President's Message

The Publications Chair, Junior Members , in my August message , I

Dave Smart, and myself invited you to become involved at the section
are very excited about level. With many section fall meetings and
this issue of Fusion. recent elections, have any of you volunteered
Starting this month , your time ? Don 't wait for the "ge ntle arm-
we are going to twisting ," that is not as rewarding. By volun-
reprint articles that have teering, you will always be able to say "I
been noted m our helped, l did that job , 1made an effort to make
References & Abstracts. a difference. " Remember , this is going to be
For years, our Reference s and Abstracts Chair, your Society in the not too distant future;
Gary Coyne, has submitted uncountable titles don 't wait until it is too late .
from numerous publications for the enrichment
Membership is on the rise. During the months of
of scientific glassblowers. With the printing of
July and August , Membership Committee Chair
these articles, the wisdom in Fusion will expand
from scientific glassblowers writing for scientif- Gary Dobos processed twelve new member-
ic glassblowers. Thes e articles are written by sci- ships: a few International and Associate, one
Junior and a number of Regular Members.
entists, researcher s, artists and others. We will
carefully select material that contains pertinent The ASGS is financially on solid ground. The
information for the scientific glassblower at last number of Symposiums have ended above
some level. Please do not let this expansion deter the " break even mark . Our Finance
anyone from submitting original material for Committee Chair Dan Wilt has invested wise-
publication in Fusion. The primary focus of ly for us and keeps a careful eye on our
Fusion will, as always, remain on ASGS member progress. We need to be reminded that the
contributions. I trust the membership will enjoy ASGS is a "not for profit " Society ; we are
this endeavor. Feel free to comment or question. restricted and governed by IRS laws and must
adhere to the strict guidelines. In short, that
The 2005 Symposium in the Chicago area is the
means we have to be very attentive to how our
50th "Golden" ASGS Annual Symposium.
accounts are handled, invested , and used.
What an achievement! Fifty years of this volun-
teer Society hosting their peers annually to share Along with the economic situation in our coun-
information in the world of scientific glassblow- try, we have had our peaks and valleys. The
ing. Not only do we share amongst ourselves the ASGS is on an upswing. With the quality of
written word with technical papers , there are Fusion and our Symposiums, we can be proud
also technical demonstrations, seminars, posters, members of the ASGS, and of our profession.
new product demonstrations and mor e. Lastly,
but just as important , there is camaraderie. Thank you to all the Committee Chairs and to
Symposium Chair Joe Gregar and his everyone who has given their tim e. Become
Committees from the Midwest Section promise involved.
to host a Symposium to remember. Now is the
Respectfiilly,
time to offer your expertise. Every one ofus has
Scott Bankroll
a certain techniqu e we can share. How about that
special project you have been working on? There
must be a paper or poster in there, a technical
Cover Picture
demonstration perhaps. Form a panel for a E-Chem Cell from the 1980's
Seminar. The experience is enriching , and then by Angela Gatesy
you can proudly say, "I helped." It takes many Photo credit - Judit Fabian
people to produce a successful Symposium . Please see related article on p. 19.
Jump in, the waters are friendly.

2
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FUSION US OSSM 0016-315

JOURNAL OF
THEAMERICAN SCIENTIFICGLASSBLOWERS SOCIETY
P.O. Box 778, Madison, NC 27025

Volume LI November, 2004 Number4

OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS TABLE OF CONTENTS

President Scott Bankroff President's Message .......................................... 2
President-Elect Ronald A. Bihler ASGS 2004-2005 Symposium ........................ 6
Secretary Charles D. Christman Editor's Desk .................................................... 8
E-mail/Internet Addresses ................................ 8
Treasurer Frank Meints
Calendar of Events .......................................... 9
SECTIONAL DIRECTORS Fusion Adv. Rates & Deadline Dates .............. 9
Michael Palme Victor Mathews Committee Reports ........................................ 11
Karen Carraro Mark Wicker "Free Radicals" ............................................ 19
Mike Morris James Merritt "Diamond Drilling in the New Glass Age" ....25
Patrick DeFlorio Robert Singer "Relieving Stress" ..............................................33
Brian Schwandt Frank Hedges III ASGS 2005 Symposium ............. .41, 50, 72, 89
"Glass Does Not Flow and Does Not
Crystallize and It ls Not a Liquid" ........... .43
PAST PRESIDENTS
Lamp Shop Hint ..................................................49
t J. Allen Alexander Wilbur C. Mateyka Section Reports ....................................................53
t Karl H. Walther Jerry A. Cloninger Motions Passed by the Board ........................ 61
Arthur Dolenga t David Chandler 2004 Annual Symposium .............................. 64
t Alfred H. Walrod t Owen J. Kingsbury,Jr. 2004 Symposium Exhibitors .......................... 73
Richard W. Poole Raymond L. Carew Obituaries .................................................. 77-78
t William E. Barr James K. Merritt Book Review .................................................. 79
Classified Ads ................................................ 81
t Charles J. Cassidy Joseph S. Gregar
The BSSG Annual Symposium ...................... 85
t Jonathan Seckman Joseph Walas, Jr. Index to Advertisers ...................................... 91
William A. Gilhooley A. Ben Seal
EDITOR
M. Howe Smith Robert J. Ponton Marylin Brown, Ph.D.
t Billie E. Pahl Ian B. Duncanson 30 Leighton Ave. N • Laconia, NH 03246
Theodore W. Bolan Allan B. Brown Telephone and Fax: (603) 527-0466
Earl R. Nagle Richard C. Smith brownam@metrocast.net
t Werner H. Haak Richard P. Gerhart FUSION PRODUCTION CHAIR
t Gordon Good David G. Daenzer Dave Smart 561-383-6057
Robert G. Campbell Barry W. Lafler Printed by McCain Printing
t Helmut E. Drechsel Doni J. Hatz EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Lawrence W. Ryan, Jr. Gary S. Coyne David G. Daenzer
t Joseph W. Baum Edwin A. Powell NATIONAL OFFICE
Andre W. Spann Michael J. Souza P.O. Box 778
Donald E. Lillie Madison, NC 27025
Phone: (336) 427-2406 • Fax: (336) 427-2496
Arthur Dolenga natl-office@asgs-glass.org
President Emeritus
OFFICE MANAGER
t Deceased Amy Collins
©The American Scientific Glassblowers Society, 2004
Fusion is an information journal and assumes no responsibility for the accuracy, validity, or originality of any
contributed article or opinion expressed herein. Subscriptions rates: $40.00 per year (includes third class postage
within USA), plus $10.40 for USA or Canada first class postage or $18.70 for outside the USA and Canada.
Subscriptions are sold by the calendar year only. Subscriptions are free to members of the A.S.G.S. Single copies
are available at $10.00 per copy plus $2.60 postage for USA and Canada or $4. 70 for international. Published
quarterly: February, May, August and November.

4
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 The American Scientific Glassblowers Society
2004-2005
Office Name Phone Number E-mail
President Scott Bankroff 517/355-9715 x379 bankroff@chemistry.msu.edu
President-Elect Ronald A. Bihler 303/367-8619 rbihler@techglass.com
Secretary Charles D. Christman 603/598-8195 littleupchuck@aol.com
Treasurer Frank Meints 269/349-1958 fmeints@aol.com
Assistant Treasurer James Hodgson 785/532-6676 hodgson@ksu.edu
Executive Secretary David G. Daenzer 313/577-2761 execsec@asgs-glass.org
*Board Trustee Allan 8. Brown 603/527-0089 brownam@metrocast.net
*Board Trustee Richard P Gerhart 626/395-6518 rgerhart@its.caltech.edu
*Board Trustee Sally Prasch 413/367-9367 prasch@shaysnet.com
*Constitute the Audit Committee

Committee Chairs 2004-2005

Committee Name Phone Number E-mail
Audio-Visual Michael Morris 269/628-4190 morrismichael@aol.com
Awards Doni J. Hatz 513/622-2313 hatz.dj@pg.com
Computer Network Michael Wheeler 480/965-3242 mwheeler@asu.edu
Education Daryl Smith 856/351-2635 dcsmith@salemcc.edu
Elections Thomas F.Howe 615/322-264 7 thomas.f.howe@vanderbilt.edu
Finance Daniel Wilt 800/232-9458 dan@wiltindustries.com
International Liaison Patrick Deflorio 978/369-7545 pdeflorio@yankeeglassblower.com
Junior Liaison Joseph S. Gregar 630/252-3550 jgregar@anl.gov
Membership Gary Dobos 803n25-2781 james.dobos@srs.gov
Nominations Scott Bankroff 517/355-9715 x379 bankroff@chemistry.msu.edu
Outreach Michael J. Souza 609/258-3915 mjsouza@princeton.edu
Publications David Smart 561/383-6057 smartgator@centuryfla.com
Questions & Answers Kenneth E. Owens 314/516-5492 owensk@umsl.edu
References & Abstracts Gary S. Coyne 323/343-2312 gcoyne@exchange.calstatela.edu
Regular Member Allan 8. Brown 603/527-0089 brownam@metrocast.net
Glassblowing Seminar
Safety and Hazards Patrick Deflorio 978/369- 7545 pdeflorio@yankeeglassblower.com
Steering/Bylaws Michael J. Souza 609/258-3915 mjsouza@princeton.edu
Symposium Coordinator Ronald A. Bihler 303/367-8619 rbihler@techglass.com

Symposium Chairs
Joseph Gregar Schaumburg, IL 2005 630/252-3550 jgregar@anl.gov
James Merritt Manhattan Beach, CA 2006 213/740-4106 jmerritt@usc.edu

6
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7
 From the Editor's Desk
Fusion is one of your major links to advancements made in the
profession of scientific glassblowing. Please contribute to the
journal: cover pictures with an accompanying article , general
articles and lamp shop hints are needed. By sharing your
knowledge with your peers , you are ensuring that the Society and its members
will continue to be a vital component of current scientific research.

It is possible to submit pictures in a digital format with your articles and

reports. These pictures , however, must be high resolution , that is, with a 300 DPT
resolution or higher and they must be jpeg , tiff or pdf files. These files must be
sent separately, not embedded within a text file. Please note: if you are sub-
mitting more than just a couple of digital pictures , please do so on a disc rather
than via e-mail as it is difficult to process large uncompressed files. Otherwise ,
colored prints , black and white photographs, slides and transparencies are pre-
ferred. Cover pictures cannot be digital. If you are submitting a cover picture ,
please include a write-up to accompany the picture .

The next deadline for submission of material for the February 2005 issue of
Fusion is Wednesday, December 15. Deadlines will be strictly adhered to in order
to ensure that publication schedules are met. Please allow time for your material to
reach me by the cut-off date so that you will not be disappointed . Happy Holidays .

Respe ctfully submitted,

Marylin C. Brown, Ph.D.

E-Mail, & Internet Addresses

One positive aspect of our Society is the ability to communicate with our fellow members.
Sometimes access to one another is thwarted by the fact that some of us are difficult to
reach by telephone. Fortunately , the technology of the computer age has broadened our
medium of communication . If you would like to have either your e-mail or Internet
address accessible to other members, it can be printed in Fusion . However, because of
space constraints, new addresses will appear only once .

ASGS National Office Marylin Brown, Fusion Editor

natl-office @asgs-glass.org brownam @metrocast.net

ASGS Home Page Joseph Gregar, 2005 Symposium Chair

http://www.asgs-glass.org jgregar @anl .gov

Scott Bankroff, President Dave Smart, Publications Chair

bankroff @chemistry.msu .edu smartgator @centuryfla .com

8
CALENDAROF EVENTS Fusion Advertising Rates
2005 Issuance and Closing Dates
Delaware Valley Section Meeting a. Published quarterly-February, May, August,
November 18, 2004 November
b. Issued 15th of Month of issue date.
Buena Tavern
c. Copy to be set due as follows:
Buena, NJ ISSUE DEADLINE DATE
Contact: Daryl Smith February, 2005 ............December 15, 2004
(856) 351-2635 May, 2005 .................. March 15, 2005
dcsmith@salemcc.edu August, 2005 ............. .June 15, 2005
November, 2005 ........ September 15, 2005
2005 Last forms close 6 weeks prior to publication
Delaware Valley Section Meeting date
January 29, 2005 d. Cancellation of space not accepted after three
Salem Community College weeks before publication date.
Salem, NJ
General Advertising Rates
Contact: Daryl Smith Frequency Page Rates: R.O.F. cost insertion
(856) 351-2635 black and white. Rate earned is based upon
dcsmith@salemcc.edu number of insertions used within the calendar
year.
Southeastern Section Meeting I time 4 times
April 7-9, 2005 Full page .............. $321.00 ..........$293.00
Lexington, KY 1/2 page ................ 236.00 ............203.00
Contact: Wib Mateyka 1/4 page ................ 177.00 ............ 157.00
(859) 269-1314 Price rates for multicolored ads, for special
position ads and for weblinks are available
mateyka@earthlink.net
from the National Office at 336-427-2406.
Northeast Section Meeting
Fusion advertisers are eligible
April 2005
to purchase a web link.
Eastman Kodak Company
Rochester, NY Special Rate Classifications
Contact: Joe West Display, Classified, Classified Notices, etc.
(585) 722-0283 (Rates Net - No Agency Commission - No
J oseph.r.west@kodak.com Cash Discount)
ISSUE DEADLINE DATE
ASGS 50th Annual Symposium & February, 2005 ............ December 15, 2004
Exposition May, 2005 .................. March 15, 2005
June 27 - July 2, 2005 August, 2005 ..............June I 5, 2005
Indian Lakes Resort November, 2005 ........ September 15, 2005
Bloomingdale, IL
Classified Notices
Contact: Joe Gregar Position open and position wanted (also
(630) 252-3550 appears on ASGS e-mail list): $25.00 per col-
jgregar@anl.gov umn inch, For Sale: $11.00 per column inch,
$6.10 extra for code number return. Display
If you would like your section meeting classified in box $16.50 per column inch.
dates published in Fusion, please send the Classified pages are two columns each.
information to the editor well in advance Column width is 2-5/16"x7-l/2", average six
of the publication date. Please provide words per line, nine lines per inch (8 point
dates, location of the meeting, a contact type). Classified advertising accepted in sin-
gle column width only (2-5/16").
person, and telephone number.

9
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 Committee Reports
Awards
The following National Awards were pre- the National Award voting ballot so that the
sented at the Symposium Banquet, members in attendance can vote immediately
Saturday, June 26, 2004 in Saratoga about the inclusion of deceased members.
Springs, New York: The guidelines demand a unanimous vote for
J. Allen Alexander Award: Barry W. Lafler the name to be added to the scroll. Any feed-
Helmut E. Drechsel Award: Chris Sprague back concerning this process is welcome.
(tie) A. Gene Nelson Several names were added to the Memorial
Memorial Award: Kellie Wannett Scroll since the last report. Please let me
Two additional awards were presented this know if I need to make any corrections.
year:
Bill Bates Matthew Nazzewski
President Emeritus: Arthur Dolenga
Michael Caselli Billie Pahl
Lifetime Membership: Ray Steiner
Gerhard B. Finkenbeiner William A. Sales, Sr.
Congratulations to all Award Recipients!
John L.A. French George Sites
Please forward new nominations for National Werner Haak Roy W. Tiege
Awards to your Director with at least ten sup- Walter Haim Robert J. Walsh
porting signatures. The forms are available FloydWilliamKolleck Merrill Watson
through the web site, your regional director or HorstJoachimMorgenfruh
by contacting me directly (hatz.dj@pg.com
or 513-622-2313 ). The deadline for submis- Nominations: National Award nommees
sions is February 15, 2005. Please recognize are now being tracked. This information
the contributions of your members and nom- was usually thrown away but these mem-
inate many of the deserving volunteers today. bers should be recognized for their nomina-
A list of past recipients is available on the tion to these awards. Each individual who
web site or by contacting me. contributes to the ASGS and is recognized
by their peers should not be overlooked. I
Symposium and Section Awards:
will do the best I can to develop an histori-
Many Sections present awards to their
cal list of nominees; help would be appre-
membership, notably the Southeastern, the
ciated from those who remember when
Northeast, the Midwest, the Exhibitors
they were nominated.
group, the Delaware Valley, and the Pacific
Northwest. If there is another Section that I Judges for the Symposium: Many thanks
have missed which sponsors an award, go to the members who helped judge the
please contact me immediately. Also, presentations this year in Saratoga Springs,
please keep the Awards Committee New York. Your volunteer work is truly
informed of the names of all recipients. appreciated. Thank you to all.
Memorial Scroll: Please remember to supply Welcome new Committee members Chris
the names of deceased members for the Sprague and Doug Navalinsky who have
Memorial Scroll. There has been important joined to share the responsibilities, Thank
discussion about improving the method for you for your help.
adding names to the Memorial Scroll. One
Respectfully submitted,
suggestion is to take a vote at either BOD
Dani Hatz, Chair
meeting instead of waiting to be included on

11
 Education
As the new Committee Chair, I would like in the reference section of the library; they
to thank Steve Anderson for his profession- are not permitted to leave that area.
alism and leadership. I feel fortunate to fol- Copying these books in their entirety
low the efforts of a dedicated member of requires owning the copyrights; however,
the Society. I am soliciting ideas from other portions or specific chapters can be copied
Committee members in an effort to create and lent out. A list of the books and their
some worthwhile and attainable goals. contents will be made available to all
members as soon as they are received by
One goal that is close to completion is to Salem Community College. Videotapes
place the ASGS videotape and lending and books that are still in print can be
library in the Salem Community College checked out the same as before.
Learning Resource Center (Library). The
LRC personnel will provide their knowl- Lastly, I put a call out to all members who
edge and expertise in information manage- are interested in a worthwhile endeavor:
ment; the ASGS will cover the postage supporting education in the scientific glass
expenditures. The lending library contains industry. Contact me at (856) 351-2635 or
some books that are no longer in print. dcsmith@salemcc.edu to join the
These books may be the only printing Education Committee.
available and will not be lent out for fear of Respectfully submitted,
loss or damage. The books can be viewed Daryl C. Smith, Chair

Junior Liaison
The 2004 Junior Seminar Program at the Program. I hope that junior members will
Saratoga Springs, NY Symposium was a make every effort not to miss these valu-
great success. The program was held at the able annual seminars in the future. Special
teaching center of the National Bottle thanks also go to our highly talented
Museum in the quaint town of Ballston Spa instructors Dan Edwards, Barry Lafler, and
about six miles south of Saratoga Springs. I Robert Singer, who let me join their elite
would like to give a very special thank you company as an instructor as well. The top-
to the Museum founders and curators Jan ics were interesting and the juniors, as
and Larry Rutland for opening their doors always, had many questions. I believe that
to us and for providing an excellent teach- all of the participants left with a tremen-
ing facility. In addition, Gary Moeller of dous amount of new information and
the Museum was very helpful to our group. knowledge. Let me also take this opportu-
Their hospitality was wonderful and we nity to thank Symposium Chair Dan Wilt
appreciate everything that they did for us. for making this happen for the juniors and
The Museum's mission is to preserve the special thanks to Kendall Hunt for making
history and to promote knowledge of the the event run smoothly.
glass industry, our nation's first major
industry. They have recently opened a Now we look forward to next year's junior
teaching/workshop facility which is where program to be held at the beautiful Indian
we held the seminars; we were also able to Lakes Resort in Bloomingdale, Illinois.
tour the Museum. This made for another Bloomingdale is considered part of the
truly special year for the Junior Workshop "Greater Chicagoland Area" as it is located

12
only 20 minutes from O'Hare International Section Award, Joe Flunker (Midwest)- the
Airport and 40 minutes from downtown first recipient of the Exhibitors Group
Chicago. You will not want to miss this one. Section Award. Congratulations to these
Planning of the Junior Workshop Program four deserving junior members. I would
for 2005 is already well under way. like to thank the Delaware Valley, the
Pacific Northwest and the Exhibitors
As of this writing the ASGS National
Group sections for their commitment and
Office indicates that we have 30 junior
dedication to our junior members. These
members and seven student members. I
are very generous and appreciated contri-
would like to introduce and welcome new
butions that they are making toward the
junior members Katherine Cheetham of the
national junior program.
Delaware Valley Section and Frarn;ois
Mignault of the Canadian Section, as well
Helpful Hint # 49
as new student member Ryan Trembly of
the Delaware Valley Section. Junior and Lately I have noticed that many glassblow-
student members should always attend their ers are lighting their torches with butane
section meetings and become active in their lighters. Although this type of lighter is
local sections right away. Travel to other inexpensive and easy to obtain, you must
section meetings within a reasonable dis- be aware that they are a more-dangerous-
tance that offer an interesting technical pro- than-necessary way to ignite our torches.
gram is also helpful. Remember that in Such lighters contain the highly flammable
your early years of learning scientific liquid butane which can ignite at a fairly
glassblowing you want to take advantage of low temperature. This could occur while
as many opportunities as possible in order they are lying on the bench with a large
to see different techniques and set-ups. flame nearby or, if by accident, a hot piece
Every time you see someone working glass of glass were to fall on its plastic body.
you generally pick up some tip. One tip that Both of these instances could result in a
I can provide here is to strive to be nomi- flash fire. In fact, the MSDS for butane
nated for the prestigious ASGS Memorial says: "FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZ-
Award. This award is presented annually, ARDS: Butane is heavier than air and may
and it offers travel and lodging to the travel a considerable distance to an ignition
national symposium for one ambitious jun- source. Butane is a flammable gas! Keep
ior. Do not be bashful about introducing away from open flame and other sources of
yourself to other members, especially your ignition." It also says that the Butane flash-
section director and section officers. point is quite low at -101°F (-74°C). By
Volunteer to help out in your section or way of contrast, for the solvent hexane
become a section officer. Do not hesitate, (also flammable, but not quite so much so
because you will be surprised at how fast as butane), the flash point is -23°C (-9°F). I
your years of eligibility fly by. know it is not state of the art, but old-fash-
ioned strikers are still the safest way to go.
This year's ASGS Memorial Award winner You can also purchase equally-safe piezo-
is Kellie Wannett from Technical Glass electric lighters that work well via an elec-
Products in Painesville, Ohio. Kellie is a tric spark, but they tend to cost more
member of the Great Lakes section. Three money. Let's all try to keep our fellow
other junior member award recipients are glassblowers safe.
Katherine Cheetham (Delaware Valley) -
Delaware Valley Section Award, Jay Myers Respectfully submitted,
(Pacific Northwest) - Pacific Northwest Joseph S. Cregar, Chair
(continued on page 15)

13
14
("Committee Reports," continued.from page 13)

Membership
The end of the year is fast approaching with Current membership status:
membership totals a little shy of last year's.
We have worked during the year to establish Regular 367
tools to attract new members such as
Associate 106
Corporate Memberships, a new look for our
website, and a professional team to run our Junior 30
ASGS Home Office. I would like to thank Retired 62
all of the committees, that have worked very
Lifetime 11
hard during the year, for all of their time and
energy. Your work has made a difference in Student 8
shaping the ASGS in a positive way. With International __]__{2
the 50th Symposium Anniversary right Total Membership 620
around the corner, I think it is time to cele-
brate all that we have achieved and estab-
lished during the first 50 years of our exis- Respectjitlly submitted,
tence as a professional society. James G. Dobos, Chair

Regular Member Glassblowing Seminar

The 2004 Symposium Committee and grateful to Friedrich & Dimmack, Inc., VM
especially Symposium Chair Dan Wilt are Glass Company, Wale Apparatus Co., Inc.,
to be commended for hosting an outstand- Carlisle Machine Works, Inc., and Merriam
ing meeting in Saratoga Springs, NY. Many Graves for their generous donation of mate-
hours of preparation resulted in a confer- rials. All these individuals and companies
ence that was well-organized, educational are responsible for enabling this teaching
and enjoyable. program to be such a successful forum for
sharing knowledge and techniques.
I would also like to thank three individuals
who set aside two full days to assist me with The Committee is currently discussing
the instruction of the Regular Member the program to be offered at the 2005
hands-on seminar. It was a pleasure to Symposium in Chicago, IL. If you have any
work alongside Georges Kopp of McGill personal requests, please contact me
University, Rick Gerhart of the California (brownam@metrocast.net; 603-527-0089),
Institute of Technology and Jim Merritt of Georges Kopp (georges.kopp@mcgill.ca;
the University of Southern California. My 514-398-6217), or Jack Korfhage
sincere thanks to them for their unselfish (korfhage@bsf.net; 225-359-2108).
dedication to the betterment of the Society
When I established the Regular Member
and its members and for their continued
hands-on program nine years ago, it was my
willingness to share their skills without any
intention to teach scientific glassblowers the
remuneration from the Society. Thanks are
things that they always wanted to be able to
also due the many who stepped forward and
do and never had the opportunity to learn.
helped set up and break down the intricate
This was and still is my personal goal.
equipment required for the program. The
attendees are to be commended for their Respectfully submitted,
enthusiasm and participation. I am also Allan B. Brown, Chair

15
 Safety
The Safety Committee plans on writing an Alberta Workers' Compensation Board
article involving injuries to glassblowers, and www.wcb.ab.ca
requests your help. We are looking for
Saskatchewan Labour, Occupational
instances of people being severely injured at
Health and Safety
work or in hearing directly from relatives of
www.Iabour.gov.sk.ca/safety
people who died as a result of asbestosis or
inhaling the silica dust. The emphasis will be Saskatchewan Workers' Compensation
on the pain people felt during their time in Board
recovery, the amount of work they lost, and www.wcbsask.com
how this impacted their daily life. All names
Manitoba Labour, Workplace Safety and
and identifying attributes will be removed
Health Division
from the article to provide confidentiality.
www.gov.mb.ca/labour/safety
The purpose of the article will be to show all
of us, and especially younger glassblowers, Manitoba Workers' Compensation Board
that short cuts can have drastic results. We www.web.rub.ca
also hope to provide a list of possible safety Ontario Ministry of Labour
devices that could have avoided these acci-
www.gov.on.ca/LAB/main.htm
dents. Please send any information directly to
me at pdeflorio@yankeeglassblower.com. Ontario Workplace Safety and
Insurance Board
Pamela Geddes has provided the following wv...w.wsib.ca/wsib/wsibsite.nsf7public/home_e
websites sponsored by Canadian government
agencies. The information is quite useful and Commission de la sante et de Ia securite
extensive. Please feel free to send me the du travail (Quebec)
website of any government agencies which www.csst.qc.ca
you feel might be helpful to members. Workplace Health, Safety and
The Provincial Government of PEI Compensation Commission of New
(safety-related departments) Brunswick
www.gov.pe.ca www.whscc.nb.ca
Nova Scotia Department of Environment
Yukon Workers' Compensation Health and
and Labour
Safety Board
www.gov.ns.ca/enla
www.enablelink.org/wcomp/yu.html
Nova Scotia Workers' Compensation
Northwest Territories and Nunavut Board
Workers' Compensation Board
www.wcb.ns.ca
www.wcb.nt.ca
Newfoundland Department of Labour
Workers' Compensation Board www.gov.nf.ca/labour
of British Columbia
WorkSafebc.com Newfoundland Workplace Health, Safety
and Compensation Commission
Alberta Human Resources and Employment, www.whscc.nf.ca
Workplace Health and Safety
www.gov.ab.ca/hre/whs Respectfully submitted,
Patrick DeFlorio, Chair

16
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 Free Radicals
Electrochemical Cells Utilized at the
University of Vermont
by
Angela Gatesy
Chemistry Department
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vt?rmont05405
Poster presented at the 49th ASGS Symposium, Saratoga Springs, NY, June 22-26, 2004.
ABSTRACT
This poster depicts some of the various designs of electrochemical cells used at UVM over
the past 35 years. Changes in the cell were made due to expense of chemicals and their
disposal, removable electrodes and innovation of technique.

Incorporating the use of distillation, vacuum those conditions.

and synthetic chemical techniques and appa-
CONSIDERATIONS IN E-CHEM
ratus to gain the purest of starting materials,
CELL DESIGN:
the electrochemist steps in the analytical
direction by utilizing an additional piece of • accommodation for insertion of wires,
glassware, the electrochemical (e-chem) electrodes and other measuring devices.
cell. This overview introduces the idea of • allow current flow through frits which
making free radicals through the use of elec- prevent mixing of solutions.
trochemistry. It attempts to show some of the • controlled (lower) temperature.
diversity of e-chem cells that have been used • inert gas flow for protection from ambi-
in the lab at UVM in the past as well their ent air.
evolution into the compact cell of today. The • lower pressure through vacuum.
components of the cell and the considera- • small size to decrease distance between
tions which must be taken into account dur- electrodes and volume of precious mate-
ing construction are discussed. The con- rials.
struction of the modern cell is straightfor-
ward and is described. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL'S THREE COMPARTMENT
Electrochemists use electrical energy to COMPONENTS:
produce chemical reactions. At UVM, this
Working compartment accommodates:
approach is used to probe a "pure science"
• the working electrode can be platinum,
question: what happens when an electron is
gold, carbon or mercury, and measures
added to a molecule (a reduction) or delet-
the change in current.
ed from it (an oxidation). Molecules with
an unpaired electron are called "free radi- • infrared probes for monitoring the reaction
cals." They are usually so unstable that they • temperature measuring.
have to be produced from more stable mol- • solution of organic solvent with an organic
ecules under very specific conditions. The based salt which carries the current and the
electrochemical cell is designed to fulfill compound of interest (analyte).

19
Reference compartment accommodates: essary to accommodate internally the two
• the reference electrode, usually silver /sil- large fritted compartments with the elec-
ver chloride, which controls potential. trodes attached externally . It was designed
• the solution of solvent and salt, which pro- to provide an inert atmosphere , vacuum
vides the medium for the current to pass. and flow control.
Auxiliary compartment accommodates :
• auxiliary or counter electrode , usually
platinum.
• the same solvent and salt solution , provid-
ing the medi urn for the current to pass
through.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
This three compartment cell is energized by
means of a potentiostat with special circuitry
which permits current to flow between the
working and auxiliary electrodes. This bene-
ficial system protects the reference electrode
from internal electrochemical changes caused
by current flow and minimizes errors. But the
focus of this poster will be on the glassware.
The cell in photo 3 provides a bath for tem-
DESIGN VARIATIONS perature control and a means for vacuum
E-Chem Cells of the Past: transfer of the sample. This was used before
In these older designs of electrochemical the advent of the dry box .
cells (photo I) , the electrode is incorporat-
ed into the glass by means of a glass to
metal seal using uranium glass which can
be joined directly to borosilicate glass. The
electrode connection was completed by
using liquid mercury. While providing an
excellent connection, research has tended
away from the use of mercury due to its
hazardous properties.

This is an example of a complex cell (photo

2) with a large working compartment nee-

20
Below (photo 4), the cell is large which pre- trode . There is a vacuum side arm and the
vents mixing over long petiods of time but the side ports provide the means for sample intro-
use of such a large volume is a drawback . duction and temperature monitoring.

NEWER DESIGNS:
This compact design affords a narrow con-
figuration (photo 5) so the cell can fit into
an external bath for temperature control.
Volume is reduced. This cell is often used
in the dry box.

This cell (photo 7) is used when extensive

monitoring is required such as when a new
reaction is being developed and the volume is
small. The cap has three access ports. The
screw thread adapter affords the use of an
infrared probe (for active monitoring of the
experiment). The working electrode is insert-
ed through the large hole and the reference
electrode is held in the frit attached to the cap
by a ring seal.

The auxiliary electrode is incorporated into

the working compartment via the frit attached
by a ring seal to the cap (photo 6). The top
joint also accommodates the reference elec-

21
 ahead of time before final assembly. Joints
and half of the support are added to the
appropriate size tubing at the correct
height. Because the frits must be worked
closely , special care must be taken. The
frits must be cautiously warmed before I-
seal attachments can be made and not over-
heated to prevent the sealing of the pores.
Because the frit attachments are not made
at the same time , flame annealing is neces-
sary between operations.

Final assembly is a matter of T-seals and

strengthening support connection. The cap
often includes ring seals to support the
electrode frits . Marias are made at the
appropriate length of tubing with the frit
attached. Other features such as joints and
access ports are added during the process.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND
THANKS
Once the reaction has been tested under Special thanks to Dr. William E. Geiger ,
optimum conditions, it can be scaled up to Profe ssor of Chemistry , UYM; without his
a larger size using this cell (Photo 8). The help and patience this poster would not
reaction developed using this cell was done have been possible.
previously using photochemistry which
took two days . It now can be done in less Russ DeWitt , graduate student in Chemistry ,
than one. UVM , for technical information.
Judit Fabin , researcher , Department of
CONSTRUCTION
Medicine , UVM , photography.
Construction of the electrochemical cell
can be done at the bench and on the ring Gordon Lysle , Jr., my husband, for comput-
stand. As usual , the parts are constructed er and technical assistance .

ABR 1
IMAGERY
www.ABRIMAGERY.com
'[]o(D(B(Bo&JtD~
c:4JL](BtD
rossglass@cs.com

]11s1tOllr111111
....:
~ laslll'Cnwlllll
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"~ @iif!l®~
~ YIISINI

:t~Olillliill©11Wt10
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TheONE
STOP
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& Artistic
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24
Diamond Drilling in the New Glass Age
Selecting the right diamond drill
for your application
by
Brian Farberov
UKAM Industrial Superhard Tools
Valencia, CA 91355

ABSTRACT
Todays growing variety and ever-changing materials present glassblowers, scientific
glass fabricators, laboratories, hobbyists and eve,yone else involved in diamond drilling
of glass new challenges and obstacles to overcome. The ever-increasing variety of glass
materials, compositions , and micro-structure properties transform the way we look at dia-
mond drilling and render many age-old diamond drills and drilling methods obsolete.
New glass materials require different technology and methods. This article will explore
how to select the right tools and equipment as well as how to implement them to accom-
plish their specific objectives.

In today's changing scientific glass indus-

try, glassblowers, fusers and fabricators en-
counter a wide variety of applications and
challenges. The ever-increasing variety and
complexity of glass melting and blowing
technologies produce new types of glass,
transforming the way we look at diamond
drilling, and set many age-old diamond
drills and drilling methods obsolete. New
materials require different technology and
methods . Although today's market place
offers glass fabricators and installers hun- drilling techniques can make the differ-
dreds of choices of diamond drills , acces- ence in the success of your drilling oper-
sories , and equipment, it offers little advice ation. Following are some factors and cri-
on how the user can implement these tools teria to consider when selecting the right
to accomplish their specific objectives . diamond drill for your application .
Many users still spend days and even MATERIAL TO BE DRILLED
weeks, trying different drills, and experi- The materials you are planning to drill will
menting with different types of drilling have a large impact on the types of dia-
equipment. This is an expensive and time- mond drills, equipment, and accessories
consuming trial and error process which you will be able to use. If you are drilling
can be avoided with a proper understanding harder materials such as quartz or bullet
of your material and the objectives you proof glass, it is generally recommended
need to accomplish. Proper preparation, that you use a sintered (metal bonded) dia-
attention to detail, and following basic mond drill. However, if you are drilling

25
softer and Jess expensive materials such as Your maximum drilling depth will also be
window glass or art glass, an electroplated limited by spindle travel which is the dis-
(nickel bonded) diamond drill may be a tance your drilling equipment can move in
better and more cost-effective solution. As an upward and downward motion before
a rule of thumb, harder materials require touching the surface of your material.
softer bond to drill faster and freer, while Make sure to take this into consideration
softer and abrasive materials require a when ordering diamond drills.
harder bond to last longer.
EQUIPMENT TO BE USED
If the material you are planning to drill is pre- The equipment you will be using and its
cious, valuable, or expensive, the diamond physical condition will dictate the speeds
drill cost will play a minor role in your (RPM's) and the coolants you can use with
drilling operation. It is suggested that you your drills, thus somewhat limiting your
obtain a thin wall diamond core drill to diamond drill selection. No matter what
minimize material loss and deformation. It diamond drill you use or how well it is
is always a good idea to have some type of an made, it will not provide the perform-
estimate of target cost and quality per hole. ance you are looking for if you do not use
Material thickness will also play a critical role the right drilling equipment for your
in your diamond drilling operation. Usually application. Diamond drills are usually
thicker materials require a larger amount of used on a drill press, angle grinders , hand
coolant and water pressure. Drilling depth of held drills, and CNC equipment. Most fab-
most glass applications require a drilling ricators prefer using a drill press or enc
depth of not more than I". Applications machines and installers use angle grinders
requiring you to drill over I" should be treat- and hand held drills.
ed in a different way. We recommend running
DRILL PRESS
coolants from multiple directions: through
For most glass applications, we recommend
the drill center, from the side of the drill, as
that you use diamond drills on a drill press.
well as drilling submerged in coolant. This
The drill press provides uniform drilling
will ensure that the maximum amount of
consistency, tighter tolerances, and better
coolant and lubrication reach your drilling
overall performance. Although it may cost
zone. Apply more pressure and reduce speed
more than an angle grinder, a hand held
the deeper you penetrate into your material.
grinder, or a hand held drill, it will pay off in
Lift the drill up after every inch of drilling
the long run. There are hundreds of different
into your material to let the drill cool and the
types of drill presses on the market, and for
coolant reach deeper into your hole. Carefully
the most part, these can be classified as
examine the diamond tip condition, making
being of four different types.
sure that is is round and not overheated.
A bench driII press is the most frequently
used drill press. Designed for smaller jobs
and usually bolted or clamped to a table, a
bench top or a stand, this is the smallest and
least expensive type of drill press. It is per-
fect for the hobbyist and beginner. A floor
drill press is a larger drill press that usually
has a base that stands directly on the floor of
your shop. This drill press can be extended
and adjusted for optimum use and move-
ment. An operator may use this drill press in

26
either a sitting or a standing position and it material in the future.
can be found in most fabrication shops. An
Speed. Depending on the material you are
industrial/production drill press on the other
planning to drill, you will need to adjust the
hand is a heavier duty drill press, similar to
Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) at which
a milling machine. This usually comes with
your diamond drills run. A drill press will
adjustable RPM (variable speed), a larger
usually allow you to run your diamond drills
drilling table (area) for holding larger parts
(material), and a more powerful motor. With between 500 RPM to 3,500 RPM. Some
drill presses only provide specific speed set-
this type of drill, you have the capability to
tings, such as 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000,
use a chuck or a collet to move the drilling
2,500, and 3,000 RPM; this may be accept-
head up and down, and to move the table
able to you, depending on the diameter of
horizontally and vertically.
the diamond drill and material you are plan-
A few large fabricators have specialty/custom ning to use it on. Before buying a drill
drill presses built specifically for their mate- press, make sure it will run at the recom-
rial/application. For example, to machine mended RPM set for your diamond drills.
very brittle or fragile materials, the drill press
will be made from a special type of metal to Another important factor to consider when
minimize dust and corrosion. Many come buying a drill press, is its throat depth. Drill
with ultra precise chucks, collets, water press design usually limits the distance
pumps and devices. With this type of drill between the center of the spindle (where
press, you are usually able to regulate drilling the diamond drill is placed) and the front
depth either electronically or by computer edge of the vertical post that is used to sup-
and maintain consistent speed and feed rate. port the drill head; this is called the throat
More advanced drill presses today may have depth. When drilling a hole in the center of
a feed back mechanism that provides infor- a round work piece such as a tabletop, the
mation on all of these variables. radius of your work piece will need to be
less than the throat depth itself.
When you buy a diamond drill to fit your
current drill press or a drill press to fit a Spindle Travel. The spindle of a drill press
diamond drill, we recommend that you moves up and down only a certain distance.
carefully examine both drill and drilling and the distance the spindle can move is
equipment specifications to make sure they called spindle travel. This determines the
are compatible. Following are some vari- maximum depth of the holes you will be
ables you should consider. able to drill, so the drilling depth of your
diamond drill will need to reflect and con-
Horsepower. Drill presses run on electric
sider the spindle travel of your drill press.
motors rated in horsepower. Make sure the
motor for the drill press you choose is pow- Table Adjustments. Most drill presses
erful enough for the material you are plan- have a tilting worktable: some have the
ning to drill and the diamond drill you are capability to tilt 45 degrees left and 45
planning to use. Most bench drill presses degrees right, others can tilt a full 90
have motors rated between .3 hp and .5 hp. degrees in each direction. Before buying a
Floor drill presses, on the other hand, have drill press, make sure the model you are
motors that run between .75 hp and 1.5 hp. considering can work with the angles you
We recommend that you choose the highest need to make for your application. It is also
power motor you can afford; doing so will recommended that the table swing in the
place less strain on your job and will allow horizontal plane as well. An excellent type
you to be more flexible if you decide to use of drill press is the one that can spin com-
another drill or drill a different type of pletely around the post.

27
Head Adjustments. A number of drill press- ommended for this type of heavy duty use.
es supplement a tilting table with a tilting drill However, if you have a very fine or specif-
head. Tilting heads typically move 45 degrees ic finish requirement and do not polish the
left and right and ease the mind-bending work material after drilling, a Hybrid™ bond dia-
of compound angles. We recommend that you mond drill may be the best solution for
be comfortable with both the adjustment your application.
mechanism and the angle gauge before using
or buying this type of drill press. If you plan to use a diamond drill occasion-
ally for a specific job and then store it for
Drill Press Accessories. There are a num- later use or if you make less than a 100
ber of accessories on the market that will holes, an electroplated (nickel bond) dia-
make your drilling experience faster. easier, mond drill is recommended. However, if
and provide better performance as well as you are planning to use the drill a number
lower cost per hole. A few important ones of times throughout the year, a sintered
include: (metal bonded) diamond drill is a better
• Water Swivel Adapters: used to supply overall solution and investment.
water through the center of your drills,
these increase drill life 40% to 75%, TECHNICAL
improve the quality of the hole and sur- REQUIREMENTS/SPECIFICATIONS
face finish. Chipping/Finish Requirements. If you have
• Shank Adapters: thread into your dia- an application where surface finish and chip-
mond drill collet and allow the diamond ping is a critical factor, a sintered (metal
drill to be placed in the drill press chuck. bond) diamond drill with a very fine dia-
• Vises and Clamps: designed for your mond grit may be the best solution. Hybridrn
drill press worktable, these hold your bond diamond drill is another alternative.
material firmly in place while drilling. Tolerances. If you are using diamond drills
CNC MACHINES to drill holes in a product that requires spe-
The best drilling results. precision tolerances. cific tolerances, you will need a custom
surface finish, and consistency will be diamond drill specifically designed for
obtained on a CNC/milling machine, an ideal your application. It is important to have an
choice for high production drilling opera- idea of what accuracy and tolerances you
tions. This equipment is fully automatic. con- need to obtain so that diamond drills,
trolled by a computer. and costs more than accessories, and drilling equipment can be
other types of drilling equipment. selected to achieve these requirements.
Since each material has a different density,
NUMBER OF HOLES TO BE hardness. and composition, a diamond drill
DRILLED and technique that may work on one mate-
Your diamond drill requirements will great- rial may not work on another material. To
ly vary with your frequency of use and the obtain optimum drilling results, each dia-
number of holes you need to drill. High mond drill should ideally be made to factor
production fabrication diamond drilling in the unique differences and properties of
requirements greatly differ from hobby each material.
drilling of glass wind chimes.
Material Cost. If the material you are
A diamond drill in production facilities is drilling is precious, valuable. or expensive,
used every day or several times a day, the diamond drill cost will play a minor
drilling several thousand holes until the role in your drilling operation. It is sug-
drill is worn out and replaced. Metal bond gested that you obtain a thin wall diamond
(sintered) diamond drills are usually rec- core drill to minimize material loss and

28
deformation . Thin wall diamond core drills the metal matrix are both kept sufficiently
are capable of being used at much higher cool , and rock debris is removed as soon as
RPM's than thicker wall drills, will mini- it is produced. This is the most optimum
mize material loss, and provide closer tol- condition for your drill.
erances. Thin wall core drills are not rec-
Water also reduces friction between the
ommended for use on angle grinders. It is
material and the drill as it penetrates the
always a good idea to have some type of an
micro-cracks which are generated upon
estimate of target cost and quality per hole.
impact of the material and the diamond
drill. Under ideal conditions , the material
will absorb water, and become completely
saturated. In this state, the material is weak-
er and more easily drillable.

The coolant surface tension also plays an

important part in the drilling operation.
Usually the lower the surface tension, the
easier it is for the coolant to enter the micro
cracks . Coolant with a lower surface tension
also wets the diamonds more easily. Most
users find that lowering the surface tension
of their coolant resulted in better cooling
COOLANT TO BE USED
(wetting) of their diamond and more effec-
Your capability to use coolant while drilling
tive overall cooling. Lower surface tension
will seriously affect your diamond drill selec-
also improves material debris lubrication
tion. Most diamond core drills must be used
and thus promotes efficient removal.
with coolant, and the proper use of coolant is
important for two reasons. Coolant mini- Shorter drill life, material and drill deforma-
mizes drill and material overheating . tion will result when using drills dry.
Frictional heat produced at the working face Electroplated (nickel bonded) diamond core
of the diamond tip must be eliminated imme- drills may be used dry (without water)
diately otherwise the diamonds are rapidly depending on the application (material being
damaged by oxidation and graphitization. drilled). Diamond drills can be manufac-
Excessive heat generated while drilling will tured to be used without coolant. However,
also damage the metal matrix holding the dia- using diamond drills dry is not recommend-
monds in place . Second, coolant ensures ed on most applications; when possible , use
drilling consistency. Debris generated while all diamond drills with coolant.
drilling should be removed as soon as it is
produced . When this drilling debris is not
removed rapidly, diamond wear increases
through abrasion caused by the presence of
excessive coarse stone fragments.

Water is the most common coolant used for

stone drilling applications. It is always a
good idea to pump an adequate supply of
water through the center of the drill so that
an uninterrupted flow is maintained flush-
ing across the working surface of the drill
diamond section . In this way, diamonds and

29
DIAMOND DRILL VARIABLES applications that require hundreds of holes ,
The bond hardness of your diamond drill require sintered (metal bond) diamond
will determine the type of materials you drills. As a general rule of thumb , metal
will be able to drill with your diamond drill. bond (sintered) diamond drills last longer
Harder materials such as porcelain and than other diamond drills available ,
engineered stone generally require a softer although drilling life varies with manufac-
bond ; however, a diamond drill made for turer and the hardness of the material being
this application will not last a long time on drilled . With most conventional sintered
softer and more brittle materials such as (metal bonded) diamond drills, you should
limestone and flagstone which require a be able to obtain 450 to 1200 holes. Metal
harder bond . Another important factor to bonded diamond core drills have diamonds
consider when selecting the right diamond sintered and multiple layers of diamonds
drill for your application is grit size. This is impregnated inside the metal matrix ; they
generally selected depending on the speed wear evenly and are known for their consis-
at which you wish to operate the drill and tency. Sintered (metal bonded) diamond
the surface finish of your material: coarser core drills are the latest technology avail-
(larger) size diamonds will drill faster than able in diamond drills and represent the
finer (smaller) diamonds , but the trade off best value and performance per hole.
is a smoother surface finish.

Different materials and

equipment in the glass indus-
try, require the use of dia-
mond drills with various wall
thicknesses. Many scientific
glass fabrication facilities are
equipped with prec1s1on
CNC and milling machines
and use thin wall diamond
core drills . Thin wall dia-
mond core drills provide less
loss of material , a minimum
material deformation , less
heat generation , faster
drilling speed, less chipping ,
and a better finish quality. Usually the thin- Electroplated diamond core drills are per-
ner the wall thickness of a diamond drill , the fect for smaller jobs , softer stone materials
faster the speed (RPM) the drill will run; in and beginning fabricators or installers .
addition , the drill will generate less chipping Electroplated diamond drills are just about
and heat and will provide a smoother and the only type of diamond drill that can be
higher quality finish. One major drawback of used dry (without coolant) in a few applica-
thin wall diamond core drills is a shorter dia- tions , they are excellent for drilling very
mond drill life. abrasive materials and have a high diamond
DIAMOND DRILL BOND TYPES concentration and give a freer , faster
Most glass fabricators and installer s drilling action with minimum heat genera-
encounter different type s of drills. tion . Diamonds stay on the surface of the
Selecting the right drill for a particular job drill allowing for fast material removal.
will save time and money. High production Electroplated diamond drills last less than

30
metal bond drills and are the least expensive multiple layers of diamonds impregnated
diamond drills available . They are also more inside the metal matrix.
forgiving than metal bonded drills and in Hybrid "' bond diamond drills are between
most cases, are capable of withstanding a metal bond and resin bond drills and are
greater amount of operator error. designed to replace the conventional resin
diamond drills . They have all the advan-
tages of cutting speed and fine finish of a
resin bond drill , and the long life, consis-
tency, aggressiveness , durability, and excel-
lent performance of a metal bond drill.
Hybrid"' bond diamond drills are used on
finish critical applications that require a
minimum amount of chipping and where
no further polishing, lapping, or processing
of material is planned.
Diamond bottoming tool/drills are designed
for drilling without core
Sintered (Metal Bonded) Drills vs. Electroplated Drills formation and are used for
• Multiple layers of diamond • Single layer of diamond making blind holes in all
types of material ranging in
• Stands up well under • Cannot be dressed hardness. A bottoming tool
aggressive conditions (in most cases) does not have a core and
• Super smooth finish • Least expensive essentially works as both a
diamond drill and a grind-
• Longest lasting blade • Shortest blade Ii fe
ing disc . The bottoming
• Very universal • Cannot be used on a tool works by grinding the
• Most cost effective number of materials bottom and the inside of the
hole to a flat surface. This
Varying with application and material , an tool is just about the only way you can drill
average electroplated diamond core drill larger than 3/8" o.d. blind holes.
will last 80 to 120 holes. Electroplated Careful attention to detail will make the
drills have only one layer (in some cases 2 whole difference in the quality of your dia-
or 3 layers at most) mond drilling operation. The goal of every
of diamond coated diamond drill user should be to obtain the
on the steel body. most precision holes without affecting or
When this diamond damaging the structure of the material. Many
portion is peeled of today's glass materials are composed of
off, the diamond several layers. Stress to material created by
drill will slow excessive heat or improper drilling technique
down, drill on the may affect the structure of the material. When
side (not drill one layer is damaged, it may affect other lay-
straight) or stop ers of material and spread through the materi-
working (drilling) al in a domino effect. This is an important lia-
altogether. Metal bility issue that may come to haunt you, even
bonded diamond after a couple of years. Maintaining material
core drills have dia- structure, integrity, and durability is the key to
monds sintered and success for any diamond drilling operation .

31
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 Something New
For the Membership of the ASGS
by
Dave Smart
Publications Chair

Many years ago, a section was added to Fusion that was called "References and
Abstracts." It has continued to be a good source of information through all the years
thanks to the effort of the most recent Chair, Gary Coyne. I have always believed that most
of the membership never takes the time to follow up on these "References and Abstracts."
There are many reasons that would be viable, but that is not the point. All this resource
information is being wasted once it is published if it is not used. What we are going to do
is try and publish one or two of these References per issue. What is selected for this sec-
tion can be subjective, but I will try to publish papers that we believe most of the mem-
bership could get information from or use as a future source of information. Please e-mail
me if you find this new section beneficial or if you would prefer the "Looking Back" type
of papers. Following are two articles: "Relieving Stress" and "Glass Doesn't Flow and
Doesn't Crystallize and It Isn't a Liquid." Please keep one thing in mind when reading
these papers, we all know about glass and how to work it, but some of the little things in
these papers may have slipped our mind over the years and the paper will be a refresher.

Relieving Stress
by
Henry Grimmett
Glass Alchemy, Ltd.
Portland, OR 97218
ABSTRACT
Description of how the strain in glass develops and can be used to both strengthen glass
as well as to bring about its demise. Included are a variety of practical techniques for
annealing glass in ovens, vermiculite, and flame annealing. Lastly the author describes
techniques for combining annealing and tempering to achieve a sort of "best of both
worlds" approach to the annealing process.

Stress is everywhere: in our lives, in our some excellent materials written for the
glass; it just does not seem right. The good artist over the last three years on annealing.
news is that stress in glass can be under- In this article, I examine some of the com-
stood and controlled. Too bad we cannot do mon questions such as "why does my piece
the same for the stress in our lives. Maybe break after six months?"
by the end of this article, the stress that has
come from watching our pieces blow up, The mechanical term "stress," defined as
sometimes after sitting on the shelf for two the force per unit area, refers to the influ-
years, can be reduced. There have been ence of gravity, weight and other forces,

33
such as daily heating and cooling while sit-
ting on a shelf, that push or pull on the
design. If the piece is not strong enough to
withstand the stresses applied, it will fail
by cracking. In glass, the two major stress- Fig. 2. Rupert Drop
es manifest themselves as tension and
compression (Fig. 1). Compression exerts
a pressing force from the surface toward tension as it continues to shrink (and more
the center, while tension involves a pulling compressive pressures on the surface glass
force from the center toward the surface. If will be created). However, in this quick
you were to bend over to touch your toes, "surface cool" scenario, the warm interior
your belly would be in compression while glass has time to "flow," thus the tension
your back would be in tension. Glass tends forces are much lower than the compres-
to be strong in compression but it is weak sion pressures. Since the compression
or brittle in tension. forces exceed the tension forces, the piece
is in stress. An extreme
example of this is the
C C C C
processes of tempering,
l l l l where the glass is rapidly
quenched with cold air, liq-
1'
T
1'
T uid or nitrogen. This is done
.J,. '1, to "strengthen" the glass
allowing more tensile stress
iC
i C
i C
i C
to be applied before break-
age occurs. In lampworking,
Fig. 1. Flat glass showing compression and tension forces. an often cited example is the
When a1111ealedthe forces are in balance. Rupert Drop (Fig. 2). You
can bang the head of the
While the terms stress and strain are often drop with a hammer and it will not break.
used interchangeably, they are not analogous. Snap the tail, however, and the head
The various systems of stress create the explodes into a powder.
strain. For example, as hot glass cools, it
shrinks, and any deformation that occurs per With a complex piece that has curves,
unit of length is called strain. Those glasses attachments, thick and thin parts, the
with a higher coefficient of expansion (COE), understanding becomes more difficult.
say 100, shrink more than a glass with a low Consider a vase sitting on a hot kiln shelf:
COE, say 33. For this reason, higher COE the inside walls can only lose heat into the
glasses tend to be more prone to strain issues hot center of its well, while the sidewall can
caused by tension and compression. lose heat into the kiln which will be cooler
than the well. In this example, different
Since glass is a poor conductor of heat, it is stresses would be introduced into each area
easy to understand that if a piece is allowed such as the bottom, side-wall and the
to cool quickly, the surface will cool much "joint" or area that attaches these two major
faster than the interior thus the exterior will areas. Even the lip would have different
shrink quickly while the center will not stresses than the neck. The goal in reducing
(Fig. 3 ). This will cause the surface to be in stress is to balance the tension and com-
compression around the interior. Mean- pression not just in one area but between
while, since the interior glass is attached to areas. The process to accomplish this is
the surface, the center will be pulled into called annealing.

34
BREAKAGE so the piece will not deform. You can prac-
Glass, in theory, is about five times stronger tice fire polishing by firing the ends of some
than steel and is widely used as a high broken rods to an orange color. The sharp
strength, low density material to toughen edges should just start to round without los-
polymeric materials such as fiberglass. ing any other detail of the break. Determine
However, in practice, the measured strength for the type of glass and torch you use which
of glass is much lower and continues to "orange glow" is your fire polish flame. Due
diminish over time due to small flaws and to the surface tension of the glass, it will
microcracks on the surface (remember that flow to fill any gaps or smooth flaws without
the surface is always in compression and any gathering or deformation of glass.
there is some sort of balance between tension
To remove stress, lampworkers can anneal
and compression). Most cracks begin to form
the glass. The goal is to release the stress
at these surface flaws. The crack grows as the
and strains introduced during the manufac-
tension stress at the tip of the break increases
ture of the piece and not to introduce new
due to the elongation of the fissure. Delayed
stress during the process of cooling to room
breakage is a function of low stress applied
temperature. To do this requires first to
for a long time, often years. The strength of
hold the piece at a temperature that will
the glass continues to weaken over time and
release the stress then cool at a rate that will
any water vapor present will also contribute
not re-introduce stress. In the flame, this is
to this weakening. The piece will break when
accomplished by reducing the oxygen flow
the sum of the stress left in the glass from pro-
and heating the glass to a dull orange glow.
duction (strain) and mechanical stress from
During this process the sodium flare of the
design and environment exceeds 25% of the
strength of the glass. flame becomes very large and intense. At
this point, the oxygen is turned off (or way
Lampworkers can strengthen their pieces by down) and the object is heated with the gas
removing flaws in the surface of the glass by flame until covered with a layer of soot.
"fire polishing" the surface. This process The piece then needs to continue cooling
consists of heating the surface in the flame without coming into contact with any cool
until it reaches a temperature at which the surface. I often place the piece into vermic-
glass can flow: above annealing but below ulite or into a folded fiber blanket at this
the published softening point temperatures point. The annealing temperature for
borosilicate is about 300°F lower
Hotter than the fire polish temperature
Temperature
and both processes are necessary
Temperature
in the core on the far side to help prevent cracking.
lags behind. lags behind.
Kiln annealing is preferable to
he~ flame annealing because of the
~ . - - - -)
uniform distribution of heat. The
annealing schedule depends on
the glass composition, shape and
Heated from two sides. Heated on one side. thickness of the piece, design of
Similiar to a kiln. Similiar to a torch. the kiln and what level of perma-
Cooler
nent stress you are willing to
Fig. 3. Glass is only about five times better than wood accept. If the piece has already
at conducting heat; therefore, as glass is heated at a cooled to room temperature, it
constant temperature, a gradient will occur. The above will be necessary to re-heat the
diagrams illustrate heating from one and two sides.
piece. The risk of course is that it

35
may break as it is re-heated. There seems to To fully understand annealing, to be able to
be two schools of thought. I know of an diagnose cracking problems and determine
individual who repairs antique glass of solutions, we need to look at three case exam-
unknown composition and he believes that ples. In these case studies, the term cool or
it is necessary to bring the pieces up slow- cooling refers to the type of cooling that may
ly, sometimes over 30 days. I am of the occur in air (rapid cooling) as opposed to con-
school of thought that you want to put the trolled cooling that would occur in a kiln with
piece in the kiln cold, set the controller to a ramping controller (slow cooling).
the desire annealing temperature and ramp
up just over an hour, based on experience In Case I, let us assume that we let the
glass piece cool from a temperature above
and available "fast ramp" tables. I use this
the annealing temperature. At this tempera-
approach to save time and accept the risk
ture, the glass will be stress free and as it
that I may lose a piece occasionally due to
begins to cool the stresses are released very
ramping too fast.
rapidly. As the glass cools, the internal tem-
By definition, the strain point is the viscosity perature will be higher than the exterior,
at which it takes 200 minutes to release the and the glass will remain relatively stress
stress in a 1/4 inch thick piece and the anneal- free. Figure 4 (a) through (c) illustrate the
ing point requires 15 minutes to release the increase in stress as the temperature in the
same stress. piece reaches equilibrium at room temper-
• From the chart below, it can be seen that the ature. The piece was stress free when the
viscosities for strain and ~--------------------~
solid /me=
annealing points do not temperature
change by the type of the •nno•I poml --+----t----it---t----+---+- Dashed !me =
glasses; only the tempera- stress
tures are different.
• Different brands, even if " ...'
COE's are similar, may (a) (b) (c)
have different tempera- Fig. 4. Case 1. Cooling ji-om above the annealing point.
tures for annealing and The glass starts and remains stress free until the core and
strain point. exterior reach equilibrium at room temperature.
The glass is left with permanent stress.

Table 1 Critical Temperatures for Various Glass Systems

Reference Maximum Borosilicate Lime Lead Viscosity in Log h

Temperature Range Glasses Glasses Glasses Poise
"C

Working - 1220 1200 1000 104 4.0-7.6

Range °C to 10' 0
Softening 440-1510 690-1510 670-750 580-660 4.5 X ]076 7.6
Point °C

Annealing 350-890 480-890 500-570 425-460 2.5 X ]013 13.4

Point °C

Strain 300-790 445-790 470-S30 380-430 4.0 X 1014 14.6

Point °C

36
temperature dropped through the strain through (c), it can be seen that there is both
point; however, there was a temperature a temperature and stress gradient as the
gradient. When the temperature gradient glass cools, and when the piece reaches
fades away, permanent stress will be left in equilibrium at room temperature, the stress
the piece. If this stress exceeds 25% of the is relieved. Note however, that if the piece
tensile strength, the piece will break at the cools too fast it could break during the
end of the cooling cycle. cool-down if the temporary stress induced
exceeds the breaking requirements.
In Case 2, we will assume the
piece is cooled from a tem- (a) (b) (c) solid line=
temperature
perature between the anneal-
ing temperature and strain annealpamt --+---+----11-------1--4- Dashed line=
point. Figure 5 (a) through (c) st,ampamt --+--=--+--1---..._---1--~ stress

demonstrate that again the

piece will start cooling down
relatively stress free but with
......
a temperature gradient. When Fig. 6. Case 3. The glass is cooled from below strain
the piece reaches room tem- point after annealing. As the glass cools, there will be
perature, stress will start to temporary stress that will be relieved when the glass comes
to equilibrium at room temperature.
show when viewed through a
polariscope, an instrument
used to view stress. As the entire piece reach- Case 3 is the desired scenario. In other
es room temperature, the piece will be in words, the common practice of "soaking"
stress, albeit much less than in Case 1. As at temperatures above the annealing point
mentioned above, glass can weaken over (Case 1) or above the strain point (Case 2)
time. At some point in time in the future, and then rapid cooling such as setting the
maybe two years, the tensile strength of the piece on the bench or shutting off the kiln
glass may have weakened say by 1/2 due to introduces stress rather than relieves it. In
surface flaws; now the tension stresses exceed Case 3, the piece is properly annealed to a
25% and the piece will break. temperature below strain point and then
cooled at a rapid rate.
In Case 3, we will assume that the piece is
fully annealed and is cooled from a temper- ANNEALING
ature below the strain point. In Figure 6 (a) So, the question that begs to be answered at
this point is "how do I
solidline= anneal my piece?"
temperature

annoa/paint -+-=--+-----11---1-----1---+- Dashedline = First, you need to establish the

strainpaint stress annealing and strain points for
the type of glass that you are
working with. This informa-
(a) (b) (c)
tion should be available from
Fig. 5. Case 2. Cooling from below the annealing point the supplier or manufacturer.
and above the strain point. The introduction of a temperature For Glass Alchemy, Ltd.
gradient above strain point still allows the glass to release Boromax" borosilicate, the
strain. When the temperature gradient disappears at room annealing temperature is
temperature, permanent stress will appear. Even though 1050°F and the strain point is
there is less stress than in Case 1, it may be enough to 950° F. Second, "anneal" your
exceed acceptable limits. piece carefully through this

37
range of temperatures. The time will be great- 4 minutes to anneal the two thicknesses. It
ly influenced by the shape, thickness, any kiln is important to correctly gauge the thick-
shelves, proximity to elements and other fac- ness of the piece to utilize these tables to
tors. The goal is to cool slowly enough to have their maximum benefit. Finally, do not take
the interior and walls at the same temperature the pieces out of the kiln prematurely.
(in actual practice this is not possible, fortu- While the cooling rate can be much faster
nately certain levels of stress are acceptable). once below the strain point, it is still possi-
ble to break the piece from temporary
Bandhu Dunham's "Contemporary Lamp-
strains induced by removing it from the
working" Volume I chapter 8 has an exten-
kiln too early. For borosilicate glass, the
sive discussion on annealing and provides
temperatures for opening the kiln and
formulas along with tables to calculate
removing the piece should be below 400° F.
cooling rates. An important concept to keep
in mind is that as the thickness of a glass ADDITIONAL READING
increases so does annealing time. The Contemporary Lampworking (Vol. I and 2).
annealing time increases with the "square" Bandhu Dunham 2002. Salusa Glassworks.
of the thickness; therefore increasing the Creative Glass Blowing. James Hammesfahr
thickness by a factor of IO increases the
and Clair Stong 1968. W. H. Freeman & Co.
annealing time by a factor of 100, not 20,
Glass Technology For The Studio. Frank
which is a common mistake. An example
Woolley 1999. The Studio of The Corning
would be a . I" piece versus a .2" piece. For
Museum of Glass.
Moretti/Effetre glass, the temperature drop
from annealing to strain point can be 144° Annealing Borosilicate Glass. Jim
F and 36° F respectively, or I minute versus Thingwold. Timework Kilns. www.hot-
glass.com/twk/twk I .html
The Handbook of' Glass Manufacture. Fay
Tooley 1974. Books For Industry, Inc.

Reprinted with permission from Glassline

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 2005 ASGS Symposium
The ASGS soth Annual Symposium and Exposition
Indian Lakes Resort, Bloomingdale, Illinois
June 27 - July 2, 2005

Raise Your Glass to 50 Years!

Come "Raise Your Glass to 50 Years!" to celebrate and participate in the 50th Annual
ASGS Symposium to be held at the beautiful Indian Lakes Resort and Convention
Center. Indian Lakes Resort is known as Chicagoland's new premier resort. The
entire complex has Frank Lloyd Wright inspired architecture and offers us an exhib-
it space area like never before. Indian Lakes Resort also offers a first-class spa, great
restaurants, two 18-hole championship golf courses, and many fun refreshment
areas. The resort is located just west of Chicago only 15 minutes from O'Hare air-
port in Bloomingdale, Illinois. The Midwest Section is confident that you will find
this event to be most memorable.
Consider contributing to the 2005 ASGS Symposium with a paper, poster or tech-
nical workshop and don't forget to have fun by participating in the art auction with
a glass donation. Contact any of the respective Committee Chairs below to offer
your contribution. Let's all "Raise Our Glass to 50 Years of Symposia."

Committee Chairs
Symposium Joseph Gregar 630-252-3550 jgregar@anl.gov
Assistant Chair Robert Ponton 414-229-5224 rjp@uwm.edu
AudioNisual Michael Morris 269-628-4190 morrismichael@aol.com
Artistic Daniel Edwards 815-753-6859 niuglass@niu.edu
Exhibits Robert Ponton 414-229-5224 rjp@uwm.edu
Junior Member Seminar Joseph Gregar 630-252-3550 jgregar@anl.gov
Regular Member Allan Brown 603-527-0089 brownam@metrocast.net
Glassblowing Seminars
Seminars Tracy Drier 608-262-9896 drier@chem.wisc.edu
Social Program Katie Gregar 630-416-8584 kcarrado@yahoo.com
Technical Papers James Hodgson 785-532-6676 hodgson@ksu.edu
and Posters
Technical Workshops Brian Schwandt 312-996-8795 briglass@uic.edu
& Demos

The Midwest Section looks forward to seeing you at the

ASGS 50th Annual Symposium and Exposition
Indian Lakes Resort and Convention Center, Bloomingdale, Illinois

41
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 Glass Does Not Flow and Does Not
Crystallize and It Is Not a Liquid
by
Stephen J. Hawkes
Publications Chair
Department of Chemistry
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331-4003
ABSTRACT
A collection of glass facts to counter many general misconceptions about glass. The
author glosses over many of the details but has an excellent list of references allowing for
further research.

Glass is widely believed to flow in historic of their experience, glass scientists are
time, and there are science teachers who unlikely to undertake such research. A report
believe it. As a beginning teacher I taught it on colonial glass at Williamsburg describes
myself. Mea culpa. It has been asserted in how the method of manufacture necessarily
the popular press 1• 2 and even in scientific produced uneven glass, which would be
literature and introductory texts. 1- 5 This thicker in some places than in others.9
paper reviews the evidence and reaches the
conclusions in the title. Flow in Prolonged Time
If glass showed perceptible flow in a few
Historic Glass centuries, then some volcanic glasses
One approach to this enquiry is to ask con- would show substantial flow in geologic
servators who routinely work with antique time. It would penetrate crevices in other
glass whether they have observed it over- rocks and form blobs of flattened glass. The
lapping the fixtures at the bottom of the discovery of such formations would be
glass, or whether the glass is thinner at the clear evidence of flow (albeit very slow
center of glass windows where the flow flow) but such phenomena have not been
would be greatest than at the edges where it reported. Similarly, astronomical mirrors
would be slowest, and whether there is show no deformity after standing for more
thicker glass at the bottom. They have than a century, although it is asserted that
denied repeatedly and consistently that they expected deformation from the alleged
have observed such phenomena6-8 (personal flow would be observable and ruinous.4
communication with Moore, D., Colonial
Williamsburg Foundation). Gibson states Flow under High Pressure?
that in a lifetime of dismantling medieval Bridgman provided evidence on this question
glass, he has seen hundreds of pieces that by his experiments on glass under extreme
were thicker at the top. 7 So it is unnecessary pressure.10• 11 He found that there was a short
to invoke the "explanation" that artists set- period of flow as the glass was compressed
ting the glass pieces would be likely to set but then no further flow. When flow was pre-
the thicker part lower. vented, the glass could not be compressed. So
there is no flow in the normal sense of the
No statistical study of thickness of old win- word but the phenomenon is better interpret-
dow glass has ever been found. In the light ed as a molecular rearrangement.

43
Surface Flow also have to allow for changes in the
A curious type of flow has been reported in microstructure of the glass during the exper-
the surface layer of glass that has been rapid- iment. I believe this is not possible with
ly cooled. When glass is scratched with a fine present technology. A review of various
diamond point, several surface effects have methods of determining glass viscosity 1
'

been observed, one of which - on glass that shows none that is useful above 101' Pa-s, so
has cooled quickly - is a form of surface the much higher values reported for cold
flow. Peyches explains that "There exists a glass must presumably be obtained by theo-
surface skin of more or less appreciable thick- retical extrapolation.
ness in which the molecules are less strongly
No evidence for the flow of cold glass can
bonded than in the rest of the mass of the
be found from viscosity measurement
glass, which has been chilled less rapidly. In
using present technology. There is no evi-
these surface layers, viscous flow takes place
dence to support a belief that viscosity
when the glass is subject to stress at low tem-
could be measured with sufficiently sensi-
perature. Only fine annealing can cause such
tive technology at some future time.
mobility to disappear."12 If this really is regu-
lar viscous flow, it follows that there is a form Supercooling
of glass which, if it could be created in bulk, It is often asserted that glass is a supercooled
would flow under pressure. However, it could liquid. When molten glass is cooled, it even-
not apply to ancient window glass or any tually adopts the glassy state at the "glass
other glass that presently exists. transition temperature." This temperature
varies with the rate of cooling so that the
Glass workers know that in order to cut glass
material may be a liquid at the same temper-
it is necessary to break it at a scratch that has
ature at which, under other circumstances, it
been made no more than two minutes earlier.
would be a glass. Such a liquid is said to be
Otherwise it will heal, appearing the same but
"supercooled" and eventually undergoes the
losing its ability to guide the crack. 13 It has
glass transition at a lower temperature than if
been suggested that this is the result of glass
it had not supercooled. The properties of the
flow in the freshly made groove, but it seems
supercooled liquid are a simple extrapolation
more likely that it is related to the formation
of the properties of the melt until it reaches
of the hydrated layer, which is known to occur
the glass transition. At the glass transition, the
within five minutes. 14
rate of change of most physical properties
Measurement of Viscosity of Cold Glass with temperature undergo a sharp transition:
There is a rumor that the viscosity of cold specifically, the graphs of length and of heat
glass has actually been measured. I have been capacity and especially of entropy against
unable to find any literature reference to such temperature have marked changes in slope. 16
measurement and none of the people who Cool glass is substantially different from the
suggested it to me has been able to supply a supercooled liquid (even at the same temper-
clue that leads me to one. Literature values atures) in these and other measurable proper-
that I have found have in every case been the ties, as well as in the obvious properties that
result of extrapolation from high tempera- are known to artisan glass workers.
tures. If any reader provides a clue that leads
Deformation
me to a viscosity measurement on cold glass,
When glass is stressed, it undergoes an imme-
I will offer the editor a retraction.
diate elastic deformation, which is followed
Such a measurement would have to measure by a slow inelastic deformation. When the
actual flow against a much greater back- stress is removed, the glass reverts to its orig-
ground of anelastic deformation and would inal state. Since the inelastic reversion is slow,

44
this has sometimes been mistaken for a per- Such a possibility is addressed theoretically
manent deformation and used as evidence for by Kny and Nauer.24 They calculated that
flow or that glass is a liquid. Spencer's classic crystallization could not reach a volume frac-
experiment shows that this claim is a misin- tion of I 0 1' in less than 1000 years under the
terpretation. 1'· 1' most favorable conditions, and 10' to 101'
years under realistic conditions. Newton
The earliest reference to this kind of phe-
quotes them as believing that they have found
nomenon that has come to light was the
microcrystallites about 20 nm in size in early
statement by Ostwald in an 1893 text that
medieval glass, but comments "However, if
glass tubing "must be kept lying flat, other- so, it is so rare as to be negligible."25 There has
wise it becomes permanently curved." 19 The
been no subsequent report of such microcry-
later work of Rayleigh and others shows
stallites in antique glass. Kny and Nauer also
that this is untrue. 20
quote Besborodov'' as saying that obsidian
Crystallization (Devitrification) has many crystalline inclusions, whereas tek-
It is also widely believed that glass crystal- tite samples do not. They account for this by
lizes spontaneously in historic time. One the larger concentration of OH groups in the
recent introductory science text (now obsidian, which has 100 times more water
replaced by a later edition) had a picture of an than the tektites. If crystallization depends on
Egyptian glass bowl with some white patch- the presence of water, the crystals may be per-
es, which were said to be incipient crystal- lite rather than crystallized glass. Such micro-
lization. However, deterioration of glass is the crystallites would be significant in glass sci-
result of attack by water or water vapor.14 ence, but would not be relevant to the visible
This causes a crust of hydrated silica, which deterioration of antique glass.
appears as a white surface on the glass. This Students should not be taught that crystalliza-
may be followed by further chemical action tion can occur in historic time. Deterioration
such as leaching of the metal ions or attack by
in ancient glass is explained, by those best
carbon dioxide, causing further deterioration, qualified to discuss the matter, as the result of
which appears as further encrustation or pits.
chemical attack, a phenomenon that has been
Glass displayed in museums has been known the subject of much research. 14
to deteriorate visibly in as little as a few
months when the humidity is not carefully Structure of Glass
controlled.'1 In geologic time this process The belief that glass is a liquid is often sup-
converts volcanic glass to perlite, an opales- ported by the assertion that its molecular
cent hydrate of the original glass.22 structure is random like a liquid's. Glass actu-
ally has a number of states with entropy min-
A better test of crystallization over geologic ima, which are therefore nonrandom. 27 They
time would be to examine glass from extra- can be interconverted by heat, pressure or
terrestrial bodies that have no atmosphere to strain. A well-known example of such inter-
corrode it. Particles of moon glass have conversion is "annealing." If liquid glass is
microscopic pits and grooves that appear to
cooled quickly it solidifies in a molecular
be the result of micrometeorites striking the arrangement that is unstable and may shatter
glass surfaces,23 but no example has been spontaneously. Glassblowers routinely trans-
reported of moon glass that has visibly crys- form this into a more stable state by annealing
tallized after it has cooled. Future crystallo-
it at a temperature below the melting point.
graphic examination may show microcrystal-
lites, and this would be evidence of geologi- Angell gives the following theoretical
cally slow crystallization. denial in an authoritative paper on the
(Continued on page 48)
45
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("Glass Does Not Flow," continued from page 45)

physics of glass: 16 Glass is a rigid solid with a lower degree of

The fact that glasses are brittle solids at molecular order (higher entropy) than a
temperatures below their glass transition crystal but with greater molecular order
temperatures implies that the arrangement (lower entropy) than a liquid.
of particles taken up as a liquid cools
Note
below Tg can be described by a point in
It has been argued that volcanic glass has a
configuration space near the bottom of a
higher silica content than historic window
potential energy minimum in this space. If
glass and would therefore have greater vis-
this were not so, the system would move
cosity, flow more slowly, and perhaps not be
in the direction dictated by the collective
deformed even in geologic time. Actual data
unbalanced force acting on it, and some
do not support this. Tables of composition of
sort of flow would occur. Notwithstanding
geological glasses give silica content varying
the legend about medieval cathedral win-
from 35 to 76%, whereas the Si02 content of
dows, this does not occur in glassy sys-
antique glass varies from 50 to 75%.
tems held at temperatures less than half
their glass transition temperatures, even Literature Cited
on geological time scales. 1. Vos Savant, M. Ask Marilyn; Parade
Rather than having an amorphous arrange- Magazine, Nov. 19, 1995, p 19.
ment, glasses form as a weak reflection of a 2. Conroy, H. Glasgow Herald; 11 March
three-dimensional crystal structure, which is 1996.
so energetically incompetent that it can bare- 3. Tolman, C. A.; Jackson, N. B. Essays in
ly compete with the disordered form. 16 Texts Physical Chemistry; Lippincott, W. D.,
routinely show diagrams contrasting the reg- Ed.; American Chemical Society:
ular hexagonal arrangement of crystalline sil- Washington, DC, 1988; p 22.
ica with a less ordered arrangement of con- 4. Plumb, R. C. 1 Chem. Educ. 1989, 66,
tiguous polygons of varying size in glass. 994-996.
Such an arrangement is as rigid as the silica, 5. Resnick, R.; Halliday, D.; Krane, K. S.
but perhaps less stable thermodynamically. Physics, 4th ed.; Wiley: New York,
1992; p 377.
So? 6. Newton, R., Davison, S. Conservation
Whether glass is a liquid must depend on its of Glass; Newton, R.; Davison, S. Eds.;
ability to flow, or to spontaneously adopt a Butterworth-Heinemann: Woburn, MA,
new conformation of equal energy. This has 1996; p 13.
not been demonstrated either theoretically or 7. Reese, K. M. Chem. Eng. News 1990,
experimentally, so an assertion that cold glass 69(Feb 26), 168.
is a liquid must be regarded as incorrect. 8. Gibbs, P. Is Glass Liquid or Solid?
Students should not be taught that glass is a http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/
liquid because such teaching creates a men- glass.html (accessed Jan 2000).
tal concept that is divorced from reality. It 9. Davies, I. Window Glass in Eighteenth
leads inevitably to the fallacies that glass Century Williamsburg; Report AR46;
flows or crystallizes after a long enough Colonial Williamsburg Foundation:
time. Even if a sensible argument could be Williamsburg, PA, 1970.
discovered that glass is a liquid in some 10. Bridgman, P. W. Simon, I.1 Appl. Phys.
esoteric sense, it would create more confu- 1953, 24, 405--413.
sion than enlightenment. 11. Bridgman, P. W. Proc. Am. A cad. Arts
Sci. 1952, 81,170.

48
12.Peyches, I. J. Soc. Glass Technol. 1952, in Archeology and the Applied Arts;
36, 178. Stockholm, 1975; pp 121-134. Quoted
13. Berlye, M. K. The Encyclopedia of from Conservation of Glass; Newton, R.;
Working with Glass; Oceana: New York, Davison, S. Eds.; Op. cit.; p 142.
1968;p 17. 22. Cas, R. A. F.; Wright, J. V Volcanic
14. Newton, R. G. Conservation of Glass; Successions, Modern and Ancient;
Newton, R.; Davison, S. Eds.; Chapman and Hall: Boston-London,
Butterworth-Heinemann: Woburn, MA, 1987; p 84.
1996; Chapter 4. 23. Hamblin, W. K.; Christiansen, E. H.
15. Scholze, H.; Kreidl, N. J. Glass Science Exploring the Planets; Macmillan: New
and Technology, Vol. 3; Uhlmann, D. R.; York, 1990; pp 85-86.
Kreidl, N. J., Eds.; Academic: New York, 24. Kny, E.; Nauer, G. J. Non-Cryst. Solids
1986; pp 234-236. 1978, 29, 207-214.
16.Angell, C. A. Science 1995, 267, 1925. 25.Newton, R. G. The Deterioration and
17. Preston, F. W. J Am. Ceramic Soc. 1935, Conservation of Painted Glass. A Critical
18, 220. Bibliography; Occasional Papers II;
18. Preston, F. W. J Appl. Phys. 1942, 13, British Academy and Oxford University
626. Press: Oxford, 1982; pp v, 58.
19. Ostwald, W. Manual of Physico-chemical 26. Bezborodov, M. A. Chemie und
Measurements; Walker, J., Translator; Technologie der antiken und mittelalter-
Macmillan: London, 1894; p 66. lichen Glaser; Philipp von Zabern:
20.Preston, F. W. Glass Technol. 1973, 14, Mainz, 1975.
20-30. 27. Angell, C. A J Phys. Chem Solids 1988,
21. Brill, R.H. IIC Congress on Conservation 49, 863-871.
Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Chemical Education 77. 7 (July 2000): 846-848.

Lamp Shop Hint

Small Sample Boat
by
Daniel Edwards
Northern Illinois University
Dekalb, IL 60115
I was recently asked to build a Micro ly apart 10 mm or so, repeating four or five
Vacuum Cooker. This had a 25 mm outer times until I had enough. After cooling, I took
tube and a 13 mm inner tube. To fit, the this to my flat grinder or wet saw and ground
sample holder was then made with 9 mm it down to one half. Then using my glass
tubing, leaving me with a maximum tubing knife, I scored it at the constriction. This step
of 6 mm o.d. Since these had to be 10 mm was repeated until all were ground. I then
long, the problem was how to cut several took them back to my bench torch, removed
boats to this size. one excess end and cold sealed on a small
rod. After fire polishing it, I removed the
I took a piece of 6 mm tubing and, using a other end which left me with a finished boat.
small flame, heated it until the inside of the By doing these this way, I had a handle for
tubing constricted to 1 mm to 2 mm. I then control while grinding and I could do several
removed it from the flame and pulled it slight- at a time.

49
RAISE YOUR GLASS TO 50 YEARS!
ASGS 50th Annual Symposium
Indian Lakes Resort, Bloomingdale, Illinois
June 27 - July 2, 2005

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Technical Papers and Posters Chair: James Hodgson

Kansas State University• Department of Chemistry
111 Willard Hall - Manhattan, Kansas 66506
785-532-6676 • hodgson@ksu.edu

I look forward to receiving your contribution.

50
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52
 Section Reports
DELAWARE VALLEY
A full schedule of meetings is planned for Hopefully this issue of Fusion reaches you in
the Delaware Valley Section. By the time time to attend the November meeting. If not,
this goes to press, we will have had our first then there is plenty of time to make plans to
meeting on September 16, sponsored by attend our third meeting of the year which will
ChemG!ass . The Section gratefully thanks be held Saturday January 29 from 9 a.m. to 3
Walt, Dave and Philip Surdam for their p.m. Salem Community College will host this
support of the ASGS. Another tremendous event in the Glass Center. We have planned
supporter of glassblowers in our region is plenty of demonstrations, exhibits and an
North Jersey Diamond Wheel. Bonnie informational presentation. If you are interest-
Clark will host our November meeting on ed in attending or exhibiting at this "mini-
the 18th at the Buena Tavern. Contact any symposium ," then contact Daryl Smith at
Section officer for detail s. (856) 351-2635 or dcsmith@salemcc.edu.

The Officers for this year are: Director - Two additional meetin gs will be held later
Karen Carrara, Alternate - Director Parker in the year, so check the ASGS website and
Stowman, Chair - Bob Russell, Vice Chair - future issues of Fusion for those dates.
David Surdam, Treasurer - Bonnie Clark, and Respe ctfully submitted,
Secretary - Katherine Cheetham. Daryl Smith, Chair

NORTHEAST
The 49th ASGS Symposium was held at the
Prime Hotel in Saratoga Springs, N.Y June 22
to 26 and was hosted by the Northeast
Section. I do not have the exact figures avail-
able to me but we had a great turnout. Our
Symposium Committee members worked
very hard on developing a well-rounded pro-
gram that would offer something for every-
one who wanted to learn new scientific glass-
blowing techniques or improve their glass-
blowing skills and knowledge . The Seminars,
Junior Member Workshop, Regular Member Chuck Christman gi ves a workshop on drilling
glass . Notice Mike Morris with his headphon es
Glassblowing Seminar, Technical Workshops,
on the taping and providing AV assistance.
Posters, Exhibits, Technical Papers, Artistic
Demonstrations and Auction were all well needs to be done then just do it, we will
attended. thank you later." It mu st be that everyone
was listening becau se when we were con-
Dan Wilt was our Symposium Chair and he
fronted with any glitch in the program,
did a superb job of making sure that we had
there was always someone there to take
all the resources available that we needed.
care of it. A lot of the tim e, it was Dan tak-
Dan told everyone at our last Section meet-
ing care of these glitches so I guess we
ing, " If you see or hear of something that
should all say, "Thank you Dan."

53
 great success due to our artistic demonstra-
tion volunteers. I always enjoy not only
watching the great artistic items being
made , but also the bidding wars during the
auction. This year we raised over $5 ,000.00
and donated this to the National Bottle
Museum. Larry and Jan Rutland, curators
of the Museum , were very grateful to
receive our donation. I could tell by the way
Jan spoke when they accepted the check
that they were overwhelmed by our gen-
Exhibit Hall grand opening. From /e/i Deborah
Camp, Bonnie Clark, Mike Souza and Dan Wilt. erosity. Although the National Bottle
Museum is not physically very large, their
There are many other people who worked collections provide the history of early
very hard before and during the Symposium glass blown bottles. The most interesting
to make sure that everything went according displays to me are the tools and molds that
to plan. Please do not be offended if I forget were used to make these early vessels. I
to mention your name and you were one of suppose that I am somewhat biased on this
these people. We really do appreciate the help because my first experiences with forming
we received from all of you. hot glass was tooling hose connections,
One person who
deserves an extra
thank you is Michael
Morris, our Audio
Visual Chair. Mike
used his AV knowl-
edge and talent to
tape and preserve the
Technical Workshop
Demonstrations;
Mike Morris, AV Chair these will be added to
our lending library in the near future. Mike Robert Ponton during the Art Auction
also made great use of our AV equipment dur- was a real class act.
ing the Symposium and provided his expe11-
ise during the Technical Papers sessions.
Setting up paper presenters ' Power Point
presentations, microphones , overheads ,
laser pointers and running the sound sys-
tem was greatly appreciated by all. Mike
worked hard all throughout the Symposium
and provided the sound for the Artistic
Demonstrations and Auction so that our
auctioneer , "Ponton the Elder ," could be
heard loudly and clearly. Mike Morris ,
"Thank you."

Speaking of the Art Demonstrations and

Auction, I think it was a lot of fun and a Jan Rutland al the National Bollie Museum.

54
ground joints, stopcock barrels, and blow-
ing small flasks in hand held molds. I am
happy that our donations will help to pre-
serve the Museum and its wealth of infor-
mation for all of us.

Larry and Jan Rutland also were kind

enough to let us use their hot glass studio
during the Symposium for the Junior
Members Workshops. Dan Edwards Joe
Gregar , Robert Singer, and Barry Lafler,
Allan Brown instructs at the
took their group of enthusiastic glassblowers Regular Member Glassblowing Seminar.
to the Studio and provided them with hands-
on training that they will expand on in their
future glassblowing endeavors. To Joe,
Robert, Barry and Dan, "Thank you." To all
of the Junior members who care enough
about this profession to go the extra mile to
learn as much as you can and to expand your
knowledge and skills, "Thank you ." I hope
you realize that you are the future of
Scientific Glassblowing and the ASGS. If
you ever need our help, all you need to do is Georges Kopp provides technical instruction
ask and we will do whatever we can for you. at the Regular Member Glassblowing Seminw'.

The same should be said to those who learning these new skills is a great way to
instructed and attended the Regular stay proficient as a glassblower.
Member Glassblowing Seminar , "Thank
you." Allan Brown, Rick Gerhart, Georges I feel like I am rambling on, but a final
Kopp, and Jim Merritt provided challenges "Thank you" to everyone in the registration
to more experienced glassblowers who booth, our exhibitors, paper presenters, poster
wish to learn special techhiques and devel- authors , workshop presenters, seminar pre-
op more skills. We can always learn some- senters and coordinators , Night Out organiz-
thing new by attending this seminar and ers - all did an outstanding job. The Night
Out on Lake George was fantastic with good
food, good weather, and great company.

Thanks also to Michael Souza for his

words of wisdom throughout the past year.
I am also looking forward to a great year
with our new President Scott Bankroff at
the helm, best of luck to you Scott.

By the time you see this in print, the

Northeast Section will have already held its
Fall Section Meeting at Tecnolux in
Brooklyn, NY on October 2. I expect that
we will have a good turnout and that we will
Junior lvfember Workshop Instructors and
have some great demos to present there.
students at the National Bottle
Museum Studio in Ballston Spa. Tecnolux has a nice location in the city and

55
 Steve and Jane And erson share a quiet mom ent President Michael Souza wishes incoming
during the Night Out Lake George Cruise. President Scott Bankroff'the best of luck.

they have plenty of room in their shop to our meetings are open to any ASGS mem-
light up our torches and have some fun. ber and we would love to see you there.
Rochester , a great city, is very affordab le
Our Spring Meeting will be in April 2005 for meals and lodging. Please plan on
at Kodak in Rochester , NY and Joe West
attending and we hope to see you there in
will be our host. This will give some of our
April 2005.
members in western New York a chanc e to
participate in our meeting and perhaps vo l- Respectfiilly submitted,
unteer to do a few demos for us. As always , David P Wise, Director

PACIFIC NORTHWEST
The Pacific Northwest Section held their Jay Myers , from Adams & Chittenden
spring meeting at Thermo Electron Scientific Glass , was the selected Junior
Corporation (formally Kevex X-Ray) on Award Member who attended the Sym-
Saturday April 24 in beautiful Scotts Valley, posium in Saratoga Springs. Jay was very
California. There were demonstrations , a grateful for the $1 ,500 award and the
tour of the facilities , a Section Meeting and opportunity to experience a National
lunch was provided. Our host was Bruce Symposium. Jay was mentored by Victor
Suba of Thermo Electron. Gallicchio. Due to the limited number of
Junior members, the Section has decided
The position of Director will change from
to open the award to both Junior and
Victor Gallicchio (Farlow's Scientific
Regular members in the future.
Glassblowing) to Victor Mathews (Litton
Engineering Laboratories) . The Section Respectfitlly submitted ,
members extended their appreciation to Victor Mathews, Director
Victor Gallicchio for his dedication to the
Section and its members.

SOUTHEASTERN
Th e annual spring meeting of the On Friday, there was a trip to the historical
Southeastern Section was hosted by Don Biltmore Estate. We were amazed at the
Woody ard and held at the Renaissance size and architecture of this spectacular
Hotel in Asheville , North Carolina . There landmark . Everyone enjoyed the tour of the
were twenty-nine members in attendance . winery and wine shop, floral gardens,

56
 Southeastern Section Business M eeting. Mark Wicker shows fi x ture used to assure p erfect
Left to right, Rick Smith, standing infor Bob alignm ent of apparatus.
Ketch - Secretary/ Treasurer, Mark Wicker -
Director and Gary Dobos - Chai!:
bowling alley and swimming pool just to
name a few. For lunch , a buffet was served
at the Deerpark Restaurant located on the
estate. After our tour, we all returned to the
Renaissance Hotel to meet with our sup-
porting vendors to discuss and look over
their new product line for the coming year.
Don Woodyard uses a Polariscope to
On Saturday morning , the business meeting show the degree of stress remaining in
was called to order by Chair Gary Dobos . g lassware during annealing.
Gary recognized and thanked the vendors
for their attendance and continued support:
Ace Glass, Inc., Friedrich & Dimmock ,
Inc ., Heathway, Inc., Quantum Business
Solutions , Spike International, S. P.
International, Inc., VM Glass Company, and
Wale Apparatus Company. During the
meeting, an updated roster and Treasurer's
report were presented . The three positions
up for election were filled as follows: Gary
Dobos - Chair, Don Woodyard - Vice-Chair,
Gmy Newlin from "A Touch of Glass " gives a
and Richard Harrison - Secretary /Treasurer.
demon stration on a technique used to make
Danny Wilt provided the group with infor- multi-colored ornam ents.
mation on the upcoming Symposium being
held in Saratoga Springs, NY. • A No-blowing Technique for Sealing
Separatory Funnels by Gary Dobos
Next , the spouses/guests were treated to a
• A Special Holder for Critical Alignment
relaxing tour of Asheville on one of the trol-
When Making a Smoking Chamber by
ley buses . The member /vendor tour consist-
Mark Wicker
ed of a workshop at "Touch of Glass." We
were introduced to the owner, Gary Newlin , • Minimizing Stress in Glassware Using
and were shown different techniques of Polariscope by Don Woodya rd
making colored ornaments and other items • Encased Penny Turtle Necklace by Don
fabricated in their shop. Lillie

Technical demonstrations presented to the The banquet Saturday evening concluded

group by section members consisted of: the meeting .

57
 Cary Dobos shows a simp le method a/seal ing separatory fimne/s.

On behalfofthe entire Southeastern Section,

I would like to thank Don Woodyard for
hosting a great meeting and all our sponsors
(Ace Glass Inc., Friedrich & Dimrnock, Inc.,
Heathway, Inc., Quantum Business Solu-
tions, Spike International, S. P.International,
Inc. , VM Glass Company and Wale
Apparatus) for their generous support.
Resp ectfitlly submitt ed, Attendees meet with vendors to
Gwy Dobos , Chair discuss new products.

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60
 Motions Passed by the
ASGS Board of Directors
June 22, 2004
Prime Hotel, Saratoga Springs, NY
Presiding Officer: President Michael J Souza • Secretary: Kenneth E Owens

Subject: Minutes Subject: Director Reimbursement for

Motion Resolution: To accept the Minutes of November Board Meeting
the November 2003 ASGS Board of Directors Motion Resolution: The ASGS shall reim-
meeting as read with noted corrections. burse Directors attending the Annual
Motion by: Michael Palme November ASGS BOD meeting reasonable
Second: Daryl Smith travel costs associated with their attendance
Votes for Motion: Unanimous at said meeting
Motion By: Michael Palme
Subject: President Emeritus Second: David Wise
Motion Resolution: That Arthur Dolenga be Motion failed four for, nine against
elected to the position of President Emeritus. Subject: Audit Committee
Motion by: Michael Morris Motion Resolution: The Board of Directors
Second: Bob Singer shall immediately move to appoint and estab-
Votes for Motion: Unanimous lish an Audit Committee of three qualified
members of experience and integrity tofullfill
Subject: Bylaws the Audit Committee responsibility. No cur-
Motion Resolution: Issue 1 of the June 2004 rent Executive Committee members can sit on
Bylaw Committee report shall be amended to the Audit Committee.
include a sentence at the end of paragraph f Motion by: Frank Hedges
to read; "No existing Executive Committee Second: Michael Morris
member shall be eligible to serve on the Audit Votes for Motion: Unanimous
Committee." Subject: Audit Committee
Motion By: Frank Hedges Motion Resolution: The Board of Directors
Second: Michael Morris approve the appointment of Allan Brown,
Votes for Motion: Unanimous Sally Prasch, and Rick Gerhart for the
appointment to the Audit Committee.
Subject: ASGS Bulletin Boards Motion By: Frank Hedges
Motion Resolution: The ASGS Discussion Second: Michael Morris
Group will be discontinued. All ASGS bul- Motion passed twelve for, one against
letin boards will be restricted to Q&A and
Subject: National Office
for announcements related to ASGS events
Motion Resolution: The Executive Secretary
or business.
is directed to enter into a contract on the
Motion by: Scott Bankroff
Society s behalf with Bookkeeping Plus
Second: Daryl Smith Professional Services, Inc., 104 West Hunter
Motion passed seven for, six against Street, Madison, NC 27025, in the amount of
$34,500.00, to be paid in twelve monthly
Subject: Lifetime Membership
installments of$2,875.00, to provide National
Motion Resolution: That Great Lakes Office management services for the twelve
Section Member, Ray Steiner, be made a month period beginning August 1, 2004 and
Lifetime Member of the ASGS. ending July 31, 2005.
Motion By: Michael Morris Motion By: James Hodgson
Second: Scott Bankroff Second: Michael Morris
Votes for Motion: Unanimous Votes for Motion: Unanimous

61
Subject: Treasurer sented to the Board, June 2004.
Motion Resolution: I move that Frank Notification By: Scott Bankroff
Meints be elected to serve as Treasurer of Second: Bob Singer
the ASGS for the coming year, 2004-2005. No vote required
Motion By: James Hodgson
Second: James Merritt Notification to Amend Bylaws:
Votes for Motion: Unanimous Proxy Designation
Proposed Action: Replace the second sen-
Subject: Publication tence of article IV Sect. 6 with: "When neces-
Motion Resolution: I move that the sale qf sary, a section may designate another section
any compilation of Proceedings and or Member who is a National Member in good
Fusion, be restricted to ASGS members only. standing, to serve as Proxy for that section.
Motion By: Ken Owens The section Director or Alternate Director
Second: James Hodgson may make this Proxy designation."
Motion passed nine for, two against Notification by Ken Owens
Subject: Adjournment Second: not recorded
Motion Resolution: I move we adjourn the No vote required
meeting of President Souza, June 22, 2004. Notification to Amend Bylaws:
Motion By: Ken Owens Proxy Designation
Second: David Wise Proposed Action: Amend Article IV Sect. 3
Motion passed unanimous as follows: In the first sentence strike the
Notification to Ammend Bylaws: words "or by proxy" and in the last sentence
Presidental Term strike the words "in person ...on meeting."
Proposed Action: That the Board accept the Notification by Ken Owens
notification of bylaw changes as contained in Second: not recorded
the "Presidential Term Study summary pre- No vote required

Motions Passed by the

ASGS Board of Directors
June 22, 2004
Prime Hotel, Saratoga Springs, NY
Presiding Officer: Scott Bankroff • Secretary: Charles Christman

Subject: Committee Chairs the ASGS for I year, 2004-2005.

Motion Resolution: To accept Committee Motion by: Frank Meints
Chairs for President Scott Bankroff. Second by: Michael Palme
Motion by: Charles Christman Motion Passed: Unanimous
Second by: Bob Singer
Motion Passed: Unanimous Subject: Budget
Motion Resolution: Motion to accept
Subject: Executive Secretary
budget for 2004-2005.
Motion Resolution: Motion to appoint
Motion by: Charles Christman
David Daenzer as the ASGS Executive
Second by: Michael Morris
Secretary for 2004-2006.
Motion Passed: Unanimous
Motion by: Scott Bankroff
Second by: Ron Bihler Subject: Adjourn
Motion Passed: Unanimous Motion Resolution: Motion to adjourn.
Subject: Assistant Treasurer Motion by: Mike Morris
Motion Resolution: Motion to appoint Second by: Mike Palme
James Hodgson as Assistant Treasurer of Motion Passed: Unanimous

62
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63
 2004 Annual Symposium

Dan Wilt,
Mike Souza, President Symposium Chair Amy Collins,
National Office Manager

Seminar Instructors

Glass Shop Maintenance , {L to R) Bonnie Clark, Marvin Molodow, Peter Skorewicz, Jr.,
Dan Wilt, Jerry Howard, Richard Monares. Missing: Frank Hedges and Tim O'Brien.

Quartz Mai11te11a11ce
Tim O'Brien Northstar
Applications in the
Sanjaya Silga and Tom Wilson
Semiconductor
Industry
Dick Mace

64
Regular Member Glassblowing Seminars

(L to R) James Merritt,
Allan Brown, Richard Gerhart,
Georges Kopp.

Below, Dan Vogt receives

instruction from Jim Merritt.

Bill Wilt receives silvering

instructions from Rick Gerhart.

65
 Junior Member Workshop

Instructo rs (l lo R) Barry laf/ e1; Jos eph Grega,; Nancy Rulh Jackson and
Daniel Edwards; Bob Singe,; no! pres enl. Brian Markowicz

Bob Singer demonstraling a /echniq ue.

Junior Member Workshop a11endee.1·and inslruclors.

66
 Technical Papers

Keynote Speaker
Georges Kopp D1'.William Happe ,; A. Peruma/
"Construction ()/a High Power Princeton Univers ity "Developmemt a/ the Triple
CO, Water-cooled Sw.fa ce Condenser.for
Laser Tube " Chemica l Labs"

Richard Ponton Brian Schwandt Dary l Smith

"Large Scale Quantitative Head "Sealed Glass Eco.1ystems" "A Review a/the Scientific Glass
Space Analysis" Technology Associates a/Applied
Science Degree Program"

Chris Sprague Mike Vandenhoff Ron Tonucci Lloyd Williams

"Reacto,; Stirrer and ''Glassblowing "Holey Glass "Ion Exchange Glass· ·
Baffle Design and Technology Innovation in Materials··
Fabrication Guidlines Photonic Components
for Optimum Mixing .. Used.for Optical
Telecomnnmication "

67
 Technical Workshop Demonstrations

Charles D. Christman Patrick DeF/orio University of'Montreal

M & M Glassblowing Co. Inc Yankee Glassblower, Inc. ''.4New App,va ch to Support the
"Drill ing Glass Tubing and Plate "Kovar Sealing" Inner Part ofa Long Condenser
Minimizing Chip 0111 " Without Packing Material"

Dani J Hatz
Proctor and Gambl e Co.
"Swface Techniques on Tubing" Joseph Paciulla and Howie Cohen
Tecnolux
Georges Kopp
"Neon.for the Scientific Glassblower "
McGill University
"Hand Tools and Use of
Up/Down Molding Jack··

Robert }Ponton
University of Wisconsin-
Milwaukee
"Scientifi c Instruments
Throughout Histo1y"

Michael J Souza
Princeton University
"Fabrication Technology
for Aluminosilicat e Glass"

68
 Technical Posters

Rona ld Bihl er
"Repmduction of an Anti que
Thermometer"
Steve Anderson Tracy Drier
"Heart Perfusion Tissue Bath "The Wisconsin Schlenk Line"
with ECG Capability"

James Hodgson
'ii Glassblower'.5Bibliography"
Beth Hy len
"Find it at the Rakow Research libra,y"

Angela Gatesy
"Free Radicals:
Electrochemical Cells Utilized
at the University of Vermont"
.
m
~
:
Mobile Silvering

Philip Legg e
"Making a Short Path
Distillation Head" Richard J Ponton
"Mobile Silvering Cart "

Artistic Night

69
 Annual Business Meeting

President Michael Souza Allan Brown prese/1/s a Quartz torch Raymond Steiner receives
pr esents President Emeritus donated by Blue Flame Technology Lifetime Members hip Award
Award to Arthur Dolenga. to Chris Sprague in recognition al ji-om President Souza.

,,
ows randing service.

Banquet and Awards

~
'V·,

~
~~-
f
{
,._,
tit
'.
'
'\ I "
,, r.,/
'i
I).
,ll

.,I
.fiJ : ~, '\)
I/ ? ''
l
'
..
ll ,
II

~
Insta llation al Preside nt Scott
~f

President-Elect Ronald Bihler

-
,
Thomas Howe installs
Bankro.flby Thomas Howe. installed by Thomas Howe. Secretary Charles Christm an.

Treasurer Frank Meints installed Thomas Howe installs Executive Scott Bankrojfp resents the
by Thomas Howe. Secretarv David Daenze1: President 5·Ring to Michael Souza.

Michael Souza passes the Scott Bankro.ffpresen ts the Michael and Mwy Souza
gavel to Scot! Bankro(F Past Presid ent 5·Plaque to receive the Corning Steuben
Michael Souza. Bow/Ji -om Oscar Jackson.

70
 David Daenzer presents Barry Lafler receives the Gene Nelson and Chris Sprague
President Emeritus Award J. Allen Alexander Award receive the Helmut E. Drechsel
to Arthur Dolenga. from Michael Souza Award from Michael Souza

Carl Carelli presents the Andrews Frank Meints, on behalf of Ray Steiner presents
Glass Award to Georges Kopp. David Beaubien, receives the David Beaubien with the
WaleAward from Andy Wargo. WaleAward.

Daniel Wilt presents the Michael Souza presents Allan Brown receives the
William A. Wilt Award to the Memorial Award to Karl H. WaltherAward from
Joseph Grega,'. Kellie Wannett David Wise and Michael Souza.

Rick Smith presents the Dana Daniel Wilt receives the Daniel Wilt presents the
Sampson Award to Joseph Cregar. Symposium Chair '.I·Plaqu e Charity Auction proceeds to
from Michael Souza. Janet Rutland of the National
Bottle Museum.

71
Steven Anderson presents the
Midwest Achievement Award
to Robert Gojf,-edi (accepted
by President Souza).

Joseph Cregar; Chair of the

Katrina Daenzer and 50th Symposium , extends
Amy Collins at the an invitation to the 2005
Registration Desk. Swnposium in Chicago, fl .

ASGS 50th Annual Symposium

Indian Lakes Resort, Bloomingdale, Illinois
June 27 - July 2, 2005

Call for
Artistic Glass Auction Donations
We are looking for contributions of art glass creations for our Annual Art
Glass Auction. Your participation is invited and requested in the form of the
donation of an artistic glass piece or by presenting a live
art glass demonstration during the artistic night.

Artistic Glass Chair: Daniel Edwards

Please contact Dan to send an item for the auction or to confirm your
bench time at the 2005 Symposium.

Northern Illinoi s University

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Faraday Hall, DeKalb , IL 60115-2862
815- 753-6859 - niuglass @niu.edu

The Make-A-Wish Foundation of will be the benefactor of the art auction.

I look forward to receiving your contribution.

72
 2004 Symposium Exhibitors
The American Scientific Glassblowers Society would like to thank the
following Sponsors who participated in the 49th ASGS Symposium:

Opening of the Exhibits

Deborah Camp, Bonnie Clark, Michael Souza, Daniel Wilt

A.B.R. Imagery Carlisle Machine Works, Inc Corning, Incorporated

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812-339-9147 Millville, NJ 08332 800-492-1 I IO x8026
866-342-4 764 800-922-116 7 clswcbma il(a corning.com
'SS• 1 dSS U CS.COlll carlislera carlislc111achi11c.co111 11,111·.coming.com 'litesciences
, ab 1111agcr!.co111
1\ 111111.earl islemachinc .com Craig Kloss
Ross Thackery Frank Hedges
Dima Glass, Inc.
Chemglass, Inc. Top Quality Low Cost
Ace Glass, Inc.
Scientific Glass & Laboratory Glassware
Manufacturer of Scientific
Components since 1946 Manufacturer
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386 1 N. Mill Road 400 Vogel] Road, Unit 57
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Phone: 800-223-4524
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lass.co111 866-889-9027
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Len Olenchak
Linda Yun
Commercial Decal of
Andrews Glass Ohio, Inc. Friedrich & Dimmock, Inc
Robu Frits, PB and Printer of Glass and A New Product Line
Capillary Tubing Ceramic Decals (Simco.:Tubing/Rod)
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Phone: 800-845-0026 East Liverpool, OH 43920 800-524-1 13 I
iidn:,, s-gla:,.,s 111 Phone: 330-385-7178 salcs<i1fdglass .com
,, c,, ·sglass .cnPl mdunn(a 111tn-
slalc.co111 v1 w11.frig lass.co m
Car l Carelli Bob Swickard Bob Goffredi

73
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Mike.Carlson@alcan.co 111 800-821-8866 484-571-6219
www.glass-warchouse.co111 salcs(ci Iittonengr.com tmurphy2332@aol.com
Mike Carlson www.littonengr.com Tom Murphy
Vic Mathews
QVF Labortechnik
GM Associates, Inc.
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Machine1y
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800-898-8665 qvf-ilmcnau.info@t-online.de
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Jerry Howard www.glasapparate.de
Karl-Heinz Glaser
Heraeus Optics, Inc. North Jersey Diamond
Leading Supplier a/Base Wheel Salem Community College
Materials Offering Natural Diamond Wheels for Glass Nation '.s only Two-year
& Synthetic Quartz & Quartz Industrie s Scientific Glass
1520 Broadmoor Blvd., Ste. F 218 Little Falls Rd Technolog y Program
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678-714-4356 800-822-3341 Carneys Point, NJ 08069
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Bambi Everett Bonnie Clark www.salc111 cc.edu
Daryl C. Smith
Kimble/Kontes Glass Co. Pedco-Hill, Inc.
Tubing, Rod, and Specialty Decals for the Scientific Schott Scientific Glass
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I022 Spruce Street 91 Stearnwhistle Dr and Rod s
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74
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"\
/
I
...
,L• ·,
. ' ,.
l
1\
 Obituary
Gordon Good
15th President of the ASGS
Gordon Good, 82, died Gordon was active in the
June II , 2004 in the ASGS. On the Sectional
Hernando-Pasco Hospice level , he served as
Care Center in New Port Director, Chair, Secretary
Richey, Florida . and Secretary /Treasurer
of the Hudson Mohawk
Gordon was born in
Valley Section. On the
Havana, Ohio on Nov-
National level, Gordon
ember 1, 1921. One of
was the 15th President and
five children born to Ada
for the 25th Symposium
and Myron Good,
he was Technical Papers
Gordon showed an inter-
Co-chair and Banquet
est in music at an early
Chair. He also served on
age . In High School , he
the Standards Committee,
was considered one of the the Nominations Com-
best brass musicians in
mittee, the Bylaws Com-
Ohio and attended the mittee and the Steering
Cincinnati Conservatory of Music , hoping
Committee and he was Chair of the
to become a concert musician . He met Methods and Materials Committee . In
Laura Jane Bradford while in High School
1985, he was awarded the Helmut
and they were married in 1941. It was also
Dreschsel Award. He was the recipient of
at this time that he started as a glassblower
the University of Massachusetts Chancel-
in training at a TNT facility, Plum Brook
lor's Citation and of a Certificate of
Ordinance Works in Sandusky, Ohio. At the Recognition from the University Scientific
outset of World War II, he enlisted and was
Research Society, Sigma Xi . He co-
put in flight school in the 8th Army Air
authored a technical paper and presented it
Corp. He advanced to the rank of Tech.
at the First International Glass blowers
Sergeant and held the job of radioman-gun- Symposium in Eirdhoven , Holland in 1976.
ner-mechanic on a B-17 crew with the
487th Bombardment Group. They flew 36 Gordon was a modest individual , proud yet
missions over Europe and were shot down not boastful of his accomplishments. He was
twice , once in Belgium only a week after an accomplished musician , an active mem-
that area had been liberated. ber of the Kiwanis in Amher st, an active
member of the First Congregational Church
In December 1945, Gordon was hired by in Amherst and an enthusiastic square
Monsanto Chemical Company. He worked
dancer. He enjoyed a good bottle of Scotch ,
there 18 1/2 years, first in Dayton's Central gardening , traveling, fishing, and golf.
Research Division and then in the St. Louis
Research laboratory . In June 1964, he Gordon leaves three daughters , Linda
became the first full-time glassblower at the Walas of Greenville , NC , Jeanne Brown of
University of Massachusetts . He worked Westfield, MA and Carol Smith of Live
there for 22 1/2 years, from 1964-1986. Oak , FL.

77
 Obituary
Rudi Schlott
Rudi Schlott , of 32 receive the Chancellors
HighlandDown, Shoreham, Award for Professional
New York passed away at Excel-lence in 1979 and
his home on August 11, he was instrumental in
2004. the success of numerou s
research programs at
Born June 8, 1933 in Stony Brook. In addi-
Worbis, Germany, Rudi tion, under his guidance ,
and his family moved several members of our
back to StLitzerback, Society gained much
Germany , his Mother's expenence .
hometown and the cradle
of scientific and artistic Rudi has been a member
glassblowing. After grad- of the American Scien-
uating from public tific Glassblowers Society,
school, Rudi atte nded the Metropolitan New
and graduated from the York Section, and later
Fach-schule for Glassapparatebliiser in the Northeast Section since the late l 950's.
llmenau, Germany. He served as Sectional Chair and Director
and as International Liaison Chair to the
Rudi 's fir st job as a j ourneyman glassblow-
Society.
er was with the glass manufacturing com-
pany "Rhema Glas" in Hofheim, Germany. Although Rudi loved his work as a glass-
His journ ey had ju st begun. In 1952, Rudi blower, he had other interests . He was par-
landed in the USA and took a position with ticularly fond of traveling. Many of us
Eck & Krebs, Inc. in Long Island City, NY. know how well he served his fellow travel-
Then things started happening. Rudi met ing companions during the Society 's three
Maria, and got married. Uncle Sam called tours to Europe in 1986, 1993 and 1999.
him for service in the US Army and their
first daughter Jody was born. Rudi 's dream We will always remember Rudi for his
to move from production to research glass - friendly nature and his thought provoking
blowing was realized when he took a posi- discussions. We applaud him for his coura-
tion at the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, geous battle with cancer. Rudi is survived
PA. In 1965, Rudi accepted an offer from by his wife Maria, their daughters Jody
the State University NY at Stony Brook to and Darcie and their husbands, and three
build up the Chemistry Departm ent's Glass grandsons.
Shop. During his years at Stony Brook, he We thank you Rudi for a job well done . We
succeeded in creating one of the nation 's will miss you.
finest University Glass Shops. Rudi was
the University 's first staff member to Yourfi·iends

78
 Book Review
The Neon Engineers Notebook
by
Morgan Crook & Jacob Fishman
ISBN 0-9716530-1-1
Review by Robert J. Ponton
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Like many scientific glassblowers , I've entific glassblowing to expand into neon
dabbled with neon. There seems to be a nat- with relative ease.
ural attraction to the neon arts , and I've As scientific glassblowers , we can make
looked for some time for a book that would our own diffusion pump and manifold. The
explain neon in terms I can understand. jump to the crossfire torche s and soft or
This book by Morgan Crook and Jacob lead glass is one made without too much
Fishman does just that. trouble. Most of the tools and fixtures are
The best way for most of us to learn some- either the same as those used in our craft or
thing is to have an experienced teacher variation s on a theme .
explain the process , demonstrate it and This book is written with humor and an
finally watch us try to repeat it. Many of us acknowledgement that information should
will not have the opportunity to work with be shared rather than hoarded . If you have
a neon artist. This cookbook approach will an interest in neon, The Neon Engineers
allow those of us already practiced in sci- Notebook is a must for your book shelf.

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80
 Classified Ads
FOR SALE Wale Apparatus Co., Inc. has the following
Litton HS 2.5/8" Bore 1 Scroll Chuck LITTON LATHES FOR SALE
1 Planetary Chuck F053 1 5/16" Bore
Litton K 6 7/8" Bore 2 Planetary Chucks U077 3 1/8" Bore
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Litton KA 8.25" Bore 2 Planetary Chucks HSJ093 4 1/2" Bore
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81
 FOR SALE ROCHE
ASGS SHIRTS & HATS POSITION OPEN -
We have the following sizes and colors: SCIENTIFIC GLASSBLOWER
Teal: M-2, L-10, XL-17, XXL-6, XXXL-2
Science is all about making connections.
Navy: L-7, XXXL-1
Black: M-3, L-3, XL-13, XXL-3, XXXL-1 Each discovery builds on those that came
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Light Blue: M-2, L-10, XXL-22, XXXL-2
knowledge built up over a lifetime. Life is
Navy Cloth Hats: 15
like that, too. The connections you make with
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people and places are what make you feel part
Hats are $15.00 each plus S/H.
of something larger than yourself. And that's
Please call the National Office with
the feeling you get at Roche. Not only do you
your order at 336-427-2406.
get to share ideas with some of the best minds
FOR SALE in the world, you get to share your days with
some of the best people in the world, and still
Wilt 200 Annealing oven
have plenty of time left over for the other
Excellent condition
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Contact: gordon.design@usa.net We are currently looking for a Glassblower to
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SALESPERSON WANTED In this unique role, you will responsible for the
fabrication, modification and repair of all types
Experienced Salesperson for established
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function, properties, and proposed design of
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FOR SALE nal customers (primarily chemists) to discern
Used Felker cut-off saw. their requirements, designing sketches and blue-
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Also, assorted glass working tools, ricating common and custom glass apparatus.
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E-mail Herv l@aol.com or call includes columns, condensers, flasks, traps,
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To qualify for this position, you must have a
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Seeking individual with a minimum of five successful completion of a two year certified
years experience solely dedicated to large glassblower curriculum or five years appren-
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ware. Large apparatus consists of vessels communication and customer service skills
5 - 200 liter and tubing 75 - 350 mm o.d. are a must.
Prefer individual with production experience.
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82
 ass

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83
KG-33 Glass - Tubing, Rod and Blanks Specials - Tubing
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 The 44th Annual Symposium of the
British Society of Scientific Glassblowers
Wyboston Lakes, St. Neots
Cambridgeshire, England
August 19-21, 2004
The 44th Symposium venue was the
Wyboston Lakes Conference Centre. The
Mayor of St Neots, Councillor Mrs Hazel
Rozanski, opened the Symposium. Her hus-
band, the Mayor's Consort, Mr John
Rozanksi , accompanied her. The Committee
worked very hard planning the Symposium
and made some brave decisions to try out
some new aspects of what had become a very
traditional event for the BSSG. Notably, we
managed to resolve the issue of whether From left : VDG President Konstantin Kraft,
naked flames would be allowed in the exhibi- BSSG Chairman fan Pearson and
tion area such that the Mayor and her husband ASGS Past President Mike Souza
could have a "blow." Acknowledgement must
the day was presented by Horst Bischoff
be made of the contribution of Jeremy Bolton
who had retired as Director from Heraeus
of Jepson Bolton and Co. Ltd., the UK agent
Noblelight and gave a splendid insight into
for glassworking suppliers Herbert Arnold:
the bu siness of glassblowing, promoting
without their bench and burner s, demonstrat-
the importance of family values .
ing glassblowing would have been notably
harder . It would also have been impossible Thursday evening's entertainment consisted
without any gas: a big thank you to Linde Gas of watching various people part with their
UK Ltd. for supplying this. BSSG Chairman own mone y in a humorous way, that is, the
Ian Pearson escorted the Mayor around the auction. Thi s year the mon ey raised was
exhibition area to view products from Smith donated to the family of Paul Musgreaves
Scientific, Louwers, Herae us Noblelight, who, as many know, died last year. Paul was,
Schott Rohrglass and Schott UK Ltd., Bibby until his untimely death , BSSG Hon
Sterilin Ltd., and Plowden and Thompson . Secretary and a magnificent £800 was raised
for the fund set up in the name of his three
While the Mayor toured the exhibits, two
young childr en . Paul 's widow, Amanda
lectures were taking place: Mike Souza
accepted the cheque at the Annual Dinner.
gave the Norman Collins Memorial
Lectur e, entitled " Hyper-polaris ed Cells Friday mornin g Chairman Ian Pearson
from Aluminosilicate Glass," and Phil started the lecture programme by introduc-
Murray reported on his travels under the ing a discu ssio n on tool s and workshop
banner of the Winston Churchill Travelling hints before passing the lectur e over to the
Fellowship. Mike from Princeton Univer- audience . Th e subject of eye protection
sity, USA had just stepped down from the appeared to take up most of the time , prov-
presidency of the ASGS. The last lect ure of ing just how important it is viewed by

85
 BSSC Delegates

delegate s. The Annual with a Ce rti fica te of

General Meeting followed Co mp ete nce , which was
and busine ss discussed awarded to Phil Murray of
included raising BSSG Exeter Univer-si ty by
membership fees to £20 Chairman of the Board of
for members and £ I 0 Examiners Graham Reed .
for student s and retired. The A. D. Wood Cup, the
Other iss ues addres se d award for candidate s with
included training , com- up to three years' experi-
munication between inter- ence, was presented by
national organizations, Jeremy Bolton of Jepson
and publication s. Profes- Bolton Ltd. to Martin
Lorrain e DeF/orio pres enting
sor John Hollo way OBE Jones of Bibby Sterilin. A
Best Exhibitor Award to Bert
from Leices ter University Schepers of' l owers. certificate of Merit in the
gave the second lecture of " Hamp shir e" competition
the afternoon. After lunch , Paul Saxty from was awarded to Phil Murray by Brian Moore
Solbraze Ltd . gave a very good talk on heat of Hamp shire Glass, the sponsor of this
treating glass; this was based on work award. The actua l trophy was awarded to
carried out for e2vtechnologies where Daniel Jackson from Sheffield University.
Chris Pittock is employed and it was he The Barloworld Scientific Cup was present-
who appropriately introduced the subject to ed by Mike Pomfret of Bibby Sterilin to Phil
the Symposium. Co ncluding the lect ure Jones of Bath University ; this competition is
programme for Friday was Dietm ar open to all members without restrict ion and
Glindemann 's presentation on the PTFE awarded for a high standard of glassworking
sealing rings . All delegates were ve ry skills. Mrs Barbara Beadman of Plowden
grateful for all the complementary samp les and Thomp son presented the TSL Trophy
that Dietmar passed to the audience. for entries made in silica to John Turnock .
Ian Pearson was prese nted with the QVF
Th e Mayor of St Neo ts with her husba nd Trophy for technical innovation by Mr Bert
joined us for the Annual Dinner. Our after Schepers of Louwers. The afte r-dinn er
dinner speaker was Mr Sid Denni s who speaker Mr Sid Denni s presented the Flack
described himself as Lincolnshire 's No I Award for artistic glassware to Ian Pearson.
Comedian; he actually admitted that he was The Mayor , Councillor Mrs Haze l Rozanksi ,
the only one in that Cou nty. The announ ced the Exhibitors Award for the
" Presentation of Awards" commenced company that exhibited its prod ucts in the

86
 BSSG Ladi es

most effective way. This was the first time a bly due to eyestrain from studying the
shield had been presented and this was Chinese alphabet.
donated by Glass Creations of Thurso. The
The BSSG is most grateful to the following
Award was presented by one of the overseas
Companies who supported the Society and
companions , Mrs Lorraine Deflorio to
the Symposium: Bibby Sterilin for the wine
Louwers and the trophy was accepted on
at the Annual Dinner, Hamp shire (R and D)
their behalf by Bert Schepers. The Lucy
Glassware for the Annual Dinner Reception,
Oldfield Cup, the Literary Prize for the best
Plowden and Thompson for the lecturers '
contribution to the Journal during the year,
gifts, Rob son Scientific for the Welcome
was awarded to Alan Gall for his article on
Packs, Schott Rohrglas and Schott UK Ltd.
the Rutherford Glassblowers; the Prize was
for the Proceedings, J. J. Quartz for the pho-
accepted on his behalf by John Turnock. The
tographs , UKAEA Dounreay for the tea and
Thames Valley Award was awarded posthu-
coffee, Glass Precision Engineering for the
mously to Paul Musgreaves for his contribu-
printing, Jepson Bolton for the flowers and
tions to the Society at Section and Council
table decorations at the Annual Dinner, and
levels as well as for instigating arrangements
Linde Gas UK Ltd. for supplying the gas for
for the 2004 Symposium; Paul's widow
the demon strations.
Amanda accepted the Award. Three
Certificates of Appreciation were awarded Companies exhibiting were Bibby Sterilin
to members who have made valued contri- Ltd., Herae us Noblelight , Louwer s, Schott
butions to the Society : Willie McCormack, Rohr g las and Schott UK Ltd ., Smith
Peter Fraser , and Paula Cra ib. The Scientific, Plowden and Thompson , Jepson
Chairman's Rose Bowl, donated in 1995 by Bolton and Co. Ltd.
then Chairman Graham Reed and awarded
each year to a member's partner for his or The Symposium Committee , a magnificent
her support, went to Frances Jones for her group , consisted of Chris Pittock -
many years in ass isting her husband Denis in Symposium 04 Chairman , John Turnock -
the Western Section as well as for regu larly Treasurer, Helen Millward - bookings and
attending symposiums. Co mpanion Programme , Ralph Thompson
- Exhibition and sponsors , and Bob Scott -
Saturday, the last day of the Symposium , lectures.
Professor Alan Macfarlane's lecture was
entitled "Magical Glass." One of the many Remember the dates for the 2005 BSSG
dazzling facts about glass he shared was that Symposium in Liverpool : September I 5-
the Chinese suffer from poor eyesight possi- 17, 2005. See you there.

87
@ -
ARNOLD
.... Masch inen undAnlage n
tor die Glas 1nd ustrie ~
J< l~ ~J

Fully automated manufacturing cell for

manufacturing highly precise glass pieces

The machine is based on our model series "P 1016"

with 16 mm spindle bore. Depending upon manufacturing methods ,
up to 12 motor AC-axis can be used . The combination with a
burner gas control via MFCs ensures always the same quality of the
work piece. Due to our control concept "AEPS ", which is based on Windows ,
the operation of the machine is guaranteed after short instruction
without any necessary programming knowledge.

Herbert Arnold GmbH & Co. KG Fon: +49 (0) 46 71 I 93 94-0

Weilstrar..e 6 Fax: +49 (0) 46 71 I 20 65
D- 35781 Weilburg www .arnold-gruppe .de

88
 ~
lt.Jr)IAN
R ·- y- -
LAKES
6 - -- -y

50th Anniversary Symposium • Bloomingdale, Illinois

June 27-July 2, 2005
THE MIDWEST SECTION INVITES YOU TO

Raise Your Glass to 50 Years!

The Midwest Section is excited to host the soth Anniversary Symposium for the
ASGS. Our committee chairs are assembling and are committed to producing one of
the finest educational programs ever offered to ASGS members and friends.

This event will be held at Indian Lakes Resort and Convention Center m
Bloomingdale, Illinois. Indian Lakes Resort is a beautiful hotel property with
exceptional meeting space and accommodations that we are confident everyone
will love. Located just west of Chicago and only 15 minutes from O'Hare airport,
Indian Lakes offers a relaxing resort atmosphere and an outstanding convention
center. There are excellent restaurants, a luxurious spa, two swimming pools, two
championship golf courses and many more amenities available on the property.
Indian Lakes also offers the most unique and abundant exhibition space that we
have ever experienced. Because of all this plus a recently completed 20 million
dollar renovation, the Midwest Section cannot wait for the festivities to begin.
Exhibitors who have contracted for booths as of September 14, 2004:
ABR Imagery Pegasus Glass
Ace Glass North Jersey Diamond Wheel
Carlisle Machine Works, Inc. Schott Scientific Glass
Commercial Decal of Ohio Technical Glass Products
Corning Glass Works Tecnolux, Inc.
Friedrick & Dimmock, Inc. VM Glass Co.
Glass Warehouse Wale Apparatus Co.
G.M. Associates, Inc. Wilmad/Labglass
Litton Engineering Lab
Plan to visit the Greater Metropolitan Chicagoland Area
Mark your calendars for June 27 - July 2, 2005
Your support and attendance will make this event a success.
For more information please visit the ASGS website at
www.asgs-glass.org
Joseph S. Gregar, Chair • 2005 ASGS Symposium

89
 @ACE
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aseasyasa twist-of-the-wrist!

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• Sale, con11enienthandling
• secure connection

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www.aceglass.com e-mail : sales @aceglass.com

90
 IMPORTANT DATES Index to
FUSION DEADLINES
FOR PUBLICATION
Advertisers
ABR Imager y ........................ 22
DEADLI NE DATE
Ace Glass , lnc ..... . .. . .. . ..... . . . .... 90
February , 2005 . ..... December 15, 2004
Herber t Arnold ... . . .... . ... .......... 88
May, 2005 ......... .March 15, 2005 Atlantic Internatio nal Technologies Inc. . .... 75
August, 2005 ...... .June 15, 2005 Borneo, Inc ........................ . .42
November, 2005 ..... September 15, 2005 Co ntemp orary Kiln , Inc. . . . ........ . .... 5
Custom Glass Shop .......... . .. .. .. .. 58
Information must be received prior to Friedrich & Dimmack , lnc . . .. .. .. .. .46-47
the established deadlin e dates to ensure G. Finkenbeiner , Inc. . . .. .. ... 91
consideration for the respective issue of Glass Warehouse ........... . ......... I0
choice. Articles received after the dead- Global Trading Glass ...... . . . . ........ 60
line date cannot be guaranteed entry in G.M. Associates , Inc. . ........ . ....... 80
respective issues. Heathway, Inc ................ .. ...... 38
Kirnble /Kontes Glass Company ... ... . ... 84
All advertising should be sent to the Larson Electronic Glass ............ . ... 39
National Office. All other publication Litton Engineering ....... . ....... . ... . 18
materials should be sent to the Editor. Macalaster Bicknell Co. of NJ, Inc. . ..... 63
National Diamond Laboratory ..... . . .... 23
National Scientific Co mpany . ...... . .... 79
Nor tel Machinery ...... .. .. ...... . . .. .40
G. FINKENBEINER INC. Nor th Jer sey Diamond Wheel .. .. .. . .... 24
AUTI IOl!IZED IJISTl!JHL :TOI! O F G.E. QL.,\l ffZ l'llODL ICT S
Pedco-Hill , Inc. . ............ .. . . ..... 59
Pegasus Glass ............. . .. .. . ..... 83
Phillips Safety Products ... .. ........ ... 32
OL:ll G.L QL•AllTZ Schott Scientific Glass ................. 76
STOCK INC I.LIDl.'.S,
Scientific Machine and Supply Co . . ..... 51
TYPE 2 14 Starlite Industries ...................... 7
Tl .BI N G VM Glass Co . . ... .... .... ........... 52
l(Ol) Wale Apparatus Co ............. back cover
DI SCS Wilmad-LABGLASS ..... . ............ I7
Wilt Indu strie s, Inc . .. .. .. ...... . . . . .... 3
Winship Designs , Inc .. ..... ........... 14

l)J ,:1.1\ ·1:irn > .\!ff '. , L\ DI ·'. l'R ( l ,\ IJYIJY NOTICE!
J' RO , J (ll "R 1: :--;TJ·: :\~ I\T '. I , \ i '.i'( i ( lRY. \\'I '.
\! S l l ~l'J ·:CJ \1 .1/. lc I ~
The bi-annual ASGS Board of
<T~ TO , J <JL.\ RT /. .\J'JJ.\ R.\ IL ~ Directors meeting s are open to the
l ·.\J l l{JC \TI< l ~ \ N D U l,~L I :I \Tl< l ~
general membership. In Bloomingdale, the
BOD meeting will be held on Tuesday
l'HONE(781)-899-3138 FAX: (781)-6-17--10-1-I June 28, 2005. Those attending
www.finkcnbcincr.com
33 RUMFORD AVE. who wish to address the BOD must be
WALTHAM , MA 02453 recognized by their section director.

91