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    Guidelines For The Design of Foul-Water Sewers

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    eThekwini Municipality

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    Guidelines For The Design of Foul-Water Sewers

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    loots69
    67 views41 pages
    eThekwini Municipality

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    Guidelines for the Design of Foul-Water Sewers

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    eThekwini Municipality

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    Download as pdf
    67 views41 pages

    Guidelines For The Design of Foul-Water Sewers

    Uploaded by

    loots69
    eThekwini Municipality

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    WAY/Jal/22096 (66) CITY ENGINEER'S DEPARTMENT CITY OF DURBAN DESIGN MANUAL PART 1 GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF FOUL-WATER SEWERS MAY 1987 PART 1 GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF FOUL-WATER SEWERS CONTENTS PAGE_NUNBER: INTRODUCTION 1 QUANTITY OF SEWAGE 1 2.1 General 1 2,2 Special residential sites 1 2.3 General residential sites 2 2.4 Church sites 2 2.5 Schools, conmunity centres etc., 2 2.6 Office blocks 2 2.7 Industrial sites 2 2.8 Peak factors 2 2.9 Infiltration 3 2.10 Design Flow 3 2.11 Ultimate design Flow 3 DESIGN CRITERIA 1 Layout 2 Pipe diameter and gradient 3 Roughness factor 4 Minimum velocity 5 Minimum diameter 6 Minimum gradient 7 Maximum gradients and velocities 8 Energy losses in large flat grade sewers 9 Materials 10 Anchor blocks Vi Curved alignment +12 Servitudes Layout of sewers in servitudes 14 Layout of sewers in road reserves <15 Nanholes +16 Manhole covers +17 Benching in manholes +18 Minimum cover +19 Bedding +20 Haunching +21 Encasement +22 Strength of pipes -23 Corrosion +24 Depth of sewer SSSS50 eComMMaV WN AMMUHEAS Ee -25 Non-gravity systems u SUPPORTING SPECIFICATIONS u APPENDICES Appendix 1 : Flow of water in circular Pipes running full from Manning's formula. MAY 1987 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appenxix Appendix Appendix Appendix a ae Hydraulic elements of circular section by Kutter's formula, Graph of maximum grades allowable for fibre-reinforced cement, earthenware and concrete sewers. Details of anchor blacks. Recommended layout of services in 9,5 m road reserve. Recommended layout of services in 12 m road reserve. Recommended layout of services in 16 m road reserve. Recommended layout of services in 19 m road reserve. Protection of pipes at reduced depths of cover. Pipe bedding details. Proof load of concrete non-pressure pipes. Crushing load of fibre cement pipes. Elements in the design of depth of sewers to accommodate house connections. MAY 1987 24 2.2 GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF FOUL-WATER SEWERS wrRopucTIoN These guidelines are applicable to the design of general sewer reticulations only. Special considerations and design criteria must be adopted in- connection. with~trunk- sewers i.e. sewers of -300 mn diameter or over although some information relating to such sewers has been included in these guidelines, and also to sewers laid in unstable ground or in flood plains and in all such cases reference should be made to the Section Head for guidance. Similarly, it may be necessary in the design of a sewerage scheme for special measures to he taken with regard to cathodic protection of steel or cast-iron pipes, aggressive sub-soil conditions, rail crossings and other aspects not normally encountered in the type of sewer reticulation provided throughout the City, and again reference should be made to the Section Head. Certain basic guidelines applicable to non-gravity systems e.g. rising mains, are included and detailed information on pump stations can be found in the Departmental "Guide Notes for the Installation of Sewage Pumping Stations." It should be noted that in this part of the Design Manual, “sewer” means "foul-water sewer* only. QUANTITY OF SEWAGE General The quantity of sewage generated in any catchment area is determined by the number of residents that can be expected in the area when it has been fully developed and land usage. Reference should be made to the Town Planning ‘Schemes and where the area is large or the land use not clearly defined, the Town Planning Branch should be consulted for population and use forecasts. Special Residential Sites The following flow rates will usually apply to special residential sites: [J ap Income Group | Average daily flow per | velling unit Va I | ! | [rh Higher | 1 000 | Middle/Lower | 750 | 1 I In certain areas of the City the number of persons per dwelling unit is known to be higher than normally accepted and further information should be obtained from the Town Planning Research Section. Where higher occupancy than normal is anticipated then 1 300 I/day per dwelling unit is to be taken for higher and 1 000 I/day per dwelling unit for middle/lower income groups. | | | I I | | I q) MAY 1987 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 27 2,8 General Residential Sites General residential sites are divided into five different zones and may vary from private dwellings to muiti-storey flats and hotels. Reference should be made to the Development Control Section for the maximum number of units permitted on each site within the zone and an average daily flow of 500.1/d for each unit should be used. Church Sites A church site shall be treated as a special residential site. Schools, Community Centres etc. The discharge from day schools, community centres and similar types of buildings having a predoinately day-time usage, need not_be taken into account as the relatively minor flows generated do not peak at the sane time as the main residential peak. Office Blocks Office blocks may house one person per 15 m@ of floor area and an average flow rate of 75 l/person/day should be used for design Purposes. In the absence of information required for more detailed calculations of flow rates, an average flow of 15 000 I/day/ha of property area should be used. Industrial Sites If specific information on the type and quantity of sewage generated by industrial sites is not available, the following rates should be used: light industry - 20 000 1/day/ha of property area; general and heavy industry - 45 000 1/day/ha of property area Peak Factors (P.F.) Sewage generation is not distributed uniformly over a 24 hour period and “allowance must be made for peak flows. for areas that are predominately industrial or business in character, special consideration must be given to peak flows that may arise because of the specific activity being undertaken but generally the following peak factors are recommended for industrial areas: Vight industry - 4,0; general and heavy industry - 2,5. The following graph should be used for residential areas and also for other areas by assessing the population served based on an average daily flow rate of 200 I/day per person: (2) MAY 1987 PEAK FACTOR 2.9 2.10 7 | 2,75 + 25 2,25 T [ 2,0 1,75 1,80 1s + 1,25 1,0 115 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 POPULATION SERVED - 000's Anfiltration aE 5 persons per subdivision) An allowance of 15% of peak flow should be made for ground and surface water infiltration into sewers. Design Flow The design flow peak flow rate + infiltration (Ax PE) + (0.15 x Ax PF.) (24x60KEO { ZaXB0x60 ) = 115A x P.F 1/sec/dwelling unit Be 400 where P.F = peak factor, and A= average daily flow per dwelling unit in 1/day 1 000. As an example, for populations up to 1500, P.F = 2,5 and design flow = 1,15xAx2,5 = __A__ 1/sec/dwelling unit 30 000 which for the higher income group is 0,0333 1/sec/dwelling unit. Ultimate Design Flow Reserve capacity should be provided to allow for future increases in sewage generation and to achieve this, a reserve factor of 1,5 should be adopted, i.e. ultimate design flow at full pipe flow = 1,5 x design flows ~". for the higher income groups ultimate design flow = 1,5 x 0,0333 = 0,05 1/sec/dwelling units. (3) MAY 1987 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM Layout The most effective preliminary layout to serve all sites in the catchment area should be plotted on orthophoto maps to a scale of 1:2000. Tentative location of pipelines and manholes is then made on cadastral plans to a scale of 1:500 in the central area and 1:1000 elsewhere in the City, on which have been plotted relevant topographical information and all existing services. The tentative locations are usually confirmed by field inspection which often involves the placing and levelling of pegs at each manhole and obtaining ground levels at critical points between manholes. A longitudinal section can then be prepared (usual scale 1:500 horizontal, i:50 vertical) and pipe diameters, gradients and other details finally determined. Pipe Diameter and Gradient Having. calculated the ultimate flow for a given pipeline, the required pipe diameter and gradient can be determined by using the nomogram, Appendix 1. For partial flows, velocities and depths can be obtained from Appendix 2 which records the hydraulic elements of circular sewers. Example Using an ultimate design flow of 0,120 m3/s and using 0,012 for "n" in Manning's Formula, (i) if a gradient of 1 in 50 is available (5=0,020), 2 300 mm pipe with capacity of 0,15 m3/s at V=2,1 m/s should be used; (4i) if however, the gradjent is 1 in 100, a 300 mm pipe will not suffice as_Q=0,105 m3/s only and a 375 mm pipe with a capacity of 0,19 m/s at V=1,7 m/s should be selected. The ultimate design flow the pipe will be 0,120 = 63% of capacity and the T1950 velocity will be 1,06 x 1,7 = 1,82 m/s from Appendix 2. Roughness Factor There are a number of published values of the roughness factor for various materials but most pipes tend to deteriorate with time and suffer from slime formation and this Department now accepts a value of 0,012 in the Manning Formula for the design of sewers. For trunk sewers, use of a different value of "n" may be warranted in some cases and guidance should be obtained from the Section Head. Minimum Velocity To prevent solids settling out of the flow and to ensure that pipes (4) MAY 1987 3.5 3.6 are self cleaning, the design flow should have a minimum velocity of 0,66 m/sec. At the head of a sewer, it is usually impossible to achieve this minimum velocity due to the low flows being generated and under such circumstances, the minimum gradient for a 150 mm diameter sewer shall be 1:100 which should be maintained until an ultimate design flow of 0,3 I/sec is achieved. This minimum gradient may be relaxed to 1:120 until the ultimate design flow increases to 1,0 I/sec after which the criteria in para 3.6 shall apply. The Section Head should be consulted if a grade results in excessively deep sewers further down the line. Minimum Diameter The minimum diameter of pipe to be used shall be 150 mm. Minimum Gradient Pipelines should generally be designed to follow the slope of the ground provided that a minimum velocity of 0,66 m/sec is maintained. The minimum permissible grades for various pipe diameters which will also meet the criteria for minimum velocity. are as folloxs: T T T | | Diameter | Minimum Gradient | Maximum Desirable | I (nm) | Vin | Gradient 1 in| I | | (Appendix 3) | ' 150 T 00 T TO 1 | 200 | 300 I 15 ! | 225 * | 350 | v7 | | 250 1 400 | 20 1 300 I 500 I 24 1 375 | 600 | 33 | | 450 | 800 | 42 I 1 525 | 1000 | 51 1 \ 600 | 1300 \ 63 ! | * Non preferred size. Should circumstances require flatter grades and lower velocities, consideration should be given to - (i) ‘increasing the gradient by increasing the depth of excavation downstream; (i) using a larger diameter.pipe; (iii) finding an alternative routes Gv) providing a pumping station if no other alternative is acceptable. In this case, the matter should be referred to the Hydraulics Branch for advice. Each of these alternatives should be investigated with regard to topography, cost and the quantity of flow in the sewer. (5) MAY 1987 3.7 3.8 3.9 Maximum Gradients and Velocities The maximum desirable and permissible grades for concrete, earthenware or fibre-cement sewers can be obtained from Appendix 3 and are summarised in the table above. To prevent harmful..erosion of concrete, earthenware. or fibre-cement sewers, the maximum desirable velocity should not exceed 3 m/sec. Energy Losses in Large Flat Grade Sewers hen designing sewers having a diameter of 300 nm or over, and when the velocity is below 0.9 m/sec or where sudden reductions in gradients occur, account should be taken of energy losses at bends, transitions and junctions and in such case the Section Head should be consulted for guidance. Materials The types of pipes and the conditions under which each can be used in non-pressure reticulation systems are detailed below: (a) grades flatter than 1 in 5 - (i) 150 nm diameter : heavy duty U.P.V.C. (S.A.B.S. 791), or ‘vitrified clay pipes (5.A.B.S. 559), or fibre cement pipes (S.A.B.S. 819)5 Gi) over 150 nm 1 vitrified clay pipes or fibre diameter but not reinforced cement pipes; exceeding 300 am (iii) over 300 om HAC concrete pipes (S.A.8.S. 677) or diameter : fibre cement pipes up to and including 600 mm diameter only where the retention time of the sewage is Tess than 4 hours or there is no possibility of high B.0.0. Toading. NOTE: Where grades flatter than 1:100 are required in poor and waterlogged subsoil conditions the Section Head should be consulted concerning use of U.P.¥.C. or other types of flexible pipes. (b) grades steeper than 1 in 5 - (i) up to and : heavy duty U.PAV.C, (S.A.B.S. 791)5 including 300 am diameter (ii) over 300 mm : polypropylene; diameter (6) MAY 1987 3.13 (iii) for sewers : grade A steel pipes (S.A.B.S. 719 spanning streams, and 1178) lined and coated to guities or laid $.A.8.S. 1178 or with an approved in swampy ground corrosion protective system or, if conditions underground polypropylene pipes may be used. N.B. Steel pipes should ~ - have—an—additional—sacr ifical—plate thickness over and above the minimum wall thickness specified in S.A.B.S. 1200L~1983 Medium Pressure Pipelines. Anchor Blocks No anchor blocks are required when heavy-duty U.P.V.C. pipes are laid at steep gradients. If pipes of other materials are used, 20 mPa concrete anchor blocks to details shown in Appendix 4 should be provided as follows:- ! 1 {Grade 1 in | Spacing for 4 m Pipe Lengths (F.R.C.) | [eo | 5 | alternate joints 1 | 8 | every 3rd joint | a ‘ 8 every 4th joint 1 3 | | ! | | i 10 \ every Sth joint Curved Alignment In normal circumstances straight alignment between manholes should be used, but curvilinear horizontal alignment is acceptable subject to the following limitations: (a) the minimum radius of curvature is 60 m; (>) curvilinear alignment is used only when approved flexible joints or pipes are used. Servitudes The width of S and D servitudes is dependant upon the diameters of dependent pipes to be laid within the servitude area and should not be less than 3 m. However this width can be reduced at the discretion of the Section Head. Layout of Sewers in Servitudes Sewers in servitudes should be positioned as follows: in 3 m servitudes - 1,0 m from the boundary nearest to the anticipated point of connection; in 2m servitudes - in the centre of the servitude. (7) MAY 1987 3.17 Layout of Sewers in Road Reserves Recommended layouts of services in road reserves are shown in Appendixes 5, 6, 7 and 8. In existing roads already containing services, the sewer should be laid in the verge at least 1 m clear in a horizontal direction from the water main. Manholes Wherever possible, manholes should be located and designed so that the cover is above the 50 year flood level. Manholes should be placed at every change in horizontal and vertical alignment or at a maximum spacing of 100m for pipes up to and including 900 mm diameter. Manholes may be constructed using 1 000 mm internal diameter class A precast concrete ring units in accordance with S.A.B.S. 1 294, to a maximum depth of 5 m for pipes up to 375 mm diameter where a junction occurs and up to 600 mm with no junction. For manholes deeper than 5m and for those on trunk sewers having a diameter over 600 mm, a specialised design is usually necessary. Provision is to be made for a landing in all manholes deeper than § m in compliance with the requirements of the Machinery and Occupational Safety Act 1983, a copy of which is available in the Technical Library. If there is a difference of 1 m or more between the invert level of an incoming sewer and an outgoing sewer, a drop manhole should be used. Details of standard manholes and of shallow drop and deep drop manholes are shown on drawing No. 21701A. Step irons are considered unnecessary and should not be provided. Manhole Covers Where manholes occur in roadways, standard 0.C. heavy duty cast iron covers and frames in accordance with S.A.8.S. 558 Type 2A as shown on drawing No. OMW 128) should be used. Heavy duty precast concrete covers should be provided in verges and wherever vehicular traffic may be expected other than in roadways. In all other cases light duty precast concrete covers are acceptable. Details of light duty and heavy duty precast concrete covers are shown on drawing OMG 1254 sheets 29 and 32 respectively. Where manhole covers are to be sloped to suit road gradients, they should be laid on shaped brickwork or in-situ concrete. Benching in Manholes The area of benching to be provided in each manhole should be such that it will enable a man to stand easily, comfortably and without danger to himself while working in the manhole. Benching should be laid at a grade not steeper than 1 in 5 or flatter than 1 in 25 and should be “battered back equally from each side of the manhole channels. The benching should provide a completely smooth transition from incoming to outgoing pipe and if this transition is constructed properly, no invert drop is necessary across a manhole for small sewers. (8) MAY 1987 3.18 3.19 Minimum Cover (i) The minimum allowable depth of cover to the outside of the barrel of the pipe for sewers is as follows: (a) in servitudes 800 mm (b) in sidewalks 7,0 metre below ~ final kerb level (c) in carriageways 1,2 metre below final constructed road level (44) If the required depth of cover cannot be achieved by importing additional material and a lesser depth of cover is unavoidable, the pipe should be protected from damage, at the discretion of the Section Head, by means of - (a) the placement of cast-in-situ or precast concrete slab(s) over the pipe, isolated from the pipe crown by a soi] cushion of 100 mm minimum thickness. The protecting slab(s) should be wide enough and so designed to prevent excessive superimposed loads being transferred directly to the pipe (see Appendix 9); (b) the use of structurally stronger pipes able to withstand superimposed loads at the depth concerned e.g. spun iron or steel; Only in exceptional circumstances should pipes be encased in concrete and any encasement should be made discontinuous at pipe joints to maintain joint flexibility. Where the depth of cover in roadways or footways and verges is less than 600 mm or where the depth of cover in servitudes is léss than 300 mm, protection of the pipe from damage must be provided. Bedding, Bedding shall generally be in accordance with the requirements of Departmental Specification Part "DB" : Earthworks for Pipe Trenches. In ground conditions that normally occur for sewers up to 250 nm diameter laid in residential areas, design considerations for pipe strength and increased bedding factors can be disregarded and Standard rigid pipes are laid on Class C beds unless special conditions warrant the greater support given by haunching. The various bedding classes for rigid pipes and the type of bedding required for flexible pipes are shown in Appendix 10. In saturated ground, steps should be taken to provide adequate drainage in trenches and a layer of stone (9,5 mm size for small pipes and 19 mm for large pipes) at least 150mm is: placed under the pipe in such cases. A cut-off drain placed at the seepage side of the trench bottom and connected to a stormwater sewer may be necessary. Site conditions may warrant filter fabric being placed between in-situ material at the trench bottom and the stone mat. (9) MAY 1987 3.20 Haunching Sewers shall be haunched where ground conditions are very poor and normal bedding methods are unlikely to provide the necessary Stability to the pipes. It is sometimes used on large concrete pipes where sone erosion or corrosion of the invert is anticipated due to “the nature of the sewage. Since sewer lines are constructed with a degree of Flexibitity at the joints, transverse gaps must be left-at all pipes joints. 3.21 Encasement Although the encasement of pipes is not recommended, in special Cireungtances where it is impossible to provide the minimum required Cover under roads or as protection from damage, reinforced concrete encasement may de permitted provided it is made discontinuous at each joint. "SABS Code of Practice for the Structural Design and Installation of Precast Concrete Pipelines - 0102/1968" states that the method of strengthening large concrete pipes by surrounding them in concrete is Unreliable and could lead to failures in service, e.g. bad structural design, faulty joints etc. Thus, this method should only be used as a last resort, and after consultation with the Section Head. 3,22 Strength of Pipes The proof loads for reinforced concrete pipes are given in Appendix 11 and the crushing load of fibre cement pipes is given in Appendix 12, Vitrified clay pipes should be able to withstand an ultimate load of 45 kN/m of bearing surface. 3.23 Corrosion To reduce the likelihood of sewers being affected by corrosion, any obstruction in the flow of solids and the creation of any turbulance, should be avoided. Connections carrying strong flows should enter a sewer having a lesser flow from above and in the direction of flow and should enter a manhole at a level to ensure a drop of 150 am. Where corrosive conditions are expected to occur i.e. retention times jn excess of 4 hours, discharge from a rising main or from factories with high 8.0.0. effluent, reference should be made to the Section Head regarding the type of pipe to be used and any other precautions that may be necessary- 3.24 Depth of Sewer In determining the depth at which a sewer should be laid to ensure that it can service sites, the fall required from ground level at the head of the drain to the invert of the sewer at the point where the connection joins the sewer should be taken as the sum of the following components: a) the minimum cover at the head of the house drain of 300 mm plus }80 mm for the external dianeter of the house drain, yee. 450 am; (10) MAY 1987 3.25 (ii) the fall required over the length of the house drain and the connecting sewer assuming a minimum grade of 1 in 50 and taking into account the configuration of the site, the probable route and location of the site and that the full width of a road reserve area may ultimately be developed; and (iii) ‘the diameter of the sewer. The above factors are illustrated in Appendix 13. In addition to the above, if the sewer is laid on one side of a road reserve and is required to accommodate a rider sewer or connections from properties on the gpposite side of the reserve, cognisance should be taken of the depth of any other services in the road reserve in determining the depth at which the sewer is to be laid. Non-gravity Systems In a rising main the minimum velocity of flow should be 0,7 m/s and ‘the maximum velocity of flow should be 2,5 m/s. The minimum pipe diameter should be 100 mm except where a macerator system is used in which case the diameter can be reduced to 75 mn. Wherever practicable, rising mains should be graded to avoid the use of air & scour valves. A stilling chamber should be provided at the head of a rising main and should be so designed that the liquid level always remains above the level of the soffit of the rising main where it enters the chamber. Stilling chambers should be ventilated. SUPPORTING SPECIFICATIONS References to the following standard specifications of the South African Bureau of Standards shall be deemed to be references to the latest issue of the relevant specifications: S.A.B.S. 558 Cast-iron surface boxes and inspection covers and frames; S.A.B.S. 559 Vitrified clay sewer pipes and fittings: S-A.B.S. 719 Electric welded low carbon steel pipes for aqueous fluids (ordinary duties;) S.A.B.S. 1178 Lined and coated steel pipes using bitumen or coal tar enamel S.A.B.S. 1200 LB. Civil Engineering Construction: Bedding (Pipes) 3 S.A.B.S.1294 Precast concrete manhole sections and slabs; S.A.B.S. 1200. Nedium pressure pipelines; al] as published by General Notice 463 dated 9 duly 1982 S.A.B.S. 677 Concrete non-pressure pipes as published by General Notice 1584 dated 1 August 1986 ¥, OY) MAY 1987 S.A.B.S. 791 Unplastered polyvinyl chloride (U.P.V.C.) sewer and drain pipes and pipe fittings; as published by General Notice 358 dated 20 February 1987 S.A.B.S. 819 Fibre-cement pipe, couplings and fittings for sewerage : “drainage” and low-pressure irrigation; as published by General Notice 2329 dated 18 October 1985. pagigne wee: | GeliouR Cigteh BEET ent MANNING FORMULA PIPE FLOW CHART METRIC UNITS 1800 teamed ons ae games te Een i aaenarPeen et fH gem tame veo RRR free ECl oconest ons o6 | 00 2 rt Boos tor: i z z ¥ 0.0020 + 070 ; E 00 Bowatos 08 © B confor 4 coosfos © o 00st ow 3 = owrpor 10 7 2005 coos fon 6 cooti0 & " I BET ” 0 coz +20 ne “4 cost a0 ee oot ao ‘ 100 oos+so or oosfeo v0 Sortie 18 oofee ar 0 10+ 10 20 70 otis 22 “0 020-420 7 030-f 20 26 oxo 40 80 950-40 30 40 oe +60 n = 0.012 Chart based on the formula Q=93" x03 x Si tor pipe flowing full. APPENDIX. 1. Vetestty in Metes per Second Jans ONIMOTS HAMAS OL TINd LYWd ONIMOTS BaMaS “SOUVHISI B ALIOOIIA ‘vauy JO Olwe i o Rtn “\ Pningos PROPORTION OF DIAMETER SUBMERGED Ce So SWaLLAX AG (er . NOLLOSS HWINOWID 40 SIN3W313_ 3DFNWeQAH i ys Placa | | * , /iaiaal | { | Hie eet etl . | T al eal Ri ¢ (ele NI CI Pe WaLavI LINN HOS SNIGVE DINWEOAH APPENDIX 2 (uw) Adid 40 HaLSAVIC og 00a “NEL NOISOHS LSNIVOY Sd515 USHIO 40 “03S 38 O1 SI"OAd A ALNG AAYAH HO. NOB NNdS "NIT SIL ‘AO aa S14 SANK HaLaAvi 3did ONY SQV89 40 NOLLOSSUSLNI

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