AWARENESS AND ACCEPTANCE LEVEL OF YOUTHS (16 – 35YEARS) IN

DAGAUDA DISTRICT OF DAMBAM LOCAL GOVERNMENT, BAUCHI STATE

TOWARDS VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION.

BY

HUSSAINI MU’AZU

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING, COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES,

ATBUTH BAUCHI STATE.

NOVEMBER, 2020

i
 AWARENESS AND ACCEPTANCE LEVEL OF YOUTHS (16 – 35YEARS) IN
DAGAUDA DISTRICT OF DAMBAM LOCAL GOVERNMENT, BAUCHI STATE
TOWARDS VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION.

BY

HUSSAINI MU’AZU
SET SEPTEMBER, 2017

INDEX NUMEBR, 2020/0550/82565/N

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING, COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES,

ATBUTH BAUCHI STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF NURSING AND
MIDWIFERY COUNCIL OF NIGERIA FOR THE AWARD OF “REGISTERED
NURSE CERTIFICATE”

NOVEMBER, 2020.

ii
 DECLARATION

This is to declare that this research project titled “Awareness and Acceptance Level of

Youths (16-35 Years) In Dagauda District of Dambam Local Government, Bauchi State

Towards Voluntary Blood Donation” was carried out by Mu'azu Hussaini is solely the

result of my work except where acknowledged as being derived from other person (s) or

resources. Examination Number:…………………….……..in the College of Nursing

Sciences Department of nursing science ATBUTH.

Examination number: ______________________

In the Department: ________________________

Signature: _______________________________

Date: ___________________________________

iii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this research Project by HUSSAINI MU’AZU with Examination

Number.................................... has been examined and approved for the award of Registered

Nurse Certificate by Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria.

Signature:__________________________

Name: ____________________________ Date: ……………………………..

(Project Supervisor)

Signature: _________________________

Name: ___________________________ Date: …………………………….

….
(Provost of the College)

Signature: _________________________

Name: ___________________________ Date: ……………………………

(Chief Examiner)

iv
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to my beloved parents.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to almighty Allah for given me the opportunity (health, time, knowledge) to

carry out this study.

Special thanks go to my amiable Supervisor, Mal. Musa Alhaji Usman for his kindness,

patience and professionalism. Indeed, you have done more than supervision. Also my

appreciation goes to all academic staffs in college of nursing Science Department of nursing

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital Bauchi, my Hardworking provost,

Mal Adamu Ahmadu for his efforts to see we are molded and disciplined appropriately.

My appreciation goes to my class mates Set: September, 2017 especially my study group

mates for your support academically, may Allah rewards you all in abundance.

I also want to express my gratitude to my beloved father and my mother who support me

financially their advices has been my strength and make me what I am today, I lack words to

express my gratitude. I wish you long life, good health and prosperity in your endeavors. I

will not do justice to this acknowledgement if I forget to express my sincere appreciation to

the entire family of Alh. Hussaini Ado and Hajiya Fatima Sulaiman.

vi
 ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to find out the Awareness and Acceptance Level of Youths (16-25
years) in Dagauda District of Dambam Local Government, Bauchi State Towards Voluntary
Blood Donation. Three Objectives and corresponding research questions were posed to
guide the study. Literature related to the study was reviewed. A Descriptive Survey research
design was adopted for the study, the target population for the study was 1000 youths,100
youths were selected out of the target population as a sample size using simple random
samplings. A self-developed questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection which
was validated by panel of experts and administered with the aid of research assistant.
Hundred questionnaire were printed out and administered to the respondents by the
researcher in Dagauda district.90 copies were retrieved and used in the analysis. The data
collected were presented in frequency distribution tables and analyzed using simple
percentages. The findings of the study revealed that, there is high level of awareness and a
very low acceptance level of voluntary blood donation among youths in Dagauda district as
well as low level of adherence to this practice. The findings also indicated that, the major
factors that hindered voluntary blood donation among youths in Dagauda district was found
to be due to cultural believes, misconceptions and lack of enlightenments. Following from the
discussion summary, conclusion was made and some recommendations were identified as
Government should set policies and regulations on voluntary blood donation, government
should ban selling donated blood with huge or small amount of money, instead it should be
given free of charge and blood transfusion services should provide safer means of collecting
blood from donors to avoid unnecessary infectious diseases.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover Page

Tile Page- - - - - - - - - - - ii

Declaration- - - - - - - - - - - iii

Certification- - - - - - - - - - - iv

Dedication- - - - - - - - - - - v

Acknowledgement- - - - - - - - - - vi

Abstract- - - - - - - - - - - vii

Table of Content- - - - - - - - - - viii

List of Tales- - - - - - - - - - - xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study- - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem- - - - - - - - 2

1.3 Objectives of the Study- - - - - - - - 3

1.4 Significance of the Study- - - - - - - - 4

1.5 Research Questions- - - - - - - - - 4

1.6 Scope of the Study- - - - - - - - - 4

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms- - - - - - - 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Review- - - - - - - - - 6

2.1.1 The Concept of Voluntary Blood Donation- - - - - - 6

2.1.2 Categories of Voluntary Blood Donation- - - - - - 6

2.1.3 Who Are Eligible to Donate Blood- - - - - - - 7

2.1.4 Incentives and Its Role in Blood Donation- - - - - - 7

2.1.5 Voluntary Blood Donation Programme- - - - - - 8

viii
2.1.6 Benefits of Voluntary Blood Donation- - - - - - 9

2.1.7 Awareness of Youth About Voluntary Blood Donation- - - - 10

2.1.8. Acceptance of youth about Voluntary Blood Donation- - - - 11

2.1.9 Factors Hindering Voluntary Blood Donation Among Youth- - - 12

2.2 Theoretical Review- - - - - - - - - 13

2.2.1 Theory of Knowledge- - - - - - - - 13

2.2.2. Change Theory- - - - - - - - - 14

2.3 Empirical Review- - - - - - - - - 14

2.4 Summary of Literature Review- - - - - - - 15

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design- - - - - - - - - 17

3.2 Setting of Study- - - - - - - - - 17

3.3 Target Population- - - - - - - - - 17

3.4 Sample Size and Formula- - - - - - - - 17

3.5 Sampling Technique- - - - - - - - - 18

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection- - - - - - - 18

3.7 Validity of the Instrument- - - - - - - - 18

3.8 Reliability of the Instrument- - - - - - - - 18

3.9 Method of Data Collection- - - - - - - - 18

3.10 Method of Data Analysis- - - - - - - - 18

3.11 Ethical Consideration- - - - - - - - 18

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS

4.1 Research Question One- - - - - - - - 23

4.2 Research Question Two- - - - - - - - 24

4.3 Research Question Three- - - - - - - - 25

4.4 Answering Research Question- - - - - - - 25

ix
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

5.1 Identifying Key Findings- - - - - - - - 27

5.2 Implications to Nursing - - - - - - - - 30

5.3 Limitation of the Study- - - - - - - - 30

5.4 Summary- - - - - - - - - - 30

5.5 Conclusion- - - - - - - - - - 30

5.5.1 Recommendations- - - - - - - - - 31

5.6 Suggestion for Further Studies- - - - - - - 31

References- - - - - - - - - - 32

Appendix- - - - - - - - - - 33

x
LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1 Demographic Data- - - - - - - - 20

Table 4.2: Shows the Gender Distribution of the Respondents. - - - 20

Table 4.3: Shows the Educational Level of the Respondents- - - - 21

Table 4.4: Shows the Religion of the Respondents- - - - - 21

Table 4.5: Shows the Marital Status of the Respondents- - - - 22

Table 4.6: Shows the Ethnic group of the Respondents- - - - - 22

Table 4.7: Showing the Awareness Level of youths in Dagauda District on

Voluntary Blood Donation- - - - - - - 23
Table 4.8: Showing the Level of Acceptance of Voluntary Blood Donation
among Youths in Dagauda District- - - - - - 24
Table 4.9: Showing the Factors Hindering Voluntary Blood Donation among
Youths in Dagauda District- - - - - - - 25

xi
 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Blood can save millions of lives, and young people are the hope and future of a safe blood

supply in the world. The theme of World Health Day in 2000 was “Blood saves life, Safe

blood starts with me.” The first step for attaining it is to perform comprehensive studies about

awareness of the population toward blood donation to gauge the present situation, beliefs, and

both positive and negative attitudes of the population toward blood donation (WHO, 2011).

In Nigeria, 50%–60% population falls between 18 and 65 years of age, still we have blood

crisis because of day-to-day number of patients increases more than blood donors (Salaudeen,

2012). Moreover, recruitment of voluntary non-remunerated blood donors poses major

challenges to transfusion services throughout the world. Even after combined efforts from the

Government and International Agencies such as Red Cross Society and WHO, the supply of

safe blood is still in short of global demand (Friday, 2015).

Blood is a major vital component of human body since it cannot be manufactured artificially

and can only be obtained from human (Reddy, 2015). Blood donation has become an

important and essential process that every health care facility should take into consideration.

Recently, both developing and developed Countries are finding it hard to recruit regular

donors to donate six times per year, blood donors are differentiated in to voluntary, family

replacement and remunerated or paid donors (WHO, 2020).

According to Khuma, 2020 defined Voluntary blood donations as the process by which an

individual or person gives blood plasma or blood components of his or her own free will and

receives no payment for it. Voluntary blood donation occurs when a person voluntary has

blood drawn and used for transfusion and/or made into biopharmaceutical medication by a

1
process called fractionation (separation of blood component). Donation may be of whole

blood or specific component directly (Wikipedia, 2017).

One of the primary responsibilities of National Blood Transfusion Service (NBTS) is to

provide safe, sufficient and timely blood supply and blood product. In fulfilling this

responsibility, the national blood transfusion service should ensure that, blood donation is

safe and causes no harm to donor (NACO, 2009).

World Health Organization (2015), stated that safe blood is a blood that does not cause harm

to the person who receives it. 83% of global population living in developing countries have

access to only 4% of safe blood supplied by WHO and 60% of this blood is collected from

paid or replacement blood donors rather than from voluntary non remunerated low risks

donors. In our country (Nigeria) mostly blood is collected to test for HIV, HBSAG, VDRL,

Hepatitis B and C.

Appropriate and rational used of blood/blood component is required to ensure their

availability to needy patient as well as to avoid unnecessary risk of transfusion mediated

disease. Rational use for blood means providing the blood product in the right quality for the

right patient. This study will be carry out in Dagauda District of Dambam local Government,

Bauchi state in order to ascertain level of awareness and acceptance of voluntary blood

donation among youths with a view of preferring solution to blood donation problem that

exist in the area.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Globally, the highest rate of transfusion –transmitted infections have been documented

among paid donor. In fact, the World Health Organization(WHO,2017) recommended that,

blood and blood components should only be collected from voluntary, unpaid

donors(Dhingra,2002). Increase in the level of awareness towards blood donation is the

highest priority of all blood transfusion centers.

2
Recent study shows that,70% of people in Nigeria are running away from donating their

blood voluntarily, and also not actively involved in voluntary blood donation program

(Salaudeen, 2010).

The blood donation program has been practiced in the hospital for several years with the sole

aim of promoting and providing safe blood for people in need. However, many people dodge

this responsibility which could be connected to some wrong perceptions. There are quite a

number of cases of sickness such as chronic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, obstetrics and

gynecology disorders which are in most cases requiring blood donation, but people always

show lackadaisical attitude toward voluntary blood donation.

National Blood Transfusion Service in actualize its goals attempt to embarks on

simultaneously awareness campaign on the importance of blood donation in order to save

lives and developed strategies for full experimentation as well as curtail doubts and cultural

behaviors toward blood donation(Merab,2010). However, the research is out to create

awareness and encourage acceptance of voluntary blood donation in Dagauda district of

Dambam.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To assess the awareness level of youth in Dagauda district about voluntary blood

donation.

2. To examine the acceptance level of youth in Dagauda district towards voluntary blood

donation.

3. To identify the factors that hinders voluntary blood donation among youth of Dagauda

district.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be beneficial to: -

3
 Youths: It will educate the youths of Dagauda District on the effect of misconception

toward voluntary blood donation which will eventually eliminate wrong perceptions.

 General Public: It will also educate the general public about the importance of

voluntary blood donation.

 Researchers: It will also provide source of literate for future use by the researchers and

also it will serve as a requirement for partial fulfillment of the award of registered nurse

certificate (RN) by the nursing and midwifery council of Nigeria.

 Government: The study will draw the attention of the government to establish and

implement policies on voluntary blood donation and transfusion of donated blood and

blood product.

1.5 Research Questions

To enable the research, have a guide to a successful research the following questions will be

ask:

1. What is the awareness level of youth in Dagauda district on voluntary blood donation?

2. What is the level of acceptance of voluntary blood donation among youths in Dagauda

district Dambam?

3. What are the factors hindering voluntary blood donation among youth in Dagauda

district?

1.6 Scope of the Study

The research work is only limited to the awareness level and acceptance of voluntary blood

donation among youths in Dagauda district of Dambam.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Awareness: Knowledge on certain issue.

Level: The amount or degree of something.

Voluntary: Willingness to do something.

4
Blood: Is a fluid connective tissue that circulate within the body.

Youths: People between age 16-35 years.

Donation: To give something freely.

Acceptance: The action of consenting to receive or undertake something offered. Or the

process or fact of being received as adequate, valid or suitable.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

The literature review comprises of conceptual review, theoretical review and empirical

review

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 The Concept of Voluntary Blood Donation

Blood donation refers to the process of collecting, testing, preparing and storing blood

components. Donors are most commonly unpaid volunteers, but they may also be paid by

commercial enterprises. The purpose of the blood collection and distribution system is to help

ensure an adequate supply of blood for accident victims, people needing surgery and people

suffering from certain disease as well as for medical research. Sometimes donors give blood

specifically to benefit a particular person (American Association of Blood Banks, 2016).

2.1.2 Categories of Voluntary Blood Donation

According to Zayyan, 2019, the following are categories of voluntary blood donation;

New Voluntary Donor: Non remunerated blood donors are those persons who have never

donated blood before.

Lapsed Voluntary Donor: A regular donor non- remunerated blood donor who has given

blood in the past but does not fulfill the criteria for a regular donor.

Regular Voluntary Donor: A voluntary non remunerated blood donor who donates blood on

regular basis without any break for a longer duration.

Others Categories of Blood Donor

Family/Replacement Bloods Donor: A donor who gives blood when it is required by a

member of the patient family or community. This may involve a hidden payment by the

patient’s family.

6
Paid/Professional Blood Donor: A person who donates blood in exchange of money or

other form of payment.

Forced Blood Donor: A donor who is not willing to donate blood on his/her own, but is

being forced by their superiors or employers for donation. There is always a fear of losing

own jobs or promotion.

Apherasis Donor: A donor who donates only one of their blood components through the

process of cell separation. This donor may be either voluntary or replacement donor.

Autologous Blood Donor: A patient who donates his/her blood to be stored and re infused, if

needed during surgery. The patients themselves act as a blood donor.

2.1.3 Who Are Eligible to Donate Blood

Any healthy adult both male and female can donate blood. Men can donate safely once in

every three months, while women can donate every four months

Good health of the donor must be fully ensured. The universally accepted criteria for donor

selection are adopted by (WHO, 2014) are:

 Age between 18 and 60 years

 Haemoglobin- not less than 12.5g/dl

 Pulse- between 50 and 100/minutes with no irregularities

 Blood pressure- systolic 100-180mmhg and diastolic 50-100mmhg

 Temperature not exceeding 37.5oc

 Body weight- not less than 45kg

 Health condition; the donor should be in a healthy state of mind and body.

2.1.4 Incentives and Its Role in Blood Donation

An incentive is defined as something that motivates a person to take action. In the case of

blood donation, incentives should not influence people’s decision to donate blood and/or

compromise the safety of the blood supply.

7
Examples of acceptable incentives depending on the circumstances are:

 Healthy screening

 Recognition items e.g. pen, certificates, pins e.t.c.

 Free refreshments

 Time off work

 Promotional campaign items e.g T-shirts

2.1.5 Voluntary Blood Donation Programme

According to WHO, (2014). The Programme is to be implemented by blood banks, state

blood transfusion councils and recognized voluntary blood donor organizations: IRCS,

CBOs, and NGOs as per the following broad parameters

Need Assessment: A directory of NGOs and agencies engaged in the field will need to be

prepared and made available to blood transfusion councils and state government.

Education: There should be a planned programme to create awareness amongst the general

public so as to ensure a regular supply of good quality blood without having to experience

seasonal shortage. The donor education and information material, donor questionnaire and

donor consent forms should be prepared in simple language and translated for use in local

areas.

Awareness Campaigns for the People: Short-term training courses for donor motivators,

social activities, trainer’s, blood bank personal and volunteers who have an aptitude to serve

the cause.

Donor Motivation: The principle of donor motivation is to make the volunteer blood donors

feel important and needed

Donation: One secret of the success of blood donor recruitment is to go to the donor, rather

than expecting the donor to come to the blood bank.

8
Recognition: Blood donors should be treated as a valuable resource and deserve courtesy and

recognition. The policy therefore, should aim at rewarding and honoring donors and donor

organization through awards certificate, badges and trophies.

Media: Mass media approach for raising the awareness of the people and sensitizing them

towards their participation is the most effective way to mobilize voluntary blood donation.

Database of Donors: To maintain detailed database of names, addresses and contact

numbers of blood donor organization and also database of blood donors for ready and easy

access at the time of need.

Interaction and Sharing of Experiences: All efforts should be made to facilitate blood

donor organizations and blood donors to interact and share experiences by holding

conferences, workshops and seminars e.t.c

Publication: The state blood transfusion council should bring out a quarterly news bulletin

(bulletins in different regional languages) for wide circulation. Regular publication of annual,

six monthly and quarterly reports should be brought out for distribution for extensive

publicity purposes by NACO/SACs

Policy Regarding Legislation and Regulations: Regulation governing blood transfusion

services should encompass the infrastructural facilities including manpower, equipment, and

space and testing as well as donor selection procedures.

Donor Organizers: Individuals involved in organizing blood donation campaigns should be

provided with adequate training in communication skills and motivation.

2.1.6 Benefits of Voluntary Blood Donation

It gives you a free mini physical examination. Before donating blood, your hemoglobin level

will be tested. If it is low, you will not be allowed to donate blood. Beside hemoglobin, your

blood pressure level and body weight will also be checked. In addition, your blood will also

9
be examined for detecting the presence of five diseases, namely, Hepatitis B&C, syphilis,

HIV/AIDs and malaria (WHO, 2014).

Chances of heart disease and stroke are about 30% lesser in men who donate blood regularly

Iron overloading is also thought to increase the risk of heart disease. Besides iron oxidizes

cholesterol, which is harmful for the arteries. Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease

characterized by excess accumulation of iron in the tissue due to improper metabolism.

Production of new red blood cells enhances bone marrow is activation.

Burns calories: one unit of blood donated causes burning of about 650 calories.

Reduce blood pressure

Feeling of euphoria: wellbeing.

2.1.7 Awareness of Youth About Voluntary Blood Donation

Blood transfusion is one of the most crucial need of the society in multiple diseases and

injuries. The only source of blood is donation. Youth consist a large and healthy group who

are able to provide a large number of blood donation, however blood donation is rare

amongst them due to lack of awareness (Reddy 2015).

WHO (2012) stated that about 30-40% of youth around the world are not fully aware about

voluntary blood donation especially those people living in the remote areas.

WHO (2019) has maintained that providing and adequate supplies of blood and blood

products should be an integral part of every country's effort to improve maternal health and

general health of the population this can be achieved through increasing the level of

awareness of youth about voluntary blood donation.

Nigerian's are in the habit of not donating blood voluntarily until in the year 2004 when

WHO, 2019 start to create awareness among Nigerian’s people, by conducting different

program about voluntary blood donation.

10
According to WHO (2017) if a minimum of a country's population donates 1% Blood, the

country can meet its basic requirements in blood. But Nigerian and other African countries

are not able to meet these minimum requirements. This is largely because 60% of all blood

donations are from commercial donors and 30% from family replacement.

Word Blood Donor Day (2019) serves to thank voluntary, unpaid blood donors for their life-

saving gifts of blood and also to raise awareness of the need for regular blood donations. In

Nigeria at least 2 million units of blood donation will be critically needed in 2019. This

edition of World Blood Donor Day is therefore marked with a series of events including

blood drives and campaigns to encourage more voluntary donors. The theme is ‘Blood

donation and universal access to safe blood transfusion as a component of achieving

universal health coverage’ while the slogan is ‘Safe blood for all.’

2.1.8. Acceptance of youth about Voluntary Blood Donation

Blood is the most donated tissue in medical practice and a veritable tool in many life-saving

situation if used appropriately and judiciously but the acceptance level of youth regarding

donating blood to those in need is very poor especially in African countries, (Okpara ,2010).

The need for blood and blood products is rising in all part of the world but the

acceptance level of voluntary non-remunerated donors is falling down as a result of this many

families lost their loved ones, especially those from low socio economic background (Lacheta

2017). An adequate and reliable supply of safe blood can be assured by a stable base of

regular voluntary non remunerated blood donors, who have been reported to be the safest

group of donor, as the prevalence of blood borne infections is lowest among those donors,

however inadequate blood donation in sub Saharan Africa is a major public health problem

WHO (2014). Furthermore, WHO (2014) stated that, the acceptance level of public about

voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation is very low in the year 2003. But with an effort

11
made by the WHO, the were increased significantly in the year 2014 -2017. But the problem

is still common amongst youths.

In Nigeria about 40% of its population have poor perception and lack of acceptance to

voluntary donate blood to those in need (WHO, 2011).

Blood Donor Day serves to thank voluntary, unpaid blood donors for their life-saving gifts of

blood and also to raise awareness of the need for regular blood donations. In Nigeria at least 2

million units of blood donation will be critically needed in 2019. This edition of World Blood

Donor Day is therefore marked with a series of events including blood drives and campaigns

to encourage more voluntary donors. The theme is ‘Blood donation and universal access to

safe blood transfusion as a component of achieving universal health coverage’ while the

slogan is ‘Safe blood for all.’ (Denial,2019)

The use of blood and blood products has become an integral part of modern medical practice.

Access to safe blood and blood products is a key component of an effective health system,

and a significant building block for the successful achievement of health-related Sustainable

Development Goals(Denial,2019)

World blood donor day Speaking at a press briefing in Abuja for the launch of the World

Blood Donor Day, Alhaji Abdullahi Mashi, Permanent Secretary of the Federal Ministry of

Health highlighted that the statistics on the availability of blood in Nigeria can only improve

if more people can willingly accept and donate blood regularly to the National Blood

Transfusion Service (NBTS) – the program put more emphasis on the need to increase the

acceptance level of general public on voluntary blood donation in Nigeria as well as

worldwide (Denial,2019)..

2.1.9 Factors Hindering Voluntary Blood Donation Among Youth

According to NACO (2009) Several factors hinder voluntary blood donation amongst youth

as:

12
 I'm afraid of needles

 I'm ‘afraid of catching a disease

 They wouldn’t want my blood because of the illness I have had.

 I don’t have any spare blood to donate

 I’m too busy

 Never donate blood before

 My blood will be misused by the blood banks

 Blood bank are too far from my area

 I’m afraid of being turned down

 Donating process is long and boring

According to Reddy (2015) other factors may include:

 Sex

 Cultural beliefs

 Level of education

 Socio economics factors

 Religion variation

 Haematophobia

 Attitude

2.2 Theoretical Review

2.2.1 Theory of Knowledge

According to Plato (1926), in his theory, knowledge is a subject of that which is both time

and belief. He further considered knowledge as time and belief that has given in an account

of meaning explained and defined in some way.

13
Based on the theory, awareness is justified as time and belief in order to know a given

preposition for day so, also belief in something simply means any cognitive content. In

something simply means any cognitive content held as time.

Relating to this study, lack of awareness acceptance about voluntary blood donation

especially among youths is a major problem to the society hence the society should be

educated about blood donation. This will clear different perception of the community, in

essence, as is said, ‘knowledge is power’

2.2.2. Change Theory

The Change Theory has three major concepts: driving forces, restraining forces, and

equilibrium. Driving forces are those that push in a direction that causes change to occur.

They facilitate change because they push the patient in a desired direction. They cause a shift

in the equilibrium towards change. Restraining forces are those forces that counter the driving

forces. They hinder change because they push the patient in the opposite direction. They

cause a shift in the equilibrium that opposes change. Equilibrium is a state of being where

driving forces equal restraining forces, and no change occurs. It can be raised or lowered by

changes that occur between the driving and restraining forces. The theory was discovered by

(L. Kurt 1930).

The change stage, which is also called “moving to a new level” or “movement,” involves a

process of change in thoughts, feeling, behavior, or all three, that is in some way more

liberating or more productive.

The theory relates to the study as change is needed in the attitude of youths in Dagauda

District on voluntary blood donation. However, it has to undergo a series of actions for the

change to occur, as change is not always easy.

2.3 Empirical Review

14
At Nigeria's current level of healthcare delivery, it is estimated that about 1.5 million units of

blood would be required annually. However, a National Blood Transfusion Baseline Survey

in 2005 showed that only about half a million units of blood were collected in the previous 1

year with paid donors accounting for more than 90% of blood donated. The survey further

revealed that in the public sector, 25% and 75%, respectively, were commercial (paid) and

replacement donors, while voluntary non-remunerated donors were negligible. In the private

sector, the reverse was obtained with 75% and 25%, respectively, being commercial and

replacement donors, while voluntary non-remunerated donors were insignificant. These

findings are similar to studies carried out in various parts of the country. This is worsened by

the statistics that people already infected with HIV through unsafe blood transfusion in

Nigeria account for the second largest source of HIV infection among infected individuals

In this cross-sectional study, a descriptive analytical approach was used to examine

awareness of and attitude towards blood donation among youths in Kano state. The study was

performed in 2015–2016. A total of 749 youth participated in this study. A special

questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and the participants’ awareness of

and acceptance towards voluntary blood donation. (Reddy, 2015).

63.55% of the participants were female. Only 9.74% of the participants had a history of blood

donation. Based on the results, 253 participants (35.33%) had low awareness, 352

participants (49.16%) had moderate awareness, and 111 participants (15.5%) had good

awareness of blood donation. In addition, 176 participants (23.59%) had low acceptance, 438

participants (58.71%) had moderate acceptance, and only 132 participants (17.69%) had good

acceptance towards voluntary blood donation. (Reddy, 2015).

A study was conducted to evaluate youth awareness and acceptance level towards voluntary

blood donation in Kerman city. In this cross sectional study, 500 students in Kerman city

were evaluated using a questionnaire. T-test, Chi-square and Pearson tests were used for data

15
analysis. Based on the results, the mean (±SD) score of the youth’s awareness and acceptance

towards voluntary blood donation were 1.96 ±3.4 out of 9 and 5.32±45.42 out of 60,

respectively. (Salaudeen, 2011).

2.4 Summary of Literature Review

The chapter reviewed literature on conceptual framework where voluntary blood donation

concept was discussed extensively.

The second aspect of review dealt with theoretical framework where knowledge and change

theories were discussed.

The last aspect reviewed on empirical framework from journals and others people research

work related to the study on awareness and acceptance level of voluntary blood donation.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

This chapter deals with the method that was used in caring out this study.

3.1 Research Design

The research design that was employed for this study is Non experimental and Descriptive

survey research design, because it is effective in seeking the views of people that concern

them (Bukar,2008).

3.2 Setting of Study

This research was conducted in Dagauda district of Dambam local government, Bauchi state.

It is situated along Maiduguri road of about 10 km away from Dambam. This area was

discovered during colonial era. Dagauda district consist of multiple tribes leaving together

which include: Kanuri, Fulani, Hausawa and Kare-kare which is the most dominant tribe in

the area. Dagauda district is bounded from North by Maiduguri road and Garin Malam by

west. Residence of Dagauda district have different occupation some are civil servants,

farmers, petty traders and majority of women are full time house wives.

3.3 Target Population

The target population of this study was all the youths aged between 16-35 in Dagauda district

of Dambam Local Government, Bauchi state. The number of youths aged between 18-35 was

estimated at about 1000 (INEC office Dambam, 2018).

3.4 Sample Size and Formula

The sample size for this study are 100 youths which is 10% of the target population as stated

by Oyefubo (2017) that if the population is in thousand 10% is use as sample size. The

formula that was used was: n/100 X N; where n= percentage and N = total number of

population. i.e 10/100X1000= 100.

17
3.5 Sampling Technique

The sample technique that was used in this study is simple random technique.

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument that was used is self-structured questionnaire. It consists of two sections.

Section A demographic data and section B for questions based on the objectives.

3.7 Validity of the Instrument

The instrument that was used by the researcher for this research work was questionnaire and

the method of validation is by giving to three experts from college of nursing science

department of nursing and one expert from department of midwifery ATBUTH in order to

determine whether or not, the instrument can find out the require information.

3.8 Reliability of the Instrument

The reliability of the instrument was established through test and retest method, i.e it was

conducted on the same subject twice at different time and the score from the test was co-

related to obtain the reliability of the instrument.

3.9 Method of Data Collection

Permission was obtained from the college management and then to the head of Dagauda

district. Data was obtained by self – administration of questionnaire with the help of a

research assistant.

3.10 Method of Data Analysis

The data or information that was collected from the respondents was presented in tabular

form and analyzed manually using frequency hard count and percentage.

3.11 Ethical Consideration

Informed consent was taken from all participants and written permission was acquired before

data collection in the area of study. The researcher made sure that all the responses and

18
information that was obtained from the respondent was treated with high level of

confidentiality.

19
 CHAPTER FOUR

Results

The data collected for the research work were statistically analyzed and presented by the use

of tables and percentages. Each table contains information on responses to the specific

objectives and/or research question.

Table 4.1 Demographic Data

Age Frequency Percentage %

16-20 years 35 39
21-25 years 30 33

26-35 years 25 28

Total 90 100%

Table 4.1 above shows the age category of the respondents: 39% (35respondents) indicate

those that are between the age of 16-20 years, 33%(30 respondents) shows that are between

the age of 21-25 years, 28% (25 respondents) shows those that are between the age of 26-35

years.

From the table analysis it indicates that majority of the respondents are between the age of

16-20 years and the least among the respondents are between the ages of 26-35 years.

Table 4.2: Shows the Gender Distribution of the Respondents.

Gender Frequency Percentage %

Male 80 89

Female 10 11

Total 90 100%

Table 4.2 above shows the gender distribution of the respondents: 89% (80 respondents)

indicate that they are male and 11% (10 respondents) indicate that they are female.

20
Therefore, it can be stated that the majority of the respondents are male while the female

respondents are less.

Table 4.3: Shows the Educational Level of the Respondents

Educational level Frequency Percentage %

Primary 10 11
Secondary 35 39
Tertiary 30 33
Others 15 17
Total 90 100%

Table 4.3 above shows the educational level of the respondents, 11% (10 respondents) shows

that have only primary school education, 39% (35 respondents) shows those that have

secondary school education, 33% (30 respondents) shows those that have tertiary education

and 17% (15respondents) shows other educational level.

This shows that majority of the respondents are either secondary school certificate holders or

they are in secondary school, and the lowest number of the respondents are having primary

educational background/level.

Table 4.4: Shows the Religion of the Respondents

Religion Frequency Percentage %

Islam 60 67
Christianity 30 33
Others 0 0
Total 90 100%

Table 4.4 above shows the religion of the respondents: 67% (60 respondents) indicate that

they are Muslims and 33% (30 respondents) indicate that they are Christians while others

indicate 0%.

21
 Therefore, it can be stated that the majority of the respondents are Muslim while the

Christian respondents are less.

Table 4.5: Shows the Marital Status of the Respondents

Marital status Frequency Percentage %

Single 50 56
Married 30 33
Divorced 2 2
Widow 8 9
Total 90 100%

Table 4.5 above shows the marital status of the respondents: 56% (50 respondents) indicate

that they are single, 33% (30 respondents) indicate that they are married, 2% ( 2 respondents)

indicate those that are divorced and 9% (8 respondents) are widows.

Therefore, it can be stated that the majority of the respondents are single while the divorced

respondents are less.

Table 4.6: Shows the Ethnic group of the Respondents

Ethnic group Frequency Percentage %

Hausa 15 17
Fulani 30 33
Kare-Kare 40 44
Others 5 6
Total 90 100%

Table 4.6 above shows the ethic group of the respondents: 17% (15 respondents) indicate

that they are Hausa by tribe, 33% (30 respondents) indicate that they are Fulani by tribe, 44%

(40 respondents) indicate those that are Kare-Kare by tribe and 6% (5 respondents) are other

tribes.

22
Therefore, it can be stated that the majority of the respondents are Kare-Kare while those

with other tribes are less.

4.1 Research Question One: What is the awareness level of youths in Dagauda district on

voluntary blood donation?

Table 4.7: Showing the Awareness Level of youths in Dagauda District on Voluntary
Blood Donation?
S.N VARIABLE OPTIONS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

1 Have you ever heard of blood Yes 70 78%

donation? No 20 22

Total 90 100%
2 Have you ever seen medical Yes 30 33%

personal going round on blood No 60 67%

donation program?

Total 90 100%
3 Have you ever participated in the Yes 25 28%

program? No 65 72%

Total 90 100%

Table 4.7: Shows answer to research question 1 where 78% (70 respondents) had about

blood donation, while 22% (20 respondents) have not, 67% (60 respondents) have seen

medical personnel going round on blood donation program while 33% (30 respondents) have

not and 28% (25 respondents) participated in the program while 72% (65 respondents) have

not.

23
4.2 Research Question Two: What is the level of acceptance of voluntary blood donation
among youths in Dagauda district?
Table 4.8: Showing the Level of Acceptance of Voluntary Blood Donation among
Youths in Dagauda District?
N VARIABLE OPTIONS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1 Is blood donation important? Yes 30 33%
No 60 67%
Total 90 100%
2 Is it practiced in your Yes 20 22%
community? No 70 78%
Total 90 100%
3 Do you agree that blood donation Yes 30 33%
reduces mortality rate? No 60 67%
Total 90 100%

Table 4.8: above show answer to research question 2 where 67% (60 respondents)

considered blood donation has no importance, while 33% (33 respondents ) considered blood

donation as an important part of human being and 22% (20 respondents) blood donation is

been practiced in their area, while 78% (70 respondents) blood donation is not been practiced

in their area, 33% (30 respondents) agreed that blood donation reduces mortality rate while

67% (60 respondents) have not agree that blood donation reduces mortality rate.

24
4.3 Research Question Three: What are the factors hindering voluntary blood donation

among youths in Dagauda district?

Table 4.9: Showing the Factors Hindering Voluntary Blood Donation among Youths in
Dagauda District?
S/ VARIABLE OPTIONS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
N
1 Does lack of enlightenment Yes 35 39%
through radio, television or No 55 61%
newspaper prevent you from
donating blood?

Total 90 100%
2 Does your culture permits Yes 12 13%
voluntary blood donation? No 78 87%

Total 90 100%
3 Does misconception about Yes 80 89%
blood donation such as No 10 11%
falling sick and likes prevent
you from giving out blood?

Total 90 100%

Table 4.9 above shows answers to research question 3 where 39% (35 respondents) are not

donating their blood due to lack of enlightenment while 61% (55 respondents) is not lack of

enlightenment, 13% (12 respondents) voluntary blood donation is allowed in their culture

while 87% (78 respondents) voluntary blood donation is not allowed in their culture and 89%

(80 respondents) have great misconception about voluntary blood donation while 11% (10

respondents) have no misconception about voluntary blood donation.

4.4 Answering Research Question

To answer research question 1 which states “what is the awareness level of in Dagauda

District about voluntary blood donation”? Evidenced by table 1.7 of this chapter, majority of

the respondents (78%) were aware of voluntary blood donation and (22%) were not aware.

25
To answer research question 2 that says “what is acceptance level of voluntary blood

donation amongst youths in Dagauda District"? from table 1.8 majority of the respondents

(67%) rejected voluntary blood donation while (33%) of respondents accepted it.

To answer research question 3 of the research work which says “what are the factors

hindering voluntary blood donation amongst youths in Dagauda District. From table 1.9

which reveals that majority of respondents are not donating blood due to misconception about

voluntary blood donation and cultural effect which account for 89% and 87% respectively.

26
 CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion of Findings

This chapter comprises of identify key findings, stating what is implied with literature

support. Aligning findings with findings of previous studies cited, implication to nursing,

limitation of the study, summary, conclusion, recommendations and suggestions for further

studies.

5.1 Identifying Key Findings

Research Question One: What is the awareness level of youths in Dagauda District on

voluntary blood donation?

Based on the research finding from table 4.7, it was discovered that majority of the

participants living in Dagauda district had full awareness on voluntary blood donation which

account of 70 respondents (78%), this goes in line with the study conducted by Ahmed

(2018) in Kumbotso Local Government of Kano State in which a total of 716 youths out of

1500 participated in the study. Based on the results, 600 participants (84%) are fully aware

about voluntary blood donation.

Another study was conducted by Reddy (2015) which also in conformity with the above

research question finding in which 200 youths was used as a sample size out of 1500 target

population. Based on the finding 150 participants (75%) are fully aware about voluntary

blood donation.

Research Question Two: What is the level of acceptance of voluntary blood donation

among youths in Dagauda District?

Based on the result from 4.8 it was indicated that, majority of the respondents (68), which

accounts for 70% rejected voluntary blood donation. This goes in line with finding of a study

conducted by WHO (2016) in Ile – Ife – Lagos State. 1000 youths were used as the target

27
population in which 100 youths were selected randomly as a sample size. Based on the result,

70 participants (70%) had low acceptance level on voluntary blood donation.

Another study was carried out by Salaudeen, (2011). in Kerman city, which finding also goes

in line with the above research question. 500 students in Kerman city were evaluated using a

questionnaire. Based on the results, the mean (±SD) score of the youth’s awareness and

acceptance towards voluntary blood donation were 5.32 ± 25.42 out of 60 which indicated

that, the respondents had low acceptance level on voluntary blood donation.

Research Question Three: What are factors hindering voluntary blood donation among

youths in Dagauda district?

Based on the result from table 4.9 which shows that, 78 respondents (87%) are not donating

blood voluntarily due to cultural believes and 80 respondents (89%) were due to

misconception. This goes in line with a study conducted by Sani (2019) in Maigatari district

of Maiduguri State. A total of 900 youths participated in the study. Based on the result, 400

participants (45%) are not giving out blood due to cultural believes while 300 participants

(33%) is due to misconception.

Another study was carried out by NACO, (2018) in Delhi of India which is in conformity

with the above research question findings. In this cross-sectional study 600 youths were

evaluated. The finding implied that, 500 participants (83%) are not donating blood due to

lack of misconception.

5.2 Implications to Nursing

It was strongly agreed that blood is vital to human live which one cannot survive without

blood. Blood donation is very important in counteracting many diseases related complications

especially when effective transfusion was achieved throughout nursing management of

patient that need blood and blood products transfusion. Since nurses play a vital role in the

28
health industry they have to be well trained and conversant with the principle of transfusion

to clinical transfusion complication such as such as infectious, reaction diseases etc.

5.3 Limitation of the Study

There were no much problems encountered by the researcher. But the only problem

encountered is fund was utilized hugely in making the research work successful one.

5.4 Summary

The study was conducted on awareness and acceptance level of voluntary blood donation

among youths in Dagauda District.

In chapter two related literature were reviewed on awareness and acceptance level of

voluntary blood donation among youths.

Non experimental descriptive and survey research design was used. Hundred respondents

were sampled out using simple random sampling technique where 100 questionnaires were

used and 90 out 100 were returned.

5.5 Conclusion

Based on the findings discussed, it is therefore concluded that youths in Dagauda District

have an awareness about voluntary blood donation but the acceptance level is poor as well as

negative perception. Majority of the respondents revealed that lack of enlightment about

voluntary blood donation contributed in unwillingness to donate blood. In view of this

government and Non-Governmental Organization are duty bound to still create awareness

thereby increasing the acceptance level of blood donation.

5.6 Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:

The government and Non-Governmental Organization should create and implement programs

on awareness level of blood donation.

1. Government should set policies and regulations on voluntary blood donation.

29
2. Government should banne selling of donated blood with huge or small amount, instead it

should be given free of charge.

3. Blood transfusion services should provide safer means of collecting blood from donors to

avoid unnecessary infectious disease e.t.c contacted through blood and blood products.

5.7 Suggestion for Further Studies

The researcher wishes to suggest the following point for further studies.

The further studies on the topic under study should compose of record in various blood

donation center i.e voluntary blood donors’ record.

1. The scope of the study should be expanded so as to obtain more and more data relating to

the topic under study as the topic can cover a wide geographical location.

2. In subsequent and further studies, the researcher can use interview as an instrument for

data collection to reduce the limitation faced i.e language barrier, knowledge barrier and

time constraints.

3. The researcher should uncover the possible ways of increasing voluntary blood donation

in the community with emphasis on its function to save lives.

30
 REFERENCES

Ahmed, K. (2018) ‘A study on acceptance awareness level of youths towards voluntary blood
donation in Kano State. Journal of nursing. A demonstration page 18 – 20
Awareness of the cervix in Zaria, Northern Nigeria, E awareness medical science: the open
access awareness journal from the European Institute of Oncology and the OECI. Vol.
5, page 219. Available at www.jbcrs.org/text.asp?2012/1/1/44/104296 [published 19th
August 2011]. 44
Blood Donation articles: Available at: http//www.comsats.edu.pk/mbds/blood. Donation.
aspx. access on 2 September 2015
David, S. (2019) The practice of statistics (3rd Ed).: Freeman ISBN 978 – 0.7167 – 7309 – 2
Denial, O. N. (2016) American University on Blood Donor Practice and Blood Transfusion
Services U S A: B&C publisher
Friday, O. (2015) Nigerian tasked on regular voluntary Blood Donation, Bendel Newpaper
http/www.wikepidia/blood safely and donations/ World Health Organization. Retrieved
2008
Khuma, L.T, (2010). Banking on the body: The market in blood milk and sperm. Modern
American Cambrigde: M A Harvard University Press.
Lecheta, A. (2007) Attitude and acceptance of voluntary blood donation among youths.
Indian press on 24/12/2007, page 87.
Muhammad, D. (2015) “A study on Acceptance, perception and awareness level of youths
towards voluntary blood donation in Kano State. Journal of nursing. A demonstration
pp 30 – 32
Naco, R (2009), Awareness and Acceptance Level of youths on voluntary blood donation,
India Reddy, A. (2015) Awareness level on Blood Donation Programme, Oxford
University.
National Acids Control Organization (2009) Voluntary Blood Donation Programme, India,
Naco M H and F M, Government of India
Organization, 84(2):81-160. Available at
www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/84/2/news20206/en/index.html, [accessed June
15, 2012].
Plato, P.(1926) The power of knowledge and theory of universe, available at
www.knowledge. Int. com (accessed April 11,2017).
Salaudeen, A. G. (2011). Knowledge and Behavior of Secondary School Student towards
Voluntary Blood Donation in Nigeria, Nigeria journal Vol.14 issue 3
Sani S. (2019) “A study on acceptance and awareness of voluntary blood donation among
youth in maigatari Maiduguri State. Journal of mm page 20 – 21
University of Maryland (2017) Medical Centre reason people do not give blood, Maryland
publishers.

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World Health Organization (2011). National acceptance and awareness Control Programme
on blood donation. World Health Organization. Report on awareness and acceptance
about donation in Nigeria. Available at World Health organization media. [accessed
March 16, 2011]
World Health Organization (2014) press release no 223
http://www.iarc.fr/en/mediacentre/pr/2013 /pdfs/pr223E.pdf.2013.
World Health Organization (2017). Estimated Awareness and Acceptance Level worldwide
2012. m.awareness.org/ awareness /cervical awareness /detailedguide/cervical-
awareness -diagnosis. World awareness Report 2014. m. awareness. [accessed April 11,
2017]
World Health Organization (2019). Create awareness. Bulletin of the World Health
Zayyan M, Koladade K, Kolawole A.O.D, Ismail H, Oguntayo A.O. and Adewuyi S.A
(2019).

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 APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

College of Nursing Sciences,

Department of Nursing,
ATBUTH Bauchi,
P.O BOX 165.
Bauchi State.

Dear Respondents,

I am a basic student Nurse of the above mentioned institution who is currently carrying out a

research project on the topic “Awareness and Acceptance Level of Voluntary Blood

Donation Among Youths (16-35 Years) in Dagauda District of Dambam Local

Government, Bauchi State”. Therefore, you are kindly expected to provide the appropriate

information been asked in the questionnaire. Your responses will be treated with utmost

privacy and confidentiality as well. As all information obtained from you will be used only

for this research work.

Please read the question carefully and tick (√) the appropriate space provided for every

question. Thank you.

SECTION A: Demographic Data

1. Gender:
a) Male [ ] (b) Female [ ]
2. Age
a) 16-20 [ ] b) 21-25 [ ] (c) 26-35 [ ]
3. Religion:
(a) Islam [ ] (b) 21-25 [ ] (c) 26-35 [ ]
4. Marital status:
a) Single [ ] b) Married [ ] (c) Divorced [ ] d) Widow [ ]
5. Educational level:
(a) Primary [ ] (b) Secondary [ ] (c) Tertiary [ ] (d) Others…………………

33
6. Ethic group:
(a) Hausa [ ] (b) Fulani [ ] (c) Kare-kare [ ] (d) Others……………….

SECTION B: What is the awareness level of youths in Dagauda District on voluntary

blood donation?
S/N VARIABLES OPTIONS
7- Have you ever heard of blood donation? YES [ ] NO [ ]

8- Have you ever seen medical personnel going round YES [ ] NO [ ]

on blood donation program?
9- Have you ever participated in the program? YES [ ] NO [ ]

SECTION C: What is the level of acceptance of voluntary blood donation among youths
in Dagauda District Dambam?
S/N VARIABLES OPTIONS
10- Is blood donation important? YES [ ] NO [ ]
11- Is it practiced in your community? YES [ ] NO [ ]
12- Do you agree that blood donation reduces mortality YES [ ] NO [ ]
rate?

SECTION D: What are the factors hindering voluntary blood donation among youths
in Dagauda district?
S/N VARIABLES OPTIONS
13- Does lack of enlightenment through radio, television YES [ ] NO [ ]
or newspaper prevents you from donating blood?
14- Does your culture permit voluntary blood donation? YES [ ] NO [ ]
15- Does misconception about blood donation such as YES [ ] NO [ ]
falling sick and the likes prevents you from giving
out blood?

34