(19)

*EP003027699B1*
(11) EP 3 027 699 B1
(12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION

(45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.:

of the grant of the patent: C09D 123/08 (2006.01) C08L 23/08 (2006.01)
16.09.2020 Bulletin 2020/38
(86) International application number:
(21) Application number: 14786277.5 PCT/IB2014/063575

(22) Date of filing: 31.07.2014 (87) International publication number:

WO 2015/015449 (05.02.2015 Gazette 2015/05)

(54) COATING COMPOSITION FOR POLYESTER FILM

BESCHICHTUNGSZUSAMMENSETZUNG FÜR POLYESTERFOLIE
COMPOSITION DE REVÊTEMENT POUR FILM POLYESTER

(84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: KOTHARI, Pranay

AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB Noida
GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Uttar Pradesh 201301 (IN)
PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR
(74) Representative: Petty, Catrin Helen et al
(30) Priority: 31.07.2013 IN 2288DE2013 Venner Shipley LLP
200 Aldersgate
(43) Date of publication of application: London EC1A 4HD (GB)
08.06.2016 Bulletin 2016/23
(56) References cited:
(73) Proprietor: Polyplex Corporation Limited EP-A1- 0 782 932 EP-A1- 2 179 844
Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301 (IN) WO-A1-00/59733 WO-A1-2014/137516
GB-A- 1 427 488 US-A- 3 912 674
EP 3 027 699 B1

Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent
Bulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the
Implementing Regulations. Notice of opposition shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been
paid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention).

Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR)

 EP 3 027 699 B1

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

5 [0001] The present invention relates to a coating composition for polyester film capable of printing on all types of
electrostatic printers with liquid and dry toners. The coating composition is a combination of polyethylene carboxylic acid
dispersion and homopolymer or copolymer of polyacrylate dispersion or homopolymer or copolymer of polyvinyl acetate
dispersion.

10 BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Digital printing is an effective method of image transfer which is currently getting popular as it automates and
streamlines the printed image without much operator intervention. Image is formed on the imaging surface by use of a
uniform electrostatic charge distribution throughout the surface. The electrostatic charge can be created by the corona
15 and the print image is developed by applying toner which adhere to the surface and develop the image. Common digital
printing presses available in market are from HP indigo, Kodak, Xerox, Canon, Ricoh, Konica.
[0003] Digital printers usually use either liquid or dry toners for printing. Liquid ink is used by HP indigo. HP indigo
follows offset process where ink is transferred from photo imaging cylinder to offset cylinder and then to the substrate.
Dry toner based ink is used by Konica Minolta and Xerox Digital. Konika Minolta talks about using low temperature fusion
20 Simitri HC toners to give a offset finish where fixing temperature requires to be as low as 150°C as mentioned in their
US patent no 8304157 and Xerox uses low melt EA (Emulsion Aggregrates) dry ink technology which also fuses with
substrate at low temperature.
[0004] It is well known that electrostatic properties depend upon the nature of the substrate. For any machine working
by electrostatic function, electrostatic properties are of atmost importance. It is well known fact if any substrate comes
25 in contact with any other substrate or material coefficient of friction, static properties are important to determine the easy
movability of the substrate. These properties can be easily determined by simple testing instruments.
[0005] Substrates to be printed are fed into the printing press in either sheet form or in roll form. In sheet form, the
sheets are put in a tray and sheets either slide or are picked one by one or any other method known in the art and sent
to the printing section for printing. For easy sliding and picking, minimization of static charge is of foremost importance.
30 If the substrate has high static, it will not slide easily or be picked up easily or multiple sheet will be picked or slide
together. In roll form, the substrate from the unwinder moves to printer and after printing rolls move to the winder roll.
The substrate is later further processed as per requirement.
[0006] The US Patent no. 7279513 describes coatings for paper consisting of Ethylene Acrylic Acid (EAA) for digital
printing. This patent specifically discloses EAA coating over paper only and fails to disclose combination of EAA and
35 vinyl acetates or acrylates coatings be applied over the oriented polyester film. A drawback of using EAA coating over
film is of static charge. EAA has high static charge hence, cannot be used in all types of digital printing processes due
to poor runability. EAA Coated films are coated by off-line method and EAA coating has been mentioned only for HP
Indigo printers which use liquid toners. EP0782932 discloses a coating for printable plastic films.
[0007] It is an object of the present invention to overcome the difficulties presently encountered in the art of providing
40 the coated oriented polyester film which is capable of receiving both liquid as well as dry toners on all types of the printers.
[0008] (Need rephrasing)The inventive film exhibits properties that are significantly different from those of another
coated polyester film where the film is coated by acrylic, copolyester or polyurethanes. The other coated polyester films
are printed by using engraved cylinders. The inventive film is used for electrostatic printing. In the electrostatic printing
process, the printing is done by means of electrostatic charge. The present invention relates to an oriented polyester
45 film, having electrostatic printing characteristics and is capable of printing on all types of electrostatic printers with liquid
and dry toners such as Xerox iGen digital printing press, digital indigo HP ink systems, Ricoh Digital Press, Canon digital
press, Kodak Digital press.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

50
[0009] The primary objective of the present invention is to provide a coating composition for polyester film to print on
electrostatic printers.
[0010] The present invention is to provide a coated polyester film that is capable of printing on all types of electrostatic
printers with liquid and dry toners.
55 [0011] The present invention is to provide a coated polyester film where the coating is done either inline i.e. during
process of film formation or offline i.e. after film formation.
[0012] The present invention is to provide a coated polyester film for reducing static charge on the said film, so as to
pick an individual film one by one by the printer while printing and is capable of printing on all types of printers.

2
 EP 3 027 699 B1

[0013] The present invention is to provide a method for preparation of coated polyester film where the said coated
polyester film is used as a substrate for all commercially available digital printing machines.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

5
[0014] The present invention relates to a coating composition for applying on polyester film capable of priming on all
types of electrostatic primers comprising: a combination of (i) a polyethylene carboxylic acid polymer dispersion, and
(ii) a homopolymer or copolymer of polyacrylate polymer dispersion and/or a homopolymer or copolymer of polyvinyl
acetate polymer dispersion; wherein the polyacrylate polymer content and/or the polyvinyl acetate polymer content is
10 in the range of 1 to 50 wt% of polyethylene carboxylic acid polymer content in the polymer dispersion; and wherein the
polyacrylate is a homopolymer or copolymer of methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethyl-ethacrylate, n-
butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate,hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate or higher acrylates having carbon chain length up
to 15 carbon atoms or a combination thereof. The present invention also relates to an oriented polyester film coated by
above said coating composition that is capable of printing on all types of (electrostatic) printers with liquid and dry toners.
15 The present invention further relates to the process of achieving the coated polyester film. The present invention also
relates to coating process where the coating composition is capable of coating by inline as well as offline method. The
present invention further relates to printing process, so the printing machine pick an individual film one by one while
printing and /or so as to be printed in roll form.

20 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] The Applicants would like to mention that the examples are mentioned to show only those specific details that
are pertinent to understanding the aspects of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that
will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of the description herein.
25 [0016] The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive
inclusion, such that a process that comprises a list of components does not include only those components but may
include other components not expressly listed or inherent to such process. In other words, one or more elements in a
system or process proceeded by "comprises... a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other
elements or additional elements in the system or process.
30 [0017] Accordingly, the present invention in one aspect relates to coating composition for applying on polyester film
for printing on electrostatic printers where electrostatic printer uses liquid or dry toners so as to pick an individual film
one by one by the printer while printing or so as to be printed in roll form and is capable of printing on all types of printers.
[0018] In another aspect of the invention it relates to a coating composition for applying on polyester film capable of
printing on all types of electrostatic printers comprising a combination of polyethylene carboxylic acid dispersion and
35 homopolymer or copolymer of polyacrylate dispersion and/or homopolymer or copolymer of polyvinyl acetate dispersion,
wherein acrylate and/or acetate content is in the range of 1 to 50% of carboxylic acid content in the dispersion.
[0019] In yet another embodiment of the invention the preferable range of acrylate and/or acetate content is 5 to 30%
of carboxylic acid content in the dispersion.
[0020] In yet another embodiment of the invention the carboxylic acid in polyethylene carboxylic acid dispersion is
40 selected from but not limited to acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, propyl acrylic acid, butyl acrylic acid, hexyl
acrylic acid, octyl acrylic acid and other higher acids having carbon chain length upto C15 or combination thereof.
[0021] In another embodiment of the invention the polyvinyl acetate is homopolymer or copolymer of methyl acetate,
butyl acetate or higher acetates having carbon chain length upto C15 carbon atom or combination thereof
[0022] In yet another embodiment of the invention the vinyl acetate dispersions are selected from the group such as
45 VEOVA or other copolymers like Vinyl acrylate - Ethylene copolymer, Vinyl acrylate - VEOVA copolymer, Vinyl acetate
acrylic copolymer, Vinyl acetate - Vinyl Chloride copolymers, Vinyl acetate - Acrylamide copolymers, Vinyl Acetate -
Butyl Acetate copolymers, vinyl acetate dibutyl maleinate copolymer, Vinyl Acetate - 2 Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate copolymer
[0023] In yet another embodiment of the invention the polyacrylate is homopolymer or copolymer of methylacrylate,
ethylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylethacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, butyl methacyrlate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacr-
50 ylate or higher acrylates having carbon chain length upto C15 carbon atom or combination thereof.
[0024] In yet another embodiment of the invention the acrylate and/or acetate content is preferably in the range of 2
to 30% of carboxylic acid content in the dispersion.
[0025] In yet another embodiment of the invention optionally known anti-static agent is added in the composition. The
anti-static agent is to be added singly by itself or in combination with other antistatic agents, in the weight percent of
55 0.01 - 50 wt% of the coating solution. The common antistatic agents used are long chain aliphatic amines, amides,
quaternary ammonical salts, esters of phosphoric acid, polyethylene glycol esters or polyols, indium tin oxides, conductive
polymers like PEDOT:PSS and nanofibers like polyaniline nanofibers.
[0026] Another aspect of the invention a polyester film coated by coating composition comprising a combination of

3
 EP 3 027 699 B1

polyethylene carboxylic acid dispersion and homopolymer or copolymer of polyacrylate dispersion and/or homopolymer
or copolymer of polyvinyl acetate dispersion, wherein acrylate and/or acetate content be is in the range of 1 to 50% of
carboxylic acid content in the dispersion.
[0027] In another embodiment of the invention, the coating can be applied has solid content below 20wt% most
5 preferably below 10wt%.
[0028] In another embodiment of the invention the viscosity of the coating sision be below 40 sec and above 5 sec
measured by ford cup.
[0029] In another embodiment of the invention the polyester film is capable of printing on all types of (electrostatic)
printers with liquid and dry toners.
10 [0030] In another embodiment of the invention the polyester film is either uniaxially oriented or biaxially oriented.
[0031] In another embodiment of the invention the polyester film is single or multilayer, extruded or coextruded film.
[0032] In another embodiment of the invention the polyester film is transparent, translucent, white, opaque, matte,
glossy, hazy, milky white or metallized polyester film.
[0033] In another embodiment of the invention the coating is carried out inline or offline on the polyester film.
15 [0034] In another embodiment of the invention, the coating can be applied by inline or offline method.
[0035] In inline coating process the composition is applied such that it orients as the film orients without producing
any cracks in the coating and can withstand the orientation or heat set conditions which are necessary to produce
oriented films.
[0036] In offline coating process the coating is applied after film production in separate set of machine. Inline or offline
20 coating can be applied either in one side or both sides of the polyester film.
[0037] In another embodiment of the invention the polyester film is having ash pick up in static charge testing is not
more than 15% of the film surface area.
[0038] In another embodiment of the invention the coated polyester film is handled in both sheet form and roll form.
[0039] In another embodiment of the invention the polyester film is coated either one side or both side and coated film
25 is used for electrostatic printing.
[0040] A process of making polyester film comprising the steps of:

a) allowing dicarboxylic acid and alkylene glycol to react along with additives to obtain molten polyester, having Tg
between 55°C to 80°C.
30 b) molten polyester is either directly extruded through the die or converted to chips. These chips either singly or in
combination with other additive chips are extruded to form molten polyester which is sent through the die.
c) molten polyester through a die is quenched on chilled rollers in order to obtain polyester film,
d) the polyester film obtained in step (c) is subjected to orienting and heating simulataneiusly such that the said film
in biaxial oriented.
35
[0041] Polyester film thus obtained is in the form of substantially amorphous single layer or multilayer prefilm; this film
is then reheated and oriented in sequential biaxial orientation or a simultaneous biaxial orientation. Stretch ratio is in the
range of 1.5 to 4.5, determined by a rotation speed ratio of a heated slow-driving roll (upstream) and heated quick-driving
roll (downstream). With respect to stretching in a transverse direction (TD), stretching conditions require a stretch ratio
40 of about 3.0 to 5.0 using a tenter wherein both ends of the film are fixed with clips. The temperature maintained during
stretching conditions is as below.

45

and

50

and

55

and

4
 EP 3 027 699 B1

and
5

and
10

Where,
15

ΔTMC = Difference between melting temperature and crystallization temperature

ΔTCG = Difference between crystallization temperature and glass transition temperature
TSMD = Stretching temperature in machine direction
TSTD = Stretching temperature in transverse direction
20
TP = Heat set temperature

[0042] The extrusion of polyester is carried out at a temperature in the range of 250°C to 300°C. Further, in step (c)
the quenching is carried out on chilled roll at a temperature in the range of 30°C to 50°C below Tg of the polyester film.
[0043] In yet another embodiment of the invention the polyester film optionally contains suitable additives such as but
25
not limited to antiblocking agents, antioxidants, stabilizers and other additives; which may be contained individually or
as combination.
[0044] Dicarboxylic acid and alkylene glycol for making polyester film are mixed in the ratio of 1:0.3 to 1:0.5 along with
the additives like are antiblocking agents, antioxidants, stabilizers and other suitable compounds that are required for
the film production. Dicarboxylic acid is selected from but not limited to terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate either
30
used singly or combination with two or more components which may be 2,6 naphthalene diacrboxylic acid, isophthalic
acid, and phthalic acid, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid like adipic acid or ester of same.
Alkylene glycol is selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol either used singly or in combination with two or more
component which compises of diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, trans-1,4
cyclohexanediol and cis-1,4-cyclohexanediol
35
[0045] Furthermore, the polyester film of the present invention is heat-set for about 1.0-20 seconds in a rear room of
a tenter at temperature above 180° C
[0046] In yet another aspect of the present invention the polyester film is transparent, white, opaque, matte, glossy,
hazy, milky white, translucent, metalized. These films other than metalized film are obtained by usual method by adding
suitable compounds like silica, titanium dioxide, barium sulphate, calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide, cosslinked poly-
40
styrene, cosslinked PMMA, zeolites and other silicates. The quantities generally used for these compounds are in the
range of 0.01 to 30 wt% of any of these components either singly or in combinations as desired. The transparent films
have light transmission value as high as 95% on other hand opaque film have opacity as high as 99.9%. The metalized
film is be obtained by metalizing the transparent or opaque film in metalizer by conventional known process.
[0047] In yet another embodiment of the invention the thickness of oriented film of the invention is in the range of 1 to
45
500 micron, more preferably 6 to 450 micron, most preferably 8 to 400 micron.
[0048] In yet another embodiment of the invention the base film is either a single layer or multi-layer. The film structure
may be A or ABC type A mentions the single layer film; and type ABC mentions multilayer film, where B is the base layer
and A and C are outer layer, where A and C can be same or different from each other; or A and/or C can be same as
that of B or different from B. The thickness of outer layer can be in range of 0.01% to 30% preferably of 0.05% to 20%
50
thickness.
[0049] In another aspect of the present invention the film is coated with aqueous dispersion of poly ethylene copolymer,
where ethylene copolymer dispersions can be used singly as ethylene copolymer dispersion or as a mixture of different
ethylene copolymer dispersions or a mixture of ethylene copolymer dispersions with poly vinyl acetate dispersion and /
or Poly acrylate dispersions. Polyvinyl acetate dispersion and / or polyacrylate dispersions, either homopolymer or
55
copolymer to keep viable electro-polarity for easy processing and printing of the substrate.
[0050] In another embodiment of the present invention the ethylene copolymer dispersions used are polyethylene
carboxylic acid with polyacrylates and/or vinyl acetates homopolymers or copolymers. The addition of homopolymer or

5
 EP 3 027 699 B1

copolymer of polyacrylates and/or vinyl acetates to poly ethylene carboxylic acid dispersions allows both liquid and dry
toner to adhere to the coated polyester film and yet control the surface friction which is owned due to its electrostatic
attraction between the surface for good processability and runnability of the polyester film. The weight percentage of
combination of poly acrylate and / or poly vinyl acetates homopololymer or copolymer where the acetates and / or
5 acrylates groups be used upto 50% most preferably upto 40 wt% of acrylic acid content in the mixture.
[0051] In another embodiment of the present invention the ethylene copolymers dispersions that can be used are
ethylene carboxylic copolymers where carboxylic are selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, propyl
acrylic acid, butyl acrylic acid, hexyl acrylic acid, octyl acrylic acid and other higher acids upto C12 carbon atom; The
vinyl acetate dispersions can be homopolymer or copolymer of Polyvinyl acetates or higher acetates groups where
10 higher acetates gropus be butyrate, propyrates, hexylrates or higher upto C15 carbon atom like VEOVA, other copolymers
like Vinyl acrylate - Ethylene copolymer Vinyl acrylate - VEOVA copolymer, Vinyl acetate acrylic copolymer, Vinyl acetate
- Vinyl Chloride copolymers, Vinyl acetate - Acrylamide copolymers, Vinyl Acetate - Butyl Acetate copolymers, vinyl
acetate dibutyl maleinate copolymer, Vinyl Acetate - 2 Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate copolymer can also be used. Acrylate polymers
used be homopolymers of polymethylacrylates, polyethylacrylates, polymethmethacrylates, polyethylethacrylates or
15 higher acrylates upto C15 carbon atom, or copolymers of ethylene acryaltes, -where acrylates are selected from the
group consisting of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, butyl meth-
acyrlate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate and higer acrylates or its copololymers with ethylene. Ethylene copolymers
that are preferred are Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer and vinyl acetate and / or acrylate hompolymers or copolymers.
Ethylene acrylic copolymer has been used for printing with Digital printers operating on liquid based toners but when
20 Ethylene Acrylic Acid copolymer is used in combination with vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer and /or polyvinyl acetate
imparts good printing property with liquid based toners as well as dry toners. Ethylene Acrylic acid dispersions used are
stabilized by alkali or alkaline metal salts or ammonia.
[0052] In another embodiment of the present invention a combination of polyethylene acrylic acid dispersion with
polyvinylacetate homopolymer or copolymer dispersions and / or polyacrylate homo polymer or copolymers such that
25 the weight percentage of ethylene acrylic acid polymer varies from 1% to 99% more preferably from 10% to 90% and
weight percentage of poly vinyl acetate homopolymer or copolymer dispersions and / or acrylate homo polymer or
copolymers varies preferably from 1 % to 50% and most preferably from 2% to 30% of acrylic acid content in the polymer
mixture.
[0053] In another embodiment of the present invention the polythylene acrylic acid used has acrylic acid content in
30 range of 10 to 30 wt% most preferably in range of 12 to 25 wt%.
[0054] The ethylene vinyl acetate dispersion used is having Tg of -30 to 20 deg C, most preferably Tg of 5 - 15 deg
C. VAE dispersion used are having Tg of 6 to -20 deg C.
[0055] In another embodiment of the present invention the coating composition as applied has solid content below
20wt% and the viscosity of the coating solution is below 40 sec and above 5 sec measured by ford cup. The coating
35 composition is such that it can be applied by inline or offline coating method. The coating can be applied single side or
both side of polyester film surface.
[0056] It is to be noted that the film of the present invention with the aforesaid characteristics exhibits electrostatic
printing property which can be employed by both liquid and dry toner based digital printing systems and is totally different
than that of usual coated polyester films.
40
Characterization of coated polyester film

Coefficient of Friction

45 [0057] Coefficient of Friction is checked by llyod (UK) having model No FT/230.

Fine ash pick up

[0058] Static charge is checked by Cigarette ash pickup method. Higher the surface static change, higher will be dust
50 pickup. Fresh cigarette is put in a petridish. Film is put just above the petridish. The ash picks up and covers the film
surface. The ash pickup is checked by pantograph method. Higher the surface area covered, higher the electro polarity
of the film.

Printability
55
[0059] Printability of the coated polyester film is checked on both liquid toner based digital printer (HP Indigo) and Dry
toner based digital printers (Xerox iGen3 and Konica Minolta C70hc). Tape test with 3m Scotch tape is used for checking
the adhesion of print over the film surface.

6
 EP 3 027 699 B1

Run ability:

[0060] Runability of the coated polyester film is checked on both liquid toner based digital printer (HP Indigo) and Dry
toner based digital printers (Xerox iGen3 and Konica Minolta C70hc)
5
Bonding with EVA film

[0061] The printed film is bonded with EVA film to protect the print over the substrate.

10 EXAMPLES

Preparation of Ethylene Acrylic Acid dispersion

[0062] In a 1000 ml reactor equipped with stirrer, thermocouple, pressure gauge and release value, 30 gms of ethylene
15 acrylic acid copolymer having acrylic acid component of 20wt% as available from PRIMACOR 59801 is mixed with 165
gms of deionized water 4.5 gms of DMEA. The reactor is then closed and temperature of 120°C (max 130°C) is maintained
for 3 hours with agitation. The dispersion formed is clear to milky white in appearance and termed as EAA-1. Dispersion
of ESCOR 5200 is also prepared in the similar manner and termed as EAA-2.

20 Example 1

[0063] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 25wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

25 Example 2

[0064] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 15wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

30 Example -3

[0065] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 10wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

35 Example -4

[0066] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 25wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

40 Example -5

[0067] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 15wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

45 Example -6

[0068] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

50 Example 7

[0069] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 25wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

55 Example 8

[0070] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 15wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.

7
 EP 3 027 699 B1

Example -9

[0071] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
5
Example -10

[0072] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 25wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
10
Example -11

[0073] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 15wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
15
Example -12

[0074] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
20
Example 13

[0075] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with PVAc -1, such that PVAc-1 is kept at 20wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
25
Example 14

[0076] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with PVAc -1, such that PVAc-1 is kept at 10 wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.
30
Example -15

[0077] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with PVAc -1, such that PVAc-1 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
35
Example -16

[0078] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with PVAc -1, such that PVAc-1 is kept at 20wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
40
Example -17

[0079] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with PVAc -1, such that PVAc-1 is kept at 10wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
45
Example -18

[0080] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with PVAc -1, such that PVAc-1 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
50
Example 19

[0081] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAEVC -1, such that VAEVC -1 is kept at 30wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.
55
Example 20

[0082] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAEVC -1, such that VAEVC-1 is kept at 20

8
 EP 3 027 699 B1

wt% of ethylene acrylic acid.

Example -21

5 [0083] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAEVC -1, such that VAEVC-1 is kept at 10wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.

Example -22

10 [0084] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAEVC -1, such that VAEVC-1 is kept at 30wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.

Example -23

15 [0085] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAEVC -1, such that VAEVC -1 is kept at 10wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.

Example -24

20 [0086] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAEVC -1, such that VAEVC-1 is kept at 10wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.

Example 25

25 [0087] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 30wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid.

Example 26

30 [0088] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 20 wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid.

Example -27

35 [0089] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 10wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid.

Example -28

40 [0090] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 30wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid.

Example -29

45 [0091] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 10wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid.

Example -30

50 [0092] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 10wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid.

Example 31

55 [0093] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AAVAEA -1, such that AAVAEA -1 is kept at
40wt% of ethylene acrylic acid.

9
 EP 3 027 699 B1

Example 32

[0094] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AAVAEA -1, such that AAVAEA -1 is kept at 30
wt% of ethylene acrylic acid.
5
Example -33

[0095] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with AAVAEA -1, such that AAVAEA -1 is kept at
40wt% of ethylene acrylic acid.
10
Example -34

[0096] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with AAVAEA -1, such that AAVAEA -1 is kept at
30wt% of ethylene acrylic acid.
15
Example -35

[0097] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
20
Example -36

[0098] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
25
Example -37

[0099] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
30
Example -38

[0100] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 5wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
35
Example -39

[0101] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with PVAc 1, such that PVAc 1 is kept at 2wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
40
Example -40

[0102] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with PVAc 1, such that PVAc 1 is kept at 2wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
45
Example -41

[0103] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAEVC 1, such that VAEVC 1 is kept at 5wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
50
Example -42

[0104] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with VAEVC 1, such that VAEVC 1 is kept at 5wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.
55
Example -43

[0105] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 5wt% of ethylene

10
 EP 3 027 699 B1

acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.

Example -44

5 [0106] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with AD, such that AD is kept at 5wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.

Example -45

10 [0107] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AAVAEA 1, such that AAVAEA 1 is kept at 8wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.

Example -46

15 [0108] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-2 along with AAVAEA 1, such that AAVAEA 1 is kept at 8wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid and antistatic is kept 1.0wt% of total composition.

Comparative Example 1

20 [0109] Coating is prepared by containing only EAA-1 copolymer dispersion.

Comparative Example 2

[0110] Coating is prepared by containing only EAA-2 copolymer dispersion.

25
Comparative Example 3

[0111] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -1, such that VAE-1 is kept at 60 wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
30
Comparative Example 4

[0112] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAE -2, such that VAE-2 is kept at 70 wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
35
Comparative Example 5

[0113] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with PVAc - 1, such that PVAc - 1 is kept at 55 wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.
40
Comparative Example 6

[0114] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with VAEVC, such that VAEVC is kept at 60 wt% of
ethylene acrylic acid.
45
Comparative Example 7

[0115] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with BA, such that BA is kept at 60 wt% of ethylene
acrylic acid.
50
Comparative Example 8

[0116] Coating composition prepared by combining EAA-1 along with AAVAEA, such that AAVAEA is kept at 55 wt%
of ethylene acrylic acid.
55

11
 EP 3 027 699 B1

Table 1: Coating composition with various components

Ex. No. EAA 1 EAA 2 VAE 1 VAE 2 PVAc 1 VAEVC AD AAV AEA Anti static agent
1 100 25
5
2 100 15
3 100 10
4 100 25

10 5 100 15
6 100 5
7 100 25
8 100 15
15
9 100 5
10 100 25
11 100 15

20 12 100 5
13 100 20
14 100 10
15 100 5
25
16 100 20
17 100 10
18 100 5
30 19 100 30
20 100 20
21 100 10
22 100 30
35
23 100 20
24 100 10
25 100 30
40 26 100 20
27 100 10
28 100 30
29 100 10
45
30 100 10
31 100 40
32 100 30
50 33 100 40
34 100 30
35 100 5 1
36 100 5 1
55
37 100 5 1
38 100 5 1

12
 EP 3 027 699 B1

(continued)

Ex. No. EAA 1 EAA 2 VAE 1 VAE 2 PVAc 1 VAEVC AD AAV AEA Anti static agent
39 100 2 1
5
40 100 2 1
41 100 5 1
42 100 5 1
10 43 100 5 1
44 100 5 1
45 100 8 1
46 100 8 1
15
CE 1 100
CE 2 100
CE 3 100 60
20 CE 4 100 70
CE 5 100 55
CE 6 100 60
CE 7 100 bb 60
25
CE 8 100 55

Table 2: Test results for coating composition with various components

30
Fine
Ex Ash Dry Toner Wet Toner Dry Toner Wet Toner Laminate with
No COF Static Pickup Printability Printability Run ability Run ability EVA film (gm)
1 0.4 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 400-450
35
2 0.41 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 425-460
3 0.41 ok 2-8, OK ok Ok Ok 370-430
4 0.4 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 450-480

40 5 0.42 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 400-450

6 0.42 ok 2-8, OK ok Ok Ok 380-430
7 0.4 ok 4-8. OK ok Ok Ok 410-460
8 0.41 ok 4-8. OK ok Ok Ok 370-450
45
9 0.41 ok 6-15. OK ok Ok Ok 370-410
10 0.4 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 430-470
11 0.42 ok 3-7. OK ok Ok Ok 400-450
50 12 0.42 ok 4-9. OK ok Ok Ok 400-430
13 0.42 ok 0-8. OK ok Ok Ok 500-570
14 0.43 ok 5-10. OK ok Ok Ok 440-500
15 0.43 ok 10-15. OK ok Ok Ok 410-440
55
16 0.41 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 470-530
17 0.43 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 410-460

13
 EP 3 027 699 B1

(continued)

Fine
Ex Ash Dry Toner Wet Toner Dry Toner Wet Toner Laminate with
5 No COF Static Pickup Printability Printability Run ability Run ability EVA film (gm)
18 0.43 ok 6-9. OK ok Ok Ok 360-410
19 0,42 ok 5-8. OK ok Ok Ok 370-420
20 0.42 ok 8-10. OK ok Ok Ok 350-400
10
21 0.42 ok 7-14. OK ok Ok Ok 320-380
22 0.43 ok 2-6. OK ok Ok Ok 350-400
23 0.43 ok 1-8. OK ok Ok Ok 330-370
15 24 0,46 ok 8-15. OK ok Ok Ok 330-350
25 0.42 ok 4-8. OK ok Ok Ok 380-440
26 0.43 ok 4-9. OK ok Ok Ok 350-400
27 0.43 ok 5-9. OK ok Ok Ok 320-380
20
28 0,46 ok 4-8. OK ok Ok Ok 350-400
29 0.44 ok 4-9. OK ok Ok Ok 330-370
30 0.45 ok 5-9. OK ok Ok Ok 330-350
25 31 0.45 ok 8-15. OK ok Ok Ok 420-470
32 0.45 ok 12-15. OK ok Ok Ok 400-460
33 0.44 ok 5-10. OK ok Ok Ok 400-450
34 0.45 ok 7-16. OK ok Ok Ok 350-430
30
35 0.43 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 350-370
36 0.44 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 330-370
37 0.46 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 350-370
35 38 0.42 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 330-370
39 0.42 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 410-490
40 0.45 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 370-430
41 0.46 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 400-450
40
42 0.43 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 330-380
43 0.41 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 400-450
44 0.43 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 330-380
45
45 0.43 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 400-450
46 0.42 ok 0-5 OK ok Ok Ok 340-390
CE
1 0.51 Not 70-80 Not OK ok Not OK Ok 200-230
50
OK
CE Not
2 0.53 OK 60-70 Not OK ok Not OK Ok 200-230
CE
55
3 0.65 OK 5-9, Not OK Not OK Not OK Not OK 55 - 100

14
 EP 3 027 699 B1

(continued)

Fine
Ex Ash Dry Toner Wet Toner Dry Toner Wet Toner Laminate with
5 No COF Static Pickup Printability Printability Run ability Run ability EVA film (gm)
CE
4 0.64 OK 5-9. Not OK Not OK Not OK Not OK 55 - 100
CE Tacki
10 5 ness
CE Tacki
6 ness
CE
15 7 0.45 OK 3-7. Not OK Not OK OK OK 55 - 100
CE Tacki
8 ness

20 Claims

1. A coating composition for applying on polyester film capable of printing on all types of electrostatic printers comprising:

a combination of
25

(i) a polyethylene carboxylic acid polymer dispersion, and

(ii) a homopolymer or copolymer of polyacrylate polymer dispersion and/or a homopolymer or copolymer
of polyvinyl acetate polymer dispersion;

30 wherein the polyacrylate polymer content and/or the polyvinyl acetate polymer content is in the range of 1 to
50 wt% of polyethylene carboxylic acid polymer content in the polymer dispersion; and
wherein the polyacrylate is a homopolymer or copolymer of methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, methylmethacrylate,
ethylethacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate or higher acrylates
having carbon chain length up to 15 carbon atoms or a combination thereof.
35

2. The coating composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the range of acrylate and/or acetate content is 5 to 30% of
the carboxylic acid content in the dispersion.

3. The coating composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid in polyethylene carboxylic acid dispersion
40 is selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, propyl acrylic acid, butyl acrylic acid, hexyl acrylic
acid, octyl acrylic acid and other higher acids having a carbon chain length up to 15 carbon atoms or a combination
thereof.

4. The coating composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyvinyl acetate is a homopolymer or copolymer of
45 methyl acetate, butyl acetate or higher acetates having carbon chain length up to 15 carbon atoms or a combination
thereof.

5. The coating composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composition comprises an anti-static agent selected
from long chain aliphatic amines, amides, quaternary ammonical salts, esters of phosphoric acid, polyethylene glycol
50 esters or polyols, indium tin oxides, conductive polymers like PEDOT:PSS and nanofibers like polyaniline nanofibers
wherein the anti-static agent is in the range of 0.1 to 50 wt% of the coating solution.

6. A polyester film comprising a coating, as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5.

55 7. The polyester film as claimed in claim 6, wherein the film is capable of printing on all types of electrostatic printers
with liquid and dry toners.

15
 EP 3 027 699 B1

8. The polyester film as claimed in claim 6, wherein the film is either uniaxially oriented or biaxially oriented.

9. The polyester film as claimed in claim 6, wherein the film is single or multilayer, extruded or coextruded film.

5 10. The polyester film as claimed in claim 6, wherein the film is transparent, translucent, white, opaque, matte, glossy,
hazy or milky white or metalized polyester film.

11. The polyester film as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 10, wherein the coating is carried out inline or offline.

10 12. The polyester film as claimed in any one of claims 6 to 11, having ash pick up in static charge testing is not more
than 15% of the film surface area.

Patentansprüche
15
1. Beschichtungszusammensetzung zum Aufbringen auf eine Polyesterfolie, die auf allen Arten von elektrostatischen
Druckern drucken kann, umfassend:

eine Kombination aus

20
(i) einer Polyethylencarbonsäurepolymerdispersion und
(ii) einem Homopolymer oder Copolymer einer Polyacrylatpolymerdispersion und/oder einem Homopolymer
oder Copolymer einer Polyvinylacetatpolymerdispersion;

25 wobei der Polyacrylatpolymergehalt und/oder der Polyvinylacetatpolymergehalt im Bereich von 1 bis 50 Gew.-
% des Polyethylencarbonsäurepolymergehalts in der Polymerdispersion liegt; und
wobei das Polyacrylat ein Homopolymer oder Copolymer von Methylacrylat, Ethylacrylat, Methylmethacrylat,
Ethylethacrylat, n-Butylacrylat, Butylmethacrylat, Hexylacrylat, Hexylmethacrylat oder höheren Acrylaten mit
einer Kohlenstoffkettenlänge von bis zu 15 Kohlenstoffatomen oder einer Kombination davon ist.
30
2. Beschichtungszusammensetzung nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Bereich des Acrylat- und/oder Acetatgehalts 5 bis
30 % des Carbonsäuregehalts in der Dispersion beträgt.

3. Beschichtungszusammensetzung nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Carbonsäure in der Polyethylencarbonsäuredisper-

35 sion aus Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure, Ethacrylsäure, Propylacrylsäure, Butylacrylsäure, Hexylacrylsäure, Octylacryl-
säure und anderen höheren Säuren mit einer Kohlenstoffkettenlänge von bis zu 15 Kohlenstoffatomen oder einer
Kombination davon ausgewählt ist.

4. Beschichtungszusammensetzung nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Polyvinylacetat ein Homopolymer oder ein Copoly-
40 mer von Methylacetat, Butylacetat oder höheren Acetaten mit einer Kohlenstoffkettenlänge von bis zu 15 Kohlen-
stoffatomen oder einer Kombination davon ist.

5. Beschichtungszusammensetzung nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Zusammensetzung ein antistatisches Mittel umfasst,
das aus langkettigen aliphatischen Aminen, Amiden, quaternären ammoniakalischen Salzen, Estern der Phosphor-
45 säure, Polyethylenglykolestem oder Polyolen, Indiumzinnoxiden, leitfähigen Polymeren wie PEDOT:PSS und Na-
nofasern wie Polyanilin-Nanofasern ausgewählt ist, wobei das antistatische Mittel in dem Bereich von 0,1 bis 50
Gew.-% der Beschichtungslösung liegt.

6. Polyesterfolie, umfassend eine Beschichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5.

50
7. Polyesterfolie nach Anspruch 6, wobei die Folie mit flüssigen und trockenen Tonern auf allen Arten von elektrosta-
tischen Druckern drucken kann.

8. Polyesterfilm nach Anspruch 6, wobei der Film entweder einachsig orientiert oder zweiachsig orientiert ist.
55
9. Polyesterfolie nach Anspruch 6, wobei die Folie eine ein- oder mehrschichtige, extrudierte oder coextrudierte Folie ist.

10. Polyesterfolie nach Anspruch 6, wobei die Folie transparent, durchscheinend, weiß, undurchsichtig, matt, glänzend,

16
 EP 3 027 699 B1

trüb oder milchig weiß oder eine metallisierte Polyesterfolie ist.

11. Polyesterfolie nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 10, wobei die Beschichtung inline oder offline durchgeführt wird.

5 12. Polyesterfolie nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 11 mit Ascheaufnahme, die bei der Prüfung der statischen Ladung
nicht mehr als 15 % der Filmoberfläche beträgt.

Revendications
10
1. Composition de revêtement destinée à être appliquée sur un film de polyester capable d’être imprimé sur tous les
types d’imprimantes électrostatiques comprenant :

une combinaison
15
(i) d’une dispersion de polymère de polyéthylène-acide carboxylique, et
(ii) d’un homopolymère ou d’un copolymère d’une dispersion de polyacrylate et/ou d’un homopolymère ou
d’un copolymère d’une dispersion de polymère de polyacétate de vinyle ;

20 dans laquelle la teneur en polymère de polyacrylate et/ou la teneur en polymère de polyacétate de vinyle sont
comprises dans la plage de 1 à 50 % en poids de la teneur en polymère de polyéthylène-acide carboxylique
de la dispersion de polymère ; et
dans lequel le polyacrylate est un homopolymère ou un copolymère de méthacrylate, d’acrylate d’éthyle, de
méthacrylate de méthyle, d’éthacrylate d’éthyle, d’acrylate de n-butyle, de méthacrylate de butyle, d’acrylate
25 d’hexyle, de méthacrylate d’hexyle ou d’acrylates supérieurs ayant une longueur de chaîne carbonée allant
jusqu’à 15 atomes de carbone ou une combinaison de ceux-ci.

2. Composition de revêtement selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la plage de la teneur en acrylate et/ou en acétate
représente 5 à 30 % de la teneur en acide carboxylique de la dispersion.
30
3. Composition de revêtement selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle l’acide carboxylique dans la dispersion de po-
lyéthylène-acide carboxylique est choisi parmi l’acide acrylique, l’acide méthacrylique, l’acide éthacrylique, l’acide
propylacrylique, l’acide butylacrylique, l’acide hexylacrylique, l’acide octylacrylique et d’autres acides supérieurs
ayant une longueur de chaîne carbonée allant jusqu’à 15 atomes de carbone ou une combinaison de ceux-ci.
35
4. Composition de revêtement selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle l’acétate de polyvinyle est un homopolymère ou
un copolymère d’acétate de méthyle, d’acétate de butyle ou des acétates supérieurs ayant une longueur de chaîne
carbonée allant jusqu’à 15 atomes de carbone ou une combinaison de ceux-ci.

40 5. Composition de revêtement selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle la composition comprend un agent antistatique
choisi parmi des amines aliphatiques à chaînes longues, des amides, des sels ammoniacaux quartenaires, des
esters d’acide phosphorique, des esters de polyéthylène glycol ou des polyols, des oxydes d’indium et d’étain, des
polymères conducteurs comme PEDOT : PSS et des nanofibres comme des nanofibres de polyaniline dans laquelle
l’agent antistatique est compris dans la plage de 0,1 à 50 % en poids de la solution de revêtement.
45
6. Film de polyester comprenant un revêtement, selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5.

7. Film de polyester selon la revendication 6, dans lequel le film est capable d’être imprimé sur tous les types d’impri-
mantes électrostatiques avec des toners liquides et secs.
50
8. Film de polyester selon la revendication 6, dans lequel le film est soit orienté de manière uniaxiale soit orienté de
manière biaxiale.

9. Film de polyester selon la revendication 6, dans lequel le film est un film monocouche ou multicouche, extrudé ou
55 co-extrudé.

10. Film de polyester selon la revendication 6, dans lequel le film est transparent, translucide, blanc, opaque, mat,
brillant, flou ou blanc laiteux ou un film de polyester métallisé.

17
 EP 3 027 699 B1

11. Film de polyester selon l’une quelconque des revendications 6 à 10, dans lequel le revêtement est réalisé en ligne
ou hors ligne.

12. Film de polyester selon l’une quelconque des revendications 6 à 11, ayant un accrochage de cendres dans un essai
5 de charge statique inférieur ou égal à 15 % de la superficie du film.

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

18
 EP 3 027 699 B1

REFERENCES CITED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of references cited by the applicant is for the reader’s convenience only. It does not form part of the European
patent document. Even though great care has been taken in compiling the references, errors or omissions cannot be
excluded and the EPO disclaims all liability in this regard.

Patent documents cited in the description

• US 8304157 B [0003] • EP 0782932 A [0006]

• US 7279513 B [0006]

19