Module-2

Branching and Looping

Branching: The C language programs follow a sequential form of execution of statements. Many
times it is required to alter the flow of sequence of instructions/statements. C language provides
statements that can alter the flow of a sequence of instructions. These statements are called as control
statements/branching statements. To jump from one part of the program to another, these statements
help. The control transfer may be unconditional or conditional.
Conditional Branching statements: The conditional branching statements help to jump from
one part of the program to another depending on whether a particular condition is satisfied or not.
Generally they are two types of branching statements.
Two Way Selection:

Depending on the condition result either of one

root will be fallowed. If condition results to false
then false root will be fallowed, if condition results
to true than true root will be followed.

Conditional Branching Statements in C:

1. Simple if statement
2. if… else statement
3. Nested if…else statement
4. else…if ladder
Simple if statement: It allows the computer to evaluate the expression/condition first and them
depending on whether the value of the expression/condition is "true" or "false", it transfer the control
to a particular statements. This point of program has two paths to flow, one for the true and the other
for the false condition. If condition becomes true than it executes statements written in true block, if
condition fails than true block will be skipped.
Syntax:
if(test-expression/condition)
{
True statement-block ;
}
statement-x;

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C program calculate the absolute value of an integer using if statement.

# include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int numbers;
clrscr();
printf (“Type a number:”);
scanf (“%d”, & number);
if (number < 0)
{
number = – number;
}
printf (“The absolute value is % d \n”, number);
getch();
}
Example: C Program to check equivalence of two numbers using if statement
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
intm,n;
clrscr();
printf(" \n enter two numbers:");
scanf(" %d %d", &m, &n);
if(m-n= = 0)
printf(" \n two numbers are equal");
getch();
}
Note: if statement will execute one statement bellow to it by default, if we want to execute more than
one statement, then those all statements we have to group in open and close Curly brackets { and }.
The if-else statement: The if-else statement is an extension of the simple if statement. If the test-
expression/condition is true, then true-block statements immediately following if statement are
executed otherwise the false-block statements are executed. In other case, either true-block or false-
block will be executed, not both.
Syntax:
if(test-expression/condition)
{
true-block statements;
}
else
{
false-block statements;
}
statement-x

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C program to read any number as input through the keyboard and find out whether it is
Odd Number or EvenNumber.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Number");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n%2==0)
{
printf("This is Even Number");
}
else
{
printf("This is Odd Number");
}
getch();
}
Example: C program to find biggest among two numbers using if else.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
inta,b;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the two Number");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
if(a>b)
{
printf("The number a=%d is bigger”, a);
}
else
{
printf("The number b=%d is bigger”,b);
}
getch();
}

Nested if….else statement: C language supports if-else statements to test additional conditions
apart from the initial test expression. The if-else construct works in the same way as normal if
statement nested if construct is also know as if-else-if construct. When an if statement occurs within
another if statement, then such type of is called nested if statement.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Syntax:

if(test-condition-1)
{
if(test-condition-2)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
if(test-condition-3)
{
statement-3;
}
else
{
statement-4
}
}
statement-x

Example: C program if the ages of Ram, sham and Ajay are input through the keyboard, writea
program to determine the youngest of the three
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
voidmain()
{
intram,sham,ajay;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Three Ages of Ram,Sham and Ajay\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&ram,&sham,&ajay);
else
if(ram < sham)
{
{
if(sham <ajay)
if(ram <ajay)
{
{
printf("Sham is Youngest");
printf("Ram is Youngest");
}
}
else
else
{
{
printf("Ajay is Youngest");
printf("Ajay is Youngest");
}
} }
}
getch();
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C program to check whether person is eligible for work or not.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
printf("Please Enter Your Age Here:\n");
scanf("%d",&age);
if ( age < 18 )
{
printf("You are Minor.\n");
printf("Not Eligible toWork");
}
else
{
if (age >= 18 && age <= 60)
{
printf("You are Eligible to Work \n");
printf("Please fill in your details and apply\n");
}
else
{
printf("You are too old to work as per the Government rules\n");
printf("Please Collect your pension! \n");
}
}
getch();
}

else… if Ladder: There is another way of putting 'if's together when multipath decisions are
involved. A multipath decision is a chain of 'if's' in which the statement associated with each else is
an if and last else if’s else part contain only else.
The conditions are evaluated from the top to bottom. As soon as true condition is found, the
statement associated with it is executed and the control is transferred to statement-x(skipping the rest
of ladder) when all the conditions become false, then the final else containing the default statement
will be executed.
Syntax:
if(condition-1)
Statement-1;
else if(condition-2)
Statement-2;
else if(condition-3)
Statement -3;
else if(condition-n)
Statement -n;
else
Default Statement;
Statement -x;

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: Program to find maximum of three numbers using else-if ladder.
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
viod main()
{
inta,b,c,max;
clrscr();
printf("Enter values of a ,b,c");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b && a>c)
max=a;
else if(b>c)
max=b;
else
max=c;
printf("Maximum is %d",max);
getch();
}
Example: C Program to print grade of a student using If Else Ladder Statement.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int marks;
printf("Enter your marks between 0-100\n");
scanf("%d", &marks);
if(marks >= 90)
{
printf("YOUR GRADE : A\n");
}
else if (marks >= 70 && marks < 90)
{
printf("YOUR GRADE : B\n");
}
else if (marks >= 50 && marks < 70)
{
printf("YOUR GRADE : C\n");
}
else
{
printf("YOUR GRADE : Failed\n");
}
getch();
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Switch statement: A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of
values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each switch
case.
The following rules apply to a switch statement −
1. The expression used in a switch statement must have an integral or enumerated type, or be of
a class type in which the class has a single conversion function to an integral or enumerated
type.
2. You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the
value to be compared to and a colon (:).

3. The constant-expression for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch,
and it must be a constant or a literal.

4. When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case
will execute until a break statement is reached.

5. When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to
the next line following the switch statement.

6. Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will follow
through to subsequent cases until a break is reached.

7. A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the
switch. The default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true.
No break is needed in the default case.
Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case constant-expression-1 :statement(s);
break;
case constant-expression-2 : statement(s);
break;
.
.
.
case constant-expression-n :statement(s);
default: statement(s);
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C Program to create a simple calculator performs addition, subtraction, multiplication or
division depending the input from user.
#include<conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char operator;
intfirstOperand, secondOperand;
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");
scanf("%c", &operator);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%d%d",&firstOperand, &secondOperand);
switch(operator)
{
case '+': printf("%d+ %d= %d",firstOperand, secondOperand, firstOperand+secondOperand);
break;
case '-': printf("%d - %d = %d", firstOperand, secondOperand,firstOperand-secondOperand);
break;
case '*': printf("%d* %d = %d", firstOperand, secondOperand,firstOperand*secondOperand);
break;
case '/': if(secondOperand==0)
printf(“Divide by Zero Error”);
else
printf("%d / %d = %d", firstOperand, secondOperand, firstOperand/secondOperand);
break;

default: printf("Error! operator is not correct");

}
getch();
}
Example: C program to Check Character is Vowel or not using Switch Case if it is vowel which
vowel.
#include <stdio.h>
break;
void main()
case 'o':
{
case 'O': printf(" %c is a vowel", ch);
charch;
break;
printf(" Enter any character: ");
case 'u':
scanf("%c", &ch); case 'U': printf(" %c is a vowel", ch);
switch (ch) break;
{
default:printf(" %c is not a vowel", ch);
case 'a':
}
case 'A': printf(" %c is a vowel", ch);
getch();
break;
}
case 'e':
case 'E': printf(" %c is a vowel", ch);
break;
case 'i':
case 'I': printf(" %c is a vowel", ch);

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C Program to find the roots of a quadratic equation using switch statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
intflag;
float x, x1, x2;
float a, b, c, d;
float rpart, ipart;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter 3 numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c);
if(a==0)
{
x=-b/c;
printf("\n Only root x : %f", x);
exit();
}
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d>0)
flag=1;
else if(d==0)
flag=2;
else
flag=3;
switch(flag)
{
case 1:printf("\n Real & Distinct roots are: ");
x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf("\n x1=%f \n x2=%f", x1, x2);
break;
case 2:printf("\n Repeated roots are: ");
x1=-b/(2*a);
x2=x1;
printf("\n x1 & x1 : %f", x1);
break;
case 3: d=sqrt(abs(d));
rpart=-b/(2*a);
ipart=d/(2*a);
printf("\n Complex Roots are: ");
printf("\n x1=%f+i%f", rpart, ipart);
printf("\n x2=%f-i%f", rpart, ipart);
}
getch();
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

UNCONDITIONAL CONTROL STATEMENTS: Unconditional branching is when the
programmer forces the execution of a program to jump to another part of the program. Theoretically,
this can be done using a good combination of loops and if statements. In fact, as a programmer, you
should always try to avoid such unconditional branching and use this technique only when it is very
difficult to use a loop.
C Supports These unconditional control statements:
1. BREAK
2. CONTINUE
3. RETURN
4. GOTO
Break: It is used to terminate a switch statement. BREAK is a keyword that allows us to jump out
of a loop instantly, without waiting to get back to the conditional test. The break statement terminates
the loop (for, while and do...while loop) immediately when it is encountered. The break statement is
used with decision making statement such as if...else.
Syntax of break statement
break;
How break statement works in loops?

Example of Break in switch we have seen previous topic.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Continue: The continue statement skips some statements inside the loop. The continue statement is
used with decision making statement such as if...else.
Syntax of continue Statement
continue;
How continue statement works?

Goto: A goto statement in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the 'goto' to a
labeled statement in the same function.
NOTE − Use of goto statement is highly discouraged in any programming language because it makes
difficult to trace the control flow of a program, making the program hard to understand and hard to
modify. Any program that uses a goto can be rewritten to avoid them.
Syntax
The syntax for a goto statement in C is as follows −
goto label;
..
..
label:statement;
Here label can be any plain text except C keyword and it can be set anywhere in the C program above
or below to goto statement.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Flow Diagram

Forward Goto:

Backward Goto

Label:
………..

………..

goto label;
……….
Examples: Forward goto.
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
printf (“Hello Worldn”);
goto Label;
printf(“How are you?”);
printf(“Are you Okey?”);
Label:
printf(“Hope you are fine”);
getch();
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: Backward goto.
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
intnum;
intanswer;
Label:
printf (“Enter a number:”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num>0)
answer = sqrt(num);
printf(“Square root of %d is %dn”,num,answer);
goto Label;
getch();
}

Return: The return statement terminates the execution of a function and returns control to the
calling function. Execution resumes in the calling function at the point immediately following the
call. A return statement can also return a value to the callingfunction.
Syntax:
return;
or
return(value);

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

C – Loop control statements: You may encounter situations, when a block of code needs to be
executed several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first
statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and soon.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times.
In C programing loops are basically categorized into two categories.
1. Entry controlloop
2. Exit control loop
Entry Control loop: An entry control loop checks the condition at the time of entry and if
condition or expression becomes true then control transfers into the body of the loop. Such type of
loop controls entry to the loop that’s why it is called entry control loop.
Flowchart:

Note: if condition fails very first time the body of the loop will not be executed.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Exit Control Loop: An Exit Control Loop checks the condition for exit and if given condition for
exit evaluate to true, control will exit from the loop body else control will enter again into the loop.
Such type of loop controls exit of the loop that’s why it is called exit control loop.
Flowchart:

Note:even if condition fails first time but body of loop will exicute minimum one time.

There are three loops in C programming:

1. forloop
2. whileloop
3. do...while loop
for loop: This is one of the most frequently used loop in C programming. This is an entry control
loop.

Syntax of for loop:

for (initialization; condition test; increment or decrement)
{
//Statements to be executed repeatedly
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Flowchart of for loop:

Working:
Step 1: First initialization happens and the counter variable gets initialized.
Step 2: In the second step the condition is checked, where the counter variable is tested for the given
condition, if the condition returns true then the C statements inside the body of for loop gets
executed, if the condition returns false then the for loop gets terminated and the control comes
out of the loop.
Step 3: After successful execution of statements inside the body of loop, the counter variable is
incremented or decremented, depending on the operation (++ or –).
Example: C Program to calculate the sum of first n natural numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
intnum, count, sum = 0;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
// for loop terminates when n is less than count
for(count = 1; count <= num; ++count)
{
sum += count;
}
printf("Sum = %d", sum);
getch();
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C Program to find Factorial of a Number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i;
unsigned long long factorial = 1;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
// show error if the user enters a negative integer
if (n < 0)
printf("Error! Factorial of a negative number doesn't exist.");
else
{
for(i=1; i<=n; ++i)
{
factorial*=i; // factorial =factorial*i;
}
printf("Factorial of %d = %llu", n, factorial);
}
getch();
}
Example:Fibonacci series program in C language.
The Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, first = 0, second = 1, next, c;
printf("Enter the number of terms\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("First %d terms of Fibonacci series are :-\n",n);
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
{
if ( c <= 1 )
next = c;
else
{
next = first + second;
first = second;
second =next;
}
printf("%d\n",next);
}
getch();
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Various forms of for loop in C:
1) Initialization part can be skipped from loop as shown below, the counter variable is declared before
the loop.
intnum=10;
for (;num<20;num++)
Note: Even though we can skip initialization part but semicolon (;) before condition is must, without
which you will get compilation error.
2) Like initialization, you can also skip the increment part as we did below. In this case semicolon (;)
is must after condition logic. In this case the increment or decrement part is done inside theloop.
for (num=10; num<20; )
{
//Statements
num++;
}
3) This is also possible. The counter variable is initialized before the loop and incremented inside the
loop.
intnum=10;
for (;num<20;)
{
//Statements
num++;
}
4) As mentioned above, the counter variable can be decremented as well. In the below example the
variable gets decremented each time the loop runs until the condition num>10 returns false.
for(num=20; num>10;num--)

Nested For Loop in C:

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
for (inti=0; i<2; i++)
{
for (int j=0; j<4; j++)
{
printf("%d, %d\n",i ,j);
}
}
getch();
}
In the above example we have a for loop inside another for loop, this is called nesting of loops. One
of the example where we use nested for loop is Two dimensionalarray.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

While loop: while loop is a most basic loop in C programming. while loop has one control
condition, and executes as long the condition is true. The condition of the loop is tested before the
body of the loop is executed; hence it is called an entry-controlled loop.
Syntax:
Initialization of loop variable;
while (condition)
{
//body of loop
statement(s);
updation of loop variable;
}

Flowchart:

Working:
step1: The loop variable is initialized with some value and then it has been tested for the condition.
step2: If the condition returns true then the statements inside the body of while loop are executed else
control comes out of the loop.
step3: The value of loop variable is incremented/decremented then it has been tested again for the
loop condition.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C program to generate Fibonacci Sequence Up to a Certain Number.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int t1 = 0, t2 = 1, nextTerm = 0, n;
printf("Enter a positive number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
// displays the first two terms which is always 0 and1
printf("Fibonacci Series: %d, %d, ", t1, t2);
nextTerm = t1 +t2;
while(nextTerm<= n)
{
printf("%d, ",nextTerm);
t1 = t2;
t2 = nextTerm;
nextTerm = t1 + t2;
}
getch();
}

Example: C program to Calculate sum of digits using while loop.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a, s;
printf("Enter value of a: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
s = 0;
while(a > 0)
{
s = s + (a%10);
a = a / 10;
}
printf("Sum of digits: %d",s);
getch();
}
Example: C Program to display the prime numbers using while loop
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
intk,remark,first,last;
printf("Give the First Number for the Range : ");
scanf("%d",&first);
printf("\n Give the Last Number for the Range : ");
scanf("%d",&last);
while(first< last)
{
remark=0;
k=2;

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

 while(k<=first/2)
{
if((first % k) == 0)
{
remark=1;
break;
}
k++;
}
if(remark==0)
printf("\n %d",numbr);
++first;
}
getch();
}
do-while loop: is an exit controlled loop i.e. the condition is checked at the end of loop. It means
the statements inside do-while loop are executed at least once even if the condition is false. Do-while
loop is an variant of while loop.
Syntax:
Initialization of loop variable;
do
{
statement1;
statement2;
………….
Statementn;
updation of loop variable;
}while (condition);
NOTE: We have to place semi-colon after the While condition.
Flowchart:

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Working:
1. First we initialize our variables, next it will enter into the Do Whileloop.
2. It will execute the group of statements inside theloop.
3. Next we have to use Increment and Decrement Operator inside the loop to increment or decrements
thevalue.
4. Now it will check for the condition. If the condition is True, then the statements inside the do while
loop will be executed again. It will continue the process as long as the condition isTrue.
5. If the condition is False then it will exit from theloop.

Example: C program to calculate factorial value using do while.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
longinti,n,fact=1; /*variable declaration */
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of n \n");
scanf("%ld", &n);
i=1;
do
{
fact*=i;
i++;
}
while(i<=n);
printf("Factorial = %ld\n",fact);
getch();
}

Example: Write a C program to print the sum of all even and odd numbers up to n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,s1=0,s2=0,i;
printf("Enter Number : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
i=1;
do
{
if(i%2==0)
s1=s1+i;
else
s2=s2+i;
i++;
}while(i<=n);
printf("\nSum of Even Numbers : %d\n",s1);
printf("\nSum of Odd Numbers : %d\n",s2);
getch();
}

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Example: C Program to sum of even numbers up to n using continue statement.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int N, counter, sum=0;
printf("Enter a positive number\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
for(counter=1; counter <= N; counter++)
{
if(counter%2 == 1)
{
continue;
}
sum+= counter;
}
printf("Sum of all even numbers between 1 to %d = %d", N, sum);
getch();
}
Difference Between break and continue:
break continue
A break can appear in both A continue can appear only in loop (for, while,
switch and loop (for, do)statements.
while, do)statements.

A break causes the switch or loop A continue doesn't terminate the loop, it causes the loop to
statements to terminate the moment it go to the next iteration. All iterations of the loop are
is executed. Loop or switch ends executed even if continue is encountered. The continue
abruptly when break is encountered. statement is used to skip statements in the loop that appear
after the continue.

When a break statement is encountered, When a continue statement is encountered, it gets the control
it terminates the block and gets the to the next iteration of the loop.
control out of the switch or loop.

A break causes the innermost enclosing A continue inside a loop nested within a
loop or switch to be exited immediately. switch causes the next loop iteration.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S

Difference between while and do while loops:
While Do While

The loop which continues until

The loop which holds true for
the statement holds true and
specific instructions.
repeats constantly.

Only one statement for all the Requires separate statement for
package to work all the while conditions.

While (condition) Do
{ {
statement; statements;
}. } while (condition);

Entry control. Exit control.

Takes less time to execute but Takes more time to execute and
and the code is shorter. code becomes longer.

Subject: C Programming for Problem Solving Faculty: Prof Shruthi S