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    Introduction To R

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    Ammar Jagadhita

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction To R

    Uploaded by

    Ammar Jagadhita
    3 views33 pages

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    IntroductionToR

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    3 views33 pages

    Introduction To R

    Uploaded by

    Ammar Jagadhita

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 33

    SEN4103

    What is R programming?

     R is an open source programming language used for statistical computing.


     It is one of the most popular PL today.
     R was inspired by S+, it is similar to S programming language
    By Learning R

     Data scientist
     Statistician
     Data analyst
     R Programmer
     Business Analyst
    Companies using R
    Features Of R

     It is an open source PL, hence you can install R free


     Non-coders can also understand and perform programming in r
     It has various data structures and operators
     It can be integrated with other programming languages
     It consists of various inbuilt packages
    How to install R
    How to install R
    How to install R
    How to install R
    Base R
    RStudio
    RStudio
    Set the working directory in R Studio
    Set the working directory in R Studio
    R vs Python
    Feature R Python

    R is a language and
    Python is a general-
    environment for
    purpose programming
    statistical programming
    Introduction language for data
    which includes
    analysis and scientific
    statistical computing
    computing
    and graphics.

    It can be used to
    It has many features develop GUI
    which are useful for applications and web
    Objective
    statistical analysis and applications as well as
    representation. with embedded
    systems

    It has many easy-to- It can easily perform


    Workability use packages for matrix computation as
    performing tasks well as optimization

    Various popular Python


    Integrated Various popular R IDEs
    IDEs are Spyder,
    development are Rstudio, RKward, R
    Eclipse+Pydev, Atom,
    environment commander, etc.
    etc.

    Some essential
    There are many
    Libraries and packages and libraries
    packages and libraries
    packages are Pandas, Numpy, Sc
    like ggplot2, caret, etc.
    ipy, etc.

    It takes a more
    It is mainly used for
    streamlined approach
    Scope complex data analysis
    for data science
    in data science.
    projects.
    R vs Python
    Advantages of R

     R is the most comprehensive statistical analysis package. As new


    technology and concepts often appear first in R.
     As R programming language is an open source. Thus, you can run R
    anywhere and at any time.
     R programming language is suitable for GNU/Linux and Windows
    operating systems.
     R programming is cross-platform and runs on any operating system.
     In R, everyone is welcome to provide new packages, bug fixes, and code
    enhancements.
    Disadvantages of R

     In the R programming language, the standard of some packages is less


    than perfect.
     Although, R commands give little pressure on memory management. So R
    programming language may consume all available memory.
     In R basically, nobody to complain if something doesn’t work.
     R programming language is much slower than other programming
    languages such as Python and MATLAB.
    Syntax of R program

     A program in R is made up of three things:


     Variables
     Comments and
     Keywords.
    Comments in R

     Single line comments can be written by using # at the beginning of the


    statement
    Keywords in R
    R Data Types

    Basic Data Types Values Examples


    Numeric Set of all real numbers numeric_value <- 3.14

    Integer Set of all integers, Z integer_value <- 42L

    Logical TRUE and FALSE logical_value <- TRUE

    Complex Set of complex numbers complex_value <- 1 + 2i

    “a”, “b”, “c”, …, “@”, “#”, “$”,


    Character character_value <- "Hello"
    …., “1”, “2”, …etc
    Variables in R

     Variables are used to store data with named locations that your programs can
    manipulate
     A variable can be a combination of letters, digits, period and underscore. No other
    special character is allowed
     A valid variable name consists of a combination of alphabets, numbers, dot(.), and
    underscore(_) characters. Example: var.1_ is valid
     Apart from the dot and underscore operators, no other special character is allowed.
    Example: var$1 or var#1 both are invalid
     Variables can start with alphabets or dot characters. Example: .var or var is valid
     The variable should not start with numbers or underscore. Example: 2var or _var is invalid.
     If a variable starts with a dot the next thing after the dot cannot be a number. Example:
    .3var is invalid
     The variable name should not be a reserved keyword in R. Example: TRUE, FALSE,etc.
    Variables in R

     = (Simple Assignment)
     <- (Leftward Assignment)
     -> (Rightward Assignment)
    Important Methods for R Variables

     class() function
    is used to determine the data type of the variable provided to it.

     ls() function
    is used to know all the present variables in the workspace.

     rm() function
    is used to delete an unwanted variable within your workspace.
    Operators

     Arithmetic Operators
     Addition
     Substraction
     Multiplication
     Division
     Remainder / mod
     Exponent
    Order of operatios

     Paranthesis
     Exponent (^)
     Multiplication and division (left to rigth)
     Addition and substractions (left to rigth)
    Rational / Logical Operators

     Greater than >


     Less than <
     Greater than / equal >=
     Less than / equal <=
     Equal to ==
     Not equal !=
     And &
     OR |
     Not !
    Input/Output

     There are two methods in R.


     Using readline() method
     Using scan() method
    readline() method

     readline() method takes input in string format.


     E.g. If the given input is 255, R will take it as ‘255’
     To convert the inputted value to the desired data type, there are some
    functions in R
     as.integer(n); —> convert to integer
     as.numeric(n); —> convert to numeric type (float, double etc)
     as.complex(n); —> convert to complex number (i.e 3+2i)
     as.Date(n) —> convert to date …, etc
    Taking multiple inputs in R

     Taking multiple inputs in R language is same as taking single input, just need to
    define multiple readline() for inputs.
     Syntax:
    var1 = readline(“Enter 1st number : “);
    var2 = readline(“Enter 2nd number : “);
    var3 = readline(“Enter 3rd number : “);
    var4 = readline(“Enter 4th number : “);
    or,
    {
    var1 = readline(“Enter 1st number : “);
    var2 = readline(“Enter 2nd number : “);
    var3 = readline(“Enter 3rd number : “);
    var4 = readline(“Enter 4th number : “);
    }
    Taking String and Character input in R

     In order to prompt the user, prompt keyword can be used with in the
    readline method
     E.g. var1 = readline(prompt = “Enter any number : “);
     To take string input
     Syntax:
    string:
    var1 = readline(prompt = “Enter your name : “);
    character:
    var1 = readline(prompt = “Enter any character : “);
    var1 = as.character(var1)
    Execution of an R file

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