B. A: Mg;gps; gor;rhW> B: jpuhl;ir gor;rhW ❖ $w;Wfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; thpirNa fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T.

;
❖ fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;it khw;Wtjw;F %d;W Kf;fpa fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;Tf; iv nraw;$Wfs;
$w;Wfs; cs;sd.
 fbdkhd newpKiwfs; gy gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW
 njhlh; fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T: $w;Wfs; mit vOjg;gl;l thpirapy; gphpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; nraw;$Wfs; vdg;gLk;
xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf epiwNtw;wg;gLk;  xU nray;ghL xU Jiz newpKiwahFk;
 Njh;e;njLg;G fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T: $w;wpy; cs;s epge;jid 2 newpKiw tbtikg;gjw;fhd njhopy;El;gq;fis tpsf;Ff.
Nrhjpf;fg;gLk;. epge;jid cz;ik vd;why; xU $w;Wk;> jtW
i tptuf;Fwpg;G:
vd;why; khw;W $w;Wk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
 Row;rp fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T: epiy Nrjpf;fg;gl;L> epge;jid  rpf;fiyj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd Kjy; gb> rpf;fiyj; Jy;ypakhf $w
jtwhFk; tiu $w;Wfs; kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Ntz;Lk;
 nfhLf;fg;gl;l cs;sPLfspd; gz;GfisAk;> cs;sL P kw;Wk;
ntspaPl;bw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;igAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (neL tpdhf;fs;): ii mUtkhf;fk;:
 xU rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;f vy;yh tptuq;fSk; Njitapy;iy
1 newpKiwapd; fl;Lkhdj; njhFjpfis tpsf;Ff
 Njitaw;w tptuq;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;J my;yJ kiwj;J> rpf;fypd;
i juT
Kf;fpa gz;Gfis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;JtJ mUtkhf;fk;.
 newpKiwfs; juit cs;sPlhf ngw;W mij nray;gLj;jp iii xUq;fpizg;G:
ntspaPl;il toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 kjpg;gspg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T $w;Wfs; xU newpKiwia
 fzpg;nghwpfs; juTfis nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fl;lisfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ
toq;Ffpd;wd.  xU fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T $w;W> xU epge;jidapd; epiyia
 vz;fs; kw;Wk; ciu Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd juTfs; cs;sd Nrhjpj;J mjd; kjpg;G mbg;gilapy; mLj;j $w;W epiwNtw;wg;gl
ii khwpfs; Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;fpwJ.
 juTfis Nrkpg;gjw;fhd ngahplg;gl;l ngl;bahf khwpfs; iv gphpj;jy;:
gad;gLfpwJ  Kf;fpa newpKiwfis gy nray;ghLfshf gphpf;fpNwhk;.
 xU khwpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; juT me;j khwpf;fhd kjpg;G  gpd; xt;nthU nray;ghLk; jdpj;jdpahf fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 xU kjpg;ig khwpapy; Nrkpf;f KbAk; my;yJ me;j khwpapd; mt;thW fl;likf;Fk;NghJ me;j nray;ghl;bd; tptuf;Fwpg;ig
kjpg;ig khw;w xU kjpg;gspg;Gf; $w;iw gad;gLj;jyhk; kl;Lk; njhpe;Jnfhs;tJ NghJkhdJ.
iii fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T  ,Wjpahf> nray;ghLfis gad;gLj;jp Kf;fpa newpKiw
fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 xU newpKiw vd;gJ gbg;gbahd $w;Wfs; MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
xU $w;iw epiwNtw;wpa gpd;dNu> mLj;j $w;iw
nray;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; ,y;iy
 $w;Wfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; thpirNa fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T
 %d;W Kf;fpa fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;Tf; $w;Wfs; cs;sd.
 njhlh; fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T: vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; thpirapy;
xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
 Njh;e;njLg;G fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T: epge;jid Nrhjpf;fg;gl;L> rhp
vd;why; xU $w;Wk;> jtW vd;why; khw;W $w;Wk;
nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
 Row;rp fl;Lg;ghL: epiy Nrjpf;fg;gl;L> epge;jid jtwhFk;
tiu $w;Wf;fs; kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;

7. gphpj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy; myF II – newpKiwrhh; rpf;fy; jPhT
;
6 C nka; vdpy;> nfhLf;fg;gl;l gha;T glq;fs; ,uz;bYk;> S1 ,aq;Fk;
7. gphpj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy; Mdhy;> S2 vjpy; ,aq;Fk;?
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1 kjpg;gpUj;jYf;F Kd;> u, v = 5, 10 vdpy;> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhlh;

kjpg;gpUj;jYf;F gpd;> u kw;Wk; v khwpfs; ngWk; kjpg;G vd;d?
1. u:=v
2. v:=u
(m) u, v = 5, 5 (M) u, v = 10, 5 (,) u, v = 5, 10 (<) u, v = 10, 10 (m) 1y; kl;Lk; (M) 2y; kl;Lk;
2 kjpg;gpUj;jYf;F gpwF> thpir vz; 3f;fhd fPo;fz;l ve;j gz;Gf;$W (,) 1 kw;Wk; 2 (<) 1k; ,y;iy 2k; ,y;iy
nka;?
1.–i+j = 0 xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
2. i, j := i+1, j-1
3. -- ? ❖ gphpj;jy; vd;gJ rpf;fy; jPh;f;Fk; xU mbg;gil El;gkhFk;
(m) i+j>0 (M) i+j<0 (,) i+j=0 (<) i=j
❖ newpKiwia Fwpg;gpl %d;W Kjd;ik FwpaPl;L Kiwfs; cs;sd.
3 C1 vd;gJ ngha; kw;Wk; C2 vd;gJ nka; vdpy;> ,af;fg;gLk; $l;L $w;W 1.epuyhf;f nkhop> 2.Nghypf; FwpKiw> 3.gha;Tg; glk;
vJ? ❖ epuyhf;f nkhop: newpKiwia fzpg;nghwpapy; ,af;fp rpf;fiyj;
1. if C1 jPh;f;Fk; xU FwpaPl;L Kiw
2. S1
❖ epuy; ngah;g;gpfs;: epuy;fis fzpg;nghwpfs; ,af;Fk; fl;lisfshf
3. else
khw;wk; nra;fpd;wd.
4. if C2
5. S2 ❖ Nghypf;FwpKiw: epuyhf;f nkhopia Nghd;w fl;likg;Gk;> vspa
6. else Mq;fpyKk; fye;j xU FwpaPl;L Kiw
7. S3 ❖ gha;Tg;glk;: newpKiwfis gbtbtpy; Fwpg;gpl gad;gLfpwJ.
(m) S1 (M) S2 (,) S3 (<) ,tw;wpy; VJkpy;iy ❖ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l $w;Wfs; “$l;L $w;Wfs;”
4 klf;fpw;F Kd;dh;> C nka; vdpy;> fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T vjd; topAk; ,aq;Fk;? ❖ case gFg;gha;G: ,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l epge;jidfis Nrhjpf;f
1. S1 ❖ Row;rp: epge;jidia nghUj;J> xU $w;iw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,af;Fk;
2. while C ❖ Row;rp $w;Wfs; klf;F(Loop) vdg;gLk;
3. S2
❖ gphpg;G vd;gJ rpf;fy; jPh;f;Fk; njhlf;f nray;El;gk;
4. S3
(m) S1;S3 (M) S1;S2;S3 (,) S1;S2;S2;S3 (<)S1;S2;S2;S2;S3 ❖ nraw;$w;wpdpy; cs;s khwpfs; cs;sike;j jd;ikAilaJ
5 fPo;fhZk; klf;F vj;jid Kiw ,aq;Fk;?

i:=0 FW tpdhf;fs;:
while i ≠5
1 xU epge;jid kw;Wk; xU $w;W - NtWgLj;Jf
i:=i+1 $w;W: fzpg;nghwp xU gzpia nra;tjw;fhf nfhLf;fg;gLk; fl;lisfs;
(m) 4 (M) 5 (,) 6 (<) 0 mlq;fpa xU nrhw;nwhlh; “$w;W” vdg;gLk;

;
epge;jid: xU epiyia Nrjpg;gjw;fhd xU nrhw;nwhlh; “epge;jid” MFk; rpW tpdhf;fs;:
2 epge;jidf; $w;Wf;F xU gha;Tg; glk; tiuf.
1 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L gha;T glq;fSf;Fk;> Nghypf; FwpKiw vOJf.
3 epge;jidf; $w;W kw;Wk; Row;rpf; $w;W ,uz;LNk> xU epge;jid kw;Wk;

nray;gL $w;W ngw;wpUf;fpwJ vdpy;> mit vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ. if C if C
epge;jidf; $w;W: epiy Nrjpf;fg;gl;L> epge;jid rhp vd;why; nray;gL S1 S1
$w;W xU Kiw epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ. S2 else
Row;rpf; $w;W: epiy Nrjpf;fg;gl;L> epge;jid rhp vd;W ,Uf;Fk; tiu S2
nray;gL $w;W jpUk;gj;jpUk;g epiwNtw;wg;gLk; 2 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s newpKiw thpir vz; 2y;> Cd; ngha; vdpy;> mjd;
4 xU newpKiwf;Fk;> epuYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL vd;d? fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;it fhz;f.
newpKiw epuy; 1 S1
xU rpf;fiy jPh;f;f gbg;gbahd epuyhf;f nkhopapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; 2 -- C is false
topKiwfspd; thpir newpKiw 3 if C
fzpg;nghwpfspy; ,af;f KbahJ fzpg;nghwpfspy; ,af;f KbAk; 4 S2
Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ vspJ Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ fbdkhJ 5 else
6 S3
fl;lis mikg;G(syntax) Kiwfis fl;lis mikg;G(syntax) Kiwfis
7 S4
fl;lhakhf gpd;gw;w Ntz;bajpy;iy fl;lhakhf gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;
5 nraw;$W mUtkhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? C ngha; vdpy;> fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;T: S1; S3; S4
xU nraw;$w;iw gad;gLj;Jgth;> mJ vd;d nra;Ak; vd;gij kl;Lk; 3 Case gFg;gha;T vd;why; vd;d?
mwpe;jpUe;jhy; NghJkhdJ. mJ vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij ,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l epge;jidfis Nrhjpj;J> mjdbg;gilapy;
njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy nrayhf;fk; nra;a case gFg;gha;T gad;gLfpwJ. ,J rpf;fiy rpW
6 xU $w;W vt;thW nkUNfw;wg;gLfpwJ? gFjpfshf gphpj;J> xt;nthU gFjpiaAk; jdpNa jPh;f;fg;gLk;
nkUNfw;wj;jpy;> cah;epiyapy; njhlq;fg;gLk; tptuf;Fwpg;gpd; xt;nthU nghJtbtk;:
$w;Wk;> njhlh;r;rpahf> mjpf jfty;fisf; nfhz;l gy njhlh; epiy
$w;Wfspy; tptupf;fg;gLk;. case C1
S1
case C2
S2
else
S4

;
4 Njh;e;njLg;Gf; $w;Wfisg; gad;gLj;jp> %d;W case gFg;gha;Tf;F> -- Output: A, B, C
gha;Tg;glk; xd;iw tiuf. T := A
case gFg;gha;T Njh;e;njLg;Gf;$w;W gha;Tg;glk;
A := C
case C1 if C1
C := B
S1 S1
case C2 else if C2 B := T
true
C1 S1
S2 S2 Output A, B, C
else else 2 KiwNa 5> 8 kw;Wk; 3 ypl;lh; nfhs;ssT nfhz;l %d;W fz;zhb
S3 S3 false
FLitfs; jug;gLfpwJ. mjpy;> 8 ypl;lh; FLitapy; vz;iza;
epuk;gpAs;sJ. kw;w ,uz;L FLitfSk; fhypahf cs;sd. 8 ypl;lh;
true
C2 S2 FLitapYs;s vz;izia ,uz;L rk msthf gphpf;fTk;. nghUj;jkhd
khwpfspy;> ,e;j nray; epiyia Fwpg;gpLf. ,e;j nray;epiyapd; njhlf;f
kw;Wk; ,Wjp epiy vd;d? kjpg;gpUj;jy; %ykhf> xU FLitapypUe;J>
false
kw;nwhU FLitf;F khw;wk; nra;Ak; khjphpia cUthf;Ff. ,Wjpepiyia
S3 ngWtjw;fhd njhlh; kjpg;gpUj;J $w;Wfis vOJf.
A (5yp B (8yp C (3yp
kjpg;gpUj;jy; $w;W
nfhs;ssT) nfhs;ssT) nfhs;ssT)
5 xU vz;iz> nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L NtWgl;l topfspy;> njhlf;f epiy 0 8 0
,ul;bg;ghf;Fk; nraw;$W xd;iw tiuaW. (1) n+n, (2) 2xn A := B 5 3 0
(1) n + n (2) 2 x n C := A 2 3 3
add(n) add(n)
B := B + C 2 6 0
-- input: n -- input: n
-- output: n + n -- output: 2 x n C := A 0 6 2
result := n+n result := 2 x n A := B 5 1 2
output n output n C := A 4 1 3
B := C 4 4 0
3 factorial(4) vd;w nraw;$w;wpd; newpKiwapd; gbg;gbahd ,af;fj;ij
neLtpdhf;fs;: fzpf;fTk;.
factorial(n)
1 fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s A, B kw;Wk; C khwpfspd; kjpg;Gfis xd;wpypUe;J>
kw;nwhd;Wf;F Row;rpahf khw;Wk; tptuf;Fwpg;G kw;Wk; newpKiwia -- inputs : n is an integer, n ≥ 0
fl;likf;fTk;. mk;Gf;Fwpaplg;gl;Ls;sgb>B khwpf;fhd kjpg;G A -- outputs : f = n!
khwpapypUe;Jk;> C khwpf;fhd kjpg;G B khwpypUe;Jk;> A khwpf;fhd kjpg;G C f, i := 1, 1
khwpapypUj;Jk; ngwg;gLk;
while i ≤ n
f, i := f x i, i + 1
factorial(4) vd;w nraw;$w;wpd; gbg;gbahd ,af;fk; gpd;tUkhW:
Interchange(A, B, C) n := 4
-- Input: A, B, C f := 1

;
i := 1
F i i≤n f := f x i i := i+1
1 1 1 ≤ 4 (rhp) f := 1 x 1 = 1 i := 1 + 1 = 2
1 2 2 ≤ 4 (rhp) f := 1 x 2 = 2 i := 2 + 1 = 3
2 3 3 ≤ 4 (rhp) f := 2 x 3 = 6 i := 3 + 1 = 4
6 4 4 ≤ 4 (rhp) f := 6 x 4 = 24 i := 4 + 1 = 5
24 5 5 ≤ 4 (jtW)
newpKiwapd; ,Wjpapy; ehd;F Row;rpfis epiwTnra;J> f-d; kjpg;G 24.
1 epuy; vd;why; vd;d?

epuyhf;f nkhopapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; newpKiw “epuy;” vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2 Nghypf;FwpKiw vd;why; vd;d?
fzpg;nghwp epuyhf;f nkhopia Nghd;w fl;likg;Gk;> vspa Mq;fpyKk;
fye;j xU FwpaPl;L Kiw. ,J epuyhf;f nkhopf;F epfuhdJ
3 gha;Tg;glk; vd;why; vd;d?
newpKiwfis gltbtpy; Fwpg;gplg; gad;gLk; FwpaPl;L Kiw gha;Tg;glk;.
,it newpKiwapd; fl;Lg;ghl;L gha;Tfis> njspthd fhl;rpg;glkhf
fhl;Ltjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
4 Njh;e;njLg;G $w;W> epge;jid $w;W - NtWgLj;Jf.
Njh;e;njLg;G $w;W epge;jid $w;W
epge;jid kjpg;G nka; vd ,Uf;Fk; epge;jid nka; vd ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
NghJ xU $w;Wk;> ngha; vd kl;LNk $w;Wfs; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;>
,Uf;Fk;NghJ khw;Wf;$w;Wk; ngha; vd ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
nray;gLj;jg;gLk; nray;gLj;j ve;jf; $w;Wk;
,Uf;fhJ
else $w;Wfs; ,Uf;Fk; else $w;Wfs; ,d;wp fhypahf
,Uf;Fk;
5 Row;rpf; $w;W vd;why; vd;d?
epge;jidia nghUj;J> xU $w;iw kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; ,af;Fk; nray;El;gk;
“Row;rp” vdg;gLk;

8. Row;rpAk;> jw;Row;rpAk; myF II – newpKiwrhh; rpf;fy; jPhT
;
FW tpdhf;fs;:
8. Row;rpAk;> jw;Row;rpAk;
1 khw;wkpyp vd;why; vd;d? (m) kjpg;gpUj;jypd; khw;wkpyp - tiuaWf;fTk;
khwpfshyhd xU Nfhit> kjpg;gpUj;jypd; njhlf;fj;jpYk;> ,WjpapYk;
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. xNu kjpg;Gilajhf ,Ue;jhy;> me;j Nfhit kjpg;gpUj;jypd; khw;wkpyp
vdg;gLk;
1 klf;F khw;wkpyp cz;ikahf ,Uf;fNtz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy 2 klf;F khw;wkpyp tiuaWf;fTk;
(m) klf;fpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; klf;fpd; clw;gFjpapYs;s khw;wkpyp klf;F khw;wkpyp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
klf;F khw;wkpyp> klf;fpd; clw;gFjpf;F Kd;Gk;> clw;gFjpf;Fg; gpd;Gk;>
(M) xt;nthU Row;rpapd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; nka; vd ,Uf;fpwJ.
(,) xt;nthU jw;Row;rpapd; Kbtpy;
3 klf;fpd; epiyikar; Nrhjpg;gJ> klf;F khw;wkpypiag; ghjpf;Fkh? Vd;?
(<) newpKiwapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ghjpf;fhJ. Vndd;why;> klf;F khw;wkpyp> klf;fpd; clw;gFjpf;F Kd;Gk;>
2 xU rJuq;fg;gy;ifia NlhkpNdh]; vd;w nrt;tff; fl;ilfisf; clw;gFjpf;Fg; gpd;Gk;> xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; nka; vd ,Uf;fpwJ.
nfhz;L %l tpUk;GfpNwhk;. b vd;gJ NlhkpNdh]; vj;jid fUg;Gf; 4 klf;F khw;wkpypf;Fk;> klf;F epiyikf;Fk;> cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;L
fl;lq;fis %LfpwJ vd;gijAk;> w vd;gJ NlhkpNdh]; vj;jid njhlh;Gf;Fk; cs;s cwT vd;d?
nts;isf; fl;lq;fis %LfpwJ vd;gijAk; Fwpf;fpd;wd vd;why;> klf;F khw;wkpyp> klf;fpd; clw;gFjpf;F Kd;Gk;> clw;gFjpf;Fg; gpd;Gk;>
gpd;tUk; ve;j khjphpapd;gb xU NlhkpNdhit itf;fyhk;. xt;nthU Rw;wpYk; nka;ahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. klf;F KbAk;NghJ> mjd;
(m) b := b+2 (M) w := w+2 (,) b,w := b+1, w+1 (<) b := w KbT epge;jidAk;> klf;F khw;wkpypAk; Nrh;e;J cs;sPl;L-ntspaPl;L cwit
nka;ahf;f Ntz;Lk;
3 m x a + n x b vd;gJ a,b := a+8, b+7 vd;w kjpg;gpUj;jypd; khw;wkpyp vd;why;>
m,n d; kjpg;Gfs;? 5 jw;Row;rp Kiwapy; rpf;fiyj; jPh;g;gJ vd;why; vd;d?
(m) m=8, n=7 (M) m = 7, n = 8 (,) m = 7, n = -8(<) m = 8, n = -7 jw;Row;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp> nfhLf;fg;gl;l cs;sPl;bd; gFjpfisf; nfhz;L
xU rpf;fypd; rhd;WUf;fis jPh;g;gjpd;%yk;> rpf;fiyf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
4 fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sitfspy; vJ m, n := m+2, n+3 vd;w kjpg;gpUj;jypd; cs;sPl;bw;fhfj; jPh;f;f KbAk;.
khw;wkpyp ,y;iy?
(m) m mod 2 (M) n mod 3 (,) 3 x m – 2 x n (<) 2xm – 3xn 6 ,ay; vz;zpd; njhlh; ngUf;fj;ij jw;Row;r;rp Kiwapy; tiuaWf;fTk;
factorial(n)
5 gpNghdhr;rp vz;iz Row;rpapd;gb gpd;tUkhW tiuaWj;jhy;
0 n=0 -- inputs: n is an integer, n≥0
F(n) = 1 n=1 -- outputs: f := n!
F(n-1) + F(n-2) otherwise if n ≥ 1
(Fwpg;G: gpNghdhr;rp vz; vd;gJ mjw;F Ke;ija ,uz;L vz;fspd; n x factorial(n-1)
$l;Lj;njhif. vLj;Jf;fhl;L: 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,...) vd;why; F(4) ia else
kjpg;gpl vj;jid F( ) gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;?] 1
(m) 3 (M) 4 (,) 9 (<) 8
6 jw;Row;rpapd; gpd;tUk; tiuaiwiag; gad;gLj;jp> a10 ia kjpg;gpl
vj;jidKiw ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;?
1 if n=1
an = a x an-1 otherwise
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8

;
rpW tpdhf;fs;: ❖ Vndd;why;> Muk;gj;jpy; g+p vd;gJ 0+1234=1234, xU Nghl;b epiwTw;w
gpd;> g+p vd;gJ 1+1233=1234. vdNt p-d; kjpg;G 1 vd ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
1 xU Nki[apy; 7 Ftisfs; jiyfPohf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ve;j ,uz;L g vd;gJ 1233 vd ,Uf;Fk; (1233+1=1234)
FtisfisAk; ePq;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; jpUg;Gtjw;F cq;fSf;F mDkjp ❖ ntw;wp tPuiu jPh;khdpf;f nkhj;jk; 1233 Nghl;bfs; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
cz;L. vy;yhf; FtisfSk; Neuhf ,Uf;ff;$ba epiyia vl;LtJ 3 kd;dd; tpf;fpukhjpj;jdplk; ,uz;L ke;jpu ths;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. xU
rhj;jpakh? [Fwpg;G: jiyfPohf ,Uf;Fk; FtisfSila vz;zpf;ifapd; this itj;J mtdhy; Ntjhsj;jpd; 19 jiyfis ntl;bnawpa KbAk;.
rkepiy khwhJ.] Mdhy;> mjd;gpd; Ntjhsj;Jf;F 13 jiyfs; Kisf;fpd;wd. ,d;ndhU
❖ u vd;w khwp vj;jid Ftisfs; jiyfPohf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij this itj;J 7 jiyfis ntl;bnahpa KbAk;. Mdhy;> mjw;Fg;gpd; 22
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. u tpd; njhlf;f kjpg;G 7 Gjpa jiyfs; Kisf;fpd;wd. vy;yhj; jiyfisAk; ntl;btpl;lhy;>
❖ R+oy; 1: ,uz;L FtisfisAk; jiyfPohf ,Uf;FkhW itj;jhy; u Ntjhsk; nrj;JtpLk;. Ntjhsj;Jf;F Muk;gj;jpy; 1000 jiyfs; ,Ue;jhy;>
tpd; kjpg;G u=u+2 mJ rhfpw tha;g;G cz;lh? [Fwpg;G: jiy mod 3-d; vz;zpf;if khwhJ]
❖ R+oy; 2: ,uz;L FtisfisAk; Neuhf ,Uf;FkhW itj;jhy; u tpd; ❖ ,q;F jiy mod 3 vd;gJ khw;wkpyp MFk;.
kjpg;G u=u-2 ❖ Kjy; this (S1) gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ 19 jiyfs; ntl;lg;gl;L 13 Gjpa
❖ R+oy; 3: xU Ftisia jiyfPohftk;> kw;nwhd;iw NeuhfTk; jiyfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. Mf nkhj;jk; Kjy; this gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ
itj;jhy; u tpd; kjpg;gpy; khw;wkpy;iy u=u 6 (19-13) jiyfis kl;LNk ntl;Lk;. ,q;F 6mod 3-d; kjpg;G 0
❖ Nkw;fz;l ve;j R+oypYk; utpd; kjpg;G xw;iwgilahfNt ,Ug;gjhy;> ❖ ,uz;lhk; this (S2) gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ 7 jiyfs; ntl;lg;gl;L 22
vy;yh FtisfisAk; Neuhf mikf;ff;$ba epiyia vl;LtJ Gjpa jiyfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. Mf nkhj;jk; ,uz;lhk; this
rhj;jpakpy;iy gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ 15 (22-7) jiyfs; Gjpajhf Njhd;Wk;. ,q;F 15 mod
3-d; kjpg;G 0
2 Njhw;why; ntspNawpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidAs;s xU tpisahl;L
Nghl;bapy; thpirahf Nghl;bfs; elf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU Nghl;bapYk; ❖ vdNt> jiyfspd; vz;zpf;if 3-My; tFgLk; vz;zhf (jiy mod
,uz;L tpisahl;L tPuh;fs; Nghl;bapLfpwhh;fs;. Njhw;wth; ntspNawptpl 3-d; kjpg;G 0 Mf) ,Ue;jhy; kd;dd; tpf;fpukhjpj;jdhy; midj;J
Ntz;Lk;. [mjhtJ> mjw;Fg;gpd; mth; ve;jg; Nghl;bapYk; jiyfisAk; ntl;l Kbak;. ,y;iynad;shy; midj;J jiyfisAk;
gq;nfLf;fkhl;lhh;]. ntw;wpngw;wth; njhlh;e;J Nghl;bapy; gq;nfLg;ghh;. ntl;l KbahJ.
vy;yh tpisahl;L tPuh;fSk; ,t;thW ntspNaw;wg;gl;lgpd;> filrpay; ❖ ,q;F jiyfspd; vz;zpf;if 1000. ,J 3-My; tFglhJ (1000 mod 3
vQ;rpapUf;Fk; tPuNu Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngWthh;. xU = 1). vdNt> Ntjhsj;jpd; midj;J jiyfisAk; ntl;b> mJ rhfpw
tpilahl;Lg;Nghl;bapy; 1234 tPuh;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs; vd;W tha;g;G ,y;iy
itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. ntw;wp tPuiuj; jPh;khdpg;gjw;F vj;jid Nghl;bfs;
elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
❖ eilngw;w Nghl;bfspd; vz;zpf;ifia g vd;f neLtpdhf;fs;:
❖ tpisahl;L tPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;fifia p vd;f
1 tof;fkhd epwKila 8 x 8 mstpyhd xU rJuq;fg;gyifia vLj;Jf;
❖ Nghl;b Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd; g vd;gJ 0 MfTk;> p vd;gJ 1234 MfTk; nfhs;Sq;Fs;. FWf;Fthpir kw;wk; Neh;thpirapd; vy;yhf; fl;lq;fSf;Fk;
,Uf;Fk;. ,q;Nf p-d; kjpg;G 1 vd MFk; NghJ g-d; kjpg;ig ehk; NtW epwkpl;L mitfspd; epwj;ij khw;wptpLNthk;. jpUk;gj;jpUk;g NtW
fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. epwkplyhk;. ,g;gbr; nra;tjhy;> filrpapy; xNunthU fUg;Gf; fl;lk;
❖ xt;nthU Nghl;bapd; KbtpYk; g-d; kjpg;G 1 mjpfhpf;Fk;> p-d; kjpg;G kl;LNk tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,yf;F. ,e;j ,yf;if mila KbahJ vd;W
xd;W FiwAk;. ,ij kjpg;gpUj;jy; %yk; fPo;fz;lthW Fwpg;gplyhk;: epUgpf;fTk;. [Fwpg;G: xU FWf;F thpirapy; my;yJ Neh;thpirapy; vd;w
❖ g, p := g+1, p-1 fUg;Gf; fl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jhy;. mJ |(8 – b) – b| vd;W khWfpwJ.
❖ Nkw;fz;l kjpg;gpUj;jypd; %yk;> p+g vd;gJ khw;wkpyp vd fUg;G fl;lj;ij Fwpf;f B vd;w vOj;Jk;> nts;is fl;lj;ij Fwpf;f W
mwpag;gLfpwJ. vd;w vOj;Jk; gad;gLk;. rJuq;f gyif nts;is fl;lj;jpy; Muk;gpg;gjhf
fUJNthk;

;
Kjy; thpirapy; 4 nts;is kw;Wk; 4 fUg;G fl;lq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk; (B=4 & 1 nfhLf;fg;gl;l 2 x2 msTs;s
n n
W=4) %iy %lg;gl;l gyif

i Kjy; fl;lj;ij (nts;is) fUg;G fl;lkhf khw;wdhy; B=5 & W=3
ii ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;ij (fUg;G) nts;is fl;lkhf khw;wpdhy; B=4 &
W=4
iii 1 & 2k; gbepiyfis njhlh;e;jhy;> Kjy; thpirapd; ,Wjpapy; B=4 &
W=4 vd;w kjpg;Ng ,Uf;Fk;
Nkw;fz;l tpisNt midj;J thpirfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. Mifahy;
rJuq;f gyifapy; cs;s midj;J fl;lq;fisak; xNu fUg;G tz;zkhf
khw;w ,ayhJ
2 power jw;Row;rpia gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fyhk;. 2 eLtpy; FWf;fhfTk;> neLf;fhfTk;
1 if n=0 ehd;F NfhLfs; tiue;J> 2nx2n
an = a x an-1 if n is odd msTila gyif> ehd;F 2n-1x2n-1
msTila gyifahf
an/2 x an/2 if n is even
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
tiuaiwiag; gad;gLj;jp jw;Row;rp newpKiwia cUthf;fTk;. a10iaf;
fzf;fpl vj;jid Kiw ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
power(a,n)
-- inputs: a, n xU Neh;kiw vz;
-- outputs: an
if n = 0
3 %iy %lg;gl;l Jizg;gyifia
1 %lhjthW> L tbt Kf;Nfhz
else Xl;il KOg;gyifapd; eLtpy;
if n mod 2 = 1 itf;fTk;
a x power(a, n-1)
else
power(a, n/2) x power(a, n/2)
a iaf; fzf;fpl 10 Kiw ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;
10
3 2n x 2nrJuq;fshyhd %iy %lg;gl;l gyif cs;sJ. mjpy; xU %iyr;

rJuk; xU jdpr; rJu Xl;bdhy; %lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. kPjp cs;s rJuq;fis L
tbt Xl;bdhy; %l KbAk; vd;gij epUgp.
jw;Row;rpia gad;gLj;jp ,e;j rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;fyhk;

;
4 ,g;NghJ xt;nthU 7 2 x2 vd;w mstpyhd %iy
3 3
Jizg;gyifAk; 2n-1x2n-1 %lg;gl;l gyif jw;Row;rp

msTnfhz;l %iy %lg;gl;l Kiwapy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ
ehd;F gyifahf cs;sJ.
title corner_covered board of size n

6 mbg;gil epiyahd n-d; kjpg;G 1
MFk; tiu> t.vz; 2 Kjy; 4 tiu if n=1
cs;s topKiwfis jw;Row;rp cover the 3 squared with one trioninoe
Kiwapy; jpUk;g nra;f
else
divide board into 4 sub_boards of size n-1
place a triominoe at centre of board, leaving out the corner_covered sub_board
tile each sub_board of size n-1

9. C++ Xh; mwpKfk; (Part I) myF III – C++ Xh; mwpKfk;
9. C++ Xh; mwpKfk;
❖ C++ nkhopahdJ 1979-k; Mz;L Vb&b (AT&T) ngy; Ma;Tf;$lj;jpy;
N[h;d; ];l;nus];l;ug; mth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. ❖ C++ nkhop C nkhopapy; ,Ue;J jUtpf;fg;gl;lJ
❖ xU epuypy; cs;s kPr;rpW jdpj;j myF tpy;iyfs;
1 C++-ia cUthf;fpath; ahh;? ❖ rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs;: C++ epuy; ngah;g;gpf;F kl;Lk; Ghpfpd;w nghUs;
(m) rhh;y]; ghNg[; (M) N[h;d; ];l;nus];l;ug; nfhz;l fhg;G nrhw;fs;
(,) gpy; Nfl;]; (<) Re;jh; gpl;ir ❖ Fwpg;ngah;fs;: C++ epuypy; ntt;NtW gFjpfSf;F gadh; nfhLf;Fk;
2 C++f;F Kjd;Kjypy; itf;fg;gl;l ngah; vd;d? ngah;fs;
(m) rpgpgp (M) Nkk;gl;l rp ❖ Fwpg;ngahpd; Kjy; vOj;J fz;bg;ghf vOj;J my;yJ mbf;Nfhlhf( _ )
(,) ,df;FOf;fs; cld; rp (<) rp cld; ,df;FOf;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3 C++ vd ngah; R+l;bath; ahh;? ❖ C++ xU vOj;J tbt czh;j;jp
(m) hpf; kh];fpl;b (M) hpf; gp[h;Nd ❖ epiyAUf;fs; (khwpypfs;): epuy; ,aq;Fk;NghJ khwhj juTfs;
(,) gpy; Nfl;]; (<) nld;dp]; hpl;rp ❖ ++ : kpFg;G nraw;Fwp
4 xU epuypy; cs;s kPr;rpW jdpj;j myF: ❖ -- : Fiwg;G nraw;Fwp
(m) epuy; (M) newpKiw (,) gha;Tg;glk; (<) tpy;iyfs; ❖ ?: vd;gJ epge;jidr; nraw;Fwp. ,J xU Kk;k nraw;Fwp MFk;
5 gpd;tUk; nraw;Fwpfspy; C++ ,d; juT <h;g;G nraw;Fwp vJ? ❖ sizeof nraw;Fwp khwpapd; msit igl;Lfspy; nfhLf;Fk;
(m) >> (M) << (,) < > (<) ^^ ❖ >> vd;gJ cs;sl P ;L nraw;Fwp. ,J juT <h;g;G (m) juT ngWk;
6 gpd;tUk; thf;fpaq;fspy; vJ cz;ik ,y;iy? nraw;Fwp
(m) epuy;ngah;g;gpf;F kl;LNk Ghpfpd;w nghUs; nfhz;l fhg;G nrhw;fSf;F ❖ << vd;gJ ntspaPl;L nraw;Fwp. ,J juT tpLg;G (m) juT jUk;
rpwg;G nrhw;fs; vd;W ngah; nraw;Fwp
(M) xJf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fs; my;yJ Kf;fpa nrhw;fis Fwpg;ngauhfg; ❖ // vd;gJ Fwpg;Giw $w;W (xU thp)
gad;gLj;jyhk; ❖ /* .... */ vd;gJk; Fwpg;Giw $w;W (gy thp)
(,) KO vz; khwpyp jrk; Gs;sp ,y;yhky; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU ,yf;fj;ij ❖ nghpa nray;jpl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ngah; Kuz;ghLfisj; jtph;f;Fk;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; topKiwfis namespace nfhLf;fpwJ.
(<) mLf;F khwpypfspd; tbtk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ ❖ C++ %yf;FwpKiwapd; ePl;bg;G: .cpp
7 fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;litfspy; vJ xU ruepiyAU? ❖ C++ ,yf;F Nfhg;gpd; ePl;bg;G: .obj
(m) ‘A’ (M) ‘Welcome’ (,) 1232 (<) “1232” ❖ C++ ,af;f Nfhg;gpd; ePl;bg;G: .exe
8 cah;epiy nkhopapy; vOjg;gLk; epuy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
(m) ,yf;F FwpKiw (M) %y FwpKiw Mz;L> epfo;T
(,) ,aq;ff;$ba FwpKiw (<) ,it midj;Jk;
1979 C++ nkhop cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
9 a=5, b=6; vdpy; a&b apd; tpil vd;d?
(m) 4 (M) 5 (,) 1 (<) 0 1983 C++ vd ngah; R+l;lg;gl;lJ
10 njhFg;G Neu (Compile time) nraw;Fwp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
(m) sizeof (M) pointer (,) virtual (<) this

FWf;fk;> tphpthf;fk; Ra kjpg;gPL
OOP Object Oriented Programming
1 epiyAU (m) khwpypfs; vd;why; vd;d? C++y; KO epiyAUf;fspd;
ISO International Organization for Standardization
tiffs; ahit?
ASCII American Standard code for Information Interchange ❖ xU epuy; ,aq;Fk;NghJ kjpg;Gfs; khwhj juTfs; epiyAUf;fs; MFk;.
ASA American Standards Association ❖ KO vz; epiyAUf;fspd; tiffs;:
IDE Integrated Development Environment  gjpd;k khwpyp. v.fh: 56
 vz;zpiy khwpyp. v.fh: 056 (0-y; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;)
vz;zpf;if  gjpdhW epiy khwpyp. v.fh: 0x56 (0x my;yJ 0X-y; njhlq;f
epiyAUf;fs;(khwpypfs;) 4 1. vz; khwpypfs; Ntz;Lk;)
-d; tiffs; 2. G+ypad; khwpypfs; 2 gpd;tUtd vt;tifahd khwpypfs;?
3. vOj;JU khwpypfs; (m) 26 (M) 015 (,) 0xF (<) 0149
4. ru khwpypfs; (m) 26→ KO vz; khwpyp
vz; khwpypfspd; 2 1. KO vz; khwpypfs; (M) 015 → vz;zpiy khwpyp
tiffs; 2. kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp khwpypfs;
(,) 0xF → gjpdhW epiy khwpyp
kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp 2 1. gpd;d tbtk;
khwpypfspd; tbtk; 2. mLf;F tbtk; (<) 0149 → KO vz; khwpyp
nraw;Fwpfspd; 3 1. xUk nraw;Fwpfs; 3 C++y; FwpAU khwpyp vd;why; vd;d?
tiffs; 2. ,Uk nraw;Fwpfs; FwpAU khwpyp vd;gJ xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; FwpfSf;Fs; jug;gLk; xw;iw
(nraNyw;gpfspd; 3. Kk;k nraw;Fwpfs; FwpAUitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
vz;zpf;if v.fh: ‘A’, ‘2’, ‘$’
mbg;gilapy;)
4 C++y; tpLgLthpir vt;thW Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
nraw;Fwpfspd; 7 1. fzf;fPl;Lr; nraw;Fwpfs;
C++y; mr;rpl Kbahj vOj;Jf;fis tpLgLthpirfis gad;gLj;jp
tiffs; 2. xg;gPl;Lr; nraw;Fwpfs;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. tpLgLthpir gpd;rha;Tf; ( \ ) FwpaPl;lhy;
3. jUf;fr; nraw;Fwpfs; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. gpl; epiy nraw;Fwpfs;
5. kjpg;gpUj;J nraw;Fwpfs; v.fh: \a, \n
6. epge;jid nraw;Fwpfs; 5 gpd;tUk; nka; khwpypfis gb mLf;F Kiwapy; vOJf.
7. gpw nraw;Fwpfs; (m) 32.179 (M) 8.124 (,) 0.00007
gpl;epiy nraw;Fwpfspd; 3 1. jUf;f gpl; (&, |, ^) (m) 32.179 → 0.32179E-2
tiffs; 2. gpl;epiy efh;T (<<, >>) (M) 8.124 → 0.8124E-2
3. gpl;epiy 1-d; epug;G (~) (,) 0.00007 → 0.7E4
C++ epuiy 4 1. %yf;FwpKiwia cUthf;Fjy;
6 gpd;tUk; nka; khwpypfis kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp vz; tbtk; vOJf.
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> 2. Nrkpj;jy;
(m) 0.23E4 (M) 0.517E-3 (,) 0.5E-5
,af;Ftjw;Fkhd 3. njhFj;jy;
gbepiyfs; (m) 0.23E-4 → 0.000023
4. ,af;Fjy;
(M) 0.517E-3→ 0.000517
(,) 0.5E-5→ 0.000005

7 ruj;jpy; kjpg;gpyp (\0) FwpAUtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d? 15 i=8, j=10 kw;Wk; k=8 vdpy; gpd;tUk; Nfhitfspd; kjpg;G vd;d?
ruepiyAUf;fs; jhdikthf ‘\0’ vd;Dk; rpwg;Gf; FwpAUit <w;wpy; (i) i<k (ii) i<j (iii) i>=k (iv) i==j (v)j!=k
,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. ,J ruj;jpd; ,Wjpia Fwpf;Fk; (i) 0 (ii) 1 (ii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 1
8 nraw;Fwpfspd; gad; ahJ? 16 gpd;tUk; Nfhitfspd; kjpg;gPl;L thpir Kiwia vOJ.
nraw;Fwpfs;> fzpj kw;Wk; Vuz nray;ghLfis nra;a gad;gLk; (i) i+3>j-0 (ii) a+10<p-3+2q
FwpaPLfshFk; (i) i+3>j-0 -d; kjpg;gPl;L thpir Kiw:
9 ,Uk nraw;Fwp vd;why; vd;d? fzpj ,Uk nraw;FwpfSf;F 1. i+3
vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
2. j-0
,Uk nraw;Fwpfs;> ,uz;L nraNyw;gpfis kl;Lk; Vw;Fk;.
3. i+3>j-0
v.fh: + - * /
(ii) a+10<p-3+2q-d; kjpg;gPl;L thpir Kiw:
10 tFkPjp (%) nraw;Fwpapd; nray;ghL vd;d?
KO vz; tFkPjpahdJ> tFj;jypd; kPjpia fz;Lgpbf;Fk;. 1. 2q
v.fh: 10%3 = 1 2. a+10
11 8.5 % 2 – tpil ahJ? 3. p-3
% nraw;FwpahJ xU KO vz; tFkPjp nraw;FwpahFk;. ,q;f 8.5 vd;gJ 4. p-3+2q
xU kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp vz; vd;gjhy;> ,J gpioahdjhFk;. 5. a+10<p-3+2q
12 R-d; njhlf;f kjpg;G 35 vdpy; S=(R--)+(++R), vd;w Nfhitapy;> S-apd; 17 gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;F jUf;f Nfhitia vOJf. kjpg;ngz; 75 vdpy; juk; A
kjpg;G vd;d? if mark>=75
R=35
cout<<”Grade A”;
S=(R--)+(++R)
S=35+35
FW tpdhf;fs;
S=70
13 njhlf;fj;jpy; k=20 vdpy; j=--k+2k vd;w Nfhitapd; tpil ahJ? 1 tpy;iyfs; vd;why; vd;d? C++ -y; cs;s tpy;iyfis $Wf.
k=20 xU epuypy; cs;s kPr;rpW jdpj;j myF> tpy;iyfs; my;yJ nkhopj; njhFjp
j=--k +2*k vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. C++ y; cs;s tpy;iyfs;:
j=19+2*19 1. rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs;> 2. Fwpg;ngah;fs;> 3. epiyAUf;fs;> 4. nraw;Fwpfs;>
5. epWj;jf;Fwpfs;
j=57
2 rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d? rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fis Fwpg; ngah;fshf
14 j=22 kw;Wk; p=3 vdpy; p=p*++j vd;gjd; tpil ahJ? gad;gLj;jyhkh?
j=22 C++ epuy; ngah;g;gpf;F kl;LNk Ghpfpd;w nghUs; nfhz;l fhg;G nrhw;fs;
p=3 rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;.
p=3*++22 rpwg;Gr;nrhw;fis Fwpg;ngah;fshf gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ
p=3*23 3 gpd;tUk; khwpypfs; ve;j tif khwpypfs; MFk;?
p=69 (i) 39 (ii) 032 (iii) 0XCAFE (iv) 04.14
(i) 39 – KO vz; khwpyp
(ii) 032 – vz;zpiy khwpyp

(iii) 0XCAFE – gjpdhWepiy vz; khwpyp 3 “=” kw;Wk; “= =” NtWgLj;Jf.
(iv) 04.14 – kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp vz; khwpyp = ==
kjpg;gpUj;J nraw;Fwp rkj;jpw;fhd nraw;Fwp
4 fPo;f;fz;l nka;ahd khwpypfis mLf;FFwp tbtpy; vOJq;fs;:
(i) 23.197 (ii) 7.214 (iii) 0.00005 (iv) 0.319 tyg;gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; kjpg;ig tyg;gf;f kjpg;Gk;> ,lg;gf;f kjpg;Gk;
,lg;gf;fk; cs;s khwpapy; ,Uj;Jk; rkkhdjh vd Nrhjpf;Fk;
(i) 23.197 = 23197E-3 (ii) 7.214 = 0.7214E-1
4 a = 10, b = 15; vdpy; a^b-apd; kjpg;G vd;d?
(iii) 0.00005 = 0.5E-4 (iv) 0.319 = 3.19E1
a=10 = 1010
5 n = 10; vdpy;>n>>2; d; tpil vd;d?
b=15 = 1111
n=1010 = 10102
a^b (XOR) = 0101 = 5
n 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
5 njhlhpay; gpio (Syntax error) kw;Wk; ,af;f Neu gpio (Run time error)
,tw;wpw;fF ; ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
n>>2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 njhlhpay; gpio ,af;f Neu gpio
n>>2 = 0000 00102 = 210 epuiy ,af;Fk; NghJ ,af;f
C++-d; ,yf;fz tpjpKiwfs;
6 nghUj;Jf: kPwg;gLk; NghJ njhlhpay; gpio Neug;gpio Vw;glyhk;
A B Answer Vw;gLfpd;wd
(a) tFkPjp (1) tpy;iyfs; (a) → (2) v.fh: v.fh:
(b) tuk;Gr;Rl;b (2) tFj;jypd; kPjp (b) → (3) cout<<”Welcome” ,y;yhj xU Nfhg;ig epuyhdJ
jpwf;f Kw;gLjy;.
(c) juT <h;g;G (3) epUj;jf;Fwpfs; (c) → (4)
6 njhlhpay; gpio (Syntax error) kw;Wk; jh;f;fhPjpahd gpio (Logical error)
(d) nkhopj; njhFjp (4) juT ngWk; (d) → (1) ,tw;wpf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis $Wf.
njhlhpay; gpio jh;f;fhPjpahd gpio
rpW tpdhf;fs;: C++-d; ,yf;fz tpjpKiwfs; ,yf;fz tpjpKiw gb rhpahf
kPwg;gLk; NghJ njhlhpay; gpio ,Ue;J> jUf;f Kiwg;gb jtwhf
1 rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs; (keywords) kw;Wk; Fwpg;ngah;fs; (identifiers)-f;F ,ilNa Vw;gLfpd;wd cs;s epuy;> Njitahd tpilia
cs;s NtWghLfis tpthp toq;fhJ.
rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs; Fwpg;ngah;fs; v.fh: v.fh:
C++ epuy; ngah;g;gpf;F kl;LNk C++ epuypy; ntt;NtW gFjpfSf;F cout<<”Welcome” ,uz;L vz;fis $l;Ltjw;f;F> +
Ghpfpd;w nghUs; nfhz;l fhg;G nfhLf;fg;gLk; ngah;fs; nraw;Fwpf;F gjpyhf – nraw;Fwpia
nrhw;fs; rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fs; Fwpg;ngah;fs; vdg;gLk; gad;gLj;jpdhy; jtwhd tpilNa
vdg;gLk;. fpilf;Fk;.
gaduhy; tiuaWf;fg;gLgit 7 jiyg;Gf; Nfhg;gpd; gad; ahJ?
C++ -My; tiuaWf;fg;gLgit
❖ jiyg;Gf; Nfhg;Gfs;> epuy;ngah;g;gpf;F jiyg;Gf; Nfhg;gpd;
2 C++ xU vOj;J tbt czh;j;jpah? vOj;J tbt czh;jp (case sensitive) nray;ghLfis epuypy; Nrh;jJ ; f;nfhs;SkhW czh;j;JfpwJ
vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
C++ xU vOj;J tbt czh;j;jp nkhopahFk;. ,jd; nghUs; rpwpa ❖ jiyg;Gf; Nfhg;Gfs; #include vd;w $w;wpd; %yk; epuypy;
Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j $w;Wfs; epuy; njhFg;Gf;F Kd;djhfNt
(lowercase) kw;Wk; nghpa (uppercase) vOj;Jf;fs; ntt;Ntwhf fUjg;gLk;.
nray;gl njhlq;Fk;
8 main nraw;$w;wpd; rpwg;G ahJ?
❖ C++ epuy; main( ) nraw;$w;wpid fl;lhakhf ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
❖ C++ epuyhdJ main( ) nraw;$w;wpypUe;J njhlq;FfpwJ.
9 cs;slf;f njhFg;ghdpd; (include compiler disrective) ,uz;L (iii)jUf;fr; nraw;Fwpfs;(Locical Operators):
gad;ghLfis vOJf.
nraw;Fwpfs; nray;ghL vLj;Jf;fhl;L
i include-y; cs;s Nfhg;Gfs; epuy; njhFg;Gf;F Kd;djhfNt nray;gl
njhlq;Fk; && AND (5>6) && (6<7)
ii Vw;fdNt tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nraw;$Wfis ,jd; %yk; mDf 0 && 1 (jtW && rhp)
KbfpwJ. 0 (jtW)
10 nka; khwpypfspy; (real constant) gpd;tUtdtw;iw vOJf. || OR (5>6) || (6<7)
(i) 15.223 (ii) 211.05 (iii) 0.00025 0 || 1 (jtW || rhp)
i const float num1=15.223; 1 (rhp)
! NOT ! (5>6)
ii const float num2=211.05;
! (0)
iii const float num3=0.00025; 1 (rhp)
(iv) kjpg;gpUj;J nraw;Fwp (Assignemnt Operator):
ngU tpdhf;fs;:
1 C++-y; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,Uepiy nraw;Fwpfis gw;wp vOJf. += $l;ly; kjpg;gpUj;J a = 10;
,uz;L nraNyw;gpfis kl;Lk; Vw;Fk; nraw;Fwpfs; ,Uk nraw;Fwpfs; a += 5; (i.e a = a+5)
MFk;. gpd;tUtd ,Uk nraw;Fwpfs; MFk; a= 15
(i) fzf;fPl;Lr; nraw;Fwpfs;(Aritimetic Operators): -= fopj;jy; kjpg;gpUj;J a = 10;
a -= 5; (i.e a = a-5)
a= 5
+ $l;ly; 10 + 5 = 15
*= ngUf;fy; kjpg;gpUj;J a = 10;
- fopj;jy; 10 – 5 = 5
a *= 5; (i.e a = a*5)
* ngUf;fy; 10 * 5 = 50 a= 50
/ tFj;jy; 10 / 5 = 2 /= tFj;jy; kjpg;gpUj;J a = 10;
% KO vz; tFkPjp 10 % 3= 1 a /= 5; (i.e a = a/5)
(ii)xg;gPl;Lr; nraw;Fwpfs;(Relational Operators): a= 2
%= tFkpjp kjpg;gpUj;J a = 10;
a %= 5; (i.e a = a%5)
> tplg;nghpJ a >b
a= 0
< tplr;rpwpJ a= tplg;nghpJ (m) epfh; a >= b i ,yf;fzg;gpio (m) njhlhpay; gpio (Syntax Error):
<= tplr; rpwJ (m) epfh; a <= b
 xt;nthU epuyhf;f nkhopf;Fk; %yf; FwpKiwia
== epfuhdJ a==b cUthf;Ftjw;F jdpj;jdp tpjpKiwfs; cs;sd
!= epfhpy;iy a != b  C++d; ,yf;fz tpjpKiwfs; kPwg;gLk; NghJ njhlhpay; gpiofs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd
 v.fh: cout<<”Welcome”
 Nkw;fhz; $w;W miug;Gs;spAld; (;) Kw;Wg;ngwhjjhy; ,J
,yf;fzg; gpio MFk;
ii nrhw;nwhlh; gpio (Semantic Error):
 xU epuyhdJ ,yf;fz tpjpKiwg;gb rhpahf ,Ue;Jk;>
Njitahd tpilia toq;fhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. Vnddpy; khwp (m)
nraw;Fwp ,af;fg;gLk; thpir Nghd;wtw;wpy; VNjDk; jtW
,Ug;gpd;> ,e;j gpioahdJ Njhd;Wk;
 epuyhdJ ,yf;fz tpjpKiwg;gb rhpahf ,Ue;J> jUf;f (logic)
Kiwg;gb jtwhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ nrhw;nwhlh; gpio
iii ,af;f Neu gpio (Run time error):
 xU epuiy ,af;Fk;NghJ> ,af;f Neug;gpio Njhd;wyhk;. ,jw;F
fhuzk; Kiwapy;yhj nray;Kiwfs;
 v.fh: ,y;yhj xU Nfhg;ig epuyhdJ jpwf;f Kw;gLk;NghJ ,af;f
Neug;gpio Vw;gLfpwJ

9. C++ Xh; mwpKfk; (gFjp II) myF III – C++ Xh; mwpKfk;
❖ khwpfs;: ngahplg;gl;l epidtf ,lq;fs;.
(gFjp II) jutpdq;fs;> khwpfs; kw;Wk; Nfhitfs; ❖ khwpfs;> FwpaPl;L khwpfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
❖ njhlf;f kjpg;gpUj;jy;: khwpfs; mwptpf;fg;gLk;NghNj mjw;F njhlf;f
kjpg;G toq;Fjy;
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. ❖ ,aq;F epiy njhlf;f kjpg;gpUj;jy;: epuypd; ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ xU
khwpf;F njhlf;f kjpg;G ,Uj;Jjy;
1 C++-y; vj;jid tifahd jutpdq;fs; cs;sd? ❖ const: khwpapd; mZFepiyia khwpypahf khw;WfpwJ. (,af;f Neuj;jpy;
(m) 5 (M) 4 (,) 3 (<) 2 ,jd; kjpg;ig khw;w KbahJ)
2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ mbg;gil jutpdk; my;y? ❖ Fwpg;Gfs; (reference): tiuaWf;fg;gl;l khwpfSf;F xU kWngaiu
(m) signed (M) int (,) float (<) char toq;Ffpd;wd
❖ kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp vz;fs;> KO vz; nray;ghLfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ
3 gpd;tUtk; $w;Wfspd; tpilia fz;lwpf?
,af;FjYf;F mjpf Neuk; vOj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
char ch = ‘B’;
❖ void: ntw;W njhFg;G> ve;j kjpg;igAk; jpUg;gp mDg;ghJ
cout << (int) ch;
❖ gz;Gzh;j;jpfs;: mbg;gil jutpdq;fspd;(void-ia jtpu) Nrkpf;Fk;
(m) B (M) b (,) 65 (<) 66 msit khw;wp mikf;Fk;
4 kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp kjpg;ig Fwpg;gjw;F gpd;ndhl;lhf gad;gLk; FwpAU vJ? ❖ unsigned: vjph;kiw FwpaPL ,y;yhj KO vz;zpw;fhd gz;Gzh;j;jp
(m) F (M) C (,) L (<) D ❖ vz;fspd; gpd;ndhl;L:
5 Dev C++-y; short int x; vd;w $w;wpy; khwpapy; mwptpg;Gf;F vj;jid  45L : L vd;gJ long
igl;Lfs; epidtfj;jpy; xJf;fg;gLk;  45U : U vd;gJ unsigned
(m) 2 (M) 4 (,) 6 (<) 8  9.14F: F vd;gJ float
6 gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspd; ntspaP;il fz;lwpf. ❖ Ghpa thpia nrUf ‘\n’ f;F khw;whf endl gad;gLfpwJ.
char ch = ‘A’; ❖ ‘\n’ Gjpa thpia kl;Lk; nrUFk;
ch = ch + 1 ❖ endl Gjpa thpia nrUfp jw;fhypf epidtfj;ij fhyp nra;fpwJ
(m) B (M) A1 (,) F (<) 1A ❖ cs;Siw ,dkhw;wk; (jhdpaq;F khw;wk;): njhFg;ghd; jhdfNt
7 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ jutpdq;fspd; gz;Gzh;j;jp my;y? khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;
(m) signed (M) int (,) long (<) short ❖ ntspAiw ,dkhw;wk;: xU jutpdj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Fwpg;gpl;l
jutpdj;jpw;F gadiu khw;wk; nra;a mDkjpg;gJ
8 gpd;tUk; nraw;Fwpfs; vJ jutpdq;fspd; msit jUfpwJ?
(m) sizeof( ) (M) int ( ) (,) long ( ) (<) double ( )
vz;zpf;if:
9 ve;j nraw;Fwp khwpapd; Kfthpia ngw gad;gLfpwJ?
(m) $ (M) # (,) & (<) ! juT ,dq;fs; 3 1. gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; juT tiffs;
2. mbg;gil juT tiffs;
10 endl fl;lisf;F khw;whf gad;gLtJ vJ? 3. jUtpf;fg;gl;l juT tiffs;
(m) \t (M) \b (,) \0 (<) \n mbg;gil juT 3 1. KO vz; (Integral)
tiffs; 2. void
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;: 3. kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp (Floating point)
KO vz; juT 2 1. int
❖ nray;Kiw nkhopapy; Gyq;fs; khwpfs; vd;Wk;> kjpg;Gfs; juTfs; tiffs; 2. float
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp juT 2 1. float nraw;$W:
tiffs; 2. double nraw;$W nray;
kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp 2 1. KO vz;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s jutpdj;jpd; msit jUfpwJ
sizeof( )
jutpdj;jpd; rpwg;G kjpg;ig Fwpf;fpwJ
mk;rq;fs; setw( ) ntspaPl;bw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Gyj;jpd; mfyj;ij
2. kjpg;Gfspd; kpf mjpfkhd gug;ig tiuaWf;fpwJ.
Fwpf;fpwJ
setfill( ) fhypahf cs;s ,lq;fis epug;GfpwJ
gz;Gzh;j;jpfs; 4 1. signed
setprecision( ) nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F ,izahd
2. unsigned
vz;fis jrk vz;fshf fhz;gpf;fpwJ
3. long
4. short
,dkhw;wk; 2 1. cs;Siw ,dkhw;wk; (jhdpaq;fp Ra kjpg;gPL
khw;wk;)
2. ntspAiw ,dkhw;wk; 1 mbg;gil juT tif vd;why; vd;d?
Nfhitfspd; 7 1. khwpypf; Nfhit C++y; Kd;djhfNt tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jutpdq;fs; mbg;gil jutpdq;fs;
tiffs; 2. KO vz; Nfhit vdg;gLk;. mit: char, int, float, double, void
3. kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp Nfhit 2 char vd;w jutpdk; FwpAUf;fisf; Fwpf;f gad;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; Vd; mJ
4. xg;gPl;Lf; Nfhit KO vz; jutpdkhf ngUk;ghYk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ?
5. jUf;ff; Nfhit char jutpdk; xU KO vz; tifahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> midj;J
6. gpl;epiy Nfhit FwpAUf;fSk; epidtfj;jpy; mjDila ASCII FwpaPLfshfNt
7. Rl;Lf; Nfhit Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
setprecision( ) 2 1. epiyahd (fixed) 3 KO vz;fis tpl kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp vz;fs; ve;j tifapy; rpwg;ghdit?
nraw;$wpd; 2. mwptpay; (scientific) KO vz;fis tpl kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp vz;fSf;F ,uz;L rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;
tbtq;fs; cs;sd. mit:
mbg;gil jutpdq;fspd; epidtf xJf;fPL: i KO vz;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s kjpg;ig Fwpf;fpwJ
epidtfj;jpd; Dev C++ ii kjpg;Gfspd; kpf mjpfkhd gug;ig Fwpf;fpwJ.
jutpdk; ,Ug;gplk; kjpg;Gfspd; gug;G epidtf
xJf;fPL 4 double vd;gJ kw;nwhU kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp juT tif gpwF Vd; mij jdp
igl;-y; gpl;-y;
jutpdkhf gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;?
char 1 byte 8 bit -128 to 127 1 byte kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp jutpdj;ijtpl double jutpdj;jpd; Jy;ypak; mjpfk;
int 2 byte 16 bit -32,768 to 32,767 4 byte (Jy;ypak; vd;gJ jrk Gs;spf;F gpwF tUk; ,yf;fq;fis Fwpf;fpwJ).
float 4 byte 32 bit 3.4x10-38 to 3.4x1038-1 4 byte ,it kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp jutpdj;ij tpl ,uz;L klq;F mjpf ,lj;ij
vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
double 8 byte 64 bit 1.7x10-308 to 8 byte
1.7x10308-1 5 void juT ,dj;jpd; gad; ahJ?
jiyg;Gf;Nfhg;G ❖ ,e;j nraw;$W ve;j kjpg;igAk; jpUg;gp mDg;ghJ vd;gij Fwpf;f
nraw;$W / ifahSif jiyg;Gf;Nfhg;G ❖ nghJ ,dr;Rl;bia mwptpf;f
cin, cout, endl iostream 6 gz;Gzh;j;jp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffs; ahJ?
mbg;gil jutpdq;fspd; Nrkpf;Fk; msit khw;wp mikf;f
setw, setfill, setprecision iomanip gz;Gzh;j;jpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
gz;Gzh;j;jpapd; tiffs;: 1. signed, 2. unsigned, 3. long, 4. short

7 gpd;tUk; C++ $w;wpYs;s gpio vd;d? ii /* */ gy thp Fwpg;G
long float x; 15 Setprecision ( ) – gad; ahJ?
long gz;Gzh;j;jpia float jutpdj;Jld; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. nfhLf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F ,izahd vz;fis jrk
vz;fshf fhz;gpf;Fk;
8 khwp vd;why; vd;d? khwpia Vd; FwpaPl;L khwp vd;W miof;fpNwhk;?
khwpfs; vd;git Fwpg;gpl;l juT ,dq;fspd; kjpg;Gfis jhq;fpAs;s>
gaduhy; ngahplg;gl;l epidtf ,lq;fis Fwpf;fpwJ. khwpfs; FW tpdhf;fs;
ngahplg;gl;l epidtfq;fis Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ,tw;Wf;F FwpaPl;L khwpfs;
vd;W ngah;.
1 const rpwg;G nrhy; gw;wp vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; rpWFwpg;G vOJf.
9 ,aq;Fepiyapy; khwpia njhlq;Fjy; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. const khwpypia mwptpg;gjw;fhd rpwg;G nrhy; MFk;. ,jd; kjpg;G epuypd;
epuypd; ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ xU khwpf;F njhlf;f kjpg;G ,Uj;j KbAk;. ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ khwhJ.
,JNt ,aq;Fepiy njhlf;f kjpg;gpUj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: const int num=100;
v.fh:
2 setw( ) tbtikg;G ifahSk; nraw;$wpd; gad; vd;d?
int sum = num1 + num2; setw( ) ntspaPl;bw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Gyj;jpd; mfyj;ij tiuaWf;fpwJ.
10 fPo;fz;l $w;wpy; cs;s gpio ahJ? ntspaPl;by; vOjg;gl Ntz;ba Fiwe;jgl;r FwpAU vz;zpf;ifia
const int x; Gyj;jpd; mfyk; eph;zapf;fpwJ.
const gz;Gzh;j;jpia gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> mit njhlf;f kjpg;NghL v.fh: setw(vOj;JUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if);
mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkNy cs;s $w;wpy;> njhlf;f kjpg;G ,y;iy vd;gJ 3 FwpAU (char) jutpdk; Vd; KO vz; jutpdkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ?
gpio. char jutpdk; xU KO vz; tifahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> midj;J
11 ,dkhw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? FwpAUf;fSk; epidtfj;jpy; mjDila ASCII FwpaPLfshfNt
xU mbg;gil ,dj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,dj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLk; KiwNa Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,dkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;. C++ ,uz;L tifahd ,dkhw;wj;ij toq;FfpwJ. 4 Nkw;Nfhs; khwpfs; (m) Fwpg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad; ahJ?
i cs;Siw ,dkhw;wk; Kd;dNu tiuaWf;fg;gl;l khwpfSf;F xU kWngaiu Fwpg;Gfs;
ii ntwpAiw ,dkhw;wk; toq;Ffpd;wd. Fwpg;Gfs;> mwptpg;G khwpapd; mbg;gil jutpdj;Jld; &
FwpaPl;ilAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Fwpg;G khwpapd; ngauhdJ Vw;fdNt
12 cs;Siw ,dkhw;wk; ntspAiw ,dkhw;wj;jpypUe;J vt;thW mwptpf;fg;gl;l khwpapd; kjpg;ig vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
NtWgLfpwJ?
fl;lis mikg;G:
i cs;Siw ,dkhw;wk;: njhFg;ghdhy; jhdhfNt khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; <type><&reference_variable> = <original_variable>
ii ntspAiw ,dkhw;wk;: xU jutpdj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Fwpg;gpl;l 5 gpd;tUk; C++ $w;Wfs; rkkhdjh vd;gij fz;lwpf.
jutpdj;jpw;F gadiu khw;wk; nra;a mDkjpg;gJ char ch = 67;
13 endl kw;Wk; \n NtWgLj;Jf. char ch = ‘C’;
endl: Gjpa thpia nrUfp jw;fhypf epidtfj;ij fhyp nra;fpwJ C-d; ASCII kjpg;G 67 MFk;. vdNt char ch=67; vd;gJk; char ch=’C’ vd;gJk;
\n: Gjpa thpia kl;Lk; nrUFfpwJ rkkhd $w;WfshFk;
14 Fwpg;gpd; gad; ahJ? 6 56L kw;Wk; 56 ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL vd;d?
Fwpg;Gfis epuy; ngah;g;gp nray;gLj;jhJ. C++y; ,uz;L tifahd 56L-y; cs;s L vd;w gpd;ndhl;L nfhLf;fg;gl;l kjpg;ig long vd
Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd epuy; ngah;g;gpf;F fl;lisapLtjhFk;. 56
vd;gJ KOvz; (int) vd fUjg;gLk;
i // xU thp Fwpg;G

7 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ jFjp tha;e;j khwpyp vd fz;lwpe;J> mjDila rpWtpdhf;fs;
tifia Fwpg;gpLf.
(i) 0.5 (ii) ‘Name’ (iii) ‘\t’ (iv) 27,822 1 C++-y; fzf;fPl;Lr; nrw;Fwpfs; ahit? xUk> ,Uk nraw;Fwpfis
i 0.5 – kpjg;Gg;Gs;sp khwpyp vOj;Jf;fhl;Lld; NtWgLj;Jf.
fzf;fPl;Lr; nraw;Fwpfs;(Aritimetic Operators):
ii ‘Name’ – jFjptha;e;j khwpyp my;y (ru khwpyp ,ul;il Nkw;Fwpf;Fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; nraw;Fwpfs; nray;ghL vLj;Jf;fhl;L
iii ‘\t’ – FwpAU khwpyp + $l;ly; 10 + 5 = 15
- fopj;jy; 10 – 5 = 5
iv 27,822 – jFjptha;e;j khwpyp my;y (vz;fSf;F ,ilNa > mDkjp
,y;iy) * ngUf;fy; 10 * 5 = 50
8 x kw;Wk; y vd;gJ ,uz;Lk; ,ul;il kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp khwp vd;why; mjid / tFj;jy; 10 / 5 = 2
KO vz;zhf khw;w gad;gLk; C++ $w;iw vOJf. % KO vz; tFkPjp 10 % 3 = 1
double x, y; xUk nraw;Fwpfs;:
int a, b; xNu xU nraNyw;gpia kl;Lk; Vw;Fk; nraw;Fwpfs;> xUk nraw;Fwpfs;
a=(int) x; v.fh: ++ kw;Wk; --
b=(int) y; ,Uk nraw;Fwpfs;:
9 num = 6 vd;W Kjypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; gpd;tUk; $w;wpd; tpilia ,uz;L nraNyw;gpfis Vw;Fk; nraw;Fwpfs;> ,Uk nraw;Fwpfs; vdg;gLk;.
fhz;f. v.fh: +, - *, /, %
(a) cout << num;
2 xg;gPl;L nraw;FwpfSk;> jUf;fr; nraw;FwpfSk; ve;j tifapy;
(b) cout << (num = = 5); njhlh;Gilait?
(a) 6 i xg;gPl;Lr; nraw;Fwpfs; nraNyw;gpfSf;F ,ilNaahd cwT
(b) 0 Kiwia fz;Lgpbf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
ii jUf;fr; nraw;Fwpfs;> jUf;f kw;Wk; xg;gPl;L Nfhitfis kjpg;gpl
10 gpd;tUk; ,uz;L $w;wpy; vJ jFjpahdJ vd fz;lwpe;J mjd; tpilia gad;gLfpwJ.
vOJf.
iii xg;gPl;L kw;Wk; jUf;fr; nraw;Fwpfspd; tpilahdJ G+ypad; kjpg;ghf
int a;
,Uf;Fk; (1 my;yJ 0 KiwNa rhp my;yJ jtW vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;)
(i) a = 3,014 (ii) a = (3,014); 3 gpd;tUk; C++ Nfhitia kjpg;gpLf. ,q;F x, y, z vd;gJ KO vz;fs;
epuypy; vz; kjpg;Gfis fhw;Gs;sp nfhz;L gphpf;f $lhJ> kw;Wk; kw;Wk; m, n vd;gJ kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp vz;fs; x = 5, y=4 kw;Wk; m = 2.5;
milg;Gf;FwpAk; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. vdNt Nkw;fz;l epuypd; tpil (i) n = x + y / x;
gpd;tUkhW mikAk;. (ii) z = m * x + y;
(i) 3 (ii) 12 (iii) z = (x++) * m + x;
(i) n = x + y/x;
n = 5 + 4/5 = 5 + 0 = 5
(ii) z = m * x + y;
z = 2.5 * 5 + 4 = 12.5 + 4 = 16.5 = 16
(iii) z = (x++) * m + x;
z = (5++) * 2.5 + 5 = 6 * 2.5 + 5= 12.5 + 5 = 17.5 = 17
nra;Kiwg; gapw;rp: 2 gpd;tUtdtw;iw nra;tjw;F C++ epuiy vOJf:
a. tl;lj;jpd; fhy;gFjpf;fhd Rw;wsT kw;Wk; gug;gsit fz;lwpf.
1 ,uz;L khwpfspd; kjpg;ig xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khw;Wtjw;fhd #include<iostream> ntspaPL:
C++ epuiy vOJf. using namespace std; Enter radius : 10
a. %d;whtJ khwpiag; gad;gLj;jp int main( ) Area : 314
#include<iostream> ntspaPL: { Perimeter = 62.8
using namespace std; Before swap: 10 20 int r;
int main() After swap: 20 10 float area,peri;
{ cout<<"Enter radius : ";
int x,y,z; cin>>r;
x=10; area = 3.14*r*r;
y=20; peri = 2*3.14*r;
cout<<"Before swap: "<< x <<'\t'<<y<<endl; cout<<"Area= "<<area<<endl;
z=x; cout<<"Perimater = "<<peri<<endl;
x=y; return 0;
y=z; }
cout<<"After swap: "<< x <<'\t'<<y<<endl; b. Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gug;gsit fz;lwpf.
return 0; #include<iostream> ntspaPL:
} using namespace std; Enter Height and Base: 10 20
b. %d;whtJ khwpia gad;gLj;jhky; int main( ) Area of Triangle = 100
ntspaPL: {
#include<iostream>
Before swap: 50 30 int height, base;
using namespace std;
int main() After swap: 30 50 float area;
{ cout<<"Enter Heignt and Base : ";
int x,y; cin>>height>>base;
area = 0.5*height*base;
x=50;
cout<<"Area of Triangle = "<<area<<endl;
y=30;
return 0;
cout<<"Before swap: "<< x <<'\t'<<y<<endl;
x=x+y; }
y=x-y; c. ntg;gepiyia nry;]pa];ypUe;J ghud;`Pl;lhf khw;Wf.
x=x-y; #include<iostream>
cout<<"After swap: "<< x <<'\t'<<y<<endl; using namespace std; ntspaPL:
return 0; int main() Enter the temperature in Celsius : 39
} { The temperature in Fahrenheit : 102.2
float f, c;
cout << "Enter the temperature in Celsius : ";
cin >> c;
f = (c * 9.0) / 5.0 + 32;
cout << "The temperature in Fahrenheit : " << f <<endl;
return 0;
}

3 cd;Dila gj;jhk; tFg;G nghJj;Njh;T kjpg;ngz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif Tamil : 90
kw;Wk; ruhrhpia fz;lwpe;J> midj;J kjpg;GfisAk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf English : 80
$l;Lj;njhif kw;Wk; ruhrhpAld; fhz;gpf;f tbtikg;G nraw;$Wfis Maths : 80
gad;gLj;jTk;. Science : 78
#include<iostream> Scial Science : 79
#include<iomanip> Total : 407
using namespace std; Percentage : 81.40
int main()
{
int tam, eng, mat, sci, ss, tot;
float per;
cout<<"Enter Tamil mark : ";
cin>>tam;
cout<<"Enter English mark : ";
cin>>eng;
cout<<"Enter Maths mark : ";
cin>>mat;
cout<<"Enter Science mark : ";
cin>>sci;
cout<<"Enter Social Science mark : ";
cin>>ss;
tot=tam+eng+mat+sci+ss;
per=(float(tot)*100)/500;
cout<<setw(20)<<"Tamil : "<<setw(4)<<tam<<endl;
cout<<setw(20)<<"English : "<<setw(4)<<eng<<endl;
cout<<setw(20)<<"Maths : "<<setw(4)<<mat<<endl;
cout<<setw(20)<<"Science : "<<setw(4)<<sci<<endl;
cout<<setw(20)<<"Social Science : "<<setw(4)<<ss<<endl;
cout<<setw(20)<<"Total : "<<setw(4)<<tot<<endl;
cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout<<setw(20)<<"Percentage : "<<setprecision(2)<<per<<endl;
return 0;
}
ntspaPL:
Enter Tamil mark : 90
Enter English mark : 80
Enter Maths mark : 80
Enter Science mark : 78
Enter Socail Science mark : 79
10. gha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghL myF III – C++ Xh; mwpKfk;
❖ nespT milg;Gf;FwpfSf;Fs; cs;s $w;Wfspd; njhFg;gpid fyit
10. gha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghL $w;W (m) njhFjp vd;fpNwhk;
❖ thpir Kiw $w;W: xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
❖ Njh;e;njLg;G $w;W (m) jPh;khdpg;Gf; $w;W: epge;jid mbg;gilapy;
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
❖ klf;F $w;W (m) gd;Kiwr; nray;: epge;jid mbg;gilapy; kPz;Lk;
1 ntw;Wf;$w;wpd; khw;Wg; ngah; vd;d? kPz;Lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
(m) $w;W my;yh (M) fhypf; $w;W ❖ if $w;W: Njh;e;njLg;G (m) jPh;khdpg;Gf; $w;W
(,) void $w;W (<) Ropaf; $w;W ❖ if-else $w;W: ,U khw;W topfspy; xd;iw Njh;e;njLf;Fk;
2 C++ y; FwpKiwj; njhFjpfs; ,e;j epWj;jw;Fwpf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl ❖ if-else-if mLf;F: gy top jPh;khdpg;G $w;W
Ntz;Lk;: ❖ ?: vd;gJ epge;jid nraw;Fwp (m) Kk;k nraw;Fwp. ,J if-else $w;wpd;
(m) { } (M) [ ] (,) ( ) (<) <> khw;whFk;
3 Row;rpapy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,af;fg;gLk; FwpKiwj; njhFjpfs; ,t;thW ❖ switch: gy top fpisg;gphpg;G. ,JTk; Njh;e;njLg;G $w;whFk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ: ❖ switch $w;wpy; FwpAU khwpypfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> mit jhkhfNt
(m) epge;jid (M) klf;F (,) $w;W (<) klf;fpd; clw;gFjp ASCII FwpaPl;bd; rkkhd kjpg;gpw;F khwpf;nfhs;Sk;
4 gy top fpisg; gphpg;Gf; $w;W: ❖ for $w;W: vspa klf;F
(m) if (M) if...else (,) switch (<) for ❖ while $w;W: EioT Nrhjpg;G klf;F
5 Row;rpf; $w;Wfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? ❖ do-while $w;W: ntspNaWjy; Nrhjpg;G klf;F
(m) 2 (M) 3 (,) 4 (<) 5 ❖ xU klf;fpy; ve;j $w;Wk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;why; mJ ntw;W klf;F
6 for (int i=0;i<10; i++) vd;w klf;F vj;jid Kiw ,aq;Fk;? ❖ xU klf;fpy; ,d;ndhU klf;F ,lk;ngWnkdpy; mJ gpd;dyhd
(m) 0 (M) 10 (,) 9 (<) 11 klf;F
7 gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ ntspNawy; Nrhjpg;G klf;F? ❖ jhTjy; $w;W epuypd; Xl;lj;ij FWf;fpl cjTfpwJ
(m) for (M) while (,) do...while (<) if...else ❖ goto $w;W: epge;jidapy;yh fl;Lg;ghL $w;W
8 jhTjy; $w;Wfspd; rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fspy; nghUe;jh xd;iw fz;Lgpb ❖ break $w;W: fl;Lg;ghl;il klf;fpid tpl;L ntspNaw nra;Ak;
(m) break (M) switch (,) goto (<) continue ❖ continue $w;W: klf;fpd; mLj;j Row;rpia njhlq;f nra;Ak;
9 gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ EioT Nrhjpg;G klf;F? vz;zpf;if:
(m) for (M) while (,) do...while (<) if...else C++ epuypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; 2 1. ntw;W $w;W
10 xU klf;F mjd; clw;gFjpay; kw;nwhU klf;if ngw;wpUg;gJ: $w;Wfspd; tiffs; 2. fyit $w;W
(m) gpd;dyhd klf;F (M) cs; klf;F C++y; cs;s fl;lis $w;Wfs; 3 1. thpir Kiw
(,) cs;spize;j klf;F (<) klf;Ffspd; gpd;dy; 2. Njh;e;njLg;G
3. Row;rp
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;: C++y; cs;s klf;F $w;Wfs; 3 1. for
2. while
❖ jhTjYf;F fhuzkhd epuy; $w;Wfs; fl;Lg;ghL $w;Wfs; 3. do-while
❖ miug;Gs;spia kl;LNk nfhz;bUf;Fk; $w;W “ntw;W” my;yJ for klf;fpd; gFjpfs; 3 1. njhlf;f kjpg;gpUj;jy;
“ntWikf; $w;W” 2. Nrhjpg;G epge;jid
3. kpFg;G Nfhit

jhTjy; $w;Wfs; 3 1. goto 6 21 Kjy; 30 tiu njhlh;r;rpahf vz;fis mr;rpLtjw;fhd for klf;if
2. break vOjf.
3. continue for(int i=21;i<=30;i++)
cout<<i;
FW tpdhf;fs;: 7 2,4,6,8 ... 20 vd;w njhlh; thpiria mr;rpLtjw;fhd while klf;if vOJf.
int i=2;
1 ntw;Wf;$w;W kw;Wk; $l;Lf;$w;W vd;why; vd;d? while(i<=20)
ntw;Wf;$w;W: miug;Gs;spia kl;LNk nfhz;bUf;Fk; $w;W {
$l;Lf;$w;W: C++ $w;Wfspd; njhFg;gpid nespT milg;Gf;FwpfSf;Fs; cout<<i<<endl;
cs;slf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ.
i=i+2;
2 Njh;e;njLg;Gf; $w;Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis vOJf.
❖ epge;jid mbg;gilapy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; $w;Wfs; Njh;e;njLg;G }
$w;Wfs; vdg;gLk;. 8 if $w;Wld;, ?: Kk;k nraw;Fwpia xg;gpLf.
❖ tiffs;: if kw;Wk; switch ❖ ?: vd;gJ epge;jid nraw;Fwp my;yJ Kk;k nraw;Fwp MFk;
3 gpd;tUk; epuypy; cs;s gpiofis rhpnra;f: ❖ ?: %d;W nraYUg;Gfis Vw;gjhy;> ,J Kk;k nraw;Fwp MFk;
if (x=1) if (x= =1) ❖ if-else $w;Wf;F khw;whf ?: nraw;Fwp gad;gLfpwJ.
p=100; p=100;
else else rpW tpdhf;fs;:
p=10; p=10;
1 gpd;tUk; if – else $w;Wf;F epfuhd epge;jid $w;whf khw;Wf:
4 gpd;tUk; epuypd; ntspaPL vd;d?
if(x >= 10)
int year;
a = m + 5;
cin >> year;
else
if (year % 100 = =0)
a = m;
if (year % 400 = = 0)
Nky; cs;s if-else $w;Wf;F epfuhd epge;jid $w;W:
cout << “Leap”;
else (x>=10)?a=m+5:a=m;
cout<<”Not Leap Year”; 2 gpd;tUk; epuy; $w;Wfs; rhpahf ,aq;Fk; tifapy; mtw;iw khw;wp vOJf.
v = 5; v = 5;
If the input given is (i) 2000 (ii) 2003 (iii) 2010 ?
do; do
i Leap
{ {
ii Not Leap Year
total += v; total += v;
iii Not Leap Year
cout << total; cout << total;
5 gpd;tUk; epuypy; cs;s gpiofis rhpnra;f:
for (int i=2; i<=10; i+=2) while v <= 10 while (v <= 10);
cout<<i;

3 nfhLf;fg;gl;l vz;zpd; ngUf;fy; tha;g;ghl;il mr;rpLk; C++ epuy; xd;iw switch $w;wpd; gad;fs;:
vOJf. i gy top fpisg;gphpg;G $w;W
#include<iostream>
ii Nfhit kjpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epuy; gFjpfSf;F fl;Lg;ghl;il
using namespace std; vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F vspjhf tif nra;fpwJ
int main( )
iii xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l if-else $w;Wf;F khw;whf mikfpwJ.
{
5 gpd;tUk; vz; njhliu mr;rpLtjw;fhd epuy;fis vOjf.
int tblNo; (a) 1 4 7 10 ... 40
cout<<"Enter the Table number to print : "; epuy;:
cin>>tblNo; #include<iostream>
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++) using namespace std;
cout<<i<<"x"<<tblNo<<"="<<i*tblNo<<endl; int main( )
return 0; {
} for(int i=1;i<=40;i+=3)
4 switch $w;wpd; fl;lis njhliu vOjp mjd; gad;fis gl;baypLf. cout<<i<<endl;
switch $w;wpd; gha;Tg;glk;:
return 0;
fl;lis mikg;G:
}
switch(Nfhit)
{
ngU tpdhf;fs;:
case constant 1:
$w;W(fs;); 1 fl;Lg;ghl;L $w;Wfis nghUj;jkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff
break; fl;Lg;ghl;L $w;Wfs;> fl;lisfspd; gha;T thpir Kiwia khw;wp
mikf;Fk;. midj;J epuyhf;f nkhopfspYk; cs;s $w;Wfs;:
case constant 2:
(1) thpir Kiw (2) Njh;e;njLg;G (3) klf;F
$w;W(fs;);
fpis gphpj;jy;> klf;F> jhTjy; kw;Wk; nraw;$W miog;G Nghd;w $w;Wfs;
break; gha;tpd; Xl;lj;ij khw;wpaikf;Fk;. ,e;j nray;Kiw gha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghL
. vd;fpNwhk;
.
.
.
default:
$w;W(fs;);
}

Njh;e;njLg;G $w;Wfs;: while klf;fpd; fl;lis mikg;G: gha;Tg;glk;:
❖ epge;jid mbg;gilapy; while(epge;jid Nrhjpg;G Nfhit)
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; $w;Wfs;
{
Njh;e;njLg;G$w;Wfs;
❖ epge;jid rhp vd;why; rhp klf;fpd; clw;gFjp
fl;lisj; njhFjpAk;> jtW }
vd;why; jtW fl;lisj; $w;W-x;
njhFjpAk; ,af;fg;gLk;
❖ ,f;$w;wpid jPh;khdpg;G
$w;W vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
i while klf;fpy;> epge;jid kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;L mjd; KbT rhp vd
te;jhy;> klf;fpd; clw;gFjp ,af;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; while klf;fpw;F
fl;Lg;ghL mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;
ii epge;jidapd; KbT jtW vd tUk;NghJ> gha;Tf; fl;Lg;ghL X-
$w;Wf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;.
klf;Ff; $w;W:
v.fh:
❖ fl;lisj; njhFjp epge;jid
mbg;gilapy; (epge;jid rhp vd #include<iostream>
,Uf;Fk; tiu) kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; using namespace std;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk; int main( )
❖ epge;jid jtwhFk; NghJ njhlh;e;J {
rhp
,af;fg;gLtJ epWj;jg;gLfpwJ. int a;
❖ ,jid gd;Kiw nray; $w;W while(a<=10)
vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;
{
cout<<a;
i++
}
2 EioT Nrhjpg;G klf;F vd;why; vd;d? VNjDk; xU EioT Nrhjpg;G return 0;
klf;if nghUj;jkhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
}
gd;Kiwr; nray; (m) klf;F vd;gJ xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
$w;Wfs;> epge;jid epiwNtWk; tiu jpUk;gj; jpUk;g ,af;fg;gLtij 3 LCM kw;Wk; GCD Nghd;wtw;iw fzf;fpLtjw;fhd epuy;fis vOjf.
Fwpf;Fk; LCM(kP.rp.k)fzf;fpLtjw;fhd epuy;:
EioT Nrhjpg;G klf;fpy;> Nrhjpg;G Nfhit Kjypy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;l epuy;: ntspaPL:
gpd;dNu klf;fpDs; cs;Ns EioAk;. while klf;F xU EioT Nrhjpg;G #include <iostream>
klf;fhFk; Enter two numbers : 10 20
using namespace std; LCM = 20
int main()
{

int n1, n2, max; 𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝟒 𝑿𝟓 𝑿𝟔 ntspaPL:
(a)x – + - + - -w;fhd epuy;:
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓! 𝟔!
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2; #include<iostream> Enter the value of x: 5
max = (n1 > n2) ? n1 : n2; #include<cmath> -8
do using namespace std;
{ int main()
if (max % n1 == 0 && max % n2 == 0) {
{ int x, f=1, sum=0;
cout << "LCM = " << max; cout<<"Enter the value of x : ";
break; cin>>x;
} for(int i=1;i<=6;i++)
else {
++max; f=1;
} while (true); for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
return 0; f=f*j;
} if(i%2==0)
GCD(kP.ng.f)fzf;fpLtjw;fhd epuy;: sum=sum-(pow(x,i)/f);
else
epuy;: ntspaPL:
#include <iostream> sum=sum+(pow(x,i)/f);
Enter two numbers : 10 5
using namespace std; GCD = 5 }
int main() cout<<sum;
{ return 0;
int n1, n2; }
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2;
while(n1 != n2)
{
if(n1 > n2)
n1 -= n2;
else
n2 -= n1;
}
cout << "GCD = " << n1;
return 0;
}
4 fPo;fhZk; vz; njhlh;fis fzf;fpltjw;fhd epuy;fis vOJf.
𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝟒 𝑿𝟓 𝑿𝟔
(a) x – + - + -
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓! 𝟔!
𝑿𝟐 𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝒏
(b) x + + + ... +
𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
(b)x +
𝑿𝟐
+
𝑿𝟑 𝑿𝒏
+.......+ -w;fhd epuy;:
ntspaPL: $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;):
𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
Enter the value of x : 5
#include<iostream> 1 if $w;W gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
Enter the value of n : 3
#include<cmath> ❖ if $w;W xU jPh;khdpg;G $w;whFk;
using namespace std; 56.1667 ❖ if $w;W epge;jidia Nrhjpj;J rhp vdpy; rhpj;njhFjp ,af;fg;gLk;>
int main() ,y;iynadpy; rhpj;njhFjp jtph;f;fg;gLk;
{ if (epge;jid Nfhit)
int x,n;
nka; njhFjp;
float sum;
cout<<"Enter the value of x : "; x-$w;W;
cin>>x; 2 klf;F (m) gd;Kiwr; nray; vd;why; vd;d?
cout<<"Enter the value of n : "; klf;F vd;gJ xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l $w;Wfs;> epge;jid
cin>>n; epiwNtWk; tiu jpUk;gj; jpUk;g ,af;fg;gLtJ
sum=x;
for(int i=2;i<=n;i++) $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (rpW tpdhf;fs;):
{
sum=sum+(pow(x,i)/i); 1 if-else $w;wpd; fl;lis njhliu vOjp> tpthp.
} if-else epge;jid mbg;gilapy; xU nraiy nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;
cout<<sum; epge;jid Nfhit rhpnadpy; nka; njhFjpAk;> jtW vdpy; nka;aw;w
return 0; njhFjpAk; ,af;fg;gLk;
} fl;lis mikg;G: gha;Tg;glk;:
5 nfhLf;fg;gl;l vz; njhlhpd; $l;Lj; njhifia fzf;fpLk; epuy; xd;iw if(Nfhit)
vOJf.
S = 1 + x + x2 + .... + xn {
epuy;: ntspaPL: nka; njhFjp;
#include<iostream> }
#include<cmath> Enter the value of x and n: 5 2 else
using namespace std; Sum=31
{
int main( )
{ nka;aw;w njhFjp;
long i,n,x,sum=1; }
cout<<"1+x+x^2+...+x^n";
cout<<"\nEnter the value of x and n:"; x-$w;W;
cin>>x>>n; 2 for $w;wpd; fl;lis njhliu vOjp tpthp.
for(i=1;i<=n;++i) for klf;F xh; vspa klf;fhFk;. ,J %d;W $w;Wfis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
sum+=pow(x,i); mit> 1.njhlf;f kjpg;gpUj;jy;> 2.Nrhjpg;G epge;jid> 3.kpFg;G.
cout<<"\nSum="<<sum;
return 0; i njhlf;f kjpg;gpUj;jy; gFjp xU Kiw kl;Lk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
} ii Nrhjpg;G Nfhit rhp vdpy; for klf;fpd; clw;gFjp ,af;fg;gl;L> kpFg;G
Nfhit ,af;fg;gLk;.
iii kpFg;G Nfhit ,af;fg;gl;l gpd;dh;> kPz;Lk; Nrhjpg;G epge;jid iii epge;jid jtW vd kjpg;gpLk; NghJk; klf;fpd; clw;gFjp xU
rhpghh;f;fg;gLk; KiwNaDk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;
iv Nrhjpg;G Nfhit jtW vdpy; x-$w;W ,af;fg;gLk; fl;lis mikg;G: gha;Tg;glk;:
fl;lis mikg;G: gha;Tg;glk;: do
for(njhlf;f kjpg;G; epge;jid; kpFg;G) {
{ klf;fpd; clw;gFjp ;
epuy; $w;W 1; } while(epge;jid Nrhjpg;G Nfhit);
epuy; $w;W 2; x-$w;W;
}
x-$w;W;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (ngU tpdhf;fs;):

3 switch $w;W Fwpg;G tiuf.
❖ gy top fpisg;gphpg;G $w;W
1 switch $w;wpd; tpjpKiwfs; ahit?
❖ Nfhitapd; kjpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW epuy; gFjpfSf;F
i switch $w;wpy; jug;gl;Ls;s Nfhitapd; tpil khwpyp kjpg;ghf ,Uf;f
fl;Lg;ghl;il vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;
Ntz;Lk;
❖ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l if..else $w;WfSf;F khw;whf mike;Js;sJ
ii xNu kjpg;G ,uz;L case $w;Wfspy; mDkjpf;fg;gl khl;lhJ
4 break kw;Wk; continue xg;gpLf.
iii default $w;W fl;lhakpy;iy
break continue
iv switch $w;wpd; epuy; njhFjpia epiwT nra;a break $w;W
break klf;fpid tpl;L ntspNaw continue $w;W klf;fpid tpl;L gad;gLfpwJ.
nra;Ak; ntspNaw nra;ahJ
v break $w;W fl;lhakpy;iy
,J gd;Kiw nraiy Kbj;J ,J gd;Kiw nraiy jtph;f;fr; vi gpd;dyhd switch $w;WfSk; mDkjpf;fg;gLk;
itf;Fk; nra;Ak;
2 if-else kw;Wk; switch $w;wpd; ,ilNa cs;s Kf;fpa NtWghLfs; ahit?
klf;fpid tpl;L ntspNawp> klf;fpd; mLj;j Row;rpf;F jhtr; if-else switch
klf;fpw;F mLj;J tUk; $w;Wfis nra;Ak;
,af;Fk; epge;jid mbg;gilapy; if switch y; nfhLf;fg;gl;l $w;W> ve;j
njhFjpapd; $w;Wfs; nray;gLj;j epfo;it (case) nray;gLj;j
klf;F kw;wk; switch $w;WfSld; klf;fpy; kl;LNk gad;gLj;j KbAk; Ntz;Lkh my;yJ else njhFjpapd; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPh;khdpf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jyhk; $w;Wfs; nray;gLj;j Ntz;lkh
5 do-while $w;wpd; fl;lis njhliu vOjp tpthp. vd;gij jPh;khdpf;Fk;
i do-while klf;F ntspNaWjy; Nrhjpg;G klf;fhFk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;e;njLg;G xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;e;njLg;G
ii klf;fpd; clw;gFjp Kjypy; nray;gLj;jg;gl;L gpd; ,Wjpapy; $w;WfSf;F xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l $w;WfSf;F xw;iw epge;jidf;
epge;jid rhpghh;f;fg;gLk;. epge;jidf; $w;Wfis gad;gLj;Jk; $w;Wfiw kl;LNk gad;gLj;Jk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l epge;jidf; nfhLf;fg;gl;l epge;jidfspd; epfh; 2 nfhLf;fg;gLk; FwpAU Mq;fpy nghpa vOj;jh> rpwpa vOj;jh> vz;zh
$w;Wfspd; epfh; epiyiaAk;> epiyia kl;Lk; Nrhjpf;Fk; my;yJ NtW VNjDk; FwpAUth vd;gij ASCII kjpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L
jUf;F epiyiaAk; Nrhjpf;Fk; fz;lwpAk; C++ epuy; xd;iw vOJf. ASCII kjpg;Gfs; fPNo
KO vz;> vOj;JU> kpjg;Gg; Gs;sp vOj;JU (m) KO vz; juT nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(m) G+ypad; juT tiffis tiffis kl;LNk kjpg;gPl;Lf;F FwpAUf;fs; ASCII kjpg;Gfs;
kjpg;gPl;Lf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; ‘0’ – ‘9’ 48 – 57
epge;jidapd; KbT> ngha; (false) epge;jidapd; KbT> ngha; (false) ‘A’ – ‘Z’ 65 – 90
vdpy; else njhFjpapy; vdpy; default f;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ‘a’ – ‘z’ 97 – 122
nfhLf;fg;gl;l $w;Wfs; $w;Wfs; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;w FwpAUf;fs; 0-255 NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
kjpg;Gfs; ePq;fyhf
nra;Kiwg; gapw;rp epuy;: ntspaPL:

#include<iostream> Enter a character : a
1 C++ FwpAUj; njhFjpapYs;s VNjDk; xU FwpAUit cs;sPlhfg; ngw using namespace std;
Ntz;Lk;. ngwg;gl;l FwpAU vOj;J> vz; my;yJ rpwg;Gf; FwpAU ,tw;wpy; Small Letter
int main( )
vJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; C++ epuy; xd;iw vOJf. {
epuy;: ntspaPL: char ch;
#include<iostream> Enter a character : x cout<<"Enter a character : ";
using namespace std; cin>>ch;
The given character is a Alphabet
int main( ) ch=(int)ch;
{ if(ch>47 && ch<56)
char ch; cout<<"Number";
cout<<"Enter a character : "; else if(ch>64 && ch<91)
cin>>ch; cout<<"Capital Letter";
ch=(int)ch; else if(ch>96 && ch<<123)
if(ch>47 && ch<56) cout<<"Small Letter";
cout<<"The given character is a number"; else
else if((ch>64 && ch<91) || (ch>96 && ch<<123) ) cout<<"Other character";
cout<<"The given character is a Alphabet"; return 0;
else }
cout<<"The given character is a Special character";
return 0; 3 xU KO vz;zpd; njhlh;ngUf;fiy (Factorial) fzf;fpLk; C++ epuy;
xd;iw vOJf.
}
epuy;: ntspaPL:
#include<iostream> Enter a number : 5
Factorial of 5 is 120
int main( )
{
int n,f=1;
cout<<"Enter a number : "; (m) epuy;: ntspaPL:
cin>>n; #include<iostream> A
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) using namespace std; A B
f=f*i; int main() A B C
cout<<"Factorial of "<<n<<" is "<<f; {
A B C D
return 0; char a;
for(int i=1;i<=6;i++) A B C D E
}
{ A B C D E F
4 gpNghdhrp vz; thpir (0 1 1 2 3 5 8 ...) fz;lwpAk; C++ epuy; xd;iw a='A';
vOJf. for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
epuy;: ntspaPL: {
#include<iostream> Enter number of Fibonacci numbers to be generted : 10 cout<<a<<'\t';
using namespace std; a++;
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 }
int main()
{ cout<<endl;
int n,x,y,t; }
}
x=0;
(M) epuy;: ntspaPL:
y=1; #include<iostream> 5 4 3 2 1
cout<<"Enter number of Fibonacci numbers to be generted :"; using namespace std; 5 4 3 2
cin>>n; int main() 5 4 3
cout<<x<<'\t'<<y<<'\t'; { 5 4
for(int i=1;i<n-1;i++) int x=1; 5
{ for(int i=5;i>=1;i--)
cout<<x+y<<'\t'; {
t=x; for(int j=5;j>=x;j--)
x=y; cout<<j<<'\t';
y=t+y; cout<<endl;
x++;
}
}
return 0;
return 0;
} }
5 gpd;dyhd klf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jp> gpd;tUk; tbtq;fis
mr;rpLtjw;fhd C++ epuy; xd;iw vOJf.
(m) (M)
A 5 4 3 2 1
A B 5 4 3 2
A B C 5 4 3
A B C D 5 4
A B C D E 5
A B C D E F

11. C++ - d; nraw;$Wfs; myF III – C++ Xh; mwpKfk;
❖ const vd;w gz;Gzh;j;jp %yk; xU khwpapy; ,Uj;jg;gLk; kjpg;ig
11. C++-d; nraw;$Wfs; nraw;$w;wpd; cly; gFjpapy; khw;w KbahJ
❖ nraw;$w;wpd; fl;lisfs; KOikAk; miog;Gf; $w;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf
mg;gbNa epuypy; nrUf inline nraw;$W gad;gLfpwJ.
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. cs;sike;j nraw;$Wfs;:
i stdio.h (fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nraw;$Wfs; midj;Jk; xU
1 ,tw;Ws; ve;j jiyg;G Nfhg;G epiyahd I/O tpw;fhd Kd;tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nraYUig cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;)
nraw;$Wfis tiuaWf;Fk;?  getchar( ) – tpirg;gyif %yk; xU vOj;ij cs;sPlhf ngw
(m) stdio.h (M) math.h (,) string.h (<) ctype.h
 putchar( ) – getchar( ) %yk; cs;sPlhf ngw;w xU vOj;ij ntspapl
2 xU FwpAWit vOj;J kw;Wk; vz; tifah my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gij  gets( ) – ruj;ij cs;sL P nra;a
rhpghh;f;f cjTk; nraw;$W vJ?
 puts( ) – ruj;ij Gjpa thpapy; ntspapl
(m) isalpha( ) (M) isdigit( ) (,) isalnum( ) (<) islower( )
ii ctype.h (fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nraw;$Wfs; midj;Jk; xU
3 epuypd; nrayhf;fk; ve;j nraw;$wpypUe;J njhlq;Fk;? nraYUig cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;)
(m) isalpha( ) (M) isdigit( ) (,) main( ) (<) islower( )  isalnum( ) – FwpAWit vz; my;yJ vOj;jh vd rhpghh;f;f
4 ,tw;Ws; ve;j nraw;$W xU kjpg;igj; jpUg;gp mDg;gp kw;Wk;  isalpha( ) – FwpAUit Mq;fpy vOj;jh ,y;iyah vd rhpghh;f;f
nraYUGfis Vw;fhj nraw;$W MFk;?  isdigit( ) – FwpAU vz;zhf cs;sjh vd rhpghh;f;f
(m) x=display(int, int) (M) x=display()
 islower( ) – FwpAU vOj;J rpwpa vOj;jhf cs;sjh vd rhpghh;f;f
(,) y=display(float) (<) display(int)
 isupper( ) – FwpAU vOj;J nghpa vOj;jhf cs;sjh vd rhpghh;f;f
5 add(int, int); vd;w nraw;$w;wpd; Kd;tbtpd; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdj;jpd;
 toupper( ) – FwpAU vOj;ij nghpa vOj;jhf khw;w
tif ahJ?
(m) int (M) float (,) char (<) double  tolower( ) – FwpAU vOj;ij rpwpa vOj;jhf khw;w
iii string.h
6 ,tw;Ws; vJ tiunay;iy nraw;FwpahFk;?
 strcpy( ) - %yj;jpYs;s ruq;fis ,yf;F ruj;jpd; epidtfj;jpy;
(m) > (M) & (,) % (<) ::
efy; vLf;Fk;. ,uz;L nraYUGfis cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;
 strlen( ) - %y ruj;jpd; ePsj;ij jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;. xU nraYUig
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;: cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;
 strcmp( ) – string1 kw;Wk; string2-it cs;sPlhf ngw;W> mfu
❖ nghpa epuiy rpwpa Jiz epuyhf gphpg;gJ nraw;$W thpirapy; xg;gPL nra;Ak;. ,uz;L nraYUGfis cs;sl P hf
❖ epuypd; ePsj;ij kw;Wk; rpf;fw;ghl;il Fiwf;f nraw;$W gad;gLfpwJ. Vw;Fk;
❖ jiyg;Gf; Nfhg;gpd; tphpthf;fk; .h  strcat( ) - ,yf;F kw;Wk; %y ruq;fis cs;sPlhf ngWk;. %y
❖ epuy; nraw;ghl;bidj; njhlq;f fz;bg;ghf xU main( ) nraw;$W ruj;jpd; efiy ,yf;F ruj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,izf;Fk;. ,uz;L
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; nraYUGfis cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;
 strupr( ) – cs;sl P hf ngw;w ruj;ij nghpa vOj;Jf;fshf khw;Wk;.
❖ void jutpdk; ve;j kjpg;igAk; jpUg;gp mDg;ghJ
xU nraYUig cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;
❖ gadh; tiuaWj;j njaw;$iw nray;gLj;j mjd; ngah; kw;Wk;
 strlwr( ) – cs;sPlhf ngw;w ruj;ij rpwpa vOj;Jf;fshf khw;Wk;.
Njitahd nraYUGf;fs; nfhz;L miof;f Ntz;Lk;
xU nraYUig cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;
❖ nraYUGf;fis tpl;LtplNth (m) nraYUg;Gf;fs; ,y;yhky; miof;f
Kd;dpay;G nraYUGf;fs; top tFf;fpd;wd.

iv math.h FW tpdhf;fs;:
 cos( ) – Nubad;]; kjpg;ig cs;sl P hf ngw;W> mjd; cos kjpg;ig
(-1,1) vd;w gug;gpy; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;. xU nraYUig cs;sl P hf 1 nraw;$Wfs; - tiuaW
Vw;Fk; xU nghpa epuiy rpwpa Jiz epuyhf gphpf;f KbAk;. mt;thW gphpf;fg;gLk;
 sin( ) – Nubad;]; kjpg;ig cs;sl P hf ngw;W> mjd; sin kjpg;ig Jiz epuy; nraw;$W. epuypd; ePsj;ij kw;Wk; rpf;fw;ghl;il Fiwg;gjw;F
(-1,1) vd;w gug;gpy; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;. xU nraYUig cs;sl P hf nraw;$Wfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Vw;Fk; 2 strlen( ) nraw;$iw gw;wp vOJf.
 sqrt( ) – cs;sl P hf ngwg;gl;l kjpg;gpw;f;F th;f;f %yj;ij jpUg;gp strlen nraw;$W %y ruj;jpd; ePsj;ij jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;
mDg;Gk;. xU nraYUig cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk; 3 void juT tifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; vd;d?
 pow( ) – mbj;js nraYUgpd; Nky; mLf;Ff;Fwp kjpg;igj; jpUg;gp void nraw;$W ve;j kjpg;igAk; nraw;$W jpUg;gp mDg;ghJ vd;W
mDg;Gk;. ,uz;L nraYUGfis cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk; epuy;ngah;g;gpf;F njhptpf;Fk;
v stdlib.h
4 msGU vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis gl;baypLf.
 rand( ) – Nghyp rPuw;w vz;fis cUthf;Fk;. nraYUGfis nraYUGf;fs; my;yJ msGUf;fs; %ykhf miof;Fk; nraw;$wpypUe;J
Vw;fhJ miof;fg;gLk; nraw;$Wf;F kjpg;Gfs; ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk;.
 srand( ) – rand( ) nraw;$w;wpw;F njhlf;f kjpg;gspf;f
mjd; tiffs;: (1) Kiwahd msGUf;fs; (2) nka;ahd msGUf;fs;
gad;gLfpwJ. xU nraYUig cs;sPlhf Vw;Fk;
5 cs;sik tiunay;iy gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
cs;sik khwp> xU njhFjpf;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU njhFjpapy;
vz;zpf;if:
cs;s epuy; { } vd;w milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
nraw;$wpd; tiffs; 2 1. cs;sike;j (m) Kd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
(m) E}yf nraw;$W
2. gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; nraw;$W rpW tpdhf;fs;:
nraw;$w;iw 2 1. kjpg;G %yk; mioj;jy;
miog;gjw;fhd 2. Fwpg;G %yk; mioj;jy; 1 cs;spize;j nraw;$Wfs; vd;why; vd;d?
topKiwfs; ❖ C++ nkhopapd; nghJf; fsQ;rpaj;jpy; cs;s nraw;$Wfs;
cs;spize;j nraw;$Wfs; vdg;gLk;.
gadh; tiuaWj;j 4 1. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;ghj>
nraw;$w;iw msGUf;fis Vw;fhj ❖ gy;NtW nraw;ghl;bw;F clNd gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; C++ nkhopapy;
mwptpf;Fk; NghJ 2. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;> cahpa Nrfhpg;Gfshf gy nraw;$Wfs; cs;sd. ek; Njitf;F clNd
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; msGUf;fis Vw;fhj cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLk; Jiz epuy;fis Kd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
gy;NtW tbtq;fs; 3. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;ghj> nraw;$Wfs; my;yJ cs;sike;j nraw;$Wfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;
msGUf;fis Vw;Fk; 2 isuppr( ) kw;Wk; toupper( ) nraw;$Wfspd; NtWghLfs; ahit?
4. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;> i isupper:
msGUf;fis Vw;Fk;  cs;sLP nra;ag;gl;Ls;s FwpAW vOj;J nghpa vOj;jhf cs;sjh
khwpapd; tiunay;iy 4 1. cs;sik tiunay;iy vd rhpghh;f;Fk;
2. nraw;$W tiunay;iy  nghJtbtk;: isupper(char c);
3. Nfhg;G tiunay;iy ii toupper:
4. ,df;FO tiunay;iy
 cs;sLP nra;ag;gl;Ls;s FwpAW vOj;ij nghpa vOj;jhf khw;w
gad;gLfpwJ.
 nghJtbtk;: char toupper(char c);

3 strcmp( ) nraw;$W gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. {
❖ nghJtbtk;: strcmp(string 1, string 2); x=20;
❖ string1 kw;Wk; string2 vd;w ,uz;L msGUf;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; }
❖ string1 kw;Wk; string2 cs;slf;fj;ij mfu thpirapy; xg;gpLk;
❖ string1-y; cs;s Kjy; FwpAWtpd; kjpg;G string2-y; cs;s Kjy; int main( )
FwpAWtpd; kjpg;ig tpl mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; Neh;ik kjpg;igAk;> {
Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; vjph;k kjpg;igAk;> rkkhf ,Ue;jhy; 0 vd;w int a=10;
kjpg;igAk; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; fun(a);
4 C++ nkhopapy; cs;s pow( ) nraw;$W gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf. cout<<a;
i pow nraw;$W ,uz;L nraYUGfis Vw;Fk;. (1) mbj;jsk; (2) }
mLf;Ff;Fwp 2 Fwpg;G %yk; mioj;jy; Kiwia jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
ii pow nraw;$W mbj;js nraYUgpd; Nky; mLf;Ff;Fwp kjpg;igj; ❖ ,e;j Kiwapy; nka;ahd msGUtpd; Fwpg;ig my;yJ Kfthpia
jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;. Kiwahd msGUtpy; efnyLf;fg;gLk;
❖ Kiwahd msGUtpd; kjpg;gpy; VNjDk; khw;wq;fs; nra;jhy; mJ
iii nraYUG kw;Wk; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpd; tif long double MFk; nka;ahd msGUtpd; kjpg;gpy; gpujpgypf;Fk;
5 nraw;$W Kd;tbtk; epuy;ngah;g;gpf;F ve;j jftiy toq;Fk;? ❖ v.fh epuy;:
i nraw;$W jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; juT tif ntspaPL:
#include<iostream>
ii nraw;$wpd; ngah; using namespace std;
20
iii nraw;$W Vw;Fk; nraYUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if void fun(int &x)
6 Kd;dpiyg;G nraYUGf;fs; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. {
❖ xU nraw;$w;wpd; Kd;tbtpy; cs;s Kiwahd msGUf;fspy; x=20;
Kd;dpay;G kjpg;Gfis ,Uj;jp itf;f KbAk;. }
❖ xU nraw;$wpd; miog;Gf; $w;wpy; rpy nraYUGf;fis tpl;LtplNth int main( )
my;yJ nraYUGf;fs; ,y;yhkNy miof;fNth Kd;dpay;G {
nraYUGf;fs; top tFf;fpd;wd. int a=10;
❖ v.fh: void defaultvalue(int n1=10, n2=100); fun(a);
cout<<a;
}
ngU tpdhf;fs;: 3 jw;Row;rp vd;why; vd;d? jw;Row;rp Kiwapy; xU vz;zpw;fhd kpfg;nghpa
nghJthd fhuzpia fzf;fpl xU epuiy vOJf.
1 kjpg;G %yk; mioj;jy; Kiwia jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. ❖ xU nraw;$W jd;idj;jhNd mioj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mij jw;Row;rp
❖ ,e;j Kiwapy; nka;ahd msGUtpd; kjpg;ig Kiwahd msGUtpy; nraw;$W MFk;
efnyLf;fg;gLk; ❖ jw;Row;rp Kiwapy; xU vz;zpd; kpfg;nghpa nghJthd fhuzpia
❖ Kiwahd msGUtpd; kjpg;gpy; VNjDk; khw;wq;fs; nra;jhy; mJ fzf;fpLk; epuy:
nka;ahd msGUtpd; kjpg;gpy; gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy
#include<iostream> ntspaPL:
❖ v.fh epuy;:
#include<iostream> ntspaPL: int hcf(int n1, int n2) Enter two positive numbers: 350 100
using namespace std; { HCF = 50
void fun(int x) 10
if(n2!=0)
return hcf(n2, n1%n2); int a=10,b=20,sum;
else sum=a+b;
return n1; return sum;
} }
int main() int main( )
{ {
int num1, num2; int m=display();
cout<<"Enter two positive numbers : "; cout<<m;
cin>>num1>>num2; return 0;
cout<<"HCF = "<<hcf(num1,num2); }
return 0;
3. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;ghj kw;Wk; msGUf;fis Vw;Fk; nraw;$W:
}
4 nraw;$W kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; gy;NtW tbtq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; ❖ display( ) vd;w nraw;$wpd; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdk; void kw;Wk; ,J a,
tpsf;Ff. b vd;w ,uz;L msGUf;fis Vw;Fk;
1. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;ghj kw;Wk; msGUf;fis Vw;fhj nraw;$W: v.fh epuy;:
❖ display( ) vd;gJ nraw;$wpd; ngah;> ,jd; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdk; #include<iostream> ntspaPL:
void kw;Wk; ,J ve;j msGUitAk; Vw;fhJ. using namespace std;
v.fh epuy;: void display(int a, int b) 30
#include<iostream> ntspaPL: {
using namespace std; int sum;
void display( ) Hello sum=a+b;
{ cout<<sum;
cout<<"Hello"; }
} int main( )
int main( ) {
{ int x=10,y=20;
display( ); display(x,y);
return 0; return 0;
} }
2. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; kw;Wk; msGUf;fis Vw;fhj nraw;$W: 4. kjpg;ig jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; kw;Wk; msGUf;fis Vw;Fk; nraw;$W:
❖ display( ) vd;w nraw;$wpd; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdk; int kw;Wk; ,J ❖ display( ) vd;w nraw;$wpd; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdk; int kw;Wk; ,J a, b
ve;j msGUitAk; Vw;fhJ. vd;w ,uz;L msGUf;fis Vw;Fk;
v.fh epuy;: v.fh epuy;:
ntspaPL: #include<iostream> ntspaPL:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
30 int display(int a, int b) 30
int display( )
{ {
int sum;
sum=a+b; ii nraw;$W tiunay;iy:
return sum;  nraw;$wpDs; mwptpf;fg;gl;l khwpapd; tiunay;iy me;j
} nraw;$wpd; njhFjp kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz njhFjp tiu cs;sJ
 Kiwahd msGUf;fspd; tiunay;iy nraw;$W tiunay;iy
int main( ) MFk;
{  v.fh-y; cs;s khwp z nraw;$W tiunay;iy khwpahFk;
int x=10,y=20,s; iii Nfhg;G tiunay;iy
s=display(x,y);  Nfhg;G tiunay;iy me;j epuy; KOtJk; tphpfpwJ
cout<<s;  Nfhg;G tiunay;iy khwp> midj;Jf; fl;lisj; njhFjpfSf;Fk;
return 0; nraw;$WfSf;Fk; Nkyhf mwptpf;fg;gLk;
}  Nfhg;G tiunay;iy khwpfs; nghJik khwpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;
5 khwpapd; tiunay;iy tpjpKiwfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
 v.fh-y; cs;s khwp sum nraw;$W tiunay;iy khwpahFk;
tiunay;iy vd;gJ xU khwp nray;gLk; tuk;ngy;iy (m) mjd; tho;ehs;
iv ,df;FO tiunay;iy
MFk;. C++ nkhopapy; ehd;F tifahd tiunay;iyfs; cs;sd.
 ,df;FOf;fs;> Gjpa jutpdq;fis cUthf;f xU Gjpa topia
v.fh. epuy;: jUfpwJ.
#include<iostream> 6 xU KO vz;iz cs;sPl;L mij jiyfPohf khw;wk; nra;Ak; epuiy
using namespace std; vOJf.
int sum; Nfhg;G #include<iostream> ntspaPL:
tiunay;iy using namespace std;
void add(int x, int y) Enter a number : 12345
void revNum(int num) Reverse number : 54321
{
nraw;$W {
int z=30 int r=0,rev=0;
tiunay;iy
sum=x+y+z; while(num!=0)
} {
int main() r=num%10;
{ rev=rev*10+r;
num=num/10;
int a=10;
}
{ cout<<"Reverse number : "<<rev;
cs;sik
int b=20; }
tiunay;iy
add(a,b); int main( )
} {
cout<<sum; int n;
cout<<"Enter a number : ";
} cin>>n;
(i) cs;sik tiunay;iy: revNum(n);
 cs;sik khwp> xU njhFjpf;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ return 0;
}
 cs;sik khwpia mJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhFjpf;F
ntspapypUe;J mZf KbahJ
 v.fh-y; cs;s khwp b vd;gJ cs;sik khwpahFk;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;): cin>>b>>e;
po=pow(b,e);
1 inline nraw;$W vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ed;ikfs; ahit? cout<<b<<" power of "<<e<<" is : "<<po;
inlien nraw;$W rhjhuz nraw;$W Nghd;Nw Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. Mdhy; return 0;
nraw;$wpd; fl;lisfs; KOikAk; miog;Gf; $w;Wf;F gjpyhf mg;gbNa }
epuypy; nrUfg;gLk;. tan kjpg;ig fz;lwpa epuy;: ntspaPL:
ed;ikfs;: #include<iostream>
#include<math.h> Enter a value to find tan : 0.999
i Ntfkhf nray;gLk;. Mdhy; mjpf epidtf ,lj;ij vLj;Jf;
using namespace std; TAN value is : 1.55399
nfhs;Sk;
int main()
ii mLf;ffq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ cs;s rpf;fy;ghl;bidf; Fiwf;Fk; {
float num, t;
cout<<"Enter a value to find tan : ";
Ma;T mwpf;if: cin>>num;
t=tan(num);
1 th;f;f %yk;(Square root), mLf;fpd; kjpg;G(power values), tan, fd %yk; cout<<"TAN value is : "<<t;
(cube root) Nghd;wtw;iwf; fz;lwpa nraw;$Wfisg; gad;gLj;jp epuiy return 0;
vOJf. }
th;f %yk;(Square root) fz;lwpa epuy; fd%yk; (cuberoot) fz;lwpa epuy;:
#include<iostream>
#include<iostream> ntspaPL: #include<math.h> ntspaPL:
#include<math.h> using namespace std;
Enter a number to find the Square root : 25 int main() Enter a number to find Cube Root : 125
Square root is : 5 { Cube root is : 5
int main()
{ float num, qr;
cout<<"Enter a number to find Cube Root : ";
int num;
cin>>num;
float s; qr=cbrt(num);
cout<<"Enter a number to find the Square root : "; cout<<"Cube Root is : "<<qr;
cin>>num; return 0;
s=sqrt(num); }
cout<<"Square root is : "<<s; 2 Ie;J khzth;fspd; ngah;fis mth;fspd; jiyg;G vOj;ij ,Wjpapy;
return 0; mikAkhW cs;sPlhf nra;f> ngaiu Mq;fpy rpwpa kw;Wk; nghpa
} vOj;Jf;fshf ntspaPlhf nra;aTk;. NkYk; xt;nthU ngaUf;Fk; cs;s
mLf;fpd; kjpg;G (Power value) fz;lwpa epuy; vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ntspaPlhf ngw chpa epuiy vOJf.
#include<iostream> ntspaPL: #include<iostream>
#include<math.h> #include<string.h>
using namespace std; Enter base & exponent vaue : 5 2 using namespace std;
int main() 5 power of 2 is : 25 int main()
{ {
int b, e, po; char name1[20],name2[20],name3[20],name4[20],name5[20];
cout<<"Enter base & exponent value : "; cout<<"Enter five names followed by initial : ";
cin>>name1>>name2>>name3>>name4>>name5; return 0;
cout<<"--------------------------------------------\n"; }
cout<<"Lower Case\tUpper Case\tLength\n"; ghf vz; (Prime number) fz;lwpa epuy;:
cout<<"--------------------------------------------\n"; #include<iostream>
cout<<strlwr(name1)<<'\t'; using namespace std;
cout<<strupr(name1)<<'\t'; ntspaPL:
int prime(int a) ntspaPL:
cout<<strlen(name1)<<'\n'; {
cout<<strlwr(name2)<<'\t'; Enter five names followed by initial :
for(int i=2;i<a;i++) Enter a number : 5
cout<<strupr(name2)<<'\t'; sanjay.k
{ Given number is a prime
cout<<strlen(name2)<<'\n'; Tharani.S
if(a%i==0)
cout<<strlwr(name3)<<'\t'; Harini.S
return 1;
cout<<strupr(name3)<<'\t'; Karthick.A
}
cout<<strlen(name3)<<'\n'; Antony.A
return 0;
cout<<strlwr(name4)<<'\t'; --------------------------------------------
}
cout<<strupr(name4)<<'\t'; Lower Case Upper Case Length
int main()
cout<<strlen(name4)<<'\n'; --------------------------------------------
{
cout<<strlwr(name5)<<'\t'; sanjay.k SANJAY.K 8
int num;
cout<<strupr(name5)<<'\t'; tharani.s THARANI.S 9
cout<<"Enter a number : ";
cout<<strlen(name5)<<'\n'; harini.s HARINI.S 8
cin>>num;
return 0; karthick.a KARTHICK.A 10
if(prime(num)==1)
} antony.a ANTONY.A 8
cout<<"Given numbre is not a prime";
3 fhuzpg;gLj;Jjy; (factorial), gfh vz; (prime number), Mk;];lhu;q; vz;fs; else
(Armstrong number) Nghd;wit fz;lwpa nraw;$Wfis gad;gLj;jp cout<<"Given number is a prime";
epuiy vOJf.
fhuzpg;gLj;Jjy;(factorial) fz;lwpa epuy;: }
#include<iostream> Mk;];lhu;q; vz;fs; (Armstrong number) fz;lwpa epuy;:
using namespace std; ntspaPL: #include<iostream>
int fact(int m) Enter a number : 5 #include<math.h>
{ Factorial of 5 is 125
if(m>1) using namespace std;
return m*fact(m-1); void armstrong(int num)
else {
return 1; int i=0,j=1,num1,res=0;
} num1=num;
int main() while(num1!=0)
{ {
int no; num1=num1/10;
cout<<"Enter a number : "; i++;
cin>>no; }
cout<<"Factorial of "<<no<<" is "<<fact(no);
num1=num;
while(num!=0) 4 xUthpd; ngah; kw;Wk; ghypdk; cs;sPlhf ngw;W jpU/jpUkjp vd;w
{ nrhy;iy ngaUld; ,izj;J ntspapLtjw;F chpa epuiy vOJf.
res=res+pow(num%10,i); #include<iostream> ntspaPL:
cout<<num%10<<”^”<<i; #include<ctype.h>
if(j<i) using namespace std; Enter a name : Ravi
cout<<” + "; int main() Enter sex (m or f) : m
j++; { Mr.Ravi
num=num/10; char name[20], sex;
} cout<<"Enter a name : ";
cout<<" = "<<res; cin>>name;
if(num1==res) cout<<"Enter sex (m or f) : ";
cout<<endl<<"Given number is a Armstrong number"; cin>>sex;
else if(sex=='m')
cout<<endl<<"Given number is not a Armstrong number"; cout<<"Mr."<<name;
} ntspaPL: 1 else if(sex=='f')
int main( ) cout<<"Mrs."<<name;
{ Enter a number : 123 else
int n; 3^3 + 2^3 + 1^3 = 36 cout<<"Enter m or f in sex";
cout<<"Enter a number : "; Given number is not a Armstrong number return 0;
cin>>n; }
armstrong(n); ntspaPL: 2
return 0;
} Enter a number : 370
0^3 + 7^3 + 3^3 = 370
Given number is a Armstrong number

12. mzpfs; kw;Wk; fl;LUf;fs; myF III – C++ Xh; mwpKfk;
9 xU fl;LU tiuaiw fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
12. mzpfs; kw;Wk; fl;LUf;fs; struct employee
{
int empno;
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf.
char name[10];
1 ,tw;Ws; vJ xNu jutpdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j khwpfspd; jpul;L kw;Wk; midj;J } e[5];
cWg;GfisAk; xNu nghJg; ngauhy; Fwpg;gpl ,aYk;? Nkw;fz;l mwptpg;Gfis gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ,jpy; vJ rhpahd $w;W?
(m) int (M) float (,) Array (<) class (m) cout<<e[0].empno<<e[0].ename; (M) cout<<e[0].empno<<ename;
2 int age[ ] = {6,90,20,18,2}; ,e;j mzpapy; vj;jid cWg;Gfs; cs;sd? (,) cout<<e[0]->empno<<e[0].ename; (<) cout<<e.empno<<e.ename;
(m) 2 (M) 5 (,) 6 (<) 4
10 fl;LU cWg;Gfis mZFk; NghJ Gs;sp nraw;Fwpapd; tyJ GwKs;s
3 cin>>n[3]; ,e;j $w;W ve;j cWg;gpy; kjpg;ig cs;sPLk;? Fwpg;ngahpd; ngah;
(m) 2 (M) 3 (,) 4 (<) 5 (m) fl;LW khwp structure variable (M) fl;LW ngah;
4 ruq;fs; jhdikthf ,tw;Ws; ve;j FwpAUTld; KbtilAk;? (,) fl;LW cWg;G (<) fl;LW nraw;$W
(m) \0 (M) \t (,) \n (<) \b
5 fl;LU tiuaiw ve;j nraw;FwpAld; Kbtiljy; Ntz;Lk;?
(m) : (M) } (,) ; (<) ::
6 fl;LUf;fis mwptpf;Fk; NghJ vd;d Vw;gLk;? ❖ mzp vd;gJ jUtpf;fg;gl;l jutpdk;
(m) mJ ve;j epidtfj;ijAk; xJf;fhJ
❖ mzp vd;gJ xNu jutpdj;ij rhh;e;j khwpfspd; jpul;L
(M) mJ epidtfj;ij xJf;Fk; ❖ mzpapd; msT vg;NghJk; [ ] milg;Gf; FwpfSf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gLk;
(,) mJ mwptpf;Fk; kw;Wk; njhlq;Fk; ❖ mzpapd; njhlf;f kjpg;Gfis nfhf;fp milg;Gf;Fs; { } nfhLf;f
(<) mJ mwptpf;f kl;Lk; nra;Ak; Ntz;Lk;
7 xU fl;LU mwptpg;G fPo;fz;lthW nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ❖ mzpapd; Rl;L vz; 0-tpypUe;J njhlq;Fk;
struct Time ❖ mzpia mwptpf;Fk;NghJ njhlf;f kjpg;G ,Uj;jg;gLkhapd; mzpapd;
{ msT nfhLg;gJ mtrpakpy;iy
int hours; ❖ cin.get( ) kw;Wk; getline( ) nraw;$Wfs; xU thpia ,ilntspfSld;
int minutes; cs;sL P nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
int seconds; ❖ ,Ughpkhz mzp thpir kw;Wk; neLthpirapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;
} t; ❖ ,Ughpkhz mzpapy; cWg;ig mZFtjw;F ,uz;L Rl;L kjpg;Gfis
NkNy cs;s mwptpg;gpy; seconds vd;w fl;LU khwpia gpd; tUtdtw;Ws; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vJ Fwpf;fpwJ? ❖ ,Ughpkhz mzpia xU mzpf;Nfhitahf fhl;lyhk;
(m) Time.seconds (M) Time::seconds (,) seconds (<) t.seconds ❖ ruq;fspd; mzp vd;gJ xU ,U ghpkhz FwpAU mzpahFk;
8 fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vit rhpahd fl;LU tiuaiw?

(m) struct{int num;} (M) struct sum {int num;}
(,) struct sum int sum; (<) struct sum {int num;};

vz;zpf;if ii ,U ghpkhz mzpfs
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2. ,U ghpkhz mzp 2 ruq;fspd; mzpiag; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G vOJf.
3. gyghpkhz mzp ❖ ruq;fspd; mzp vd;gJ xU ,U ghpkhz FwpAU mzpahFk;
,Ughpkhz mzpapd; 2 1. thpir Kjd;ik ❖ Kjy; Rl;nlz;(thpir) ruq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
epidtf xJf;fPl;L Kiwfs; 2. neLthpir Kjd;ik ❖ ,uz;lhtJ Rl;nz;(neLthpir) ruq;fspd; cr;r msT ePsj;ij
xU ghpkhz mzpapd; Njly; 2 1. Neupay; Njly; Fwpf;Fk;
2. njhlh; Njly; ❖ xt;nthU ruj;jpd; ,WjpapYk; ntw;Wf; FwpAUit ,izg;gjw;F
,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk;
❖ v.fh: char Name[6][10];
FWtpdhf;fs; 3 gpd;tUk; FwpKiwahdJ S vd;w vOj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; ngaiuf;nfhz;l
midj;J khzth;fspd; nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fspd; $l;L njhifia
1 mzpapy; gazpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? fzf;fpl;L jpiuapy; fhl;LfpwJ. ,jw;F Njitahd tpLgl;l $w;Wfis
VNjDk; xU nray;ghl;il nra;tjw;fhf mzpapy; cs;s xt;nthU epug;gTk;.
cWg;igAk; xU KiwahtJ mZFk; nray;KiwNa gazpj;jy; vdg;gLk; struct student {int examno, lang, eng, phy, che, mat, csc, tot; char name[15];};
2 ruq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? int main( )
FwpAUf;fspd; thpiria ruk; vd;fpNwhk;. FwpAU vd;gJ vOj;J> vz; {
my;yJ FwpaPlhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
student s[20];
3 ,U ghpkhz mzpia mwptpf;Fk; njhlhpaiy vOJf.
for(int i=0;i<20;i++)
jutpdk; mzpapd;-ngah; [thpir msT][neLthpirmsT];
{
data-type array-name[row size][column size];
...................... // accept student details
4 tiuaW - fl;LU. mjd; gad; vd;d?
ntt;NtW tifahd juT ,dq;fis nfhz;l gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; }
jutpdk; fl;LU vdg;gLk;. ,J gy;NtW tifahd juT ,dq;fSld; for(int i=0;i<20;i++)
$ba khwpfis xNu njhFjpf;Fs; xd;wpizj;Js;sJ.
{
5 gpd;tUk; fl;LU tiuaiwapy; gpio vd;d?
...................... // “S” vd;w vOj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; ngaiu rhpghh;f;fTk;
struct employee{ inteno;charename[20];char dept;}
...................... // rhpghh;j;j ngaiu jpiuapy; fhl;lTk;
Employee e1, e2;
}
struct employee{ int eno; char ename[20];char dept;};
return 0;
employee e1, e2;
}
epuy;
rpWtpdhf;fs;:
struct student {int examno, lang, eng, phy, che, mat, csc, tot; char name[15];};
1 mzp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis vOJf. int main( )
mzp vd;gJ xNu jutpdj;ij rhh;e;j khwpfspd; jpul;L MFk;. tiffs;:
{
i xU ghpkhz mzpfs; student s[20];

for(int i=0;i<20;i++) ngUtpdhf;fs;:
{
1 ,uz;L mzpf;Nfhitfspy; cs;s kjpg;Gfspd; tpj;jpahrk; fz;lwpa
cin>>s[i].examno>>s[i].name>>s[i].lang>>s[i].eng>>s[i].phy
epuiy vOJf.
>>s[i].che>>s[i].mat>>s[i].csc>>s[i].tot;
#include<iostream>
} using namespace std;
for(int i=0;i<20;i++) int main()
{
{
int matA[2][2]={{5,2},{3,4}}; ntspaPL:
if s[i].name[0]==’S’ int matB[2][2]={{2,1},{1,3}}; 3 1
cout<<s[i].examno<<s[i].name<<s[i].lang<<s[i].eng<<s[i].phy int matC[2][2]; 2 1
<<s[i].che<<s[i].mat<<s[i].csc<<s[i].tot; for(int i=0;i<2;i++)
{
}
for(int j=0;j<2;j++)
return 0; {
} matC[i][j]=matA[i][j]-matB[i][j];
cout<<matC[i][j]<<'\t';
4 xU fl;LUtpd; cWg;Gfis vt;thW mZf KbAk;? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
}
fl;LUtpd; cWg;Gfis Gs;sp (.) nraw;Fwp %yk; mZf KbAk;.
cout<<endl;
v.fh: }
struct return 0;
}
{
2 gpd;tUk; fl;LU tiuaiwia gad;gLj;jp ,uz;L J}uq;fis (distance)
int rollno, age; $l;Ltjw;fhd C++ epuiy vOJf.
} student; struct Distance{
student int feet;
student vd;gJ NkNy cs;s fl;LUtpw;F Fwpg;G ngauhf float inch;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; cWg;Gfis student.rollno kw;Wk; student.age vd } d1, d2, sum;
mZf KbAk;
#include <iostream> ntspaPL:
5 ngauw;w fl;LU vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. using namespace std; Enter distanc 1 (feet & inch) :2 4
ngau; (m) Fwpg;G nrhy; ,y;yhj xU fl;LU ngauw;w fl;LU vdg;gLk; struct Distance{
Enter distanc 2 (feet & inch) :3 5
v.fh: int feet;
float inch; Sum = 7 feet 9 inch
struct
}d1, d2, sum;
{
int main()
int rollno, age; {
} student; cout<<"Enter distanc 1 (feet & inch) :";
cin>>d1.feet>>d1.inch;
cout<<"Enter distanc 2 (feet & inch) :";
cin>>d2.feet>>d2.inch;
sum.feet=d1.feet+d2.inch; ntspaPL:
sum.inch=d1.inch+d2.inch; Details of Book No 1
cout<<"Sum = "<<sum.feet<<" feet" ------------------------
<<sum.inch<<" inch"; Book Name :Programming
return 0; Book Author :Dromy
}
3 gpd;tUk;C++ epuypd; ntspaPl;il vOJf. Details of Book No 2
#include<iostream> ------------------------
#include<stdio.h> Book Name :C++programming
#include <string.h> Book Author :BjarneStroustrup
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std; ================================================
struct books { S.No | Book Name |author
char name[20], author[20]; =====================================================
} a[50]; 1 |Programming | Dromy
int main() 2 |C++programming | BjarneStroustrup
{ =================================================
clrscr(); 4 gpd;tUk;C++ epuypd; ntspaPl;il vOJf.
cout<< "Details of Book No " << 1 << "\n"; #include <iostream>
cout<< "------------------------\n"; #include <string.h>
cout<< "Book Name :"<<strcpy(a[0].name,"Programming ")<<endl; using namespace std;
cout<< "Book Author :"<<strcpy(a[0].author,"Dromy")<<endl; struct student
cout<< "\nDetails of Book No " << 2 << "\n"; {
cout<< "------------------------\n"; int roll_no;
cout<< "Book Name :"<<strcpy(a[1].name,"C++programming" )<<endl; char name[10];
cout<< "Book Author :"<<strcpy(a[1].author,"BjarneStroustrup ")<<endl; long phone_number;
cout<<"\n\n"; cout<<
"================================================\n"; };
cout<< " S.No\t| Book Name\t|author\n"; int main( )
cout<< {
"====================================================="; student p1 = {1,"Brown",123443};
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) student p2, p3;
{ p2.roll_no = 2;
cout<< "\n " << i + 1 << "\t|" << a[i].name << "\t| " << a[i].author; strcpy(p2.name ,"Sam");
p2.phone_number = 1234567822;
} cout<< p3.roll_no = 3;
"\n================================================="; strcpy(p3.name,"Addy");
return 0; p3.phone_number = 1234567844;
} cout<< "First Student" <<endl;

cout<< "roll no : " << p1.roll_no <<endl; i Neupay; Njly;
cout<< "name : " << p1.name <<endl; ii njhlh; Njly;
cout<< "phone no : " << p1.phone_number <<endl;
4 100 KO vz;fis Njf;fp itf;f fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vij gad;gLj;JtJ
cout<< "Second Student" <<endl;
ey;yJ?
cout<< "roll no : " << p2.roll_no <<endl; mzp (m) fl;LU. fhuzk; $Wf.
cout<< "name : " << p2.name <<endl; ❖ 100 KO vz;fis Njf;fp itf;f mzpia gad;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ
cout<< "phone no : " << p2.phone_number <<endl;
❖ fhuzk;: xNu jutpdj;ij Nrh;e;j gy khwpfis Njf;fp itg;gNj
cout<< "Third Student" <<endl; mzpapd; Nehf;fk;.
cout<< "roll no : " << p3.roll_no <<endl;
5 khzth; fl;LUtpy; Njh;T vz;> khzth; ngah; kw;Wk; 5 ghlq;fspd;
cout<< "name : " << p3.name <<endl; kjpg;ngz;fis mzpapy; Nrkpf;Fk; fl;LUtpw;fhd fl;LU tiuia vOJf.
cout<< "phone no : " << p3.phone_number <<endl; struct student
return 0;
{
}
ntspaPL: int examNo;
char name[20];
First Student
roll no : 1 int mark1, mark2, mark3, mark4, mark5;
name : Brown } stud[5];
phone no : 123443 6 epuyhdJ dev C++ -y; njhFf;fg;gl;lhy; fPo;fz;l cah;j;jpf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s
Second Student khwpapd; igl; msT vd;d?
roll no : 2 struct A{ float f[3]; char ch[5]; long double d;};
name : Sam struct B{ A a; int arr[2][3];}b[3];
phone no : 1234567822
Third Student struct A-d; igl;Lf;fs;:
roll no : 3 float f[3] = 4 x 3 = 12
name : Addy char ch[5] =1x5=5
phone no : 1234567844
long double d = 16 x 1 = 16
struct A-f;f nkhj;jk; 32 igl;Lfs; xJf;fg;gLk;
struct B-d; igl;Lfs;:
1 xU ghpkhz mzpik mwptpf;Fk; njhlhpaiy vOJf. Aa = 32 x 1 = 32
jutpdk; mzpapd;-ngah; [mzpapd; msT]; int arr[2][3] = 4 x 6 = 24
data-type array-name[array size]; struct B-f;F nkhj;jk; 56 igl;Lfs; xJf;fg;gLk;. struct B-f;F %d;W
2 mzpapd; epidtf xJf;fPl;il vt;thW fzf;fpLtha;? cWg;Gfs; (b[3]) cs;sjhy;>56x3=168 igl;Lfs; xJf;fg;gLk;
mzpapd; jutpdj;Jf;F xJf;fg;gLk; igl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if x 7 mzp kw;Wk; fl;LUit NtWgLj;Jf.
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3 xU ghpkhz mzpapy; Njly; vd;why; vd;d? fl;LU: ntt;NtW jutpdj;ij rhh;e;j khwpfspd; njhFg;G
nfhLf;fg;gl;l vz;fspd; njhFg;gpy; ,Ue;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;ig NjLk;
nray;Kiw Njly; vdg;gLk;. mjd; tiffs;:
8 fl;LU cWg;Gfis njhlq;Ftjw;fhd gy;NtW tpjkhd topfs; ahit?
i jdpahd kjpg;gpUj;J $w;Wfis gad;gLj;jyhk;. v.fh:
 stud.rollno=123;
 stud.name=”Balu”;
ii kjpg;Gfis milg;G FwpfSf;Fs; je;J mwptpf;Fk; Neuj;jpy;
njhlq;fp itf;f KbAk;. v.fh:
 stud={123,”Balu”};
1 mzpapd; fPnOhl;Lf;fs; gw;wpa tpjpKiwfs; ahit?

i 0 vd;w vz;zpypUe;J njhlq;Fk;
ii Fwpapy;yh KO vz;zhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
iii rJu milg;Gf; FwpfSf;Fs; [ ] nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
2 ,U ghpkhz mzpapd; epidtf xJf;fPL vt;thW eilngWfpwJ?
i thpir Kjd;ik nfhz;L mZFjy;
 midj;J cWg;GfSk; xt;nthU thpirahd epidtf ,lj;jpy;
njhlh;r;rpahf Nrkpf;fg;gLk;
ii neLthpir Kjd;ik nfhz;L mZFjy;
 midj;J cWg;GfSk; xt;nthU neLthpirahf epidtf
,lj;jpy; njhlh;r;rpahf Nrkpf;fg;gLk;
3 fl;LUit mwptpj;jYf;fhd njhlhpaiy vOJf. vLj;Jf;fhl;L nfhL.
fl;LUit mwptpg;gjw;fhd njhlhpay;
struct structure_name
{
data_type member_name1;
data_type member_name2;
} reference name;
v.fh:
struct Student
{
char name[20];
ing rollno;
} stud;

13. mwpKfk; - nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f El;gq;fs; myF IV – nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f nkhop
13. mwpKfk; - nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f El;gq;fs;
❖ ,df;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epuy;
mZF Kiwia tpthpf;f nghUs;Nehf;F fUj;JU cjTfpd;wd
rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf: ❖ ,df;FO vd;gJ gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; jutpdk;
❖ nghUshdJ nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;jpd; mbg;gil myfhFk;
1 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j nraw;$W ,df;FOf;fSk; kw;Wk; nghUs;fSk; ❖ kuGhpkj;jpd; Kf;fpa gyd; epuy; FwpKiw kWgadhf;fk;.
mbg;gilahf nfhz;l epuy; mZFKiwia tpthpf;fpwJ? ❖ eilKiw epuyhf;fj;jpw;F v.fh: FORTRTAN, COBOL
(m) OOP (M) POP (,) ADT (<) SOP ❖ fl;lf epuyhf;fj;jpw;F v.fh: Pascal, C
2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ,e;j fUj;jpay; tpjpKiwfspd; kPJ mjpf ftdk; ❖ nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;jpw;F v.fh: C++, Java, Phython
nrYj;JfpwJ? ❖ nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fk; juTf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwJ
(m) nghUs;Nehf;F epuyhf;fk; (M) eilKiw epuyhf;fk; ❖ eilKiw epuy; tpjpKiwfspd; kPJ mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ
(,) $Wepiy epuyhf;fk; (<) mikg;G epuyhf;fk; ❖ ciwnghjpahf;fjpd; %yk; mUtkhf;fk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
3 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; juT tif?
(m) ,df;FO (M) kpjit (,) KO vz; (<) nghUs; vz;zpf;if:
4 fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ gz;gpay;GfisAk; jdpr; rpwg;G gz;GfisAk; nfhz;l fzpdpiag; 3 1. eilKiw epuyhf;fk;
milahsk; fhzj;jF cUg;gb? gad;gLj;jp rpf;fy; 2. fl;lf epuyhf;fk;
(m) ,df;FO (M) nghUs; (,) fl;likg;G (<) cWg;G jPh;f;Fk; mZKisfs; 3. nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fk;
5 juTfisAk; nraw;$WfisAk; xU nghUs; vd;Dk; tiuaiwf;Fs; nghUs; Nehf;F 5 1. ciwnghjpahf;fk;
xd;whfg; gpizj;J itf;Fk; nray;El;gk; epuyhf;fj;jpd; 2. juT mUtkhf;fk;
(m) kuGhpkk; (M) ciwnghjpahf;fk; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; 3. $Wepiyahf;fk;
(,) gy;YUthf;fk; (<) mUtkhf;fk; 4. gy;YUthf;fk;
6 juit epuypd; Neub mZF KiwapypUe;J ghJfhg;gJ? 5. kuGhpkk;
(m) juT kiwg;G (M) ciwnghjpahf;fk;
(,) gy;YUthf;fk; (<) mUtkhf;fk; FWtpdhf;fs;:
7 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j fUj;JU xU nghUspd; mtrpakhd gz;Gfis
cUthf;fg;gLk; nghUSf;Fs; kiwj;J itf;fpwJ? 1 fl;lf epuyhf;fk; eilKiw epuyhf;f fUj;jpaypy; ,Ue;J vt;thW
(m) ,df;FO (M) ciwnghjpahf;fk; NtWgLfpwJ?
(,) gy;YUthf;fk; (<) mUtkhf;fk;
eilKiw epuyhf;fk;: fl;lf epuyhf;fk;:
8 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ kuGhpkj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd gz;ghFk;
(m) juT kiwg;G (M) FwpKiw kWgadhf;fk; tpjpKiwfs; kPJ mjpf ftdk; newpKiwf;F mjpf ftdk;
(,) FwpKiw khw;wk; (<) mZFKiw nrYj;JfpwJ nrYj;JfpwJ
9 “xUKiw vOJjy; gyKiw gad;gLj;Jjy;” - vjd; %yk; epuyhdJ> Jiz epuy; epuyhdJ jdpj;jdp $Wfshf
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ? $WfshfNth my;yJ Jiz gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ
(m) juT kpifik (M) kW gadhf;fk; epuy;fshfNth fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ
(,) khw;wk; (<) njhFj;jy;
10 vJ ntspg;gil jd;ik nfhz;l juTfis cilaJ? v.fh: FORTRAN, COBOL v.fh: Pascal, C
(m) kuGhpkk; (M) ciwnghjpahf;fk;
(,) gy;YUthf;fk; (<) mUtkhf;fk;

2 ,df;FO kw;Wk; nghUs; - NtWgLj;Jf. 3 fl;lf epuyhf;fj;jpd; rpy mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp gl;baypLf.
i ,df;FO: gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; jutpdkhFk;. ,df;FOthdJ xNu i fzpg;nghwpf;F fl;lisfspd; gl;bay;fisf; nfhLj;J> xt;nthU
khjphpahd nghUs;fspd; FOitf; Fwpf;fpwJ fl;lisAk; xU nraiy nra;AkhW $WtJ
ii nghUs;: njhlh;Gila nraw;$Wfs;> mr;nraw;$WfSf;fhd juTfs; ii juitf; fhl;bYk; newpKiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l xU FO
iii epuyhdJ jdpj;jdp $Wfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3 gy;YUthf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
NtWgl;l nra;jpfSf;F khWgl;Lr; nray;gLk; xU nghUspd; jpwNd iv xt;nthU $Wk; rhh;gw;wJ kw;Wk; jdpj;j cs;sik juitf;
gy;YUthf;fk; vdg;gLk;. nfhz;lJ
4 ciwnghjpahf;fk; kw;Wk; mUtkhf;Fjy; vt;thW njhlh;G gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? v v.fh: Pascal, C
ciwnghjpahf;fk;: juTfisAk; nraw;$WfisAk; xU nghUs; 4 $Wepiyahf;Fjy; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; kW gadhf;fk; tiuaW.
tiuaiwf;Fs; xd;whfg; gpizj;J itf;Fk; nray;El;gk;
i $Wepiyahf;fk;: xU mikg;ig gy nray;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfshf
mUtkhf;fk;: gpd;Gy tptuq;fisj; njhptpf;fhky; mtrpakhd mk;rq;fis ($Wfshf) gphpj;J gpd;dh; mtw;iwj; njhFj;J nghpa gad;ghlhf
kl;Lk; fhl;LtJ tbtikg;gJ
ciwnghjpahf;fj;jpd; %yk; mUtkhf;fk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ii nkd;nghUs; kWgadhf;fk;: epuyhdJ Vw;fdNt cs;s my;yJ Gjpa
5 nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;jpd; FiwghLfs; ahit? $Wfisf; nfhz;L njhFf;fg;gLfpwJ. xUKiw vOJjy; gyKiw
i msT: epuypd; msT nghpaJ gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ nkd;nghUs; kWgadhf;fj;jpd; rpwg;ghFk;.
ii ciog;G: mjpf ciog;G Njitg;gLfpwJ 5 jfty; kiwg;G - tiuaW
iii Ntfk;: nkJthf nray;gLfpwJ ,df;FOtpd; juT cWg;Gfis> ,df;FOtpw;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J mZf
KbahJ> Mdhy; me;j ,df;FOtpy; cs;s cWg;G nraw;$Wfs; juT
cWg;Gfis mZf KbAk;. ,jw;F jfty; kiwg;G vd;W ngah;
rpW tpdhf;fs;:
1 fUj;jpay; vd;why; vd;d? gy;NtW tifahd fUj;jpay;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ngU tpdhf;fs;:
fUj;jpay; vd;gJ epuypd; Nfhl;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;jp mikj;jyhFk;. ,J
xU epuyhf;f mZFKiwahFk;. tiffs;: 1 nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiw epuyhf;fk; - NtWgLj;Jf
nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fk;: eilKiw epuyhf;fk;:
i eilKiw epuyhf;fk;
newpKiwiaf; fhl;bYk;> juTf;F tpjpKiwfs; kPJ mjpf ftdk;
ii fl;lf epuyhf;fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwJ nrYj;JfpwJ
iii nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fk;
,df;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; epuyhdJ> Jiz epuy;
2 eilKiw epuyhf;fj;jpd; mk;rq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. %yk; epuiyr; nray;gLj;JfpwJ $WfshfNth my;yJ Jiz
i fzpg;nghwpf;F fl;lisfspd; gl;bay;fisf; nfhLj;J> xt;nthU epuy;fshfNth fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ
fl;lisAk; xU nraiy nra;AkhW $WtJ midj;J juT cWg;GfSk; juT kw;Wk; mit njhlh;Gila
ii tpjpKiwfspd; kPJ mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jk; KOjhshtpait nraw;$Wfs; xU njhFjpf;Fs;
iii epuyhdJ> Jiz epuy; $WfshfNth (m) Jiz epuy;fshfNth FOthf ,Uf;Fk;
fl;likf;fg;gLk; guhkhpg;gJk;> Nkk;gLj;JtJk; epuy; FwpKiwfisg; guhkhpj;jYk;>
iv juT cWg;Gfs; KOjshtpait vspikahdJ. Nkk;gLj;jYk; fbdkhdJ
v rpwpa nkd;nghUs; gad;ghl;bw;F nghUj;jkhdJ juT kiwg;G kw;Wk; mUtkhf;fk; juT ghJfhg;gpw;F top ,y;iy
vi guhkhpj;jYk;> Nkk;gLj;jYk; fbdkhJ %yk; juit ghJfhf;f top cz;L
vii v.fh: FORTRAN, COBOL rpwpa mstpyhd nkd;nghUs; nghpa nkd;nghUs;fis cUthf;f
gad;ghl;bw;F nghUj;jkhdJ nghUj;jkhdJ
epuypd; msT nghpaJ epuypd;msT rpwpaJ 2 jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO vd;why; vd;d?
v.fh: C++, Java, Phython v.fh: FORTRAN, COBOL mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; gz;Gfis <l;bf; nfhs;Sk; ,df;FO
jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO
2 nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
i kWgadhf;fk;: “xU Kiw vOJjy; gyKiw gad;gLj;Jjy;” ,df;FO
gad;gLj;jp ,ij epiwNtw;wyhk;
ii kpifik: kuGhpkk; juT kpikf;F rpwe;j rhd;whFk;. gy
,df;FOf;fSf;F Njitahd xNu nray;ghl;il xU nghJ
,df;FOtpd; %yk; tiuaWj;J> mtw;iw kuGhpkk; %yk;
jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpy; jUtpj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;
iii vspa guhkhpg;G: Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; FwpKiwapy; rpwpa khw;wq;fisr;
nra;J Gjpa nghUis cUthf;f KbAk;. guhkhpg;gJk;> khw;wq;fs;
nra;tJk; vspJ
iv ghJfhg;G: juT kiwg;G kw;Wk; mUtkhf;fk; %yk; Njitahd
juTfis kl;Lk; nfhLg;gjhy; juT ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3 nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;ij Mjhpf;Fk; mbg;gilf; fUj;Jfisg; gw;wp
Fwpg;G tiuf.
nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f topKiwfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ:
i $Wepiyahf;fk;: epuyhdJ $Wfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ
ii nkd;nghUs; kWgadhf;fk;: epuyhdJ Vw;fdNt cs;s my;yJ Gjpa
$Wfisf; nfhz;L njhFf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;:
i ciwnghjpahf;fk; (Encapsulation): juTfisAk;> nraw;$WfisAk;
xU nghUs; vd;Dk; tiuaiwf;Fs; xd;whf gpizj;J itf;Fk;
nray;El;gk;. ,J mUtkhf;fj;ij nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
ii juT mUtkhf;fk; (Data Abstraction): gpd;Gy tptuq;fis
njhptpf;fhky; mtrpakhd mk;rq;fis kl;Lk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ
iii $Wepiyahf;fk; (Modularity): xU mikg;ig gy nray;ghl;Lj;
njhFjpfshf ($Wfshf) gphpj;J gpd;dh; mtw;iwj; njhFj;J nghpa
gad;ghlhf tbtikg;gJ
iv gy;YUthf;fk; (Polymorphism): NtWgl;l nra;jpfSf;F khWgl;Lr;
nray;gLk; xU nghUspd; jpwd;
v kuGhpkk; (Inheritance): Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; ,df;FOtpd; mbg;gilapy;
Gjpa ,df;FOit cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiw
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;:):
1 kuGhpkk; vd;why; vd;d?

Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; ,df;FOf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa ,df;FOf;fis
cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiw kuGhpkk;

14. ,df;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; myF IV – nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f nkhop
(m) 10 (M) 14 (,) 5 (<) 2
14. ,df;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; 7 Mf;fp nraw;$W gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;Wfs; rhpah> jtwh vdf; $W.
i Mf;fpfs; private gFjpfspy; mwptpf;fg;gl; Ntz;Lk;
ii nghUs;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;NghJ> Mf;fp jhdhfNt ,af;fg;gLk;
rhpahd tpilia Njh;T nra;aTk;: (m) rhp> rhp (M) rhp> jtW (,) jtW> rhp (<) jtW> jtW
8 gpd;tUk; Kd;tbTw;F fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; ve;j Mf;fp ,af;fg;gLk;?
1 Xh; ,df;FOTf;Fs; mwptpf;fg;gLk; khwpfis juT cWg;Gfs; vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;. nray;$Wfis vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. add display (add &); // add vd;gJ ,df;FOtpd; ngah;
(m) juT nraw;$Wfs; (M) inline nraw;$Wfs; (m) jhdikT Mf;fp (M) msGUf;fSld; $ba Mf;fp
(,) cWg;G nraw;$Wfs; (<) gz;Gf; $Wfs; (,) efy; Mf;fp (<) msGUf;fs; ,y;yhj Mf;fp
2 gpd;tUk; cWg;Gr; nraw;$wpidg; gw;wpa $w;Wfspy; vJ rhp my;yJ jtW?
i Gs;sp nraw;Fwp %yk; xU cWg;Gr; nraw;$W> ,d;ndhU cWg;Gr; xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
nraw;$wpid Neubahf miof;fyhk;
ii ,df;FOtpd; private cWg;Gr; nraw;$W mZf KbAk;
❖ C++d; Kf;fpakhd gz;Gf;$W ,df;FO
(m) i - rhp>ii – rhp (M) i - rhp>ii - jtW ❖ nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f nkhopapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gz;Gf;$WfSs;
(,) i - jtW>ii – rhp (<) i - jtW>ii – jtW xd;W juT kiwg;G
3 xU cWg;G nraw;$W> ,d;ndhU cWg;G nraw;$iwg; Gs;sp nraw;Fwpiag; ❖ msGUf;fs; ,y;yhj Mf;fp jhdikT Mf;fp
gad;gLj;jhky; Neubahf mZfyhk; vd;gij vt;thW Fwpg;gplyhk; ❖ ,df;FO gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; jutpdj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ
(m) Jiz nraw;$W (M) Jiz cWg;G
❖ public: ,df;FOtpw;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J mZf KbAk;
(,) gpd;dyhd cWg;G nraw;$W (<) Jiz cWg;G nraw;$W
❖ private: cWg;G nraw;$Wfs; kl;LNk juT cWg;Gfis mZf KbAk;
4 ,df;FOTf;Fs; tiuaWf;fg;gLk; nraw;$Wfs; ve;j nraw; $Wfisg; ❖ protected: mwptpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpw;F cs;Sk;> jUtpf;fg;gl;l
Nghy ,aq;Ffpd;wd? ,df;FOtpw;Fs;Sk; mZf KbAk;
(m) inline nraw;$Wfs; (M) inlne my;yhj nraw;$Wfs;
❖ juT cWg;Gfs;> juT khwpfs; (m) gz;Gf;$Wfs; vdg;gLk;
(,) Ouline nraw;$Wfs; (<) juT nraw;$W
❖ cWg;G nraw;$Wfs; topKiwfs; vdg;gLk;
5 gpd;tUk; ve;j mZfpay;G tiuaWg;gp jtWjyhd khw;wq;fspypUe;J
❖ ,df;FOtpw;F cs;Ns tiuaWf;fg;gLk; nraw;$W inline nraw;$W
juitg; ghJfhf;fpwJ?
(m) Private (M) Protected (,) Public (<) KOjshtpa ❖ cWg;G nraw;$Wfis ,df;FOtpw;F ntspNa tiuaWf;f (::)
tiunay;iy nraw;Fwp gad;gLfpwJ
6 fPo;fz;l epuypy; vj;jid nghUs;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? ❖ xNu ngahpidf; nfhz;l xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l khwpfs; ntt;NtW
class x njhFjpapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> mtw;wpy; KOjshtpa khwpfisf;
{ Fwpg;gpl (::) tiunay;iy nraw;FwpahdJ gad;gLfpwJ.
int y;
public: ❖ ,df;FOit gad;ghl;bw;F nfhz;L tu me;j ,df;FOtpw;F
x (int y) khwpfis mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;
{ y=z; } ❖ Mf;fpfis public gFjpapy; tiwaWf;f ghpe;Jiuf;fg; gLfpwJ
} x1[4]; ❖ efy; Mf;fpia tiuaWf;Fk; NghJ nraYWg;Gfis Fwpg;G Kiwapy;
int main( ) kl;LNk mDg;g Ntz;Lk;
{
x x2(10);
return 0; }
vz;zpf;if: 3 nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;F FwpKiw (OOP) mbg;gilapy; ,df;FO kw;Wk;
nghUs; Nehf;F 4 1. mUtkhf;fk; nghUs; gw;wp NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
epuyhf;f nkhopapd; 2. ciunghjpahf;k; ,df;FO nghUs;
nghJthd mbg;gil 3. kuGhpkk; gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; jutpdk; ,df;FO khwpfs;
mk;rq;fs; 4. gy;YUthf;fk; juTfisAk;> mtw;wpw;fhd ,df;FOit gad;ghl;bw;F
,df;FOtpd; 3 1. private gz;GfisAk; tiuaWf;f ,df;FO nfhz;L tu nghUs; gad;gLfpwJ
mZfpay;G gad;gLfpwJ
2. protected
tiuaWg;gpfs; 3. public 4 epuy;ngah;g;gp jhkhfNt Mf;fpia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jhYk;> Mf;fp
tiuaWg;G Vd; rpwe;j tof;fk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ?
cWg;G nraw;$wpid 2 1. ,df;FOtpw;F cs;Ns ❖ epuy;ngah;g;gp cUthf;Fk; Mf;fp jhdikT Mf;fp MFk;. ,J ve;j
tiuaWf;Fk; Kiwfs; 2. ,df;FOtpw;F ntspNa msGUf;fisAk; Vw;fhJ
,df;FOtpd; 2 1. KOjshtpa nghUs; ❖ gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; Mf;fpapy; msGUf;fis Vw;Fk; Mf;fpiaAk;
nghUis cUthf;Fk; 2. cs;sik nghUs; cUthf;fyhk;.
Kiwfs; ❖ Fwpg;gpl;l njhlf;f kjpg;Gld; nghUs;fis cUthf;f gadh;
gpd;dyhd 2 1. Xh; ,df;FOtpw;Fs; kw;nwhU tiuaWf;Fk; Mf;fp gad;gLfpwJ.
,df;FOit ,df;FOit mikj;jy;
5 mopg;gpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp vOJf.
cUthf;Fk; Kiwfs; 2. Xh; ,df;FOtpd; nghUis ❖ nghUSf;nfd xJf;fg;gLk; epidtfg; gFjpia tpLtpf;Fk;
kw;nwhU ,df;FOtpd; cWg;ghf
mwptpj;jy; ❖ nghUs; mjd; tho;ehspy; ngw;w tsq;fis tpLtpf;Fk;
msGUf;fis Vw;Fk; 2 1. cs;shh;e;j miog;G
Mf;fpia gad;gLj;jp 2. ntspg;gilahd miog;G rpW tpdhf;fs;:
nghUis cUthf;Fk;
Kiwfs; 1 gpd;tUk; epuypy; fl;lis mikg;Gg; gpio VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd;> mtw;iw ePf;fp>
gpioiaf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;b> epuiy khw;wp vOjTk;
gpioAs;s epuy; gpio jpUj;jg;gl;l epuy;
FW tpdhf;fs;: #include<iostream> #include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
1 ,df;FO cWg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? class mystud class mystud
,df;FOthdJ cWg;Gfis cs;slf;fpaJ. cWg;GfshdJ juT cWg;Gfs; { int studid =1001; { int studid =1001;
kw;Wk; cWg;G nraw;$Wfs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk; char name[20]; char name[20];
2 gadh; tiuaWj;j jutpd tifahd fl;LU> ,df;FO - NtWgLj;jpf; public public:
fhl;Lf mystud( ) mystud( )
fl;LU ,df;FO {} {}
ntt;NtW tifahd juT juTfisAk; mjNdhL void register ( ) void register ( )
,dq;fis nfhz;l gadh; njhlh;Gila nraw;$wpidAk; {cin>>stdid;gets(name); } {cin>>studid;gets(name); }
tiuaWf;Fk; jutpdk; ,izj;J itg;gJ ,df;FO void display ( ) void display ( )
fl;LUit mwptpf;f struct vd;Dk; ,df;FOit mwptpf;f class vd;Dk; { cout<<studid<<”: “<<name<<endl;} { cout<<studid<<”: “<<name<<endl;}
rpwg;Gr; nrhy;iy gad;gLfpwJ rpwg;Gr; nrhy; gad;gLfpwJ } };
nfhlhepiy mZfpay;G Public nfhlepiy mZfpay;G Private int main( ) int main( )
{ mystud MS; { mystud MS;
register.MS( ); MS. register( ); void MyWork() //Function 3
MS.display( ); MS.display( ); {cout<<“Attempting Questions//<<endl;}
} } };
2 epuypd; ,af;f Neuj;jpy; xU nghUis vt;thW njhlq;fp itg;gJ vd;gif i nghUs;Nehf;F epuyhf;f Kiwapd;gb> nraw;$W-1 vd;gJ vijf;
xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; vOJf. Fwpf;fpwJ> vg;nghOJ mJ miof;f / ,af;fg;gLfpwJ?
,aq;F Neuj;jpy; njhlf;f kjpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ ,aq;F
epiyapy; njhlq;Fjy; vdg;gLk;  nraw;$W-1 ~TestMeOut( ) vd;gJ mopg;gp nraw;$W MFk;. ,J
nghUspd; gad;ghL KbTf;F tUk;NghJ jhdfNt ,af;fg;gLk;
v.fh:
ii nghUs;Nehf;F epuyhf;f Kiwapd;gb> nraw;$W-2 vd;gJ vijf;
#include<iostream> Fwpf;fpwJ> vg;nghOJ mJ ,af;f / miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
 nraw;$W-2 TestMeOut( ) vd;gJ Mf;fp nraw;$W MFk;. ,J
class X
,e;j ,df;FOtpw;fhd nghUis cUthf;Fk;NghJ jhdfNt
{
,af;fg;gLk;
int num;
public:
X(int n) ngU tpdhf;fs;:
{
num=n; 1 Mf;fp> mopg;gp - NtWghL jUf.
} Mf;fp mopg;gp
};
int main( ) Mf;fpapd; ngah; ,df;FOtpd; mopg;gpad; ngauhdJ ~ vd;w
{ ngahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; Kd;ndhl;Lld; ,df;FOtpd;
int n; ngaiuf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
cout<<”Enter a value : ”; ve;j kjpg;igAk; jpUg;gp mDg;ghJ ve;j kjpg;igAk; jpUg;gp mDg;ghJ
cin>>n; msGUf;fspd; gl;baiy msGUf;fis Vw;fhJ
X x(n); nfhz;bUf;Fk;
return 0; Mf;fp nraw;$W> gzp kpFf;fg;gl mopg;gp gzpkpFf;fg;gl KbahJ.
} KbAk; mjhtJ Xh; ,df;FOtpy; Xh;
3 public mZFKiwapy; Mf;fpfs;> mopg;gpfs; mwptpg;gpdhy; tpisAk; mopg;gp kl;LNk ,Uf;f KbAk;.
ed;ikfs; ahit? jUtpf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; jUtpf;f KbahJ
public mZFKiwapy; Mf;fpfs;> mopg;gpfs; tiuaWf;f ghpe;Jiuf;fg; jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO mbg;gil
gLfpwJ. Vndd;why; ve;j nraw;$wpYk; nghUis cUthf;f KbAk; ,df;FOtpd; Mf;fpia miof;f
KbAk;
4 fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s C++ epuiyf; nfhz;L (i) & (ii) tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfisj; jUf. gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; Mf;fp ,y;yhj gadh; mopg;gpia tiuaWf;fhj
class TestMeOut NghJ epuy;ngah;g;gp Xh; Mf;fpia NghJ epuy;ngah;g;gp Xh; mopg;gpia
{ cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;. epuy;ngah;g;gp cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;
cUthf;Fk; Mf;fp Public cWg;G
public:
nraw;$whFk;
~TestMeOut() //Function 1
,df;FOtpd; nghUs; ,df;FOtpd; nghUs; KbTf;F
{cout<<“Leaving the examination hall”<<endl;}
cUthf;fg;gLk;NghJ Mf;fp tUk;NghJ mopg;gp jhdhfNt
TestMeOut() //Function 2 jhdhfNt ,af;fg;gLk; ,af;fg;gLk;
{cout<<“Appearing for examination”<<endl;}

2 fPo;fhZk; tiuaWg;GfSld; Resort vd;Dk; Xh; ,df;FOit cout<<"Enter Charge : ";
tiuaWf;fTk; cin>>charge;
private cWg;Gfs; cout<<"Enter no. of days : ";
Rno // miw vz;iz ,Uj;jp itf;Fk; juT cWg;G cin>>days;
}
Name // gadhpd; ngaiu ,Uj;jp itf;Fk; juT cWg;G dispinfo()
Charges // xU ehSf;Fhpa fl;lzj;ij ,Uj;jp itf;Fk; juT cWg;G {
cout<<endl<<"Name : "<<name<<endl;
Days // ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia ,Uj;jp itf;Fk; juT cWg;G cout<<"Room no : "<<Rno<<endl;
Compute( ) // Days * Charges nfhz;L nkhj;j njhifia fzf;fpLk; cout<<"Charge : "<<charge<<endl;
nraw;$W cout<<"No. of days : "<<days<<endl;
// nkhj;j njhif 11000 &gha;f;F Nky; ,Ue;jhy;> nkhj;j njhifiaf; Compute();
fzf;fpl 1.02 * Days * Charges cout<<"Total Bill : "<<tot;
}
Public member: };
getinfor( ) // ngah;> miwvz;> fl;lzk;> ehl;fs; Nghd;w jfty;fis int main()
cs;sPlhfg; ngWk; nraw;$W {
Resort r;
dispinfor( ) // cs;splg;gl;l juTfs; kw;Wk; Compute nraw;$wpidg;
r.getinfo();
gad;gLj;jp fzf;fpl nkhj;j njhifia ntspapLk; nraw;$W
r.dispinfo();
#include<iostream> return 0;
ntspaPL:
using namespace std; }
class Resort 3 fPo;fhZk; epuYf;F ntspaPL vOJf.
Enter Name : Kmar
{ #include<iostream>
Enter Room No : 102 ntspaPL:
private: using namespace std;
Enter Charge : 5000 Constructor
int Rno; class student
Enter no. of days : 2 Name: Bharathi
char name[50]; {
float charge; Roll no : 14
Name : Kumar int rno, marks;
int days; Marks : 100
Room No : 102 public:
float tot; Back to Main
Charges : 5000 student(int r,int m)
Compute() {
No. of days : 2
{ cout<<"Constructor "<<endl;
Total Bill : 10000
tot=days*charge; rno=r; marks=m;
if(tot>11000) }
tot=1.02*days*charge; void printdet()
} {
public: marks=marks+30;
getinfo() cout<<"Name: Bharathi"<<endl;
{ cout<<"Roll no : "<<rno<<"\n";
cout<<"Enter Name : "; cout<<"Marks : "<<marks<<endl;
cin>>name; }
cout<<"Enter Room No : "; };
cin>>Rno;
int main() ii xU cWg;Gr; nraw;$W xU nghUisj; jpUg;gpaDg;Gk; NghJ.
{ v.fh: Simple getdata( )
student s(14,70); iii xU nghUis Fwpg;G tifahf ,df;FOtpd; rhd;WUf;F mDg;gp
s.printdet();
itf;fg;gLk;NghJ. v.fh: Simple S1, S2(S1);
cout<< "Back to Main";
return 0;
} $Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (rpW tpdhf;fs;):
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;): 1 C++-y; ,df;FO mZfpay;G tiuaWg;gpfs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
❖ Private: mZfpay;Gld; $ba ,df;FO cWg;Gfis ,df;FOtpw;F
ntspapy; ,Ue;J mZf KbahJ
1 ,df;FOtpd; nghJtbtj;ij vOJf. vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
nghJtbtk;: v.fh: ❖ Public: mZfpay;Gld; $ba ,df;FO cWg;Gfis ,df;FOtpw;F
ntspapy; ,Ue;Jk; mZf KbAk;.
class class_name class student
{ ❖ Protected: Private mZfpay;G NghyNt nray;gLk;. Mdhy; me;j
{ ,df;FOit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jUtpf;fg;gl;l
private:
private: ,df;FOtpw;Fs;Sk; mZf KbAk;
char name[10];
juT cWg;Gfs; mwptpg;G; int r_no;
nraw;$Wfs; mwptpg;G; protected: gapw;rp
void accept( );
protected:
public: 1 gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jp Employee ,df;FOit tiuaWf;fTk;
juT cWg;Gfs; mwptpg;G; void display( ); Employee-,df;FOtpd; private cWg;Gfs;
nraw;$Wfs; mwptpg;G; }; empno – integer
public: ename – 20 characters
juT cWg;Gfs; mwptpg;G; basci – float
netpay, hra, da – float
nraw;$Wfs; mwptpg;G; calculate( ) – basic + hra + da – itf; fz;Lgpbj;J float kjpg;igj; jpUg;gp
}; mDg;Gk; nraw;$W
2 ,df;FOtpd; nghUshdJ ve;j Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ? employee - ,df;FOtpd; public nraw;$Wfs;
,df;FOtpd; nghUshd ,uz;L Kiwfspy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. havedata( ) – (empno, ename, basic, hra, da) cs;sPlhfg;ngw;W netpay
i KOjshtpa nghUs;: ,df;FO mwptpg;G Kbe;jgpd; mwptpf;fg;gLk;. fzf;fpl calculate( ) nraw;$w;iw miof;Fk; xU nraw;$W
epuypy; cs;s midj;J nraw;$WfSk; mg;nghUis gad;gLj;jpf; dispdata( ) – midj;J juT cWg;GfisAk; jpiuapy; ntspapLtjw;fhd
nfhs;s KbAk; nraw;$W
ii cs;sik nghUs;: nraw;$wpDs; mwptpf;fg;gLk;. nraw;$Wf;F
ntspapy; ,Ue;J mZf KbahJ #include<iostream>
3 efy; Mf;fp ve;j R+oy;fspy; ,af;fg;gLk;? class Employee
i Xh; cWg;Gr; nraw;$wpDf;F xU nghUis msGUthf mDg;gp {
itf;Fk; NghJ. v.fh: void simple :: putdata(sime x); private:
int empno;

char ename[20];
float basic, netpay, hra, da;
float calculate()
{
netpay=basic+hra+da;
return netpay;
}
public:
havedata()
{
cout<<"Enter Employee No : ";
cin>>empno;
cout<<"Enter Employee Name : ";
cin>>ename;
cout<<"Enter Basic, HRA and DA : ";
cin>>basic>>hra>>da;
}
dispdata()
{
cout<<"Employee No : "<<empno<<endl;
cout<<"Employee Name : "<<ename<<endl;
cout<<"Basic \t HRA \t DA \t Netpay"<<endl;
cout<<basic<<'\t'<<hra<<'\t'<<da<<'\t'<<calculate();
}
ntspaPL:
};
int main()
Enter Empoyee No : 102
{
Enter Employee Name : Kumar
Employee e;
Enter Basic, HRA and DA : 5000 350 1200
e.havedata();
Employee No : 102
e.dispdata();
Employee Name : Kumar
return 0;
Basic HRA DA NetPay
}
5000 350 1200 6550

15. gy;YUthf;fk; myF IV – nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f nkhop
15. gy;YUthf;fk; xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:
❖ gzpkpFg;G vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nraw;$Wfs; xNu

rhpahd tpilia Njh;T nra;aTk; ngaiu gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ
❖ gzpkpFg;G gy;YUthf;fj;ij eilKiwgLj;JfpwJ
1 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ nraw;$WfSf;F NtWgl;l nghUs; cs;sij ❖ kpfr; rpwe;j nraw;$W my;yJ nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G Njh;e;njLg;G
Fwpf;fpwJ? Kiwia gzpkpFg;G jPhkhdk; vd;fpNwhk;
(m) nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G (M) cWg;G gzpkpFg;G ❖ xU nraw;Fwpf;F Gjpa nghUis toq;Fk; nray;El;gNk nraw;Fwp
(,) nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G (<) nraw;ghL gzpkpFg;G gzpkpFg;G
❖ nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;gpw;F operator vd;Dk; rpwg;G nrhy; gad;gLj;j
2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;> vJ epuypd; xg;gPLfspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwf;fpwJ?
Ntz;Lk;
(m) nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G (M) nraw;ghL gzpkpFg;G
❖ gzpkpFf;f Kbahj nraw;Fwpfs;: ::, sizeof, ., *, ?:
(,) nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G (<) cWg;G gzpkpFg;G
❖ gzpkpFg;gpd; %yk; Gjpa nraw;Fwpfis cUthf;f KbahJ
3 $ vd;w FwpaPl;il 10 Kiw ntspapl fPo;fhZk; epuypy; dispchar( ) vd;w
❖ ,Uk nraw;Fwpfis gzpkpFf;Fk;NghJ> mr;nraw;Fwpapd; ,lg;gf;fk;
nraw;$iw vt;thW miog;gha;?
mikAk; nghUs;> mJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd; nghUshf
void dispchar(char ch=’$’, int size=10) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
{
for(int i=1;i<=size;i++) ❖ Mf;fpia gzpkpFf;f KbAk;
cout<<ch; ❖ mopg;gpia gzpkpFf;f KbahJ
} vz;zpf;if
(m) dispchar(); (M) dispchar(ch,size); gy;YUthf;fk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; Kiwfs; 2 1. nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G
(,) dispchar($,10); (<) dispchar(‘$’,10 times); 2. nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G
4 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G rhh;e;j ve;j $w;W rhp fpilahJ?
(m) gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;$Wfs; Kd;tbtpy; NtWgl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(M) nraw;$W gzpkpFg;gpd; NghJ jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdKk; fUj;jpy; FWtpdhf;fs;:
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
(,) gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;$wpd; Kd;dpay;G msGUf;fs; 1 nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G vd;why; vd;d?
gzpkpFf;fg;gLk;NghJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy nra;jp my;yJ jutpid xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tbtq;fspy; nrayhf;fty;y
nraw;$wpd; jpwidNa nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G vd;fpNwhk;
(<) mopg;gp nraw;$Wfs; gzpkpFf;fg;gl KbahJ
(my;yJ)
5 gpd;tUtdtw;ws; vJ gpioahd nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G Kd;tbthFk;?
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nraw;$Wfs; xNu ngaiug; gfph;e;J
(m) void fun(int x); (M) void fun (int x);
nfhz;L NtWgl;l msGUf;fis nfhz;bUg;gJ nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G.
void fun(char ch); void fun(int y);
2 gzpkpFf;f Kbahj nraw;Fwpfisg; gl;baypLf
(,) void fun(double d); (<) void fun (double d);
❖ tiunay;iy nraw;Fwp (::)
void fun(char ch); void fun (int y);
❖ sizeof nraw;Fwp
❖ cWg;G Njh;tp ( . )
❖ cWg;G Rl;ly; Njh;tp ( * )
❖ Kk;k nraw;Fwp ( ?: )

3 class add{int x; public: add(int) }; ,df;FOtpd; ntspNa Mf;fp v.fh:
tiuaWg;ig vOJf. void print(int i); // nraw;$W 1
class add void print(char c); // nraw;$W 2
{ int main( )
int x; {
public: print(10);
add(int) }
};
add :: add(int a) Nkw;fz;l vLj;Jf;fhl;by; print(10); vd;gJ nraw;$W 1-ia miof;Fk;
{ 3 nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G vd;why; vd;d? gzpkpFg;G nra;af;$ba
x = a; nraw;FwpfSs; rpytw;iw $W
} ❖ xU nraw;Fwpf;F Gjpa nghUis toq;Fk; nray;El;gNk nraw;Fwp
4 xU nraw;$wpd; jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdk; nraw;$W gzpkpFg;gpw;F gzpkpFg;G vdg;gLk;
cjTkh? ❖ gzpkpFg;G nra;af;$ba nraw;Fwpfs;: +, ++, -, - -, +=, -=, *, <, >
cjthJ 4 Mf;fpia gzpkpFj;jyhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
5 xU nraw;$wpidg; gzpkpFj;jyhy; gad; ahJ? ❖ Xh; ,df;FOtpw;F> gy;NtW tifahd nghUs;fis cUthf;f Mf;fp
❖ gy;YUthf;fj;ij eilKiwgLj;JfpwJ gzpkpFg;G top tif nra;fpwJ
❖ xg;gPLfspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;J> epuy; Ntfkhf nray;gl ❖ ntt;NtW msGUf;fis nfhz;l xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUs;fis
cjTfpwJ cUthf;Fk; NghJ> ntt;NtW njhlf;f kjpg;Gfis toq;f top tif
❖ epuyh;> mjpf nraw;$w;wpd; ngah;fis epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;tij nra;fpwJ
jtph;f;fpwJ 5 class sale{int cost, discount; public: sale(sale &s)}; Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;$wpDf;F
xU inline my;yhj tiuaWj;jiy vOJ.
sale :: sale(sale &s)
rpW tpdhf;fs;: {
cost=s.cost;
1 nraw;$W gzpkpFg;ggpw;fhd tpjpKiwfs; ahit? discount=s.discount;
i gzpkpFj;j nraw;$Wfs; Kiwahd msGUf;fspd; }
vz;zpf;ifapNyh> my;yJ mtw;wpd; juT ,dq;fspNyh
NtWgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
ii jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdk; xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy ngUtpdhf;fs;:
iii gzpkpFj;j nraw;$Wfspd; Kd;dpay;G nraYUGfis
msGUf;fspd; gl;baypy; xU gFjpahf C++ epuy; ngah;g;gp fUjpf; 1 nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;gpw;fhd tpjpKiwfs; ahit?
nfhs;shJ. i xU nraw;Fwpapd; Kd;Dhpikia> jpirKfj;ij khw;w ,ayhJ
2 gy nraw;$Wfs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> epuy; ngah;g;gp mtw;Ws; ve;j ii Gjpa nraw;Fwpfis cUthf;f KbahJ. Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk;
nraw;$wpid nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vg;gb jPh;khdpf;Fk;? v.fh nraw;Fwpfis kl;LNk gzpkpFf;f KbAk;
jUf. iii xU nraw;Fwpapd; mbg;gil nray; Kiwia kWtiuaiw nra;a
gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;$wpid miof;Fk; NghJ> epuy; ngah;g;gp kpfr; KbahJ.
rhpahd tiuaWg;ig> miof;fg;gl;l nraw;$wpd; msGUf;fspd;
tifNahL tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nraw;$wpd; nraYUGfspd; tifia xg;gpl;L iv gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;Fwpfs; Kd;dpay;G nraYUGfisf;
jPh;khdpf;Fk;. nfhz;bUf;fhJ

v ,Uk nraw;Fwpfis gzpkpFf;Fk; NghJ> mr;nraw;Fwpapd; Book b; //nraw;$W 1-ia miof;Fk;
,lg;gf;fk; mikAk; nghUs;> mJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,df;FOtpd; display(12.34); //nraw;$W 2-ia miof;Fk;
nghUshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
(v) nraw;$W 4 f;fhd tiuaiwia vOJf.
2 gpd;tUk; ,df;FO epuiyg; gbj;Jg; ghh;j;J> (i) Kjy; (v) tiuapyhd
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp Book(int SC, char s[ ], flot F)
class Book {
{ BookCode=SC;
int BookCode ; char Bookname[20];float fees; stcpy(Bookname,s);
public: fees=F;
Book( ) //nraw;$W 1 }
{
3 gpd;tUk; epuYf;fhd ntspaPl;il vOJf.
fees=1000;
BookCode=1; #include<iostream>
strcpy (Bookname,"C++"); using namespace std;
} class Seminar
void display(float C) //nraw;$W 2 {
{ int Time;
cout<<BookCode<<":"<<Bookname<<":"<<fees<<endl; public:
} Seminar( ) ntspaPL:
~Book( ) //nraw;$W 3 { Seminar starts now
{ Welcome to Seminar
Time=30;
cout<<"End of Book Object"<<endl; Recap of Previous Seminar Content
cout<<"Seminar starts now"<<endl;
} Lectures in the seminar on
}
Book (intSC,char S[ ],float F) ; //nraw;$W 4 void Lecture()
Vote of thanks
}; Vote of thanks
{ Vote of thanks
(i) Nkw;$wpa epuypy;> nraw;$W 1 kw;Wk; nraw;$W 4 vd;w nraw;$Wfis cout<<"Lectures in the seminar on"<<endl;
xd;W Nrh;j;J vt;thW Fwpg;gplyhk;? }
Mf;fp gzpkpFg;G Seminar(int Duration)
(ii) nraw;$W 3 ve;j fUj;JUf;fis tpsf;FfpwJ? ,e;j nraw;$W {
vg;nghOJ miof;fg;gLk;/nray;gLj;jg;gLk; Time=Duration;cout<<"Welcome to Seminar "<<endl;
}
nraw;$W 3 xU mopg;gp nraw;$W MFk;. ,J epuy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
,df;FO nghUspd; gad;ghL KbTf;F tUk; NghJ miof;fg;gLk; Seminar(Seminar &D)
{
(iii) nraw;$W 3 gad; ahJ? Time=D.Time;cout<<"Recap of Previous Seminar Content "<<endl;
Mf;fpahy; nghUSf;nfd xJf;fg;gLk; epidtfg; gFjpia tpLtpf;Fk; }
(iv) nraw;$W 1 kw;Wk; nraw;$W 2 Mfpa nraw;$Wfis miof;Fk; ~Seminar()
$w;Wfis main( ) nraw;$wpy; vOJf. {
cout<<"Vote of thanks"<<endl;
int main( )
}
{ };

int main() (i) epuypd; ,Wjp tiu ePbj;jpUf;Fk; nghUs;fis $W.
{ ob, ob1
Seminar s1,s2(2),s3(s2);
(ii) epuypd; ,af;fj;jpw;fpilNa mope;J tpLk; nghUis $W
s1.Lecture();
return 0; void comp::operator= =(comp ob) vd;w nraw;$wpy; cs;s ob vd;w nghUs;
} (iii) gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;Fwp kw;Wk; mjid miof;f gad;gLk;
$w;wpid vOJf.
gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;Fwp = =
4 gpd;tUk; epuypd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp.
#include<iostream> mjid miof;Fk; $w;W ob = = ob1;
#include<string.h> (iv) gzpkpFg;G nra;ag;gl;l cWg;G nraw;$wpd; Kd;tbit vOJf.
class comp void operator = = (comp);
{ (v) gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;Fwpf;F ve;j tifahd nraNyw;gpfs;
public: gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd?
chars[10]; gzpkpFf;fg;gl;l nraw;Fwpf;F> ,df;FOthy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;
void getstring(char str[10]) nraNyw;gpfshf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd
{
strcpy(s,str); (vi) ve;j Mf;fp nray;gLj;jg;gLk;? epuypd; ntspaPl;il vOJf.
} ,df;FOtpy; ve;j Mf;fpAk; tiuaWf;fg;glhjjhy;> jhdikT Mf;fp
void operator==(comp); nray;gLj;jg;gLk;
}; ntspaPL 1: ntspaPL 2:
void comp::operator==(comp ob)
{ Enter First String: India Enter First String: India
if(strcmp(s,ob.s)==0) Enter Second String: Tamilnadu Enter Second String: India
cout<<"\nStrings are Equal"; Strings are not equal Strings are equal
else
cout<<"\nStrings are not Equal";
}
int main()
{
comp ob, ob1;
char string1[10], string2[10];
cout<<"Enter First String:";
cin>>string1;ob.getstring(string1);
cout<<"\nEnter Second String:";
cin>>string2;
ob1.getstring(string2);
ob==ob1;
return 0;
}

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (FW tpdhf;fs;): #include<iostream>
1 nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G vd;why; vd;d? class deposit
xU nraw;Fwpf;F Gjpa nghUis toq;Fk; nray;El;gNk nraw;Fwp {
gzpkpFg;G vdg;gLk; private:
float amount; ntspaPL:
public: Balance in the Account is 1200
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; (ngU tpdhf;fs;): deposit()
{
1 nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G vd;why; vd;d? nraw;$W gzpkpFg;gpw;fhd amount=500;
tpjpKiwfs; ahit? }
nra;jp my;yJ jutpid xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tbtq;fspy; nrayhf;fty;y void depAmount(float a)
nraw;$wpd; jpwidNa nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G vd;fpNwhk; {
tpjpKiwfs;: amount+=a;
}
 gzpkpFj;j nraw;$Wfs; Kiwahd msGUf;fspd; void dispAmount()
vz;zpf;ifapNyh> my;yJ mtw;wpd; juT ,dq;fspNyh {
NtWgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; cout<<"Balance in the Account is "<<amount;
 jpUg;gp mDg;Gk; jutpdk; xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy }
 gzpkpFj;j nraw;$Wfspd; Kd;dpay;G nraYUGfis };
msGUf;fspd; gl;baypy; xU gFjpahf C++ epuy; ngah;g;gp fUjpf; int main()
nfhs;shJ. {
deposit d;
d.depAmount(700);
d.dispAmount();
Ma;twpf;if return 0;
}
1 njhlf;fj;jpy; cd; rpWNrkpg;gpy; njhif &.500 cs;sJ vd;W
itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. mjpy; NkYk; rpy njhifapid Nrkpf;f tpUk;Gfpwha;>
njhlf;f kjpg;G &.500 nfhz;l amount vd;Dk; juT cWg;igf; nfhz;L
deposit vd;w ,df;FOit cUthf;F. mjpy;> gpd;tUk; %d;W Mf;fpfis
tiuaWf;fTk;
i msGUf;fs; ,y;yhky; - (ve;j njhifAk; rpW Nrkpg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl
khl;lhJ)
ii Nrkpg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l Ntz;ba njhifapid nfhz;l msGUf;fs;
iii xt;nthU KiwAk; njhifia Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ mjw;F rkkhd
njhifAk; jhkhfNt Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
Deposit ,df;FOtpw;F xU nghUis cUthf;fp> Nrkpg;gpy; cs;s nkhj;j
njhifapid ntspapL.

16. kuGhpkk; myF IV – nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;f nkhop
(<) mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;Gfs;> ,df;FOtpw;F ntspNa
16. kuGhpkk; kuGtop ngwg;gLk;. Mdhy; mZf KbahJ
9 gpd;tUk; ,df;FO mwptpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;> fPo;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilasp. (10 ypUe;J 14 tiu)
rhpahd tpilia Njh;T nra;aTk;: class vehicle
{
1 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Vw;fdNt cs;s ,df;FOtpd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa int wheels;
,df;FOit jUtpf;Fk; KiwahFk;? public:
(m) gy;YUthf;fk; (M) kuGhpkk; void input_data(float, float);
(,) ciw nghjpahf;fk; (<) kP - ,df;FO void output_data( );
protected:
2 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ school vd;w mbg;gil ,df;FOtpypUe;J student
int passenger;
vd;w ,df;FOit jUtpf;Fk;?
};
(m) school : student (M) class student : public school
class heavy_vehicle : protected vehicle
(,) student : public school (<) class school : public student {
3 khwf; $ba jd;ikia gpujpgypf;Fk; kuGhpk tif int diesel_petrol;
(m) xUtop kuGhpkk; (M) gytop kuGhpkk; protected:
(,) gyepiy kuGhpkk; (<) fyg;G kuGhpkk; int load;
4 mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; gz;Gfis jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpy; kl;Lk; public:
fpilf;fg; ngw;W> Mdhy; jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df; FOit mbg;gilahff; void read_data(float, float)
nfhz;L jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FOtpy; fpilf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;f ve;j void write_data( );
fhz;Gepiy ghq;fpidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;? };
(m) private (M) public (,) protected (<) ,itaidj;Jk; class bus : private heavy_vehilce
{
5 kuGhpkk; nray;Kiwapy; Gjpa ,df;FO vjpypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ? char Ticket[20];
(m) mbg;gil ,df;FO (M) mUtkhf;fk; public:
(,) jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO (<) nraw;$W void fetch_data(char);
6 jUtpf;fg;gl;l Xh; ,df;FOit mbg;gilahhf nfhz;L ,d;ndhU void display_data( );
jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOit cUthf;FtJ };
(m) gytop kuGhpkk; (M) gyepiy kuGhpkk; 10 heavy_vehicle vd;Dk; ,df;FOtpd; mbg;gil ,df;FOit Fwpg;gpLf.
(,) xUtop kuGhpkk; (<) ,ul;il kuGhpkk; (m) bus (M) heavy_vehicle (,) vehicle (<) (m) kw;Wk; (,)
7 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ kuGhpkk; ngw;w thpirapy; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ? 11 display_data( ) vd;Dk; nraw;$W %yk; mZf Kbfpw juT cWg;Gfis
(m) mopg;gp (M) cWg;G nraw;$W (,) Mf;fp (<) nghUs; Fwpg;gpLf
8 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ kuGhpkk; rhh;e;j rhpahd $w;W? (m) passenger (M) load (,) Ticket (<) all of these
(m) private mZfpay;G nfhz;l jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO mbg;gil
12 bus ,df;FOtpd; nghUs;> mZf $ba juT cWg;G nraw;$Wfis
,df;FOtpd; private cWg;Gfis kuGtop ngWfpwJ
Fwpg;gpLf.
(M) private mZfpay;G nfhz;l jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO mbg;gil (m) input_data( ) , output_data( ) (M) read_data( ), write_data( )
,df;FOtpd; private cWg;Gfis kuGtop ngwhJ
(,) mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; public cWg;Gfs;> jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpy; (,) fetch_data( ), display_data( ) (<) all of these
kuGtop ngwg;gLk;. Mdhy; mZf KbahJ

13 bus ,df;FOtpy; public fhz;GepiyAld; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l cWg;G vz;zpf;if
nraw;$W ahJ? kuGhpkj;jpd; tifffs; 5 1. xUtop
(m) input_data( ) , output_data( ) (M) read_data( ), write_data( ) 2. gygop
(,) fetch_data( ), display_data( ) (<) None of these 3. gbKiw
14 heavy_vehicle ,df;FOtpd; nghUs;fshy; mZff;$ba cWg;G nraw;$W 4. gyepiy
ahJ? 5. fyg;G
(m) void input_data(int, int) (M) void output_dat( ) mZfpay;G (m) 3 1. private
fhz;Gepiy ghq;F 2. protected
(,) void read_data(int, int) (<) both (m) &(M)
3. public
FWtpdhf;fs;
❖ nghUs;Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gz;G$Wfspy; kuGhpkk;
xd;whFk;. 1 kuGhpkk; vd;why; vd;d?
❖ mbg;gil ,df;FO kP ,df;FO vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; kuGhpkk; vd;gJ Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; ,df;FOtpd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa
,df;FOf;fis jUtpf;Fk; nray;Kiw MFk;
❖ kuGhpkk;> epuy; FwpKiwapd; kW gadhf;fj;jpw;F top nra;fpwJ.
❖ jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOf;fs; rf;jpkpf;fit 2 mbg;gil ,df;FO vd;why; vd;d?
jUtpg;gjw;F gad;gLk; ,df;FOit mbg;gil ,df;FO my;yJ jha;
❖ jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO mbg;gil ,df;FOit ,lkpUe;J tyk;
,df;FO vd;fpNwhk;
thpir Kiwapy; kuGhpkj;ij ngw;W nfhs;fpwJ
❖ private cWg;Gfs; jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FOtpy; kuGhpikahf 3 jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO Vd; rf;jp tha;e;j ,df;FO vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ?
ngwg;gLtjpy;iy jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOf;fs; rf;jpkpf;fit. ,J $Ljy;
gz;Gf;$WfisAk;> nray;KiwfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L nray;jpwid
❖ gyepiy kuGhpkk;> kuGhpkj;jpd; khWk; ,ay;Gila gz;Gfis
mjpfhpf;f nra;fpwJ
gpujpgypf;Fk;
❖ gyepiy kuGhpkk;> Kd;Ndhh;> jha;> Nra; cwTKiw Nghd;W mikAk; 4 gy mbg;gil ,df;FOf;fs; nfhz;l gyepiy kw;Wk; gytop kuGhpkk; ve;j
tifapy; NtWgLfpwJ?
❖ Xh; ,df;FO ve;j mwptpg;GfSk; ,y;yhky; tiuaWf;Fk; NghJ 1 igl;
i gyepiy kuGhpkk;: kuGhpkj;jpd; khWk; ,ay;Gila gz;Gfs; ,e;j tif
msTs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;
kuGhpkj;jpy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. Xh; ,df;FO jUtpf;fg;gl;l
❖ Mf;fpfs; kuGhpkk; ngw;w ,df;FOf;fspd; thpirapy; ,df;FOit nfhz;L jUtpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ gyepiy kughpkk;
,af;fg;gLfpd;wd. mopg;gpfs; jiyfPo; thpirapy; ,af;fg;gLk;
ii gytop kuGhpkk;: gy mbg;gil ,df;FOf;fspypUe;J jUtpf;fg;gl;l
❖ jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd; msT = midj;J mbg;gil
,df;FOit cUthf;FtJ gy top kughpkk;
,df;FOtpd; juT cWg;Gfspd; msT + jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpy;
cs;s midj;J juT cWg;Gfspd; msT 5 public kw;Wk; private fhz;G epiy ghq;F NtWghL jUf.
❖ jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd; cWg;G nraw;$wpDf;F mbg;gil i private: mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; public kw;Wk; protected cWg;Gfs;
,df;FOtpd; cWg;G nraw;$wpid fhl;bYk; mjpf Kd;Dhpik jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FOtpd; private cWg;Gfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
cs;sJ. ii public: mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;Gfs; jUtpf;fg;gl;l
,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;GfshfTk;> public cWg;Gfs; public
cWg;GfshfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

rpW tpdhf;fs;: nghUis cUthf;Fk;NghJ> mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; Mf;fpfs;
jhkhfNt miof;fg;gLk;
1 Xh; ,df;FOit jUtpf;Fk;NghJ> ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait ahit? ii mopg;gpfs; Kd;gpd; thpirapy; miof;fg;gLk;. jUtpf;fg;gl;l
i class vd;Dk; rpwg;Gr; nrhy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; ,df;FOtpd; mopg;gpfs; Kjypy; ,af;fg;gl;L> gpd; mbg;gil
ii class vd;w nrhy;iy mLj;J> jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FOtpd; ngah; ,lk; ,df;FOtpd; mopg;gpfs; miof;fg;gLk;
ngw Ntz;Lk;
iii xw;iw Kf;fhw;Gs;sp (:) ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk; ngUtpdhf;fs;:
iv private, protected my;yJ public Mfpatw;Ws; vj;jifa mZfpay;Gld;
jUtpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. 1 kuGhpkj;jpd; gy;NtW tiffis tpthp.
1. xUtop kuGhpkk; 2. gy top kughpkk;
v mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; ngah;
xU mbg;gil ,df;FOtpypUe;J xH; ,df;FO gy mbg;gil
2 private fhz;Gepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; cWg;GfSf;Fk;, public fhz;Gepiyapy; kl;Lk; jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FO ,df;FOtpypUe;J
,Uf;Fk; cWg;GfSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahit? xUtop kuGhpkk; vdg;gLk; jUtpf;fg;gLkhapd; mJ gyepiy
i private: mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; public kw;Wk; protected cWg;Gfs; kuGhpkk; vdg;gLk;
jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FOtpd; private cWg;Gfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
ii public: mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;Gfs; jUtpf;fg;gl;l
,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;GfshfTk;> public cWg;Gfs; public
cWg;GfshfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
3 epuy; Kiwapd; kWgadhf;fj;jpw;F cjTfpd;w gy;YUthf;fj;jpw;Fk;
kuGhpkj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit? 3. gyepiy kuGhpkk; 4. gbKiw kuGhpkk;
i gy;YUthf;fk;: jUtpf;fg;gl;l Xh; ,df;FOit xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,df;FOf;fs;
 nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G: xNu ngahpy; xd;wf;F Nkw;gl;l mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xNu xU mbg;gil
nraw;$Wfis cUthf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ ,d;ndhU jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpypUe;J jUtpf;fg;gl;lhy;>
,df;FOit cUthf;FtJ mJ gbKiw kuGhpkk;.
 nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G: xU nraw;FwpfSf;F Gjpa nghUis
gyepiy kuGhpkk;
toq;FfpwJ
MFk;. kuGhpkj;jpd;
ii kughpkk;: khwf;$ba jd;ik
 jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd; nray;jpwid mjpfhpf;fpwJ ,jpy; gpujpgypf;Fk;
 juT kiwg;ig nray;gLj;JfpwJ
4 Nkyply; vd;why; vd;d?
jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd; cWg;G nraw;$Wk;> mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd;
cWg;G nraw;$Wk; xNu ngaiu ngw;wpUe;jhy;> jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd;
cWg;G nraw;$Wfs; mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; kuGtop ngwg;gl;l
nraw;$Wfis epoypLk;/kiwf;Fk;. ,ij nraw;$W Nkyply; vd;fpNwhk;.
,e;j rpf;fiy jPh;f;f mbg;gil ,df;FO ngah; mLj;J :: kw;Wk; cWg;G
nraw;$W ngah; vd Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;
5 kuGhpkj;jpy; ,af;fg;gLk; Mf;fpfs; kw;Wk; mopg;gpfs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G
tiuf.
i mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; Mf;fpfs; kw;Wk; mopg;gpfs; kuGtopahf
ngwg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpw;F xU

5. fyg;G kuGhpkk; 3 gpd;tUk; C+ epuy; FwpKiwf; nfhz;L> fPo;fhZk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l kuGhpk class Personal 3.1 epuy; FwpKiwapy; ve;j tif
tiffisf; nfhz;L { kuGhpkk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ?
cUthf;fg;gl;l kuGhpkk; fyg;G gyepiy kuGhpkk;
kuGhpkk; vdg;gLk; int Class,Rno;
3.2 mbg;gil ,df;FOf;fspd;
char Section; fhz;Gepiy ghq;fpid Fwpg;gpLf.
protected: Private
char Name[20]; 3.3 Result ,df;FOtpw;F nghUs;
cUthf;fg;gLk;NghJ> Mf;fp> mopg;gp
public:
,af;fg;gLk; thpirKiwia vOJf.
2 gy;NtW fhz;Gepiy ghq;fpid tiuglj;ij nfhz;L tpsf;Ff. personal(); Mf;fp ,af;fg;gLk; thpir: Personal( ),
i. private fhz;Gepiy ghq;F: mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; public kw;Wk; protected
void pentry(); Mark( ), Result( )
cWg;Gfs; jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FOtpd; private cWg;Gfshff;
mopg;gp ,af;fg;gLk; thpir: Result( ),
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. voidPdisplay();
Mark( ), Personal( )
mbg;gil ,df;FO jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO };
3.4 mbg;gil ,df;FO(fs;) kw;Wk;
private cWg;Gfs; private cWg;Gfs; class Marks:private Personal jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO(fs;)
protected cWg;Gfs; protected cWg;Gfs; { ngah;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
public cWg;Gfs; public cWg;Gfs; float M[5]; mbg;gil ,df;FOf;fs;: Personal, Mark
ii. protected fhz;Gepiy ghq;F: mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; public kw;Wk; protected: jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOf;fs;: Mark,
protected cWg;Gfs; jUtpf;fg;gLk; ,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;Gfshff; char Grade[5]; Result
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. 3.5 gpd;tUk; ,df;FOf;fspd; nghUs;
public:
mbg;gil ,df;FO jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO vj;jid igl;Lfs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;?
Marks(); (a) Personal - 29 Byte
private cWg;Gfs; private cWg;Gfs;
void Mentry(); (b) Mark – 54 Byte
protected cWg;Gfs; protected cWg;Gfs; (c) Result – 83 Byte
void Mdisplay();
public cWg;Gfs; public cWg;Gfs; 3.6 Result ,df;FOtpd; nghUshy;
};
iii. public fhz;Gepiy ghq;F: mbg;gil ,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;Gfs; mZff;$ba juT cWg;Gfspd;
class Result:public Marks ngah;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd; protected cWg;GfshfTk;> public cWg;Gfs;
public cWg;GfshfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. { FinalGrade, Commence
mbg;gil ,df;FO jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FO float Total,Agg; 3.7 Result ,df;FOtpd; nghUshy;
private cWg;Gfs; private cWg;Gfs; public: mZff;$ba cWg;G nraw;$Wfspd;
ngah;fis Fwpg;gpLf
protected cWg;Gfs; protected cWg;Gfs; char FinalGrade, Commence[20];
Mark( ), M_entry( ), M_display( ) Result( ),
public cWg;Gfs; public cWg;Gfs; Result(); R_calculate( ), R_display( )
void Rcalculate(); 3.8 Result ,df;FOtpd; cWg;G
void Rdisplay(); nraw;$Wfs; mZff;$ba juT
cWg;Gfspd; ngah;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
};
Total, Agg, Grade, FinalGrade, Commence

4 fPo;fhZk; epuYf;fhd ntspaPl;il vOJf. cout<<"y = "<<y<<endl;
#include<iostream> }
using namespace std; };
class A int main()
{ {
protected: A objA;
int x; B objB(30, 20);
public: ntspaPL: objB.show();
void show() I am class A return 0;
{ I am class A }
cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl; x = 30 5 fPo;fz;l epuypy; cs;s gpiofis fz;lwpe;J gpiojpUj;jk; nra;f.
} y = 20
A() gpioAs;s epuy;: gpiojpUj;jg;gl;l epuy;:
Bye
{ Bye %include(iostream.h) #include<iostream.h>
cout<<endl<<" I am class A "<<endl; Bye #include<conio.h> #include<conio.h>
} Class A using namespace std;
~A() { class A
{ public; {
cout<<endl<<" Bye "; int a1,a2:a3; public:
} Void getdata[ ] int a1,a2,a3;
}; { void getdata( )
class B : public A
a1=15; {
{
a2=13; a1=15;
protected:
int y; a3=13; a2=14;
public: } a3=13;
B(int x, int y) } }
{ Class B:: public A( ) };
this->x = x; //this -> is used to denote the objects datamember { class B: public A
this->y = y; //this -> is used to denote the objects datamember PUBLIC {
} voidfunc( ) public:
B() { void func( )
{ int b1:b2:b3; {
cout<<endl<<" I am class B "<<endl; A::getdata[]; int b1,b2,b3;
}
b1=a1; getdata( );
~B()
{ b2=a2; b1=a1;
cout<<endl<<" Bye "; a3=a3; b2=a2;
} cout<<b1<<’\t’<<b2<<’t\’<<b3; b3=a3;
void show() } cout<<b1<<’\t’<<b2<<’\t’<<b3;
{ void main( ) }
cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl; { };

B der; int main( )
der1:func( ); {
} B der;
der.func( ); }
1 jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOit tiuaWf;Fk; fl;lis mikg;ig vOJf.

class jUtpf;fg;gl;l_,df;FO_ngah; : mZfpay;G_tiuaWg;gp
mbg;gil_,df;FOtpd; ngah;
{
// jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpd; cWg;Gfs;
};

17. fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ,izag; ghJfhg;G myF V – fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ,izag; ghJfhg;G
xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
17. fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ,izag; ghJfhg;G
❖ ,iza Fw;wk; vd;gJ nry;thf;fhsh; Fw;wkhFk;
❖ gpuhf;]p Nritafq;fs; Nkk;gl;l gjpyspg;G Neuj;jpw;F toptFf;fpwJ
rhpahd tpilia Njh;T nra;aTk; ❖ mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj mZFjiy jLf;f gah;thy;fs;> er;R epuy;> IDS
Mfpait gad;gLfpwJ
1 fPo; fz;ltw;wpy; vJ nray;Kiw> gapw;rp kw;Wk; kjpg;G njhlh;GilaJ? ❖ nkd;nghUs; jpUl;bw;F Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l mZFKiw gfph;khd
(m) chpikapy;yh efyhf;fk; (M) epuy;fs; nkd;nghUs;
(,) er;R epuy;fs; (<) fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp
vz;zpf;if:
2 tzpf epuy;fis nghJ rl;l tpNuhjkhf gad;gLj;JtJ
(m) ,ytr nghUs; (M) Nth;]; nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L 2 1. gjpg;Ghpik ngw;w epuy;fis efnyLj;jy;
2. ,izajsj;jpd; topahf rl;l tpNuhjkhf
(,) ,ytr nkd;nghUs; (<) nkd;nghUs; gjptpwf;Fjy;
3 fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ fzpg;nghwp epuy;fspd; Njitapy;yhky; jhNd
ngUf;fpf; nfhs;sTk; kw;Wk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; nra;Ak;?
(m) er;R epuy; (m) thh;k;]; (,) ];igNth; (<) l;Nuh[d; FWf;fk; tphpthf;fk;
IDS Intrucsion Detection Systems
4 fPo;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ gadh; ,iza jsj;ij ghh;itapLfpwJ?
(m) ];igNth; (M) Ff;fpfs; (,) thh;k;]; (<) l;Nuh[d; MITM Man in the Middle
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
5 fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; vJ jPq;fpiof;Fk; epuy; my;y?
(m) thh;k;]; (M) l;Nuh[d; (,) ];igNth; (<) Ff;fpfs; ICT Information Communication Technology
IRC Internet Relay Chat
6 fzpg;nghwp tiyg;gpd;dy; topahf cs;EioaTk;> ntspNawTk;
rkpf;iQfis fz;fhzpf;fTk; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; tif nra;tJ?
(m) Ff;fp]; (M) er;R epuy; (,) gah;thy; (<) thh;k;]; FWtpdhf;fs;:
7 rpgh; vOj;ij jdp vOj;jhf khw;wk; nra;Ak; Kiw
(m) Fwpahf;fk; (M) kiw Fwpahf;fk; 1 `hh;t];bq; (m) muz; cilj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
(,) er;R epuy;fs; (<) gpuhf;]p Nritafk; rl;ltpNuhjkhf mLj;j gadhpd; gadh; ngah; kw;Wk; flTr;nrhy;iy
Nrfhpj;J gadhpd; fzf;Ffspy; Eioe;J gadiljy;
8 ,-tzpfk; vd;gJ
(m) kpd;dZ tzpfk; (M) kpd;dZ juT khw;wk; 2 thh;]; vd;why; vd;d?
rl;ltpNuhjkhf nghJkf;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$ba nkd;nghUs;fs; thh;];
(,) kpd;rhu juT khw;wk; (<) kpd;dZ tzpfkakhf;f vdg;gLk;
9 Njitaw;w kpd;dQ;fy; mLj;jth;fSf;F gwpkhw;wk; nra;jy; 3 fpuhf;fpq; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G
(m) Coy; (M) ];Ngk;-kpd;dQ;ry; Fg;igfs; epuiy gjpg;gpj;J mij gadUf;F Njitaw;wjhf khw;WtJ fpuhf;fpq;
(,) Nkhrb (<) ];G+ypq; (RUshf;fk;) vdg;gLk;
10 ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhd rl;l mDkjpia nray;gLj;JtJ? 4 ,uz;L tifahd ,izajs jhf;Fjy; gw;wp vOJf.
(m) kpd;dZ juT cs; ghpkhw;wk; (M) kpd;dZ juT ghpkhw;wk; i er;R epuy;: er;R epuy;fs; jd;ikjhNd kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xU
(,) kpd;dZ juT khw;wk; (,) kpd;rhu juT ghpkhw;wk; fzpg;nghwpapypUe;J kw;nwhU fzpg;nghwpf;F gpw Nfhg;GfSld;
,ize;J guTfpwJ. l;Nuh[d; xU er;r epuy; MFk;.

ii thh;k;];: fzpdp epuy;fspd; cjtpapd;wp Rakhf jpUk;g jpUk;g te;J iii khpahij: kw;w gadUf;F cs;s jdp chpikf;F chpa khpahijia
,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. ,it njhlh;e;J ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fp xt;nthU gadUk; nfhLj;jy;
gytPdq;fis fz;Lgpbj;J thh;k;]pd; epuyUf;F njhptpf;fpd;wJ iv njhopy;Kiw: njhopy;Kiwapy; xt;nthU gadUk; njhopy; Kiw
5 Ff;fp vd;why; vd;d? elj;ijAld; ,Uj;jy;
,izaj;ij ghh;itapLk; NghJ> gadhpd; ,iza cytpapy; ,Ue;J v rl;lj;jpw;F fPo;gbjy;: ,iza rl;lj;jpw;F fPo;gbjy;
mDg;gg;gLk; xU rpwpa Jz;L juT> gadhpd; fzpg;nghwp td;tl;by; vi nghWg;G: gadh; nra;Ak; nraYf;F mtNu nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j rpwpa Jz;L juT Ff;fp vdg;gLk;
5 newp Kiw rpf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? ngah;fis vOJf. (m) ed;ndwp
gpur;ridfs; ahit?
rpW tpdhf;fs;: ed;ndwp rpf;fy; vd;gJ> jdp kdpjDf;Nfh my;yJ epWtdj;Jf;Nfh rpf;fy;
cz;lhFk;NghJ rhpahdijNah (ed;ndwp) my;yJ jtwhdijNah
1 igah;thypd; gq;F gw;wp vOJf? (ed;ndwp my;yhjJ) kjpg;gpLtJ
gah;thy; kw;Wk; gjpyhs; Nritafq;fs; vd;gJ fzpg;nghwp tiyaikg;G ed;ndwp gpur;ridfs;:
ghJfhg;gpd; mbg;gil mikg;ghFk;. ,it ghJfhg;G mbg;gilapy;  ,iza Fw;wk;
cs;tUk; kw;Wk; ntspr; nry;Yk; tiyaikg;G Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;wtw;iw
 nkd;nghUs; chpikapy;yh efyhf;fk;
fz;fhzpj;J fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. tiffs;:
 mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj mZFjy;
i ,iza mbg;gilapyhd gah;thy;
ii N\h];l; (Host) mbg;gilapyhd gah;thy;  N`f;fpq;
 fzpg;nghwpia gad;gLj;jp Nkhrb nra;jy;
2 Fwpahf;fk; kw;Wk; kiwahf;fk; gw;wp vOJf.  er;R epuy; %yk; ehrNtiy
Fwpahf;fk;:
 fzpg;nghwp %yk; jtwhd $w;W cUthf;Fjy;
❖ mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l egh;fs; kl;LNk jftiy mZf KbAk; vd;w
,ufrpaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
❖ Fwpahf;fkhdJ vspa ciuj; juit> rPuw;w kw;Wk; rpije;j juTfshf ngUtpdhf;fs;:
(rpgh;) ciu khw;Wk; Kiw.
❖ ,ufrpa FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;jp murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;ij 1 fzpg;nghwp gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gy;NtW Fw;wq;fs; ahit? (m)
njhlh;G nfhs;s gad;gLj;Jk; ,ufrpa nkhopahf gad;gLfpwJ. ,iza Fw;wq;fis gl;baypL
,iza Fw;wk; vd;gJ nry;thf;fhsh; Fw;wkhFk;. ,e;j Fw;wq;fs;
kiwf;Fwpahf;fk;:
nra;Nthh; nghJthf fzpg;nghwpia jpwd;gl ,af;Fgtuhf ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
❖ rPuw;w kw;Wk; rpije;j juTfis vspa ciufshf khw;Wk; jiyfPo;
KiwahFk; Fw;wk; nray;ghL
irgh; jPtputhjk; mr;RWj;jy;> kpul;ly; %yk; jpULjy;
3 kiwKf (proxy) Nritafk; vd;why; vd;d?
xU gpuhf;]p Nritafk; ,Wjp gadUf;Fk;> tiy Nritafj;jpw;Fk; ,izaj; njhe;juT ,izaj;jpd; %yk; Jd;GWj;Jjy;
,ilapy; ,ilj;jufuhf nray;gLfpwJ. gpuhf;]p Nritafq;fs; nghJthf jPk;nghUs; (Malware) jPq;fpiof;ff;$ba epuy;fs; %yk; jpULjy;>
mbf;fb ghh;itapLk; js Kfthpfis mjd; jw;fhypf Nrkpg;gpy; itf;Fk;. kiwahf;fk; nra;jy;> Kf;fpa juTfis ePf;Fjy;>
,jd; %yk; Nkk;gl;l gjpyspg;G Neuj;ij toq;FfpwJ fzpg;nghwp nray;ghLfis mDkjp ,y;yhky;
4 fzpdp gadh; gpd;gw;Wk; top fhl;Ljy;fs; gw;wp vOJf? (m) ed;ndwp fz;fhdpj;jy;
topfhl;Ljy;fs; ahit? Nrit Nghyp Nfhhpf;iffs; %yk; fzpdpapd; gOit
i Neh;ik: ,izaj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; gadh; cz;ikAs;stuhf jhf;Fjy;fspd; kWg;G mjpfhpj;J> fzpdpapd; nray;fis Klf;Fjy;
,Uj;jy; Nkhrb (Fraud) mq;fPfhuk; ,y;yhky; juTfis khw;Wjy;. v.fh:
ii ek;gpf;if: gadh; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhjth;fsplk; Kf;fpa jfty;fis tq;fp gzghpth;j;jid Nkhrb
ghpkhw;wk; nra;ahky; ,Uj;jy;

muz; cilj;jy; rl;ltpNuhjkhf mLj;j gadhpd; gadh; ngah; toq;fyhk;. mt;thW efy;fis ngWk; gadh;fs; mjw;fhd gjpT
(Harvesting) kw;Wk; flTr; nrhy;iy Nrfhpj;J gadhpd; fl;lzj;ij rhh;e;j epWtdj;Jf;F nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;
fzf;Ffspy; Eioe;J gadiljy; ❖ rl;l tpNuhjkhf nghJkf;fSf;F fpilf;ff;$ba tzpf
milahsj; jpUl;L epjp Mjhaj;jpw;fhf> jdp eghpd; milahsj;ij nkd;nghUs;fs; thh;];fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
(Identity theft) jpULjy; 3 ,izajs jhf;Fjypd; tiffs; ahit?
mwpTrhh; nrhj;J xU epWtdj;jy; my;yJ jdpeghuy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jPk;nghUs; nkd;nghUs;fs; (Malware) rl;l tpNuhj mZfy; kw;Wk; Nrjk;
jpUl;L fUj;jpay;fis jpULjy; tpistpf;Fk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU tif nkd;nghUs; MFk;.
ryhkp ];iyrpq; rpwpa msT gzj;ij xt;nthU ,iza ,iza jhf;Fjy;fspd; tiffs;:
(Salami Slicing) ghpth;j;jidapYk; jpULjy; jhf;Fjy; nray;ghL
Coy; (Scam) cz;ik ,y;yhj xd;iw kf;fis ek;g itj;J er;R epuy; er;R epuy;fs; jd;ikjhNd kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xU
Vkhw;Wjy; fzpg;nghwpapypUe;J kw;nwhU fzpg;nghwpf;F gpw
Vkhw;Wjy; (Spoofing) mwpag;glhj %yj;jpypUe;J ngWgtUf;F mwpe;j Nfhg;GfSld; ,ize;J guTfpwJ. l;Nuh[d; xU er;r epuy;
%yj;jpypUe;J jfty; tUtJ Nghy mDg;gp MFk;.
jPq;fpiog;gJ thh;k;]; fzpdp epuy;fspd; cjtpapd;wp Rakhf jpUk;g jpUk;g te;J
];Ngk; (Spam) Njitaw;w kpd;dQ;ry;fis mjpf ,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. ,it njhlh;e;J ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;fp
vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,iza js gadh;fSf;F gytPdq;fis fz;Lgpbj;J thh;k;]pd; epuyUf;F
mDg;Gjy; njhptpf;fpd;wJ
2 fsthly; (m) nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L vd;why; vd;d? fsthlypd; tiffs; ];igNth; ,izg;Gfis jpwf;Fk;NghJ ];igNth; nkd;nghUs;
ahit? NkYk; mit vt;thW jLf;fyhk;? jhdfNt gjptpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L fzpg;nghwpapy; epWtg;gLk;
nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L vd;gJ xU jdpegh; my;yJ xU epWtdj;jhy; Nud;rk;Nth; jPq;fpiof;Fk; Nehf;Fld; ,iza jhf;Fjy; Vw;gLj;jp> gzk;
cUthf;fg;gl;l nkd;nghUs; gjpg;Ghpikia kPWk; nrayhFk;. ,J epuy;fs; NfhUtjw;F cUthf;fg;gLk; nkd;nghUs; Nud;rk;Nth;.
kw;Wk; gpw jfty;fis jpULjy;> mDkjp ,y;yh gpujpia cUthf;fp tzpf ghh;kpq; gadiu Nkhrb nra;a N\f;fh;fs; Kaw;rp nra;J
,yhgj;jpw;F gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;. tiyjsj;jpd; Nghf;if jpir jpUg;Gk; xU ,izaj;
nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L vd;gJ nkd;nghUspd; mq;fPfhpf;fg;g lhj efy;. jhf;Fjy; MFk;.
mjd; tiffs;: gp\pq; flTr;nrhy; kw;Wk; fpnubl; fhh;L vz;fs; cs;spl;l gadh;
juit jpULtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L MITM ,ufrpakhf njhlh;G Vw;gLj;jp jhf;Fjy; njhLg;gJ.

,izaj;jpd; topahf
gjpg;Ghpik ngw;w epuy;fis
rl;ltpNuhjkhf gjptpwf;fk; 1 xU egh; kPJ jhf;Fjy; (MITM) vd;why; vd;d?
efnyLj;J tpw;gid nra;jy;
nra;jy; ,Uthpd; ciuahliy ,ilkwpj;J mth;fspd; jfty;fis khw;wp
mDg;GtJ xU egh; jhf;Fjy;. ,jpy; ciuahlypy; <LgLgth;fs;
❖ ngUk;ghyhd nkd;nghUs;fs; xU gadUf;F kl;LNk xUtNuhL xUth; Neubahf njhlh;G nfhs;tjhf ek;Gth;
mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;jifa nkd;nghUs;fis fhg;G
gpujp(backup) vLg;gJ mDkjpf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; efy;fis 2 N`f;fpq; vd;why; vd;d?
kw;nwhUtUf;F tpepNahfk; nra;tJ rl;l tpNuhjkhdJ N`f;fpq; vd;gJ xU fzpg;nghwpapd; chpikahshpd; mDkjp ,y;yhky;>
jdpg;gl;l juT my;yJ flTr; nrhy;iy Fw;wk; rhh;e;j eltbf;ifahfNt
❖ nkd;nghUs; jpUl;il jLf;f nkd;nghUs; gfph;khdk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. my;yJ nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhfNth jpULjy;
,e;j eilKiapy; gjpg;Ghpkk; ngw;w gadh; kw;w gadUf;F efy;fis

3 b[pl;ly; ifnahg;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
❖ rkr;rPuw;w Fwpahf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhdJ.
❖ ,J kpd;dZ ghpth;j;jidia> mDg;gpathpd; ifnahg;gkhf
cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ
1 Fwpahf;fk; rkr;rPh; FwpaPL gw;wp tpsf;Ff. (m) rkr;rPh; Fwpahf;fk; - tpthp

Fwpahf;fk; kw;Wk; kiw Fwpahf;fk; ,uz;bw;Fk; xNu tpiria gad;gLj;Jk;
El;gk; rkr;rPh; Fwpahf;fk; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; Kf;fpa FiwghL rk;ke;jg;gl;l
midtUk; Fwpahf;fj;jpw;fhd rhtpia ghpkhw;wk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
ahuhtJ ,e;j rhtpia ,ilkwpj;jhy; mtuhYk; me;j jftiy gbf;f
KbAk;
2 nghJ Fwpahf;fk; - tpthp
nghJ Fwpahf;fk; rhtp ,iz vd;w fUj;jhf;fj;ij gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
,J Fwpahf;fk; kw;Wk; kiwFwpahf;fj;jpw;F ,uz;L NtWgl;l FwpaPl;il
gad;gLj;JfpwJ. xd;W jdpg;gl;l FwpaPL (Private key), kw;nwhd;W nghJ
FwpaPL (Public key).
jdpg;gl;l FwpaPL chpikahsuhy; ,ufrpakhf itf;fg;gLk;. nghJ
FwpaPL gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLk;.

18. fzpg;nghwpapy; jkpo; myF V – fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ,izag; ghJfhg;G
❖ jkpo; tpf;fpgPbah: xU ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd fl;Liufis cs;slf;fpa
18. fzpg;nghwpapy; jkpo; xU kpfg;nghpa fiyf; fsQ;rpak;
FWf;fk; tphpthf;fk;
TSCII Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange
❖ ,e;jpahtpy; ,izaj;ij mjpfkhf gad;gLj;Jk; nkhop jkpo;. IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
❖ 41% Ngh; jkpo; %yk; ,izaj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh; ISCII Indian Script Code for Information Interchange
❖ 2021-y; 74% Ngh; jkpopy; ,izaj;ij mZFthh;fs;
❖ NjLnghwpfs;: Njitahd jfty;fis nehbg;nghOjpy; Njbj;jUgit FW tpdhf;fs;:
❖ rpwe;j NjLnghwpfs;: $Fs; (Google), gpq;(Bing), ah$(Yahoo)
❖ jkpopy; NjLk; trjpia jUk; NjLnghwpfs;: $Fs; (Google), gpq;(Bing) 1 jkpopy; Nritfis toq;fp tUk; NjLnghwpfis gl;baypLf.
❖ ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa> ,yq;if jdJ ,iza Nrit KOtijAk; $Fs; (Google), gpq;(Bing), ah$ (Yahoo)
jkpopy; toq;FfpwJ. 2 Mz;l;uha;L gad;ghL tpirg;gyif vd;why; vd;d?
❖ jkpo; tpirg;gyif ,ilKfq;fs;: NHM Writer, e-fyg;ig> ypg;gpfhh; Mz;l;uha;L gad;ghL tpirg;gyif vd;gJ ];khh;l; ifg;Ngrpfspy;>
Mz;l;uha;L ,af;f mikg;gpy;> Mq;fpy xypapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ilKf
❖ ];khh;l; ifg;Ngrpfspy; jkpopy; jl;lr;rp nra;a gad;gLk; ,ilKfq;fs;:
tpirg;gyif nkd;nghUs;. v.fh: nry;ypdk;> nghd;kly;
nry;ypdk;> nghd;kly;
❖ jkpo; ,ilKf trjpia toq;Fk; mYtyf nkd;nghUs;fs;: 3 jkpo; nkd;nghUs; gad;ghl;L nkhop - rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. (m) jkpo;
ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Mgp];> Xgd; Mgp]; epuyhf;f nkhop - Fwpg;G tiuf.
jkpopy; epuyhf;f nkhop tbtikf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
❖ jkpopNyNa ,aq;Fk; mYtyf nkd;nghUs;fs;: jkpo; ypg;Nuh Mgp];>
mjd; Kaw;rpahf> igj;jhd; epuyhf;f nkhopia mbg;gilahf nfhz;L>
jkpo; Xgd; Mgp];> mofp AdpNfhl; vbl;lh;> nghd;nkhop> nghd;jkpo;>
fk;gd;> thzp Kjy; jkpo; epuyhf;f nkhop “vopy;” tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epuyhf;f
nkhopia nfhz;L rpwpa mstpyhd epuy;fis jkpopNyNa vOj KbAk;.
❖ jkpo; nghwp: 30>000 Mq;fpy vOj;JfSf;F ,izahf jkpo; nrhw;fis
cs;slf;fpa nkd;nghUs; 4 TSCII vd;why; vd;d?
❖ $Fs; epWtdj;jpd; “nkhopngah;g;G” jkpopypUe;J gpw nkhopfSf;F ASCII FwpaPl;L Kiw Mq;fpy nkhopia kl;LNk ifahSk;. Mq;fpyk;
nkhop ngah;f;Fk; epfo;Neu gad;ghl;il toq;fp tUfpd;wJ my;yhj gpw nkhopfis fzpg;nghwp cs;spl;l kpd;dZ rhjdq;fspy;
vspjpy; ifahs nghUj;jkhd xU FwpaPl;L Kiw gw;wpa Ma;tpy;> ekJ
❖ vopy;: Kjy; jkpo; epuyhf;f nkhop. ,J igj;jhd; epuyhf;f nkhopia
jkpo; nkhopia ifahs cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; FwpaPl;L Kiw jhd; TSCII
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ
(Tamil Scirpt Code for Information Interchange). ,e;j FwpaPl;L Kiwia
❖ TSCII: jkpo; nkhopia ifahs cUthf;fg;gl;l FwpaPl;L Kiw jOtpNa jkpOf;fhd Unicode Kiw tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
❖ ISCII: ,e;jpa nkhopfis ifahs cUthf;fg;gl;l FwpaPl;L Kiw
5 jkpo; ,izaf; fy;tpf;fofk; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
❖ Unicode: jkpo; cs;spl;l cyf nkhopfis ifahs cUthf;fg;gl;l ❖ jkpio cynfq;Fk; ,izaj;jpd; topNa nfhz;L Nrh;f;Fk; Nehf;Fld;
FwpaPl;L Kiw. jkpo; cs;spl;l 23 nkhopfis ifahSk; jkpof murhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
❖ Windows Tamil Environment ,ilKfj;ij epWtp tpz;Nlh]; ,af;f ❖ jw;NghJ jkpo; ,izaf; fy;tpf; fofk; vd;w ngahpy; nray;gl;L
mikg;ig jkpopy; gad;gLj;jyhk; tUfpwJ.
❖ gpg;uth; 17> 2001-y; jkpo; ,iza gy;fiyf; fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ ❖ jkpo; nkhop> jkpoh; fyhr;rhuk;> gz;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw cynfq;Fk;
❖ 2001-k; Mz;L rpq;fg;G+hpy; “tsh;jkpo; ,af;fk;” njhlq;fg;gl;lJ thOk; kf;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> koiyah; fy;tp Kjy; gl;lg; gbg;G
❖ kJiu jkpo; ,yf;fpa kpd; njhFg;G jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; 1998k; Mz;L tiu gy;NtW fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
Kjy; ,Jtiu 600 E}y;fs; gjpNtw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
18. fzpg;nghwpapy; jkpo; myF V – fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp kw;Wk; ,izag; ghJfhg;G
1 kpd; murhz;ik (e-Governance) vd;why; vd;d?

xU murpd; Nritfis ,izaj;jpd; topNa ngWtJ kpd; murhz;ik
2 kpd; E}yfk; (e-Library) vd;why; vd;d?
kpd; E}y;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgit kpd; E}yfq;fs;> yl;rf;fzf;fhd
jkpo; E}y;fisf; nfhz;l kpd; E}yfq;fs; gy epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it>
,izaj;jpd; topNa mr;R Gj;jfq;fs; Ngha; NruKbahj ,lq;fspy; thOk;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd jkpoh;fSf;F jkpo; E}y;fis nfhz;L Nrh;f;Fk;
gzpapid nra;J tUfpd;wd.

nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
hra=basic*30/100;
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp }
gross=basic+hra+da;
cout<<setw(25)<<"Basic Pay : "<<setw(10)<<basic<<endl;
cout<<setw(25)<<"Dearness Allowance : "<<setw(10)<<da<<endl;
CS1 - nkhj;j rk;gsk; fzf;fply; cout<<setw(25)<<"House Rend Allowance : "<<setw(10)<<hra<<endl;
cout<<setw(25)<< " "<<setw(10)<<"------------"<<endl;
1 gzpahsh;fspd; nkhj;j rk;gsk; fzf;fpl mth;fspd; mbg;gil Cjpaj;ij
cout<<setw(25)<< "Gross Salary : "<<setw(10)<<gross<<endl;
cs;sPlhf ngw;W fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fzf;fply; Kiwia gad;gLj;jp
cout<<setw(25)<< " "<<setw(10)<<"------------"<<endl;
rp++ nkhopapd; epuiy vOJf.
return 0;
Basic Salary <25000 : HRA = 20%, DA = 80%
}
Basic Salary >25000 : HRA = 25%, DA = 90%
Basic Salary >=40000 : HRA = 30%, DA = 95% ntspaPL:
Enter basic salary of an employee: 25000
Nehf;fk;:
Basic Pay : 25000
gzpahsh;fspd; mbg;gil Cjpaj;ij cs;sPlhf ngw;W> mth;fspd; nkhj;j
Dearness Allowance : 22500
rk;gsk; fzf;fpLk; rp++ epuy; vOJjy;
House Rend Allowance : 6250
------------
epuy;:
Gross Salary : 53750
#include <iostream>
#include<iomanip> ------------
using namespace std; KbT:
int main() gzpahsh;fspd; mbg;gil Cjpaj;ij cs;sPlhf ngw;W> mth;fspd; nkhj;j
{
rk;gsk; fzf;fpLk; rp++ epuy; vOjp ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
float basic, gross, da,hra;
cout<<"Enter basic salary of an employee: ";
cin>>basic;
CS2 - rjtPjk;
if (basic <25000)
{ 2 switch case gad;gLj;jp xU khztdpd; kjpg;ngz; rjtPjj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L
da=basic*80/100; khztd; ve;j gphptpy; (distinction, first, second, third or fail) kjpg;ngz;
hra=basic*20/100; ngw;Ws;shd; vd;gij njhptpf;Fk; rp++ epuiy vOJf.
} Percentage Division
else if (basic >=25000 && basic<40000)
{ >=80 Distinction
da=basic*90/100; >=60 and <80 First Division
hra= basic*25/100; >=50 and <60 Second Division
}
else if (basic>=40000) >=40 and <50 Third Division
{ <40 Fail
da=basic*95/100;

nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
Nehf;fk;: ntspaPL:
switch case gad;gLj;jp xU khztdpd; kjpg;ngz; rjtPjj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L ntspaPL 1:
khztd; ve;j gphptpy; kjpg;ngz; ngw;Ws;shd; vd;gij njhptpf;Fk; rp++ Enter your percentage: 79
epuy; vOJjy; You scored 79%
You have passed with first division
epuy;: ntspaPL 2:
#include<iostream> Enter your percentage: 39
using namespace std; You scored 39%
int main() Sorry: You have failed
{ KbT:
float percent;
int x; switch case gad;gLj;jp xU khztdpd; kjpg;ngz; rjtPjj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L
cout<<"Enter your percentage: "; khztd; ve;j gphptpy; kjpg;ngz; ngw;Ws;shd; vd;gij njhptpf;Fk; rp++
cin>>percent; epuy; vOjp ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
cout<<"You scored "<<percent<<"%"<<endl;
x=percent/10;
switch (x) CS3 - ghypz;l;Nuhk;
{ 3 cs;sPlhf ngwg;gl;l vz; ghypz;l;Nuhk; (Palindorme) my;yJ ,y;iyah
case 10: vdf; fz;lwpAk; rp++ epuiy while klf;fpid gad;gLj;jp vOJf.
case 9:
case 8:
cout<<"You have passed with distinction"; Nehf;fk;:
break; cs;sPlhf ngwg;gl;l vz; ghypz;l;Nuhk; my;yJ ,y;iyah vdf; fz;lwpAk;
case 7: rp++ epuiy while klf;fpid gad;gLj;jp vOJjy;
case 6:
cout<<"You have passed with first division";
break; epuy;:
case 5: #include <iostream>
cout<<"You have passed with second division"; using namespace std;
break; int main()
case 4: {
cout<<"You have passed with third division"; int n, num, digit, rev =0;
break; cout<<"Enter a positive number: ";
default: cin>>num;
cout<<"Sorry: You have failed"; n =num;
} while(num)
return 0; {
} digit=num%10;
rev=(rev*10)+ digit;
num=num/10;
}

nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
cout<<"The reverse of the number is: "<< rev <<endl; do..while klf;fpid gad;gLj;jp gl;bay; mbg;gilapy; jrk vz;iz ,Uk
if (n = = rev) vz;zhfTk;> ,Uk vz;iz jrk vz;zhfTk; khw;wk; rp++ epuy; vOJjy;
cout<<"The number is a palindrome"; epuy;:
else
cout<<"The number is not a palindrome"; #include <iostream>
return 0; #include <cmath>
} using namespace std;
int main()
{
ntspaPL:
int dec,d,i,temp,ch;
ntspaPL 1: long int bin;
Enter a positive number: 1234 do
{
The reverse of the number is: 4321
dec=bin=d=i=0;
The number is not a palindrome cout<<"\n\n\t\tMENU\n1. Decimal to Binary number \n2. Binary to
Decimal number \n3. Exit\n";
cout <<"Enter your choice(1/2/3) : ";
ntspaPL 2:
cin>>ch;
Enter a positive number: 1221 switch(ch)
The reverse of the number is: 1221 {
case 1:
The number is a palindrome cout<<"Enter a decimal number : ";
cin>>dec;
KbT: temp=dec;
while(dec!=0)
cs;sPlhf ngwg;gl;l vz; ghypz;l;Nuhk; my;yJ ,y;iyah vdf; fz;lwpAk;
{
rp++ epuy; vOjp ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. d=dec%2;
bin+=d*pow(10,i);
dec/=2;
CS4 - vz;Kiw khw;wk; i++;
4 do..while klf;fpid gad;gLj;jp gl;bay; mbg;gilapy; rp++ epuiy vOJf. }
1. jrk vz;iz ,Uk vz;zhf khw;w cout<<temp<<" in decimal = "<<bin<<" in binary"<<endl;
break;
2. ,Uk vz;iz jrk vz;zhf khw;w
case 2:
3. ntspNaw cout<<"Enter a binary number : ";
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cs;sPl;Lf;F Vw;wthW kjpg;gpid ngw;W cin>>bin;
ntspaPl;il mr;rplTk;> gadh; %d;whk; tpUg;gj;ij Njh;T temp=bin;
nra;Ak; tiu epuypd; ,af;fk; njhlu Ntz;Lk; while(bin!=0)
{
d=bin%10;
Nehf;fk;: dec+=d*pow(2,i);
bin/=10;
i++;
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
}
cout<<temp<<" in binary = "<<dec<<" in decimal"; KbT:
break;
case 3: do..while klf;fpid gad;gLj;jp gl;bay; mbg;gilapy; jrk vz;iz ,Uk
break; vz;zhfTk;> ,Uk vz;iz jrk vz;zhfTk; khw;wk; rp++ epuy; vOjp
default: ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ
cout<<"Invalid choice";
}
} while(ch!=3); CS5 - /gpNghNdhrp vz;fspy; gfh vz;fs;
return 0; 5 gadh; tiuaWj;j nraw;$w;iw gad;gLj;jp /gpNghdhrp njhliu n
} tiuapy; cUthf;fp mjpy; xt;nthU vz;Zk; prime my;yJ Composite
vz;zh vdf; fz;lwpAk; rp++ epuiy vOJf.
ntspaPL:
MENU Nehf;fk;:
1. Decimal to Binary number gadh; tiuaWj;j nraw;$w;iw gad;gLj;jp /gpNghdhrp njhliu n
2. Binary to Decimal number tiuapy; cUthf;fp mjpy; xt;nthU vz;Zk; prime my;yJ Composite
3. Exit vz;zh vdf; fz;lwpAk; rp++ epuy; vOJjy;
Enter your choice(1/2/3) : 1
Enter a decimal number : 23 epuy;:
23 in decimal = 10111 in binary
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
MENU
void Primechk (int a)
1. Decimal to Binary number
{
2. Binary to Decimal number
int j;
3. Exit
if (a == 0 || a == 1)
{
Enter a binary number : 11001
cout<<"\tNEITHER PRIME NOR COMPOSITE";
11001 in binary = 25 in decimal
}
else
MENU
{
for (j = 2; j<a; j++)
{
3. Exit
if (a%j==0)
{
Invalid choice
cout<<"\tCOMPOSITE";
break;
MENU
}
}
if (a==j)
3. Exit
cout<<"\tPRIME";

nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
} KbT:
} gadh; tiuaWj;j nraw;$w;iw gad;gLj;jp /gpNghdhrp njhliu n
void fibo (int n) tiuapy; cUthf;fp mjpy; xt;nthU vz;Zk; prime my;yJ Composite
{ vz;zh vdf; fz;lwpAk; rp++ epuy; vOjp ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ
int a=-1, b=1, c=0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{ CS6 - xU mzpapy; cWg;Gfis Nrh;j;jy; / ePf;Fjy;
cout<<endl;
c=a+b; 6 xU ghpkhz mzpapy; KO vz;fis cWg;Gfshf Nrh;j;jy; kw;Wk; ePf;Fjy;
cout<<c; nra;a gl;bay; mbg;gilapyhd rp++ epuiy vOJf.
Primechk(c);
a=b; Nehf;fk;:
b=c;
} xU ghpkhz mzpapy; KO vz;fis cWg;Gfshf Nrh;j;jy; kw;Wk; ePf;Fjy;
} nra;a gl;bay; mbg;gilapyhd rp++ epuy; vOJjy;
int main()
{ epuy;:
int n;
cout<<"ENTER THE NUMBER OF REQUIRED FIBO TERMS : "; #include<iostream>
cin>>n; using namespace std;
cout<<"\n\tFIBONACCI SERIES\n "; int a[20],b[20],c[40];
fibo(n); int m,n,p,val,i,j,key,pos,temp;
return 0;
} void display();
void insert();
void del();
ntspaPL:
int main()
ENTER THE NUMBER OF REQUIRED FIBO TERMS : 10 {
int choice;
FIBONACCI SERIES cout<<"\nEnter the size of the array elements:\t";
cin>>n;
0 NEITHER PRIME NOR COMPOSITE cout<<"\nEnter the elements for the array:\n";
1 NEITHER PRIME NOR COMPOSITE for (i=0;i<n;i++)
1 NEITHER PRIME NOR COMPOSITE {
2 PRIME cin>>a[i];
3 PRIME }
5 PRIME do
8 COMPOSITE {
13 PRIME cout<<"\n\n--------Menu-----------\n";
21 COMPOSITE cout<<"1.Insert\n";
34 COMPOSITE cout<<"2.Delete\n";
cout<<"3.Exit\n";
cout<<"-----------------------";
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
cout<<"\nEnter your choice:\t"; {
cin>>choice; a[i]=a[i+1];
switch(choice) }
{ n=n-1;
case 1: insert(); cout<<"\nThe deleted element is = "<<val;
break; display();
case 2: del(); }
break;
case 3: break; ntspaPL:
default: cout<<"\nInvalid choice:\n";
}
} while (choice!=3); Enter the size of the array elements: 5
return 0;
} Enter the elements for the array:
void display() 1
{ 2
int i; 3
cout<<"\nThe array elements are:\n"; 4
for(i=0;i<n;i++) 5
{
cout<<a[i]<<" ";
} --------Menu-----------
} 1.Insert
void insert() 2.Delete
{ 3.Exit
cout<<"\nEnter the position for the new element:\t"; -----------------------
cin>>pos; Enter your choice: 1
cout<<"\nEnter the element to be inserted :\t";
cin>>val; Enter the position for the new element: 3
for (i=n; i>=pos-1; i--)
{ Enter the element to be inserted : 26
a[i+1]=a[i];
} The array elements are:
a[pos-1]=val; 1 2 26 3 4 5
n=n+1;
display(); --------Menu-----------
} 1.Insert
void del() 2.Delete
{ 3.Exit
cout<<"\n Enter the position of the element to be deleted:\t"; -----------------------
cin>>pos; Enter your choice: 2
val=a[pos-1];
for(i=pos-1;i<n-1;i++) Enter the position of the element to be deleted: 2

nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
cout<<endl;
The deleted element is = 2 }
The array elements are: }
1 26 3 4 5
int main()
--------Menu----------- {
1.Insert int a[10][10],i,j,m,n;
2.Delete cout<<"Enter more than 3 number of rows and columns"<<endl;
3.Exit cin>>m>>n;
----------------------- for(i=0;i<m;i++)
Enter your choice: 3 {
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
-------------------------------- {
KbT: cout<<"Enter the value for array["<<i+1<<"]"<<"["<<j+1<<"] :";
xU ghpkhz mzpapy; KO vz;fis cWg;Gfshf Nrh;j;jy; kw;Wk; ePf;Fjy; cin>>a[i][j];
nra;a gl;bay; mbg;gilapyhd rp++ epuy; vOjp ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ }
}
system("cls");
CS7 - ,Ughpkhz mzpapd; vy;iy cWg;Gfis mr;rpLjy; cout<<"\n\nOriginal Array\n";
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
7 ,Ughpkhz mzpapd; vy;iy cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; mr;rpLk; rp++ epuiy {
vOJf. for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
Nehf;fk;: cout<<a[i][j]<<" ";
}
,Ughpkhz mzpapd; vy;iy cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; mr;rpLk; rp++ epuy; cout<<endl;
vOJjy;
}
cout<<"\n\n The Boundry element\n";
epuy;: printBoundary(a, m, n);
return 0;
#include <iostream> }
void printBoundary (int a[][10], int m, int n)
{ ntspaPL:
for(int i=0; i<m; i++) Enter more than 3 number of rows and columns
{ 44
for(int j=0; j<n; j++) Enter the value for array[1][1] :1
{ Enter the value for array[1][2] :2
if(i==0|| j==0||i==m-1||j==n-1) Enter the value for array[1][3] :3
cout<<a[i][j]<<" "; Enter the value for array[1][4] :4
else Enter the value for array[2][1] :5
cout<<" "; Enter the value for array[2][2] :6
} Enter the value for array[2][3] :7

nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
Enter the value for array[2][4] :8 cWg;G nraw;$W:
Enter the value for array[3][1] :9 calculate( ) vj;jid gpujpfs; kw;Wk; tpiy Nghd;wtw;iw
Enter the value for array[3][2] :0 fzf;fpl;L nkhj;j kjpg;G msit jpUg;gp mDg;gTk;
Enter the value for array[3][3] :1
Enter the value for array[3][4] :2 public cWg;Gfs;:
Enter the value for array[4][1] :3  jhdikT Mf;fp gad;gLj;jp vy;yh juT cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk;
Enter the value for array[4][2] :4 Kjd;ik kjpg;G nfhLj;J> Gj;jf vz; jhdhfNt 1001 vd;w
Enter the value for array[4][3] :5 vz;zpypUe;J cUthf;fTk; nra;AkhW ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
Enter the value for array[4][4] :6  Readdata() nraw;$W Title, Author, Price kw;Wk; vj;jid gpujpfs;
vd;w kjpg;Gfs; cs;sPL ngw;W calculate() vd;w nraw;$w;iw
Original Array miof;f Ntz;Lk;.
1234
 Displaydata() nraw;$W juT cWg;gpdh;fis fPNo cs;s
5678
tbtj;jpy; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;
9012
3456 ABC PUBLISHERS
``````````````````````````````````````
INVOICE
The Boundry element ````````````````````
1 2 3 4 =======================================
5 8 Book Number :
9 2 Title :
3 4 5 6 Author Name :
Price Per Book :
Total Amount :
KbT: =======================================
,Ughpkhz mzpapd; vy;iy cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; mr;rpLk; rp++ epuy; vOjp
ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Nehf;fk;:
rp++ -y; ,df;FOit gad;gLj;jp ABC ntspaPl;lhsUf;fhd tpiyg;gl;bay;
CS8 - ABC ntspaPl;lhsh;fs; jahh; nra;Ak; epuy; vOJjy;
8 rp++ -apy; ABC ntspaPl;lhsh;fs; vd;w ,df;Foit fPNo

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpsf;fq;fs;gb mwptpf;fTk;. epuy;:
private memebers: #include<iostream>
Bookno integer #include<stdlib.h>
Title 20 characters
int id=1001;
Author 10 characters class Publisher
price float {
int Bookno;
Totamt float
char Title[20];
char Author [10];
float Price;
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
float Totamt; cout<<"Total Amount\t : "<<Totamt<<endl;
float calculate(int); cout<<"\n==================================\n";
public: }
Publisher() int main()
{ {
Bookno=id; int n,i;
Title[0]='\0'; Publisher p[10];
Author[0]='\0'; cout<<"Enter the number of object to be created : ";
Price=0; cin>>n;
Totamt=0; for(i=0;i<n;i++)
id++; p[i].Readdata();
} for (i=0;i<n;i++)
void Readdata(); p[i].Displaydata();
void Displaydata(); return 0;
}; }
void Publisher::Readdata()
{ ntspaPL:
int nocopies;
cout<<"Enter the Title name : "; Enter the number of object to be created : 2
cin>>Title; Enter the Title name : C++Programming
cout<<"Enter the Author name : "; Enter the Author name : Balaguru
cin>>Author; Enter the Price : 500
cout<<"Enter the Price : "; Enter the Number of copies : 3
cin>>Price; Enter the Title name : CoreJava
cout<<"Enter the Number of copies : "; Enter the Author name : Xavier
cin>>nocopies; Enter the Price : 250
Totamt=calculate(nocopies); Enter the Number of copies : 5
}
float Publisher::calculate(int x) ABC PUBLISHERS
{ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
return x*Price; INVOICE
} ~~~~~~~
void Publisher::Displaydata()
{ ==================================
cout<<"\n\t\tABC PUBLISHERS\n"; Book Number : 1001
cout<<"\t\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n"; Title : C++Programming
cout<<"\t\t INVOICE\n"; Author Name : Balaguru
cout<<"\t\t ~~~~~~~\n"; Price Per Book : 500
cout<<"\n==================================\n"; Total Amount : 1500
cout<<"Book Number\t : "<<Bookno<<endl;
cout<<"Title\t\t : "<<Title<<endl; ==================================
cout<<"Author Name\t : "<<Author<<endl;
cout<<"Price Per Book\t : "<<Price<<endl;
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
ABC PUBLISHERS fopj;J np fzf;fply; Ntz;Lk;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ vy;y tptuq;fisAk; ntspapl Ntz;Lk;
display( )
INVOICE
~~~~~~~ jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOtpw;F nghUis cUthf;fp> nkhj;j
gzpahsh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia cs;sPlhf ngwTk;. xt;nthU
================================== gzpahsUf;Fk; get(), get1() nraw;$Wfis mioj;J> tptuq;fis
Book Number : 1002 ntspaplTk;
Title : CoreJava
Author Name : Xavier
Price Per Book : 250 Nehf;fk;:
Total Amount : 1250 ,df;FOit gad;gLj;jp gzpahsh;fspd; tptuq;fis ntspapLk; rp++
epuy; vOJjy;
==================================
KbT: epuy;:
rp++-y; ,df;Foit gad;gLj;jp ABC ntspaPl;lhsUf;fhd tpiyg;gl;bay; #include<iostream>
jahh; nra;J ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ using namespace std;
class emp
{
CS9 - ,df;FO gad;gLj;jp gzpahsh;fspd; tptuq;fis ntspaply; public:
9 rp++ epuypy; employee vd;w ,df;FOit cUthf;fp mjpy; fPNo cs;stw;iw int eno;
public cWg;Gfshf Nrh;f;fTk; char name[20], des[20];
Public members void get()
{
eno interger cout<<"Enter the employee number : ";
name 20 characters cin>>eno;
des 20 characters cout<<"Enter the employee name : ";
cin>>name;
cWg;G nraw;$W cout<<"Enter the designation : ";
void get( ) vy;yh juT cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; kjpg;ig cs;sPlhf ngw cin>>des;
}
};
Salary vd;w jUtpf;fg;gl;l ,df;FOit mwptpj;J mjpy; fPNo cs;s class salary:public emp
tptuq;fs; nfhLf;fTk; {
Public cWg;Gfs; float bp,hra,da,pf,np;
public:
bp, hra, da, pf, np float void get1()
cWg;G nraw;$W {
void get1( ) bp, hra, da kw;Wk; pf kjpg;ig cs;sPlhf ngw;W calculate() cout<<"Enter the basic pay : ";
vd;w nraw;$w;iw mikjy; Ntz;Lk; cin>>bp;
cout<<"Enter the House Rent Allowance : ";
calculate( ) bp, hra, da kjpg;Gfis $l;b mjpypUe;J pf kjpg;ig cin>>hra;
cout<<"Enter the Dearness Allowance :";
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
cin>>da; Enter the Dearness Allowance :5000
cout<<"Enter the Provident Fund : "; Enter the Provident Fund : 1000
cin>>pf; Enter the employee number : 1202
} Enter the employee name : Viswanathan
void calculate() Enter the designation : Engineer-Tech
{ Enter the basic pay : 40000
np=bp+hra+da-pf; Enter the House Rent Allowance : 9000
} Enter the Dearness Allowance :4500
void display() Enter the Provident Fund : 1000
{
cout<<eno<<"\t"<<name<<"\t"<<des<<"\t"<<bp<<"\t"<<hra<<"\t" Employee Details
<<da<<"\t"<<pf<<"\t"<<np<<"\n";
} e_no e_name des bp hra da pf np
}; 1201 Ramkumar Engineer 50000 10000 5000 1000 64000
int main() 1202 Viswanathan Engineer-Tech 40000 9000 4500 1000 52500
{
int i, n; KbT:
char ch;
salary s[10]; ,df;FOit gad;gLj;jp gzpahsh;fspd; tptuq;fis ntspapLk; rp++
cout<<"Enter the number of employee : "; epuy; vOjp ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
cin>>n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{ CS10 - khzth; tptuk;
s[i].get(); 10 Student vd;w ,df;FOit cUthf;fp mjpy; fPNo cs;s tptuq;fis
s[i].get1(); nfhLf;Fk; rp++ epuiy vOJf.
s[i].calculate(); protected cWg;G:
}
cout<<"\n\t\t\tEmployee Details\n"; Rno integer
cout<<"\ne_no \t e_name\t des \t bp \t hra \t da \t pf \t np \n"; public cWg;Gfs;:
for (i =0;i<n;i++)
{ void Readno(int); roll number kjpg;ig cs;sPlhf ngw;W Rno-y;
s[i].display(); kjpg;gpUj;jTk;
} void Writeno( ); Rno-ia ntspapl
return 0;
}
ntspaPL: Test vd;w ,df;FO public mZfpaypy; Student ,df;FOtpypUe;J
Enter the number of employee : 2 cUthf;fp mjpy; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
Enter the employee number : 1201 protected cWg;Gfs;:
Enter the employee name : Ramkumar
Enter the designation : Engineer Mark1 float
Enter the basic pay : 50000 Mark2 float
Enter the House Rent Allowance : 10000

nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
public cWg;Gfs;: void Readno(int r)
{
void mark1 kw;Wk; mark2-tpw;F kjpg;Gfis
cs;sPL nra;a Rno=r;
Readmark(float,float);
}
void Writemark(); marks ntspapl void Writeno()
{
cout<<"\nRoll no\t\t\t : "<<Rno;
Sports vd;w ,df;FOit fPNoAs;s tptuq;fs; cld; cUthf;fTk; }
protected cWg;Gfs;: };
class Test:public Student
score integer
{
public cWg;Gfs;: protected:
void Readscore(int); score-d; kjpg;ig cs;sL
P nra;a float Mark1, Mark2;
public:
void Writescore( ); score-d; kjpg;ig ntspapl void Readmark (float m1,float m2)
{
Mark1=m1;
Test kw;Wk; Sports ,df;FOtpypUe;J Result vd;w jUtpf;fg;gl;l
Mark2=m2;
,df;FOit fPNoAs;s tptuq;fSld; cUthf;fTk;.
}
private cWg;G: void Writemark()
Total float {
cout<<"\n\n\tMarks Obtained\n ";
public cWg;G: cout<<"\nMark1\t\t\t : "<<Mark1;
void display( mark1, mark2, score-d; $l;Lj;njhifia total-ypy; cout<<"\nMark2\t\t\t : "<<Mark2;
) kjpg;gpUj;jTk;. }
gpd; Writeno(), Writemark() kw;Wk; Writescore() };
class Sports
nraw;$Wfis mioj;J total kjpg;ig ntspaplTk;
{
protected:
Nehf;fk;: int score;
public:
,df;FOit gad;gLj;jp khzth;fspd; tptuq;fis ntspapLk; rp++ epuy; void Readscore (int s)
vOJjy; {
score=s;
epuy;: }
void Writescore()
#include<iostream> {
using namespace std; cout<<"\nSports Score\t\t : "<<score;
class Student }
{ };
protected: class Result:public Test, public Sports
int Rno; {
public: int Total;
nra;Kiw gapw;r;rp
public:
void display()
{
Total = Mark1+Mark2+score;
Writeno();
Writemark();
Writescore();
cout<<"\n\nTotal Marks Obtained\t : "<< Total<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Result stud1;
stud1.Readno(1201);
stud1.Readmark(93.5,95);
stud1.Readscore(80);
cout<<"\n\t\t\t HYBRID INHERITANCE PROGRAM\n";
stud1.display();
return 0;
}
ntspaPL:
HYBRID INHERITANCE PROGRAM
Roll no : 1201
Marks Obtained
Mark1 : 93.5 J. ALEXIS RAVI KUMAR., M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil.,

Mark2 : 95
Sports Score : 80 Computer Instructor – Gr. I,
Total Marks Obtained : 268 Govt. Hr. Sec. School, Nathamedu,

Dharmapuri District.
KbT:
,df;FOit gad;gLj;jp khzth;fspd; tptuq;fis ntspapLk; rp++ epuy; Mob: 9787163611
vOjp ntspaPL rhpghh;f;fg;gl;lJ

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XI – COMPUTER SCIENCE – 2024-25

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GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

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GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 2 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

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GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 6 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 7 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

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GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 12 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 13 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

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GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 30 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 31 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

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GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 33 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

GHSS, Nathamedu, DHARMAPURI-DT 34 J. Alexis Ravi Kumar., M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil

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