SY 24 25 Math First Q Grade 10 Notes 4

Southernside Montessori School
Camella Homes 4, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

First Quarter
Grade 10 - Mathematics
SY 2024 – 2025
Lesson #4 : POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
DEFINITION:
n n−1
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION – a function defined by f ( x )=a n x + an−1 x +.. .+a 1 x+ an where
a 0 , a1 , a 2 ,. . . an are real numbers, a n≠0 and n is a nonnegative integer.
POLYNOMIAL EQUATION – a polynomial equation is an equation defined by

n n−1
f ( x )=an x + an−1 x +...+a1 x+ a0 =0 where a 0 , a 1 , … , an −1 , an are real numbers, a n ≠ 0, and n is a non-
negative integer.
POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION - is an algebraic expression consisting of one or more terms

containing variables with nonnegative integer. Hence, −2 x 4 +3 x 2−2 x +5 is a polynomial
expression whereas P ( x )=−2 x 4 +3 x2 −2 x +5 is a polynomial function.
Algebraic expressions are not polynomial when
 Any of the variables is used as a denominator
 Any of the variable is inside a radical sign
 Any of the variable is raised to a negative exponent, a rational exponent or another
variable.
Example 1:
Determine whether each expression is a polynomial or not.
1. 2x – 1
2. 2y-1 + √
3 2
y
3
3. 3n2 – 2n -
7
4. 1 – 2x – x2
5. 2-3 – 2y4 + 8y3
Example 2:
Find the degree of each polynomial function.
1. P(x) = 8
2. P(x) = 9x + 2
3. P(x) = 4x3 – 2x2 + x – 2
4. P(x) = 3x6 – 5x4 – 2x2 – 1
Example 3:
Determine whether each is a polynomial equation or a polynomial function. Determine its
degree.
1. P ( x )=8 x 3−5 x2 −2 x +3
2. x 5−x 3−x 2−1=0
3. 2 x3 −5 x2 +3 x=0
4. P ( v )=4 v 4−2 v 3+7 v 2−v−6
POLYNOMIAL LONG DIVISION
Long division of polynomials simplifies polynomial expressions. It breaks down a
complex problem into simpler ones. When a polynomial is divided by a linear factor ax +b ,
a shorthand method called synthetic division can be used. Can synthetic division be
extended for dividing a polynomial of the form x 2+ bx+ c .
Example 1:
Step 1: Make sure the polynomial is written in

descending order. If any terms are missing, use a
zero to fill in the missing term (this will help with the
spacing). In this case, the problem is ready as is.
Step 2: Divide the term with the highest power
inside the division symbol by the term with the
highest power outside the division symbol. In this
case, we have x3 divided by x which is x2.
Step 3: Multiply (or distribute) the answer obtained
in the previous step by the polynomial in front of the
division symbol. In this case, we need to multiply
x2 and x + 2.
Step 4: Subtract and bring down the next term.

case, we have –6x2 divided by x which is –6x.

in the previous step by the polynomial in front of
the division symbol. In this case, we need to
multiply –6x and x + 2.

case, we have 14x divided by x which is +14.

multiply 14 and x + 2.
Step 10: Subtract and notice there are no more
terms to bring down.
Step 11: Write the final answer. The term

remaining after the last subtract step is the
remainder and must be written as a fraction in the
final answer.
Example 2:
Step 1: Make sure the polynomial is written in

descending order. If any terms are missing, use a
zero to fill in the missing term (this will help with the
spacing). In this case, we should get:
case, we have 3x3 divided by x2 which is 3x.
multiply 3x and x2 – 1.

case, we have –2x2 divided by x2 which is –2.

multiply –2 and x2 – 1.
Step 7: Subtract and notice there are no more

terms to bring down.
Step 8: Write the final answer. The term remaining

after the last subtract step is the remainder and
must be written as a fraction in the final answer.
SYNTHETIC DIVISION
Another method of dividing polynomials which has a very short and simple procedure is
called Synthetic Division. Unlike the usual division which involves the four fundamental
operations, this method requires only addition and multiplication applied to the coefficients. This
method is applied when the divisor is of the form x-c.
Example 1:
Step 1: To set up the problem, first, set the
denominator equal to zero to find the number to put in
the division box. Next, make sure the numerator is
written in descending order and if any terms are
missing you must use a zero to fill in the missing term,
finally list only the coefficient in the division problem.
Step 2: Once the problem is set up correctly, bring the

leading coefficient (first number) straight down.
Step 3: Multiply the number in the division box with

the number you brought down and put the result in the
next column.
Step 4: Add the two numbers together and write the

result in the bottom of the row.

next column.


next column.

Step 9: Write the final answer. The final answer is

made up of the numbers in the bottom row with the
last number being the remainder and the remainder
must be written as a fraction. The variables or x’s start
off one power less than the original denominator and
go down one with each term.
Example 2:
Step 1: To set up the problem, first, set the
denominator equal to zero to find the number to put in
the division box. Next, make sure the numerator is
written in descending order and if any terms are
missing you must use a zero to fill in the missing term,
finally list only the coefficient in the division problem.
Step 2: Once the problem is set up correctly, bring the

leading coefficient (first number) straight down.
Step 3: Multiply the number in the division box with the

number you brought down and put the result in the next
column.

column.


column.

Step 9: Write the final answer. The final answer is

made up of the numbers in the bottom row with the last
number being the remainder and the remainder must
be written as a fraction. The variables or x’s start off
one power less than the original denominator and go
down one with each term.

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Southernside Montessori School

Camella Homes 4, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

Lesson #4 : POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

POLYNOMIAL EQUATION – a polynomial equation is an equation defined by

POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION - is an algebraic expression consisting of one or more terms

Step 1: Make sure the polynomial is written in

Step 4: Subtract and bring down the next term.

Step 5: Divide the term with the highest power

Step 6: Multiply (or distribute) the answer obtained

Step 7: Subtract and bring down the next term.

Step 8: Divide the term with the highest power

Step 9: Multiply (or distribute) the answer obtained

Step 11: Write the final answer. The term

Step 1: Make sure the polynomial is written in

Step 4: Subtract and bring down the next term.

Step 5: Divide the term with the highest power

Step 6: Multiply (or distribute) the answer obtained

Step 7: Subtract and notice there are no more

Step 8: Write the final answer. The term remaining

Step 2: Once the problem is set up correctly, bring the

Step 3: Multiply the number in the division box with

Step 4: Add the two numbers together and write the

Step 5: Multiply the number in the division box with

Step 6: Add the two numbers together and write the

Step 7: Multiply the number in the division box with

Step 8: Add the two numbers together and write the

Step 9: Write the final answer. The final answer is

Step 2: Once the problem is set up correctly, bring the

Step 3: Multiply the number in the division box with the

Step 4: Add the two numbers together and write the

Step 6: Add the two numbers together and write the

Step 7: Multiply the number in the division box with the

Step 8: Add the two numbers together and write the

Step 9: Write the final answer. The final answer is

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