Dynamic 1

Dynamics
(Kinematics and Particles) position, velocity and acceleration
Dynamic mechanics is a branch of the physical science which deals with the
accelerated motion of a body and may be classified into two parts kinematics and kinetics.
Kinematics is the branch of dynamics which describes the motion of bodies without
reference to the forces which either cause the motion or are generated as a result of motion
and is often described as the geometry of motion.
Kinematic quantities such as position and velocity are expressed with respect to a system of
reference axes, when axis fixed on the earth are used as reference; the motion is called
absolute motion.
Kinetics is the branch of dynamics which deals with the analysis of the forces causing the
motion.
A particle is a body whose size can be neglected.
11.1 Rectilinear Motion of a Particle
Rectilinear motion of a particle is defined as the motion along a straight line.
A. Position
The straight line path of a particle will be defined using a single coordinate axis s. the origin
O on the path is a fixed point, and from this point the position coordinates s is used to specify
the location of the particle at any given instant.
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The magnitude S is the distance from O to the particle, usually measured in (m) or (ft), and
the sense of direction is defined by the algebraic sign on S.
B. Displacement
The displacement of the particle is defined as the change in its position during any time
interval and it is a vector quantity.
If the particle moves from one point to another, the displacement is
C. Distance
The distance traveled is a positive scalar that represents the total length of path over which
the particle travels.
D. Velocity
The linear velocity of a particle is defined as the time rate of change of position of the
particle.
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The average velocity of a particle during an interval of time is
The instantaneous velocity is the magnitude of velocity at any instant
The magnitude of the velocity is known as the speed. The average speed is always a positive
scalar and is defined as the total distance traveled by a particle divided by the elapsed time.
E. Acceleration
The average acceleration of a particle is defined as the time rate of change of the velocity
of a particle.
∆𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
∆𝑡
Where:
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The instantaneous acceleration is the magnitude of acceleration at any time
Note:-
Linear acceleration is a vector quantity in the direction of the change of velocity. The
positive direction for the acceleration is the same as the positive direction for the velocity
and positive function. When the absolute value of v is decreasing, the sense of the
acceleration is opposite to that of the velocity and it is called deceleration.
Finally, an important differential relation involving the displacement, velocity, and

acceleration along the path may be obtained by eliminating the time differential dt
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Examples
Example (1):-
The car shown in figure moves in a straight line such that for a short time its velocity is
defined 𝑣 = (3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡) m/s, where t is in seconds. Determine its position and acceleration
when t=3s.
When t=0, s=0.
Solution:-
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨n:
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨n:
When t=3s,
5
Example(2):-
A small projectile is fired vertically down ward into a fluid medium with an initial velocity
of 60m/s. due to , the drag resistance of the fluid the projectile experiences a deceleration of
a= (- 0.4v3)m/s2 Determine the projectile velocity and position after 4s it is fired.
Solution:-
Since the motion is downward, the position coordinate is positive downward with origin
located at O.
Velocity:
When t=4s, v=0.559m/s↓
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Position +↓
𝑠 𝑡
1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ [ ( ) + 0.8t] −1/2 𝑑𝑡
0 0 60
Example(3).
A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity v=(12-3t2)m/s, where t is in seconds.
When t=1s, the particle is located 10m to the left of the origin. Determine the acceleration
when t=4s, the displacement from t=0 to t=10s, and the distance the particle travels during
this time period.
Solution:-
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∆S = −901 − (−21) = −880 m
From velocity equation When t=2s, v=0
When t=2s S=12(2)-23-21=-5
ST = (21 − 5) + (901 − 5) = 912 m
Example(4):-
A particle moves along a horizontal path with a velocity of v=(3t2-6t)m/s, where t is the time
in seconds. If it is initially located at the origin O, determine the distance traveled in 3.5s,
and the particle average velocity and average speed during the time interval.
Solution:-
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜e
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Velocity
The displacement from t=0s to t=3.5s is
∆S = 6.125 − 0 = 6.125 m
6.125
= = 1.75 𝑚/𝑠
3.5 − 0
𝑆𝑇 14.125
(𝑉𝑠𝑝 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 4.04 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 3.5 − 0
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‫‪When t=10s‬‬ ‫‪S=257m‬‬
‫‪Total distance traveled‬‬ ‫‪ST=7+93+93+257‬‬
‫‪∆𝑆 257 − 7‬‬ ‫𝑚‬

‫= 𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑣‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 20‬‬
‫𝑡∆‬ ‫‪10 − 0‬‬ ‫𝑠‬
‫‪𝑆𝑇 450‬‬
‫= 𝑔𝑣𝑎) 𝑝𝑠𝑉(‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑠‪= 45 𝑚/‬‬
‫𝑡∆‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫مالحظه‪ :‬عندما يصل الصاروخ اقصى ارتفاع له فالسرعة =صفر‪.‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
velocity
when S = 1.5m
= √42(1.5) − 8(1.53 ) = ±6 𝑚/𝑠
The position where v=0
√42𝑆 − 8𝑆 3 = 0
The position where the v is max
𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑎 = 0
11

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Dynamics

(Kinematics and Particles) position, velocity and acceleration

A particle is a body whose size can be neglected.

11.1 Rectilinear Motion of a Particle

Rectilinear motion of a particle is defined as the motion along a straight line.

If the particle moves from one point to another, the displacement is

The instantaneous velocity is the magnitude of velocity at any instant

Finally, an important differential relation involving the displacement, velocity, and

When t=0, s=0.

When t=4s, v=0.559m/s↓

From velocity equation When t=2s, v=0

When t=2s S=12(2)-23-21=-5

ST = (21 − 5) + (901 − 5) = 912 m

The displacement from t=0s to t=3.5s is

‫‪Total distance traveled‬‬ ‫‪ST=7+93+93+257‬‬

‫‪∆𝑆 257 − 7‬‬ ‫𝑚‬

‫مالحظه‪ :‬عندما يصل الصاروخ اقصى ارتفاع له فالسرعة =صفر‪.‬‬

= √42(1.5) − 8(1.53 ) = ±6 𝑚/𝑠

The position where v=0

The position where the v is max

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