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Frequency Table 2

Mathematics in the modern world

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Jiro Cruz
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12 views11 pages

Frequency Table 2

Mathematics in the modern world

Uploaded by

Jiro Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Organizing Data

Suppose a researcher wished to do


a study on the ages of the top 50
wealthiest people in the world. The
researcher first would have to get
the data on the ages of the people.
In this case, these ages are listed in
Forbes Magazine. When the data
are in original form, they are called
raw data and are listed next.
2

Since little information can be obtained from


looking at raw data, the researcher organizes
the data into what is called a frequency
distribution.
Classes • Each raw data value is
placed into a quantitative
or qualitative category
Frequency called a class.
distribution
• The frequency of a
class then is the number
Frequencies
of data values contained
in a specific class.
3

A frequency distribution is shown for


the preceding data set.
4

The Frequency Distribution is


one of the simplest and most
common ways to describe a
single variable.
Features of a frequency distribution
A. Class Intervals or Class Limits
➢ The class interval refers to the grouping defined by a lower limit and an
upper limit. An Example is the class interval 5 and 9. This involves the
numbers 5, 6,7,8,9. The end numbers 5 and 9 are called the class limits
where 5 is the lower limit and 9 is the upper limit.

B. Class Boundaries
➢ In a continuous data like test weights, scores, heights, etc. the class interval
5-9 is supposed to start from 4.5 and ends with 9.5. These are more
accurate expressions of the class limits by at least 0.5. They are named as
class boundaries, or the true class limits.
6

C. Midpoint
➢ It is obtained by finding the average of the lower limit and the upper
class limit.
1+9
The class mark of the class limit 1- 9 is 2
= 5.

D. Class Size or Class Width


➢ The class size refers to the difference between the upper class boundary and
the lower class boundary of a class interval. For the class boundaries, 4.5
and 9.5 the class size is 5 since 9.5 minus 4.5 is 5, it can also be obtained by
computing the difference between two successive lower class limits. For
two successive class limits like 5-9 and 10-14, the lower class limits are 10
and 5. Therefore, the class size is 10 minus 5 or 5.
To compute the class size, follow
these steps:
1. Decide on the number of classes. “Assume 10”
2. Determine the class size using class size or
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 – 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑖= . If the result is not a whole number, just
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

round up.

E. Class Frequency
➢ Class frequency means the number of observations belonging to a class
interval.
8
✓ Guidelines for Constructing a Frequency Table
1. Be sure that the classes are mutually exclusive.
2. Include all classes (are mutually exclusive) even if the frequency is zero
0-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
3. Try to use same width for all classes.
4. Select convenient numbers for class limits.
5. Use between 5 and 20 classes.
6. The sum of the class frequencies must equal the number of origin data values.
9

Example: Make a Frequency table out of the given set of


data. Assume 12 as the number of classes.
1 3 4 4 6 7 8 8 10 11
11 11 12 14 15 15 16 16 17 18
18 18 19 20 24 24 24 26 27 28
29 29 30 30 31 32 32 34 37 38
40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 53

𝐻𝑆 − 𝐿𝑆 53 − 1
𝑖= = = 4.333 → 5
12 12
11

Sometimes it is necessary to use a cumulative frequency distribution.


A cumulative frequency distribution is a distribution that shows the
number of data values less than or equal to a specific value (usually
an upper boundary).

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