Surveying Report

AAiT
College

SCCEE

nimona fekadu
3rd Year
6/17/2024
Page | 1
INTRODUCTION

Levelling is a method to measure the elevation difference between two (2) or more
points. In this practical, focus is shifted to one of levelling techniques namely, fly level
observation or also known as the rise and fall method. The observation will be initiated
from a known reduced level (RL) value of a benchmark (BM) and end at another known
RL value of BM. In between the BMs, a number of change points (CPs) will be set up to
observe the fore sight reading and the back sight reading of each stationed staves and
the values are booked. Upon completion of the observation, the RL values will be
calculated and booked. After the RL values are known, three (3) arithmetical checks will
be calculated to ensure the precision of the works. Consequently, the adjustment value
can be computed where this value will be distributed accordingly to each station. Finally,
the adjusted RL values are booked and the misclosure will be calculated to be
compared with the adjusted values to determine whether the levelling works is accepted
or unsatisfactory.

Page | 2
 1. Levelling

OBJECTIVE

Objective in this report for:

1. To carry out fly level observation (Rise and Fall method) from bench mark (BM)
to temporary bench mark (TBM).
2. To compute the transferred RL from BM/SBM to TBM.
3. To adjust and check the levelling data.

INSTRUMENT
1. Tripod

2. Staff

3. Level

Page | 3
 4. Staff bubble
5. Picket
6. Hammer

PROCEDURE

GENERAL PROCEDURE

1. Adjust the height of the tripod to balance the level properly.

2. Set the level. Adjust the screw below of the tripod to tighten the level on the
tripod.
3. Adjust the bubble until the bubble stay on the center.
4. Ask your groupmate to hold the staff at the BM, and take the reading.

SPECIFIC PROEDURE

Page | 4
 FIGURE 1.1

1. The level is set up at a convenient position, I1. The staff is held on the BM and a
reading is taken. This will be a back sight (BS), because it is the first staff reading
after the levelling instrument has been set up. The length of foresight and back
2. The staff is moved to point A and take reading. This will be a foresight (FS). And
point A will be a change point (CP).
3. Next, the levelling instrument is moved to position I2 and the staff is left at point A
and point B on the change point (CP). The staff is turned so that it faces the level
and a reading is taken. This will be a back sight for point A and fore sight for
point B.
4. Next, the levelling instrument is moved to position I3 and the staff is left at point B
and point C on the change point (CP). The staff is turned so that it faces the level
and a reading is taken. This will be a back sight for point B and fore sight for
point C.
5. The same step is repeated for the position I4. The level instrument is set up and
the reading for both staff at point C and D are taken.
6. While the staff remains at D, the instrument level is moved to another position, I5.
A reading taken from new position to the staff at D and E. D is a BS and E is a
FS.

Page | 5
 7. The level moved to position I6 and staff at point E be a BS. The staff at TBM1 be
a FS.
8. The staff is moved to TBM and F in turn and reading taken while the level at I7
Point F will be the FS and TBM will be an BS.
9. When the level is at position I8, the staff have been moved at point F and G. the
point F will be the BS and the G will be the FS.
10. Staff moved to position I9 and the point will be at G and H. The point G will be
the BS and H will be the FS.
11. Move the level at position I10 and move the staff at point I and point H then take
both readings. The BS is point I and FS is point H.
12. The same step for position I11, move the staff at point I and point J and take the
readings.
13. Finally, the level is moved to I12, a BS is point J and FS is the BM. The final staff
position is at a point of known RL. This is most important as all levelling fieldwork
must start and finish at points of known reduced level, otherwise it is not possible
to detect misclosures in the levelling.

RESULT & ANALYSIS

The reading is shown booked by the rise and fall method in table 1.1. These are
normally recorded in a level book containing all the relevant column. Each line of the
level book corresponds to a staff position and this is confirmed by the entries in the
Remarks column. The calculation proceeds in the following manner, in which the
reduced level of a points is related to that of a previous point.

Page | 6
 Table 1.1

1. From the first BM to A a BS of 6.275 cm has been recorded at the BM and FS of

36.625 cm at A. The resulting height difference is given by (6.275 cm – 36.625
cm) = -30.35 cm. The negative sign indicates the fall and is entered at point A.
2. The procedure is repeated and the height difference from A to B is given by
(8.435 cm – 35.685 cm) = - 27.25 cm. This is entered as fall at point B.

Page | 7
 3. When calculating the rises or falls in the FS or IS column must be subtracted
from the line immediately above, either in the same column or one column to the
left. The FS is subtracted from the IS or BS in the line above and the BS on the
same line as the FS is the used to continue the calculation with the next IS or FS
in the line below.
4. When the table is complete, a check on the arithmetic involved is possible and
must always be applied. This check is
∑ (BS) -∑ (FS) = ∑ (RISES) -∑ (FALLS) = RL – ADJUSTMENT RL
5. In table 1.1, the difference between the adjusted RL of the first BM and adjusted
RL of the final BM is 0.00. The result show that the levelling is accurate and
precise. It is mean that we do not have to make an adjustment.
6. The allowable misclosure for any levelling sequence is allowable misclosure
= ±5√ n mm where n is the number of instrument positions. If the actual value is
greater than the allowable value, the levelling should be repeated. However, if
the actual value is less than the allowable value, the misclosure should be
distributed equally between the instrument positions.

COMPUTATION
Arithmetic checking

FORMULA: ∑ (BS) -∑ (FS) = ∑ (RISES) -∑ (FALLS) = LAST RL – FIRST RL

215.91 cm – 213.04 cm = 2.87cm = 2497.4187 m – 2497.39 m = 2.87 cm

CONCLUSION
We manage to carry out fly level observation from Bench Mark (BM) to Temporary
Bench Mark (TBM). All the readings data were booked by the rise and fall method.
Arithmetical check was applied in fly level method for verify the accuracy of calculation.

Page | 8
ƩBS – ƩFS = Ʃ RISES – Ʃ FALLS = LAST RL – LAST ARL is the arithmetical check to
verified the accuracy of calculation. The leveling was done from a known BM to
unknown TBM and reversed to the known BM again. Then we compute the transferred
level from BM to TBM and compute the level back to the BM to checked our data is
correct.

Page | 9
 2. Topographic Surveying and Mapping
2.1 Objective of the Experiment
To plot the contour map for a given land by direct method. Theory Mapping
surveys are made to determine the locations of natural and cultural features
on the Earth’s surface and to define the configuration (relief) of that surface.
Once located, these features can be represented on maps. Natural features
normally shown on maps include vegetation, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.
Cultural (artificial) features are the products of people and include roads,
railroads, buildings, bridges, canals, boundary lines, etc. The relief of the
Earth includes its hills, valleys, plains, and other surface irregularities. Lines
and symbols are used to depict features shown on maps. Names and legends
are added to identify the different objects shown.
Two different types of maps, planimetric and topographic, are prepared as a
result of mapping surveys. The former depicts natural and cultural features
in the plan (X-Y) views only. Objects shown are called planimetric features.
Topographic maps also include planimetric features, but in addition they
show the configuration of the Earth’s surface. Both types of maps have many
applications. They are used by engineers and planners to determine the
most desirable and economical locations of highways, railroads, canals,
pipelines, transmission lines, reservoirs, and other facilities; by geologists to
investigate mineral, oil, water, and other resources; by foresters to locate
access- or haul-roads, fire-control routes, and observation towers; by
architects in housing and landscape design; by agriculturists in soil
conservation work; and by archeologists, geographers, and scientists in
numerous fields.
1.2 Instruments Used
Dumpy Level, Total Station, Levelling Staff, Reflector, Tripod, Chain or
Tape.

Page | 10
2.3a, Procedure Contouring using Level instrument
1. First, ensure that an appropriate bench mark (BM) is available near the
site of the survey. If a B.M is not available, then one should be located near
the site by fly leveling.
2. Once a benchmark is available, set up the instrument (level) at a suitable
position covering a large part of the area to be surveyed.
3. The area is divided into a number of squares and all grid points are
marked. Commonly used size of square varies from 5 m × 5 m to 20 m × 20
m.

Page | 11
4. Levels of all grid points are established by leveling.
5. Then grid square is plotted on the drawing sheet. Reduced levels of grid
points marked and contour lines are drawn by interpolation

2.3b, Contouring using Total Station instrument

1. Fix the total station over a known station and level it
2. Press the power button to switch on the instrument.
3. Create Job and adjust required setting
4. Choose known backsight method
5. Insert station and backsight coordinates
6. Set the direction to the backsight target
7. Start measuring spot height for drawing contour lines. In addition, collect
relevant feature data like building corners, roads etc.
8. Repeat the steps to the rest of the stations and get all point details.
9. Import the survey data to road design software like Eagle Point, AutoCAD
Civil 3D, Inroads or Surfer software to plot contour lines and prepare
topographic map

Page | 12
Page | 13
Page | 14
Page | 15
Page | 16
Page | 17
Page | 18
Page | 19
Page | 20
Page | 21
Page | 22
Page | 23