Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec.

Public School
Subject – Maths Ch – 1 Real Numbers
Class - X
1. Real Numbers
All rational and irrational numbers are called real
numbers.
2. Rational Numbers
Real Numbers which can be expressed in the form of
p/q are called rational numbers. ( )
3. Irrational Numbers
Real numbers which cannot be expressed in the form
p/q and whose decimal expansion are non-
terminating are called irrational numbers.
4. Integers
All numbers ( negative as well as positive) are called
integers.
For example:- -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3.
5. Natural Numbers
Counting numbers are called natural numbers.
For example:- 1, 2, 3, ……..
6. Whole Numbers
Zero along with all natural are together called whole
numbers.
For example:- 0, 1, 2, …..
7. Even Numbers
Natural numbers which are divisible by 2 are called
even numbers.
For example:- 2, 4, 6, 8, ……
8. Odd Numbers
Natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are
called odd numbers.
For example:- 1, 3, 5, 7, …….
9. Prime Numbers
A number is prime if it has only two factors i.e. 1 and
the number itself.
For example:- 2, 3, 5, 7, ……
10. Composite Numbers
A number which have more than two factors are
called composite numbers.
For example:- 4, 6, 8, 9, ……
*Remember this:-
- All natural numbers are whole numbers.
- All whole numbers are integers.
- All integers are rational Numbers.
- All rational numbers are real numbers.

HCF of two numbers = Product of the smallest power

of each common factor in the numbers.

HCF of 30, 45 = 3 X 5 [30 = 2 X 3 X 5 ; 45 = 32 X 5]

LCM of two numbers = Product of the greatest power

of each prime factor involved in the numbers.

LCM of 30, 45 = 2 X 32 X 5 = 90

* Product of HCF and LCM of two numbers = Product

of the two numbers.
HCF (a, b) X LCM (a, b) = a X b

*But product of HCF and LCM of three numbers is not

equal to the product of the two numbers.
HCF (a, b, c) X LCM (a, b, c) ≠ a X b X c
 Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths Ch – 2 Polynomials
Class - X
“Polynomial” comes from the word ‘Poly’ (Meaning
Many) and ‘nomial’ (in this case meaning Term)-so it
means many terms.
1. x is a variable and a0, a₁ …….,an be real numbers n
is a positive integer, then f(x) = ao+ a₁ x + a2x2+
…….. an xn is a polynomial in the variable x.
2. The exponent of the highest degree term is called
degree of the polynomial.
3. Constant Polynomial : f(x) = a [a is a constant]
Linear Polynomial : f(x) = ax+b [a ≠ 0]
Quadratic Polynomial : f(x) = ax2+bx+c [a ≠ 0]
Cubic Polynomial : f(x) = ax3+bx2+cx+d [a ≠ 0]
4. Geometrically, the zeroes of the polynomial f(x)
are the x coordinates of the points where the
graph y = f(x) intersects the x axis.
y

B
x x
A

y
y = ax+b y = ax2+bx+c
5. A real number ‘a’ is a zero of the polynomial f(x) if
f(a) = 0.
6. A polynomial of degree ‘n’ can have at most ‘n’
real zeroes.
7. If α and ß are the zeroes of the quadratic
polynomial f(x) = ax2+bx+c, then :-
−𝒃
Sum of the zeroes = α+ß = ;
𝒂
𝒄
Product of the zeroes = α X ß =
𝒂
• Given the sum of the zeroes and the product of the
zeroes, the quadratic polynomial is
k[x2-x (sum of the zeroes) + (product of the zeroes)] ;
K[x2-x (α+ß) + α X ß]
• If α and ß are given/known, then
α2+ß2 = (α+ß)2 – 2αß
α3+ß3 = (α+ß)3 – 3αß(α+ß)
α4+ß4 = (α2+ß2)2 – 2(αß)2

▪ Identities
• (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
• (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2
• (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + x(a + b) + ab
• (x + a)(x - b) = x2 + x(a - b) - ab

• (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

• (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
• (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2b+ 3ab2 − b3
• (a)3 + (b)3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2)
• (a)3 − (b)3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2)
• (a)3 + (b)3 + (c)3 − 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 −
ab − bc−ca)
 Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths
Ch-3 Pair of linear Equations in Two Variables
Class - X
An equation in the form of ax + by + c, where a ≠ 0, b
≠ 0, a, b and c are real numbers is called a linear
equation in two variables.
• A pair of linear equation in two variable x, y is :-
a1x + b1y = 0
a2x + b2y = 0
• Graphically the two straight lines are a1x + b1x +
c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2x + c2 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1
a) Intersecting lines if
𝑎2
≠𝑏
2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
b) Parallel lines if = ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
c) Coincident lines if 1 = 1 = 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
• a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y = 0 The two lines
are,
a) Consistent and have unique solution, if :-
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2
≠ 𝑏2
b) Consistent and have infinite number of solutions,
if :-
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
c) Inconsistent and have no solution, if :-
𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐1
= 1 ≠
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
• Points to remember
i. x = 0 is the equation of y axis and y=0 is the
equation of x axis.
ii. x = (some constant) a represents a line parallel to
y axis
iii. y = b (some constant) represents a line parallel to
x axis
iv. Distance travelled = speed X time
v. In equations consisting of sum or difference of
the digits and reversing the digits, if the unit digit
is x and the tenth digit is y the number should be
taken as 10y + x.

❖Method to solve a linear equation are graphical

method and algebraic method which includes
Elimination method and substitution method.

• Consider the two linear equations

49x + 51y = 499 and 51x + 49y = 501
In such cases, add the two equations, simplify ;
subtract the two equations, simplify.
(An easy method to solve).
Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths Ch – 4 Quadratic Equations
Class - X
The polynomial equation whose highest degree is 2 is
called a quadratic equation.
For example :- x2 - 6x + 4 = 0 ; 2x2 – 7x =0

Standard form of a quadratic equation :-

ax2 + bx + c = 0 [a, b, c are real numbers and
x is unknown variable.]
A real number α is called a root of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx +c = 0 if α satisfies the quadratic equation.
If aα2 + bα + c = 0 ; x = α is a solution of the quadratic
equation.
Solving a quadratic equation by Factorisation method:
If the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is factorizable into
a product of two linear factors, then the roots of the
quadratic equation can be found by equating each linear
factor to ‘0’.

Solving a quadratic equation by formula :

The Real roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
given by :-
−𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙= ; b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
𝟐𝒂
Nature of the roots of the Quadratic equation depend
upon D = b2 – 4ac, which is the discriminant.
The quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
has :-
i. Two distinct real roots, if b2 – 4ac > 0.
ii. Two real and equal roots (coincident
roots), if b2 – 4ac = 0.
iii. No real roots, if b2 – 4ac < 0.
 Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths Ch – 5 Arithmetic Progressions
Class - X
A series of numbers that decreases or
increases by the same amount each time is
called an Arithmetic Progression.
For example :- 2, 4, 6, 8…….. , 22
• Difference between any two consecutive
terms is same which is called the common
difference ‘d’ which can be positive or
negative.
• A general A.P. is :-
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d …… [a = first term
d = common
difference]
• The nth term of an A.P. with ‘a’ as the first
term and ‘d’ as the common difference
then :-
an = a + (n – 1)d
*The ‘a’ as well as the ‘d’ can also be found
using the same formula by putting the values
given.
• The sum to ‘n’ term of an A.P. is denoted
as Sn.
𝒏
Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
𝟐
or
𝒏
Sn = [a + l] [l = last term]
𝟐
• Sum of the first ‘n’ natural numbers =
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + …………… + n =
𝟐
• Sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers =
1 + 3 + 5 + ………….. + (2n – 1) = n2
• Sum of first ‘n’ even natural numbers =
2 + 4 + 6 + …………. + 2n = n(n+1)
▪S1 = a1
▪S2 = a1 + a2
▪S3 = a1 + a2 + a3
and so on.
 Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths Theorems
Class - X
1. Triangles
i. Thales Theorem/Basic Proportionality Theorem
(BPT)
In a triangle a line drawn parallel to any side of the triangle to
intersect the other two sides, divides the two sides in equal
ratios.

Given – In Triangle ABC BC ∥ 𝐷𝐸

A
To Prove -
𝐴𝐷
=
𝐴𝐸 G M
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸
Construction – Join B to E
D E
Draw EG ⊥ 𝐴𝐵
Join C to D
Draw DM ⊥ AC
𝟏 B C
𝒂(△𝑨𝑫𝑬) 𝟐
×𝑨𝑫×𝑬𝑮 𝑨𝑫
Proof - = 𝟏 = ... 𝟏
𝒂(△𝑩𝑫𝑬) ×𝑩𝑫×𝑬𝑮 𝑩𝑫
𝟐
𝟏
𝒂(△𝑨𝑫𝑬) 𝟐
×𝑨𝑬×𝑬𝑮 𝑨𝑬
= 𝟏 = .... 2
𝒂(△𝑪𝑫𝑬) ×𝑪𝑬×𝑬𝑮 𝑪𝑬
𝟐
𝒂(△ 𝑩𝑫𝑬) = 𝒂 △ 𝑪𝑫𝑬 .... 3
Both the triangles lie on the dame base i.e.
DE and also between same parallel lines i.e. BC and DE.
∴ From equation 1, 2 and 3
𝑨𝑫 𝑨𝑬
=
𝑩𝑫 𝑪𝑬
2. Circles
i. Length of Tangent (LOT)
The length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a
circle are equal.
Given – In a circle c(o,r), PA and PB are tangents A
drawn to the circle.
To prove – PA = PB
Construction – Join AO, BO P O
and PO
Proof – In ∆𝑂𝐴𝑃 and ∆𝑂𝐵𝑃 B
OA = OB (Radii of the same circle)
PO = PO ( Common)
∠𝑶𝑨𝑷 = ∠𝑶𝑩𝑷 (Each 90°)
Thus ∆OAP ≅ ∆OBP (RHS Criteria)
∴ PA = PB (CPCT)
ii. Perpendicular of Tangent (POT)
The tangent to the circle at any point is perpendicular to the
radius of the circle that passes through the point of contact.

Given – In a circle c(o,r), l is the

tangent drawn to a circle. O
To prove – OA ⊥ l
Construction – P and Q are points on
tangent, join OP and OQ. S R
Q A P
l
Proof – OR + RP = OP
OR < OP (Part is lesser than whole)
OA < OP …. 1 (OA = OR, Radii of same circle)
Similarly, OS + OQ = OQ
OS < OQ (Part is lesser than the whole)
OA < OQ …. 2 (OA = OS, Radii of the same circle)

∴ From eq. 1 and eq. 2 we can say that OA id the shortest

distance between O and l. We know that the shortest distance
is the perpendicular distance.
Hence, OA ⊥ l
Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths Ch – 7 Coordinate Geometry
Class - X
➢ Coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry is
defined as the study of geometry using the
coordinate points.
• A two-dimensional coordinate plane, which is
formed by the intersection of the x-axis and y-axis.
The x-axis and y-axis intersect perpendicular to
each other at the point called the origin.
1. The distance of a point from y axis is called the x
coordinate or abscissa.
2. The distance of a point from x axis is called the y
coordinate or ordinate.
3. Any point on the x axis will be of the form (x , 0).
4. Any point on the y axis will be of the form (0 , y).
5. Distance of point P(x , y) from the x-axis is y units.
6. Distance of point P(x , y) from the y-axis is x units.

❑ Distance Formula
Distance AB = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟐

[ A is (x1 , y1) and B is (x2 , y2) ]

▪ Distance of a point A(x , y) from the origin O :-
OA = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
• Three points A, B, C, are collinear if the sum of the
distances between two pairs of points = the
distance between the third pair.
PQ + QR = PR ; P, Q, R, are collinear points.
PQ + QR ≠ PR ; P, Q, R, are non - collinear points.
❑ Section Formula :
i. Internal Division:
P(x , y) divides the line joining A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2)
in the ratio m1 : m2 internally.
𝒎𝟐 × 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 ×𝒙𝟐 𝒎𝟐 × 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒚𝟐
(x , y) = ( , )
𝒎𝟏+𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏+𝒎𝟐
ii. External Division :
P(x , y) divides the line joining A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2)
in the ratio m1 : m2 externally.
𝒎𝟐 × 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒎𝟏 ×𝒙𝟐 𝒎𝟐 × 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒚𝟐
(x , y) = ( , )
𝒎𝟏−𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏−𝒎𝟐
❑ Mid – Point Formula :
If P(x , y) is the midpoint of the line joining A ( x1 ,y1)
and B (x2 , y2), then :-
(𝒙𝟏+𝒙𝟐) (𝒚𝟏+𝒚𝟐)
P(x , y) =[ 𝟐
,
𝟐
]

• Points of Trisection : The points which divide the line

joining A and B in the ratio 2:1 and 1:2 are called
points of Trisection.
• To prove tha a quadrilateral is a parallelogram,
(vertices already given) prove that the mid point of
both diagonals are same. Use the same concept to
find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram if three
vertices are given.
• To prove that the quadrilateral is a rectangle,
(Vertices already given) prove that the opposite side
are equal and the two diagonals are equal.
• To prove that the quadrilateral is a rhombus,
(vertices already given) prove that all four sides are
equal. [Diagonals are unequal].
• To prove that the quadrilateral is a square, (vertices
already given) prove that the four sides are equal
and the two diagonals are equal
 Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths
Ch –8 Introduction To Trigonometry
Class - X
The type of mathematics that deals with the
relationship between the sides and angles of triangle is
called Trigonometry.
P
▪ Trigonometric Ratios :
In right triangle PQR,
∠Q = 90°
Side QR is opposite to ∠P which is
the hypotenuse. θ
Let ∠R = θ
QR is the adjacent and PQ is the oppositeQ side. R
The six trigonometric ratios are explained below.
𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑷𝑸
i. Sin 𝜽 = =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝑹
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑸𝑹
ii. Cos 𝛉 = =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝑹
𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑷𝑸
iii. Tan 𝛉 = =
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑸𝑹
𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑷𝑸
iv. Cosec 𝜽= =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝑹
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑸𝑹
v. S𝐞𝐜𝛉 = =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝑹
𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑷𝑸
vi. Cot 𝛉 = =
𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑸𝑹
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Sin 𝜽 = ; Cos 𝜽 = ; Cosec 𝜽 =
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝑺𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽
❑ Tan 𝜽 = ; Cot 𝜽 =
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽
▪ Values of Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles :

➢ Pythagoras Theorem (only right angle) : A

𝑩𝟐 + 𝑷𝟐 = 𝑯𝟐

H = Height
B = Base
P = Perpendicular C B
➢ Trigonometric Identities :
1. Sin2 𝜽 + Cos2 𝜽 = 1
a) 1 – Cos2 𝜃 = Sin2 𝜃
b) 1 – Sin2 𝜃 = Cos2 𝜃
2. Sec2 𝜽 - Tan2 𝜽 = 1
a) 1 + Tan2 𝜃 = Sec2 𝜃
b) Sec2 𝜃 − 1 = Tan2 𝜃
3. Cosec2 𝜽 - Cot2 𝜽 = 1
a) 1 + Cot2 𝜃 = Cosec2 𝜃
b) Cot2 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 - 1
 Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths
Ch – 9 Some Applications of Trigonometry
Class - X
Tree
Angle of Elevation

Lamp-post
Point of observation

Flag

𝜃
Statue on pedestal

Point of observation

Hoarding 𝜃
Angle of Depression
Height of Tower

Kite
ground
Height of kite from

𝜃
 Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec Public School
Subject – Maths Ch – 13 Statistics
Class – X By – Yash Pathak
Statistics is a branch of Mathematics which deals
with the collection, classification, and
representation of any kind of data to ease the
analysis and understanding. Various forms of data
representations in the statistics up to the 10th level
include bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, and
frequency polygon.

It includes the following things:

1.Mean (Grouped Data) : It is a point in a data set
that is the average of all the data points we have in
a set.

i. Direct Mean Method [Note: Frequency of a

class is centered at its
mid-point called
class mark.(Upper
Class limit +Lower
Class Limit/2]
ii. Assumed Mean Method [a = Assumed Mean;
di = (xi – a)]
iii. Step Deviation Method
𝑋𝑖 −𝑎
[ui = ]
ℎ

2.Mode (Grouped Data) : It is the value which

occurs most frequently in a set of observations.

l = lower limit of modal class

 f0 = Frequency of the class preceding the
modal class
f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the
modal class h = size of the modal class

3.Median(Grouped Data): : The middle number;

found by ordering all data points and picking out
the one in the middle (or if there are two middle
numbers, taking the mean of those two numbers).

l = Lower limit of median class

n = Number of observations or Σfi
f = cumulative frequency of the preceding
class h = size of median class
*For finding median, class interval should be
continuous. If it is like 12-13, 14-15, 16-18 we may
make it 11.5-13.5, 13.5-15.5, 15.5-18.5 (by
subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit and adding 0.5
to the upper limit.

- In some cases, less than 15 or less than 20 etc. is

given instead of class intervals. In such cases proper
tables with class interval and frequency must be
prepared.

- There is a term called Empirical Relationship

between Mean, Median and Mode which can be
used to find solution of minor questions involved in
MCQs.
Empirical Relationship between Mean, Mode and
Median : 3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Shanti Gyan Niketan Sr. Sec. Public School
Subject – Maths Ch – 14 Probability
Class - X

Probability is the the chance that an event will or will

not occur is expressed on a scale ranging from 0-1.
Probability of an event A is denoted by P(A).

𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒏(𝑨)

P(A) = =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒏(𝑺)
*(S is called the sample space)

❑ Tossing a coin :
A) When a coin is tossed once, S = {H , T} n(S) = 2
B) When a coin is tossed twice or two coins are
tossed once,
S = {(H , H), (H , T), (T , H), (T , T)} n(S) = 22 = 4
C) When a coin is tossed thrice or three coins are
tossed once
S = {(H,H,H) , (H,H,T) , (H,T,H) , (H,T,T) , (T,T,H),
(T,H,T) , (T,H,H) , (T,T,T)} n(S) = 23 = 8
*In general if a coin is tossed ‘n’ times or ‘n’ coins are
tossed once, n(S) = 2n

❑ Throwing a Dice :
A) When a dice is thrown once, S = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
B) When a pair of dice are thrown or a dice is thrown
 (1 , 1) , (1 , 2) _ _ _ _ _ _ (6 , 6)
(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) _ _ _ _ _ _ (6 , 6)
(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) _ _ _ _ _ _ (6 , 6)
S= (1 , 1) , (1 , 2) _ _ _ _ _ _ (6 , 6)
(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) _ _ _ _ _ _ (6 , 6)
(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) _ _ _ _ _ _ (6 , 6)

[ n (S) = 62 = 36 ]
C) When three dices are thrown or a dice is thrown
thrice, n (S) = 63 = 216

❑Playing Cards :
▪ Total no. of cards in a deck = 52
▪ No. of red cards = 26
▪ No. of black card = 26
▪ No. of cards in each suit = 13
▪ No. of face cards = 12
*P(A) is the probability of event A not happening.
P(A) + P(A) = 1 ; P(A) = 1 – P(A) [A and A are
complementary events]
*Probability of a sure event is 1.
*Probability of an impossible event is 0.
0≤𝑃 ≤1
*The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes
(elementary events of an experiment is 1.
*At least means ≥ (greater than or equal to)
*At most means ≤ (lesser than or equal to)