Syllabus Anintroduction to PHP > PHP. Using PHP- Variables - Program control - Built-in functions - Form i iro Validation. XML : Basic XML - Document Type Definition - XML Schema, XML Parsers and Validation, XSL. UNIT IV PHP and XML 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 610 614 Contents Part |: PHP An introduction to PHP. Using PHP Variables, Data Types, Constants and Operators Program Control Statements Arrays Strings Functions File Handling PHP and HTML 8uillin Functions .Dec.-15, Form Validation April-14, Part I: XML Basic XML Suilding Block of XM. Document Rules Namespace May-10,12, ..May-11,19, Dec.-12, May-10, Dec.-18, Dec.-15, May-16,17, Marks 8 . Marks 13 Sument Type Definition, XML Schema cs oO OM and Presenting XML XML Pars, ic ers and Validation. XSL 7; wo Marks Questions with Answers (6-1)Web Technologies GSH An introduction to PHP History PHP was developed in 1994 by Apache group. © PHP stands for PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor. + PHP is a server-side scripting language. It is mainly used for form handling ang database access, * Itis free to download and use. Advantages Various advantages of PHP are 1. Itis very simple and easy to learn and use. It is-widely used scripting language 2. It isan interpreted language and there is no need for compilation, . It is open source scripting language. That means you can freely download and use php. . It is platform independent. That means , PHP code can run on various platforms such as Windows, Linux, Mac OS. Aw . The php code can be directly integrated with HTML. tis desi igned 10 support dynamic web applications. . This is reliable, efficient and flexible scripting language, oN . It provide support for ~ file system, managing user sessions, cookies, E-mil management, execute the sy: os Syntax of PHP PHP code can be embedded in the HTML document. The code must be enclosed with <2php and > ‘stem commands, create directories and so on. . ; includ Ifthe PHP script is stored in some another file and if it needs to be referred then ine! construct is used. For instance : Include(“myfile_htm)") * The variable names in PHP begin with the § sign. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an upust tor ‘knowledgesso 6-3 PHP and XML rollowing are some reserved keywords that are used in PHP. . and | default | false it or this break |. do For include | require | tue case | else | foreach list return var class | elseif | function | new static | virtual continue | extends | —gloabal not switch | while xor * The comments in PHP can be #,//, /* ...*/ «+ The PHP statements are terminated by semicolon. How to write and execute PHP documents ? Open some suitable text editor like Notepad and type the following code. Save your code bythe extension .php. {tis expected that the PHP code must be stored in htdocs folder of Apache. 4s [have installed xampp, I have got the directory c:\xampplbtdocs. I have created a ‘ler named php-examples inside the htdoes and stored all my PHP documents in that folder. Hence when I want to get the output of the PHP code I always give the URL. htp://ocalhost/php-examples/programmName php The htp:/Mocalhost refers to the path cc\xamippthtdocs k : ollowing is the first example of PHP script Php Document{FirstCode.php] ‘Shims Sbeags Reig Shy < S>Welcome to first PHP Decument " Ds TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-tinust for knowledgene Firefox wx Hise Eeckmarks Tools Help Beck Fermacd o Welcome to first PHP Document | The valve of varble is = 10 \ } Using PHP The most popular way of installing PHP is using XAMPP. XAMPP is a free distribution package that makes it easy to install Apache Web Sere MySQL, PHP, PEAR. Here in XAMPP (X stands for any OS) or WAMPP (W stands for Windows 0S). Step 1: Go to the site hitps://vww-apachefriends.org/index. html ; Step 2: Click on Download XAMPP for Windows or Linux depending upon your operating system. : Step 3: When prompted for the download, click "Save" and wait for your download to finish. Step 4: Install the program, and click on "Run." Accept default settings by clicking Net button. Finally you will get installation completion message. Step 5: is will On your drive, the XAMPP folder will be created, Click on xampp_start file, thi enable to start Apache, MySQL and Tomeat start, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® an up.tnnust for knowledge- ies a. yop Zoennele e PHP and XML po: The control panel for XAMPP wil ook ke his step 8 * . wane cene ae S22 Compl ae 1215) fl XAMPP Control Panel v3.2.2 Be wane PR) a ke weer Eee mysol 12082 aes Sp Windows Version: Home 3285 XAMPP Version $530 Control Panel Version: 322 { Comptes Nov 12in2015] You are not runing wah adcuistrate nghs! Ts wal wok et smost application stuf but whenever yeu €9 seme ag wih sances there wil be a secury dalegue or age vl el! So tank about running this appiation wah adranststr ngs! XAMPP Instalaion Drectry:“ebkampet” CChackng for prerequisites All prerequisites found Intiazing Klodules Enabling autosta far module “Apache” Enabling avastar for module “MySO1 isa > [rain] Slep 7; Write a PHP script and save it in CAXAMPP\htdocs\php-examples folder by giving the filename and extension as .php Step 8: Open the web browser and type hitp:/ocalhost/php-examples/yourfilename.php Sp: The web application will be executed within your web browser. For example PHY ‘ ScriptistringDemot.php] Php 7 Se tee PHP"; ho gg, % She Ss eae, Techawiont PUBLICATIONS -®ngDemol php Leary 1. Whatis PHP ? Give general syntax of PHP. 2. Give the advantages of PHP. [EM Variables, Data Types, Constants and Operators (GES Variables © Variables are the entities that are used for storing the values. + PHP is’a dynamically typed language. That is PHP has no type declaration. ‘The value can be assigned to the variable in following manner - $variable_name=value . ; The If the value is not assigned to the variable then by default the value is NULL. Th unsigned variables are called unbound variable, ‘ ‘ ed tothe Mthe unbound variable is used in the expression then its NULL value is converted value 0, Following are some rules that must be followed while using the variables - ice wack 5 agin with ® J. The variable must start with letter or underscore , but it should not begi" number. 2, It consists of alphanumeri¢ characters or underscore. 3. ‘There should not be space in the name of the variable, 4, While assigning the values to the variable the example Smarku= 100; variable must s\ se TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up.thrust for knowdodyo |oi! nologtes ye pata Types shore are four scalar tyPes that are used in PHP and those are Integer, Boolean, Double and iscuss each one by one 9, Let us discuss eacl song: PHP and XML roger TYPE 7 + For displaying the integer value the Integer type is used. « [tis similar to the long data type in C. Inte «The size is 32 bit. pouble Type . For displaying the real values the double data type is used Itincludes the numbers with decimal point, exponentiation or both. The exponent can be represented by E or e followed by integer literal It is not compulsory to have digits before and after the decimal point. For instance .123 or 123. is allowed in PHP. String Type * There is no character data type in PHP. Jf the character has to be represented then it is represented using the string type itself; but in this case the string is considered to be of length 1. * The string literals can be defined using either single or double quotes. * In single quotes the escape sequence or the values of the literals can not be recognized by PHP but in double quotes the escape sequences can be recognized. For example ‘The total marks are= $marks' Will be typed as it is but “The total marks are= $marks* Will display the value of Smarks variable. Seolean Type * There are only two types of values that can be defined by the Boolean type and those are TRUE and FALSE. "TBoolean values are used in context of integer type variable then TRUE will be ‘Merpreted as | and FALSE will be interpreted a 0 "Boolean values are used in context of double type then the FALSE will be interpreted 880.0, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? «on up-thrst for krowodge 4 j 4fer that contains some value. rod to this identifier it does not get changed, s case sensitive by default. oastant identifiers ere specified in upper case. ert with letter or underscore. It may then followed by function is the name of the constant and the second parameter is the value which is tobe For example: ConstDemo.php [EZ] Operators 1. Arithmetic Operators and Operations , ‘These statements will cause Ve, error. If we remove these 5 statements then we will get 10 es an output. ith their PHP supports the collection of arithmetic operators such as +,-,/,*,%,++ and — with # usual meaning will While using the arithmetic operators if both the operands arc integer then the result be integer itself. If either of the two operands is double then the result will be double. i sted PHP has large number of predefined functions, Some of these functions are enlis the following table - Function Purpose floor ‘The largest integer less than or equal to the parameter is returned For example floor(4.9) will return 4, ceil ‘The smallest integer less than or equal to the parameter is returned For example ceil(4.9) will return 5, TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an uptnnust for knowiodgo6-9 PHP and XML q Nearest integer is retuned, 1 i 4 Returns the absolute value of the parameter. { Itretums the smaller element, | max | Itrerums the larger element. 4 z.Relational Operators relational operators used in PHP. «There are ei + These are <> has their usual meaning. These are six traditional operators. + The operator == is used in PHP. It returns true if both operands that are using = have same type and have same value. + The operator !—= is opposite of ==. + Ifone of the operand in the six operators is not same then the coercion will occur automatically. 3.Boolean Operators * The Boolean operators are Operator Meaning i and The binary AND operation is performed. && i or ‘The binary OR operation is performed. i I eft xor ‘The XOR operation will be performed. “| 4. Auto Autoincrement or Autodecrement Operator i The unary +H: or = operators are used as autoincrement or autodecrement operators For ; Sxample + | Value Returned Name Operator Postincrement | _Satt sa Pre-inerement 48a satl a) Post-decrement | __S# sa ‘up-tinnust for! ‘knowtodge 6. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS™ =O"5, Bitwise Operators Following are bitwise operators used in PHP. “Operator | Name | Example | \s Las [Xey + + i } Or J Sxisy { wins that ary set in cither Sx or Sy are set,” is | Nor | scosy | tits that ane set in $y oF Sy but not both are set \- [vex _[-sx___| Bits that are set in $s are not set, and view versa, i y << swiniter | $x< Shiti right | Sxo> Sy | Shift the bits of Sx Sy steps to the right, Another purpose ofthis \ operator can also be “divide by two", A bit (Binary digit) is the basic unit of information stored in the computing system tht exists in two possible states, represented as ON or OFF. In a computer system, the ON state considered as | and OFF state considered as 0. The truth table for bitwise operations is as given below, a v ab | a&h |. at 0 0 0 0 0 0 \ 1 0 l 1 0 1 0 L 1 1 1 1 0 For example Consider $a=40 and Sb=80. Binary form of these values is given below. Sa= 00101000 $b= 01010000 Operation Result in Binary age 00000000 [a 04111000 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowiodgoYr » fochnologios 6-1 PHP and XML yo Toenne™ Value of 40 in binary is 0000000000000nG09000000000000000 wal (00000000000000000010100000000000. So, al O's are converted into U's in bit wise NOT operation, Hence result is TEU TO UEC iitotoltt ‘Ott t ood 120 1010000 30 0010100 20 programming Example AND Operation: “$AND_opr; echo "OR Operation: "$OR_opr; scho “
NOT Operation: "$NOT_opr; scho"
XOR Operation: "$XOR_ops scho" Loft shift operation: "(Sa< <1); Scho"
Right shift operation: *(Sa>>1); » & Moiilla Firefox : Histery_Rookmarks (21 tocathost:2080/php-examples X [se < O_O tocahost ss | AND Operation: 0 | OR Operation: 120 | NOT Operation: -41 | XOR Operation: 120 | Left shift operation: 80 | Right shift operation: 20 ” TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - a upanat for krowo } } } |*s 6-12 Web Technologies Pp wi 6. Assignment Operator = 5 sign the values to variables. Follow The assignment operator is used to assign MB iS ais gp assignment operators. Operator Example and Meaning . This is an operator using which values is assigned to a variable ass * a+=Smeansa=a+5 = a5 meansa= Similarly *=, operators are used for performing arithmetic multiplication and division operation. EEG Expressions + Expressions are most important building blocks in PHP. + Expression can be defined as an entity that has some value. . * For example $a=100; is an expression * The complex form of expression isa function. For example 2>php function fn() { retum 1; } Sval=fun(); * For example - Sa++ or ++S$a TECHNICAL PuBLICATIONS® +20 up-thrust for knowiadgoP » jes a oo Teehnalost 5-9 PHP and XML pisplaying Messages on Screen «In PHP the output can be displayed Using two statements : pisplay using Print « The print function is used to create simple unformatted output. For example: The string can be displayed as follows print “Iam proud of my country" The numeric value can also be displayed using the print. For example - print(100); Itwill display the output as 100. + PHP also makes use of the printf function used in C. For example printf(“The student %d has %f marks” $roll_no,$marks); * Following is a simple PHP document which makes use of the statements for displaying the output. PHP Document[{OutputDemo.php] shtmi> ‘Sbead> Output Demo Welcome to my Website "; AAA"; . Print{(""The roll number: %d",$t0!l_n0): Print "

, Printf("The name: %s" $name): 75 Soe, Sods, “Mitra OS eee TECHNICAL PUBLICATION:6-14 Web Technologies Output SD output Derno - Morilla Firefox File’ Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help |Elouput demo Lei ¢ “Back Forward Welcome to my Website The roll number: 1 ‘The name: AAA | | | i | | 1 | | Display using echo © The echo is a simple statement that can be used with or without parenthesis. * For example - echo “I am proud of my country" * The echo statement can display the text and variable value as follows - $a=10; echo “a + $a; Difference between echo and print (seve. \ echo in PHP print in PHP fi \ The echo can output one or more strings. | Print ean only output one string. 2 2. _| cet is taster than print print is slower than echo | 3 \ Udoes not retum any value Review Questions List and explain various data types in PHP. Explain Print always retums 1 iferent types of operators used in PHP. Explain the term expression with suitable example. FEM Program Controt Statements Decision inaking control statements decide the order of execution of the statement on cenain conditions. Various types of decision making control statements are ~ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS an ups fr Inowedgoe web Technologies 6-15 4. The if Statement syntax igesoression) { statement inside; } statement outside; Example Sb) echo 'a is greater than b’; PP 2. The if-else Statement Syntax ilexpression) st Statements; } se if ‘ Statements; Example oo 8-18 PHP end XML The {low chart for break statement is, gynt® ek oa 4 | 7 4 For example ee i 4 break; | ; | echo Si echo "
% i . ied Output vi F Pa U : eel The conti Continue Statement * The conti; 2 us ‘ontinue statement is used to skip some statements inside the leop. The continus iia eR cei ay eee we " “i ‘ment is used with decision making statement such as ifclse. — Sar ntinue statement forces to execute the next iteration of the loop to execute, * The flow : lowchart for continue statement is, YMtax. ‘ Caine TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an epee fr ArmlessWeb Technologies _ Enter loop, PHP and cy False Condition = Exit loop Remaining statements For example si=0; ; for (Si = O$i <= 7Si++) ; (81 echo Si; echo "
" / Output WAwWaANAS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? an upnue for knowledgea spo tetoios 6-21 i n break and continue nce betwee! piffere' (ue break PHP and XML continue This statement terminates the execution of remaining iteration of the loop. M terminates only the current iteration of the loop. 2. It causes early termination of the entire loop. It causes early execution of the next iteration. [ERB Looping Loop control structures are used to execute the certain number of times, 4.The while Loop Syntax while(condition){ 1 Code to be executed } Example , Sis, } a » Certain group of statements repetitively for TEGHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS® ~ ‘an upnnst forknowtesge | jWeb Technologies B28, [ Srrcota Fetes Be Est ew tien Resins lect Hep Bhrepnccamentp rics Leeptemsl pop 2. The do...while Loop In this type of looping statement the block of code executed once and then condition is evaluated. If the condition is true the statement is repeated as long as the specified condition is true. Syntax dof I] Code wo be executed } while(condizion); Example "; print $i, print "
"; Sit } webile($i<=10}; > Output The output will be same as above. TECHIUCAL PUBLICATIONS? an up tsa for tnomtodpe, yop Toonmologies 8 PHP and XML 4, The for LOOP the for loop repeats a block of code as long as a certain condition is met. It is typically {io execute a block of code for certain numberof times. vse syntax . ogniatzaion; condition; increment)( 1) Gode to be executed , Example <"; foc$i=1:8i"; S++; > Output The output will be same as above. ‘The foreach Statement ; The foreach statement is normally used to iterate through all the elements of array. It is “cussed in sectién 6.5.4 when we discuss the concept of arrays. ay Programming Examples Sing 24 Write a PHP script to display the squares and cubes of ! to 10 numbers. Solution ; Shims Sheags, Stites Sdaure and Cube Table TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-st for rontedge eeWeb Technologies G24 print "Number"; print "Square*, print "Cube"; print ""; for(Si=1,8i< { print ") print "$i"; print ""; print ""; print $i*Si; print ""; print ""; print pow($i,3); print ""; print ""; } print **; 2> 0,Si+ +) PHP and ag TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® «an tp-thnust for kr “pthnest for knowledgea yop Tocmotoaies poe Write a PHP script to compute the sum and. average of N numbers. solution : bul? choad aitle> Sum and Average comer? "; print ‘the Average is: $avg"; > Joenter> “body > 6-25 PHP and XML © sum and Average Ble Eat View lsum and Average € jo.) Back’ | Forward istory_Bookmer [EX hee “ocethost php-examstes/Eamele2 php The Sumis: $5 the Average is: 5.5 TECHMIGAL PUBLIGATIONS® - anus fr inowadeWeb Technologios §-20 PHP andy Solution : < "; is(Syear’ ) {_printi("Year Sid is not a leap year" Syean); } else ¥ { printi('Year Sd is a leap year$year); } 2 i Leap Yeas x a | € > & OD localhost/php-e Year 2016 is a leap year Write PHP programs to print whether given number is odd or evel! Solution : ‘ “" ifn { psint’Number Se is Odd $num); } ==1) ase { printf Number Sed is Even" $m}; } ) > % ™ i i | t | i | |< -. © GB tocathost/php-e | \- See | Number 1 is Odd | | Number 2 is Even 1 Number 3 is Odd j Number + is Even t ; Number 5 is Odd | | | Number 6 is Even \ | Number 7 is Odd i | | Number Sis Even | | Number 9 is Odd 1 | Number 10 is Even fa L : R ag ee apse 3 Write PHP seript to compute the sum of postive integers upto 30 using ae hile statement, iH hition ' Stings | “heags : sti Sum Of Integers “Meads, gore sina cupthnest for xnowodgo ~~ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® =”Pi Ssum=Ssum+Si; sits: }ovnile(Sic=30); print{("The sum of first 30 positive integers is %d"\$sum); > Output Gime. x + € @ locathostipsp-erancs > The sum of first 30 positive integers is 465 SUEZ Write PHP script to compute factorial of 'n’ using white or for loop construct. 7 Solution : fread > finn, Prin ; : Paine > Fibinacci Series
": ee “hed, | MSS) { *Scount<9;$count+ +) » TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an vp-thrst for knowiedégeVey Te 6-30 Web Technologies Pup 2d Output € Cc localhost php-egy = Fibinacci Series | 1,1, 2, 3,5, 8,13, 2 SUITE] Construct a PHP script to compute the squareRoot, Square, Cube and Quad of 10 numbers. Solution : ‘Table
"; print "

" for(Scount=1,$count<=10Scount+ +) et ‘ $sq=$count*$count; Scube=Scount*$count*$count; Squad=$count* $count*Scount*$count;| ap roo0i8 6-31 PHP and XML we int "<> "; gree ° ody? pul? Output squaRe,. x € ® localhestipnp-exarpl | Table [Cube (Quad te 16. ist [256 [e2s ie [i296 B43 Pao 12 [4096 [729 [6561 | 1000 {10000 WWth the use of PHP, suite case and ifstructre perform te fllowing and print appropriate message. 9 Get today's date ti) If date is 3, tis dentist appointment 'W) If date is 10, go to conference. Sol nn Idate is other than 3 and 10, no events are scheduled. “boon, Stings PE D> “bodys, re tat eeY date is" . date(“d/m/y"). “
": me a") <3)} | date(“d”)>10)) © "No Eventi"; d TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-rust for knowlecge MethPHP and xan Write a PHP code to display the following atiern. 1 O1 101 0101 1010! TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS? - an upstaay for knowtedgea jes :: we echnot0g! 7 CPi solution + pul? } etphe poiSieOSi<7Si+ +) { forl$i=1:S1"; } > Sioody> ‘Sfmt Arrays is a collection of similar type of elements, but in PAP you can have the elements f mj - sed type together in single array. Senin forknostedge TECHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS® «en vpsWeb Technologies ot © Ineach PHP, cach clement has two parts key and value. © The key represents the index at which the valuc of the element can be stored, © The keys are positive integers that are in ascending order. [GERI Creating and Manipulating Arrays For creating an array in PHP, we use array() construct Syntax Sarray_name=array(value) Example : Following PHP script shows how to create an array in PHP ArrayCreateDemo,php . Output § Mozilla Firefox jew History Bookmarks Tools Help localhost:$089/php-examples X | +b BAD Sed a €)> o [8 tones Mango,Apple,Banana,Grapes Program Explanation : In above program, (1) We have created an array named fruits vei y named fruit: 22 sie pa as i ‘ulls using array() construct hele of NM We are displaying each element of the array with the array index such as frits[0} frutsf1},.. and so on TECHIUCAL PUBLICATIONS an up-onna for bnowiedge > 7 PHP and xy, |re orzo oot PHP and XML ging and Deleting Elements ws ; inPHP, arrays are dynamic. That means they can grow in size or can shrink. wecanadd the element in the array using key/index that hasn’t used. For example - janastrOCC"t as there is ao current value for index 5, the aray will grow, Similarly we can skip the devalue and add the element as follows - soame| }="CCC": The advantage to this approach is that we don’t have to worry about skipping an index key. We can skip some index and can insert the element in the array. For example - Snames=array("AAA","BBB” ‘CCC","DDD"); Snames[8]="HHH"; Ifwe iterate through the array elements then’ Array ([0]=> AAA (1]=>BBB (2]=>CCC [3]=>DDD [8] =>HHH) Thus there is now gap in our array, If we try to reference the array(4] then it will cetumn NULL value which represents that there is no value present at that index. Using the unset function we can create gaps in the PHP array. For example - PHP Document SDOCTYPE htmi> ‘shmi> Sbody> Original Amay
"; FOUSStudent); Ror Deleting element at index 2"; “SStader(ay; Sat (Sheer, ‘by > Adjusting gap-" ents, “tray_values($Student); “S84 » TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® «an uptnestfr KnowisceWeb Technologies 8-58 << CS @® ocalhost/php-examples/? + Original Array oe Amray ({0] => AAA [1] => BBB [2] => CCC [3] => DDD [4] => EEE) » Deleting element at index 2 Array ( [0] => AAA [1] => BBB [3] => DDD [4] => EEE) | Adjusting gap Array ( [0] => AAA [1]=> BBB 2] => DDD [3] => EEE) Script Explanation : 1. In above script we have used unset function to create a gap at index 2 2. Later on we have used array_values() to adjust this gap by subsequent element. 3. Using the print_r function the array can be displayed on the browser window. Checking if value exists * The isset () function is used to check whether a variable is set or not. Ifa variable is already unset with unset() function, it will no longer be set. * The isset() function return false if testing variable contains a NULL value. PHP Document "AAA’,2= >"BBB"); echo "
Original Array
*; print_x($Student); iffisset($Student{0})) echo "
There is no value set at index O
"; iffisset($Student(1})) echo "The value present at index 1 is: $Student{1}; TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - on upstiust for knowledge? pod” qual? Types of Arrays ‘rere are three types of arrays 1, Indexed array : Indexed array are the arrays with numeric index. The array values can be stored from index 0. For example - unl? chead> ‘ctitle>PHP Indexed Arrays Output * GB PHP indexed Arrays xe € © localhostipnos — & Search | Amray (0) => AAA [1] => BBB pjecec) Her values gets stored at corresponding index as follows - Smyistio) = 49, Suytistyyy = pe Soytsti2) = 39, Sot = cee alty a 20 a 5 rectly assign some value at specific index sts, = apy ‘ with named keys. It is a kind of Associ ‘ciated array ; Associated arrays a the arrays atta 'Y with name and value pair. For example } |TEDUICH RLELCETONSS or uonrest er mean ripe teen | The complete PHP progrem ir js as follows- The elements in Two cimesioct] oer 1QAAA ~ 20 BBB 30ccc TESVGR FUSCA TONS +20 ES EE REY,= PHP ang 2, Web Technologies 6-40 [BGR] Extracting Data from Array (i) The extract function Using the extract() function the array keys becomes the variable name and the array ya} 3 Values become the variable values. ‘Syntax int extract{Sinput_array, Sextract_nile, $prefix) Where Sinput array : is the name of the array whose values need to be extracted. Ths ig required parameter. Sextract_cule : This is an optional parameter. This parameter specifies how invalig variable names will be treated. Sprefix : The prefix is automatically separated from the array key by an underscore character. This is an optional parameter. Example Program 'Pune’'b’ extract(Sam); echo \Sa = Sa: \Sb = $b; \Se = Sc; > “Mumba‘’ > "Chennai | Mozilla Firefox File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help ae Brkmeris Tools He © lecathost#089/php-erample: x | SO O tocahest: /-Sa=Pune; Sb TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®. an upcthnust for knowledge ‘> yore PHP and XML the implode function (i ‘The implode function converts array into the string. For example implodedemo -php MpocTvee neal enol? evody? rphP sant3] grext = implode(",".Sarr); echo $text; > : | @ Mozilla Firefox Edit_View Hi okmatks locathost808aphp-examples, X | (©) > S [O_O tocathost:8089/eho- Red Blue, Green, Yellow ti The explode Function Th "€ explode() function is to split a string. tax “xplode(delimitér, string_name, limit) ere Deli Like Titer: 1 sets the boundary string within the input sting Ser ting ell name : The name of the string to be split prow bh TEGRINTGAL PUBLICATIONSS an us! ork | i jWeb Technologies Limit +11 indicates the maximurn number of elements in the output array if set 19 value, Ifset to negative value, all but the last clement will be present in the output ama Example Program @ Mosit Firdex File Ed2 View History Bookmarks Gh teethesescesipnp-eample € > © O O tate: (iv) The flip function — 6-42 PH ey POsitiyg vy. i ‘The array_flip() function is used to exchange the keys with their associated values array. ‘That means after applying the array_Mip function we get keys from array and those Ke)° become values and values from array become keys. Syntax Sptoame_of anay) Example Program HURL PLIST Zn vert fa iconsB_ -43 e we Tech PHP and XML ay(Red’ => 10,Green'=>20/Blue'=>99; 5 nologies 8-4 "Black’=>40); Peary f0PCSAT): se cso aot P food? fot © Mozilla Firefox file Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help {esi View a:keory:# Hookamerks | |G locathost:8089/php-examples’ X EAU ee ee €¢;97 © o @ localhost veg “Or » oe | Array ([10] => Red [20] => Green [30] => Blue [40] => Black ) Efi traversing Array \. The current and next Function * The array element reference start at the first element and array maintains an intemal pointer using which the next element can be easily accessible. * This helps to access the array elements in sequential manner. . * The pointer current is used to point to the current element in the array. Using the next fonction the next subsequent element can be accessed. Following PHP code illustrates this idea - Pup Document{ArrayFunDemo4.php} rhp Sys = = Mtn Stray("Hellot, "PHP" "You" *Are’, Wonderfull!"); hae “Rex(Smyticy, Fax TE Ret vate fc aay is Sure? TEC PBUOTIONS?Web Technologies 6-44 print "
"; Smyval=nesxt(Smyhst); print(‘The next value of the array is Smyvals/b>"); print "
"; ‘Smyval=next(Smnyhist); print("The next value of the array is Smyval"; Smyval=next(Smylist): Print("The next value of the array is Smyval"); 2> Output PAP ang 2. The each and foreach Function * Using each function we can iterate through the array elements. PHP Document[ArrayFunDemoS.php] $val" print "
"; > ys TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® ~ 8 Up-trust for nowledgeiOS 5-4! Toone s PHP and XML = Output Gro eter 7 Tie ft Wow Hidery Beclmuts eck lp [Chorio Latent iG. si = Back __Formard “he curetvabe ofthe aay s Hello The current valve of the array is PHP ‘The current valve of the array is You The curent vahe of the array is Are ‘The curent vale ofthe array is Wonderful! « The foreach function is used to iterate through all the elements of the loop. The syntax of foreach statement is as follows - foeach($array as $value) { statements to be executed } + The above code can be modified and written as follows - PHP Document[ArrayFunDemo6.php] Svalue"; » The output will be the same as above. Cans sae is array ? How to create and manipulate arrays ? Explain various types of arrays in PHP. “tan extract, implode, explode and flip finetion in arrays. * How to traverse an array in PHP ? rst forkrowe TEGHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS® - an updtnst for krowlod@ | \ |Fr Web Technotogies 6G Puy Nf en ER nd GG Strings © String isa catlection of chamieters eI PUD the string is denoted within a double quote, © Concatenation is the only one operator used in string. is denoted by dot, © Strings ane treated as the array of characters, The first position of the charaeter j 7 cr is, indeed ay 0. isas given below - © ‘The sample PAP script that stores the string in.a variable PUP Script[stringDemot php) ’ \ancooTho Function Demo Program"; » panttcbi!>"s tls > Output f Mosits Firefox : SF tecatnest Tho Function Demo Program This staroment is in myn) * The return statement is used for retuming some value from the function body. Following MAP scripts shows this idea. FAP Docu ment[F ar: [FunDemo2,php) FESR A RCUTONSS a RE OEWeb Technologies 6-48 PHP and xny Output (fe File [dt View Hater Beotmts Tools Help [Einetprnecatnest'p mplesttunDeme2.ohp| +, 2s ¢ > EYE meanest oor Funten at Back __ Ferad Q : = 10 Demo Program with return statement Parameters The parameters that we pass to the function during the call is called the actual parameter. These parameters are generally the expressions. The parameters that we pass to the function while defining it is called the formal parameters. These are generally the variables. It is not necessary that the number of actual parameters should match with the number of formal parameters. If there are few actual parameter and more formal parameters then the value of formal parameter is will be some unbounded one. If there are many actual parameters and few formal parameters then the excess of actual parameters will be ignored. The default parameter passing technique in PHP is pass by value, The parameter passing by value means the values of actual parameters will be copied in the formal parameters. But the values of formal parameters will not be copied to the actual parameters. Following PHP script illustrates the functions with parameters PHP Document[FunDemo3.php] The Function Demo Program with paramete; print "
"; $x=10; $c=$a+Sb; retum Sc;B40 PHP and XML Moai Firefox file f6t_Miew History Bookmais te [eee implesfFunDemadphp| + | ? localhost pipe Back__ Form —_ The Function Demo sas Prope with parameter passing and retura statement 10220 30 ‘There are two ways to pass parameters by reference. , Add & at the beginning of the name of the formal parameter. For example - pho imction add_some_extra(Sstring) Sering= "This string is replaced’; 1 Set "This is a string‘; Ssrl=8Sstr; //adding & at the beginning of the name of formal parameter. vette function call: $str
' Hi some extra($str1); iat 7 Ato function call: $str"; Aa Fa : & to actual parameter in the function call. For example - etion 3 { "884 some _extra(&sstring) //adding & to actual parameter in function call tk ) "0" "This string is replaced’ ‘ction cal: $str
"; TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledgey Web Technologies 6-50 The output of the above code is one and the same it will be as follows - Output Before function call: This ‘Afier function call: This string is replaced Types of Functions User defined Functions User defined functions sre the functions created by the user for some specific purpose. The syntax end example of user defined function is already discussed in section 6.7.1. 4. xy . Variable Functions ariable function is a concept in which the variable name is appended with parenthesis. In PHP, we can create 2 variable to which the function is assigned and then that variable is called just like a function. Note that the variable function should always be preceded by S sign. To understand the concept of variable function let us see one example Suppose we have three functions namely red(), blue() and green(). These functions called with the help of variable function as follows - can be VariableFunDemo.php stim> Sbody> STobp Sea [ sfunction(fargt Sarg2) turn 4 ‘ ‘Addition = "(Sargi+Sarg2); fag z Sadition(10.20); Sag “os. b TECHNICAL PUBLICA TIONS® -an up-thmust for knowledge | | Ly ‘ | i i } esr: Web Technologies Output 4 Mosilla Firefox History Bookmarts ory File Edt View Fates 1. What is function ? How ro pass parameters to the function ? 2. Explain variable and anommous fimction with suitable example in php. [GH File Handling PHP is known as 2 server-side scripting languag Hence file handling functions such as create, read, write, append are some file related operations that are supported by PHP. [EEE] Opening and Closing Files * The firs step in file handling is opening of the file. ‘+ It takes two parameters - The first parameter of this function contains the name of the file to be opened and the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened. Modes _| Description | ‘ 1 Read only. Starts reading from the beginning of the file. tt Read/Write. Starts reading from the beginning of the file. w Write only. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file if it is not created wr | Read/Write. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file if it is not created, a | Append. Opens and writes o the end ofthe file or ereates a new file iit is not created a+ _| Read/Append, Preserves file content by writing to the end of the file. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® . an up thrust for Knowlodyoona 8-63 PHP and XML ‘ ¥ ple ymple * 5; ey fie = ‘filo.txt a frie nan = fopen($my_file, 'a) or die(Cannot open file: 'Smy_file); spe ope fanesion ours TRUE if the required file is opened. Reading from File sive tread isthe faction whichis used to read the file » It takes two parameters. The first parameter is the handle to the file and the second parameter is the number of bytes to be read, The filesize is the function which takes the flename as the parameter. For example - smystring = fread(Sfile_handlo, filesize( “file st"); + There is another function named file_get_contents using which the contents of the file can be obtained, + The fgets() function is used to read a single line from the file. For example, following code displays the contents of the file line by line. swhile(Heof($file_handle)) { echo {gets(Sfile_handle), "
"; } E) Writing to a File * The fwrite is the function which is used to write the contents to the file. * It takes two parameters - the first parameter is the handle to the file and the second Parameter is the number of bytes to be written. For example - SWritten_string = fread(Sfile_handle, Smy_data); R SOSEEEEY Creare a form containing information sl.no, ttle of te book, publishers, Mantity, price read the data from the form and write onto the file using PHP script. lution : les 7 = Step 1: We will create a input form for the user to enter the data. The HTML code ‘ollows, Ath “na eementfnput t Shugjs” ML Bubs" /pwGe/fdtd hal 4.0 transitional//en"> Stead Sit y > Boo} heays, Order orm Bud > Ry ‘Oter the Book Data ) TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - on uh for knowiodgeWeb Technologies 6-54.

num	Sqr	Cube	Quad	Scount	Ssq	Scubed/td>	Squad

SrNo.

: value: IN type="submit’ value=" Step 2 : Following is @ simple PHP script which displays the data and then writes it to the file. PHP Document ‘ age <7php print (‘SPUBName"), 2> ‘edo ‘qd> > spo The contents are written to the file flext

v> Pott. Sp 3 + Now open the web browser and type the adress ofthe hum file which you have ated the this input form the data will be arr ionabe a TEGHNTGAL PUBLIGATIONS®- 00 uP } i | WeeWeb Technologies ees © Book information - Mesilla Firefox File Edt View History Bookmarks Toels Help ook Information {+ Bek Foner (Led Mer lecathost php e-omrte: teten Book Data | Bookname | Publisher I neering |Technical Publications ‘The contents are written ta the Step 4 : Open the current directory folder(The folder in which your html and PHP scripts are present). You will obtain a text file file.txt. Just Open the file and see the contents. I have got the following contents - file - Notepad | |feesa) File Edit Format View Help Software Engineering es Technical Publications 250 10 1. Explain different file modes in PHP. 2. _ Explain how to perform read and write operations in PHP ? EGG) PHP and HTML The PHP code can be embedded within th below - es iver 1 HTML document. The sample seript is #5 8 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrvst for knowledgere ——T a - \ nologies oe : PHP and XML pe" aes oe ee ee aa pead? aytie? PHI p Demo eppesd? enol” apho Sfp Welcome to fist PHP Doctment% cd footy? pil? Output Ae Eat View History Bookman Took Hep ea lea ati ‘ [EJ PHP Demo €.3 localhost/php-e-amples Welcome to first PHP Document We as fe can add the HTML tags within the PHP code to enhance the look of the web page on the web brows . i i ie browser. Following sample serip illustrates this - ! ample i 1 | 8o'cha 3 13> PHP-HTML Document"; * Output TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thest for knowedge Ro \y Ls ™ Web Technologies PAP and xan. (GOH Built-in Functions PHP has number of predefined functions. 15, Marks 16 (E0EI Functions based on Basic Operations These function help in performing basic operations such floor, ceil, round and so on, Function Purpose floor _ | The largest integer less than or equal to the parameter, is returned, For example floor(4.9) will retum 4, : ceil | The smallest integer greater than or equal to the parameter is retuned. For example ceil(4.9) will retum 5, round | Nearest integer is retumed. abs | Returns the absolute value of the parameter. min | Itretums the smaller element max __| it rerums the larger element . [IE String Handling Functions Various functions used for string handling are - Function Purpose Sample PHP code | Output strlen(stringl) | It finds the total number of characters in | 0 then string] is greater than string? Ifthis function retums <0 then string! is Jess than string2. : TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® an up ht or inomedyo atltoes §- 59 PHP and XML 4 | ot ‘This function converts the characters in | i — This function converts the characters in| i Gaara!) | This fetion eliminates the whitespace | pp : PH ! Lae from both the ends of the string, Sstr=" PHP": PHP : echo "

: Sstr

"; | echo "

:".trim(Sstr); 4 echo “

"; i | > PEREGROMA !rite a PHP program to do string manipulations. lution : For this program we will apply various built in string manipulating functions to the ring, The PHP code is as follows - cate | $Stri="PHP is Fun’; Stength = strlen($Str: echo" Length:The length of string: $Str1 is = Slenath’; echo "
Position: The position of word Fun in the $Str1 is “strpos($Str1,Fun)); i SSte1="Hello’, $Sur2="hello!; stromp($str1 $Str2)) cho "
Comparison: The two strings $Strl and $Stx2 are not equal’; else echo "
Comparision:. The two strings $Strl and $Str2 are equ: SSt1"HELLO: ‘tho “
Ghanging Case: The string $Str1 becomes.” strtolower(SStr1); Stho"“ Reversing String: The string $St1 is reversed as" strev(SStr1); SSt1="Hen0%. S2=Frienat wno' Concatenating strings: The string $Str1 anc S Stet sstra thoy ne : ictactua is now % =a ‘
Replacing all instances of string: The string tictactos is now st sePlace('t'ptictactoe") 1S"PHP is funt; Srey ri ; chan 9 =Substr_replace($Stri,"FUN' 7.9): ‘Sbr> Replacing substring: $strl becomes Snevwstan sStr2 are concatenated ts { { j \ cuptnwst for knowledae TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® -2n vpsak Ee PHP and xan output tt Concatenating string: : Replacing all instances of string: T Replacing substri GENE] Data Type Conversion Functions Syntax : Conversion fction(Se Je name) Example: Iocval(Smmates) Syntax : settype(Sveriable_name,"datatype") S Example: settype(Smarks,"integer”); * The gettype function is useful to obtain the data type of the variable. ¥ Array Handling Functions Function Purpose array) Creates an array, a array_change_key_case(array,nameof case) Changes the elements of array from lower (© uppe or from upper to Jower case. Fills the array with values. array fill TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - on up.thrust for knowiodgo6-61 PHP and XML Returns all the keys of the array. Merges one or more arrays into one array. Searches array for given value and returns the Keys. | Seamenes array fof given Value ane cotuns S| Returns the values of array, Returns the elements in array. Returns current element in an array. Returns current key and value pair from array. Returns last element value form array. ‘Advances the internal pointer of the array to point to ee the next element. sell) Returns the total number of elements. + sat) ‘This function is for sorting the array. W) Form Validation «PHP is used for form handling. For that pufpose the simple form can be designed in HTML and the values of the fields defined on the form can be transmitted to the PHP seript using GET and POST methods * For forms that are submitted via "GET" array variable. * For forms that are submitted via "POST" method, we ean obtain S_POST array variable. Créate HTML form with one textbox to get user's name. Also write PHP F Code to show length of entered name when, the HTML form is submitted. tion : method, we can obtain the form via the S_GET the form via the Sp 1: The HTML form can be created as follows. so, E slings PE Bt> Stead « Stead Stoays itle> HTML-PHP DEMO Som my Bey MERA ="post" n= Nene: http://localhost/getdata.php’> * Sinput type="text” name="myname" sizo=' "90"/> rust for iowindso TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - 0” uP st or |Web Technologies pce
The length of name is: *; Print Slen; > Output end HTML-PHP DEMO Xo (€ 9 @ fic CQ Search » ‘Name [chire | ) Lsubmit jocalhost/php-ex: Xp eg L¢ ® locathos CQ Searen 2 The name is: Chitra The length of name | x» recnnoloatls 6-8 PHP and XML wet SEEM Create HTML form enter one number. Write PHP code to display the ee ace about number is odd or even essa gqution = Ste 1 The HTML form for accepting number is created as below - Mi oorvPe neal : > oi eqitle> HTML-PHP DEMO ete fread? epady? au * acti method="post” actos ater Number: éfform> Step 2: The PHP script deciding whether the number is even or odd is as given below - ‘The number is odd *; alse Pant
The number is even"; » Output HTML-PHP DEMO) XE } | I | ii | | | / | \ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-tnst for knowledge i i i | | | } { | | | i |r ~ 64 Web Technologies a PHP and xy - = Qa x [EJ tocathosyphp-e X ; €& ® localh e¢ a h » =| The number is: 10 | The number ts even SERRE Create a form containing information sl.no, title of the book, publishers, quantity, price read the daa from the form and display it using PHP seript, Solution : Step 1: Create an HTML page for inputting the data. Following is the code for HTML script . HTML Document[input.html] ‘

Enter the Book Data ‘form method="post" action="http://localhost/php-examples/formdemo.php">

TECHHICAL PUBLICATIONS? un opts for nowlodgoenti sup 2: Create a PHP script which will read out the data entered by the user using HTML ‘ fann. The code is as follows - FHP Document{formdemo.php] ctead> , i “thead> Hed top> 1 St3> Book Data “tablo border=1> a < oe name Sh>Publisher ceatee Quantity Ste NY SHth> tre tds Rs coppe int CSPUBName"), 7> i Rs | Sey PAP Printt("%a"SQty); 72> a “SRablos ‘ i bh TECHNICAL PUBLIGATIONS® - on up-brt for knowiadgey EISECRERS rire a PHP = 6-66. PHP a Web Technologies nd X49, Step 3 : Open some suitable web browser and enter the address for the HTML file which ep 3: Open some s you have created in step I. feck Onde Foon Nesta edet Bae it Yew Mey fetrats Teh er Biter oe Ferm ke € 2 i ee Boek foeeas Enter the Book Data SNe Book name Sotaare Engneenng Publisher TechncalPubheasons Pree 350 Now click on the Submit button and the PHP file will be invoked. The output will then be as follows - (Beck evexmaten = Meza Fuetox Book Data Book name |" Publisher [Price (Quant {Software Enginecing [Technical Pubcatoas [250.00 10 Program to accept a positive integer orn and to display the sum ofall the numbers ‘from 1 10 N. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®.- an up-tina for knowledgesjgetting values from HTML fora intvalt$_POST|num']}; fx(Si= Sic =Sni$i+ +) Soum=Ssum+Si; echo “Tho sum of all numbers from 1 to "Sn." is "Ssum; > Output ee a PHP Demo x + localhe CO Search » fo Submit The sum of all numbers from 1 to 10 is 35 TERETE Write « PHP seript shat validate email address using regular expression y hen user click on VALIDATE button. TECHNIGAL PUBLICATIONS® - en up-hastforkrowledaeyy 6-68 Web Technologies ee PHP and xy MobuiTactdhogipe i. Solution : Step 4 : Create an input HTML form using which the emi ID is accepted from the use, 7 code for this HTML document is as follows “The

S1.No.

std>Price