NAME OF THE STUDENTS :

 SHWETANK PANDEY (2301420042)

NIRDESH JAIN (2301420025)
 SUSHANT VERMA (2301420015)

Topic: Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope

Subject: BEEE
Course: B. Tech CSE (DS)
What is Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)?
• A Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is an
instrument that makes use of an electron beam
and a cathode ray tube to display and analyze
waveforms from electrical circuits. It is basically a
very fast X-Y plotter that can display an input signal
versus time or another signal. The voltage and time
describe a shape and are continually graphed next
to a scale because the oscilloscope monitors
change in electrical signals over time.

• We can examine parameters, such as

amplitude, frequency, rising time, distortion, time
interval, and others, by studying the waveform.
Cro Diagram

Block Diagram of Cathode Ray

Oscilloscope
The general block diagram of CRO is
shown. It usually consists of the
major blocks namely:

• The Vertical Amplifier

• Delay line
• Trigger circuit
• Time base generator
• Horizontal Amplifier
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 The Vertical Amplifier block amplifies the weak signals so that they produce measurable deflection on
the screen; this amplifier decides the sensitivity and bandwidth of the CRO. Its output is given as
input to the delay line.

 Delay line block the next block is the delay line we know that the input signal is applied to the
horizontal as well as the vertical deflection plates but before reaching the horizontal deflection plates the
signal passes through different blocks such as trigger circuit time-based generator and the horizontal
amplifier thus a small delay occurs and the signal reaches the vertical deflection plates before the
horizontal plates but this causes the distortion of a signal on the screen to avoid this situation a small
amount of delay is added using the delay line block after the vertical amplifier.

 Trigger Circuit: The third block is a trigger circuit. This circuit generates trigger pulses that keep the synchronization
between
the input signal and the horizontal deflection circuit.

 The time-based generator generates sawtooth waveforms and applies them between the horizontal
deflection plates as the Sawtooth wave varies linearly with time and takes place at a constant velocity
hence x-axis of the CRO can be calibrated in terms of time and input can be displayed with respect to
time.

 Horizontal amplifier: The last block is the strength of a sawtooth signal available at the output of a time-based
generator is
not sufficient thus before applying it to the horizontal plates the signal is amplified using a horizontal amplifier
• Working Principle of (CRO)
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope:
• A CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)
works by using a high- speed electron
beam that is deflected by an electric
or magnetic field to produce a visual
display of an electrical signal. When
the electrical signal is applied to the
two deflection plates to produce
electric fields perpendicular to each
other. The electron beam is deflected
by these fields, causing it to hit a
phosphorescent screen, producing a
bright spot. The position of the spot on
the screen represents the magnitude
and waveform of the electrical signal.
By measuring the position of the spot,
the frequency, amplitude, and
waveform of the signal can be
determined.
 Electrical Quantities Measurements using Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
The CRO may be used to measure electrical quantities like amplitude, time period,
and frequency.

Amplitude
The voltage signal is displayed on the screen as if it was a time function. The signal's amplitude is consistent , but
using the volt/division button on top of the CRO board, we can adjust how many divisions are used to conceal the
voltage signal in a vertical direction. So, using the method below, we can measure the signal's amplitude as it
appears on the CRO screen.
A=j × n v
where ,
A = Amplitude of the
signal j = is the
volt/division value
n v = no. of partitions that cover the displayed signal in vertical axis
voltage=distance in cm × volts/cm
 Time period
On its screen, CRO shows the voltage signal as a function of time. The time duration of that periodic
voltage signal is fixed, but by adjusting the time/division knob on the CRO panel, we may change the
number of divisions that span one full cycle of the voltage signal in the horizontal direction. Therefore,
by applying the following formula, we will be able to determine the Time duration of the signal that is
visible on the CRO screen. The time taken for the signal to complete one cycle is called time duration
T=k×nh
Where,
T = time period of the signal
j = is the time/division value
Nv = no. of partitions that cover up one whole cycle of the periodic signal on horizontal axis
1ms=0.001s and 1μs=0.000001s
 Frequency
The horizontal scale on the CRO screen makes it very simple to measure time and frequency.
The size of the signal on your CRO display should be increased if you want to ensure precision
while measuring a frequency so that the waveform can be converted more easily. Initially, the
time can be determined by counting the number of flat partitions from one end of the signal to
the other whenever it passes the flat line and using the horizontal scale on the CRO. The
signal's time period can then be determined by increasing the number of flat segments through
time or division . Frequency =1Timeperiod
 Controls of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
Position, brightness, focus, astigmatism, blanking, and calibration are the primary controls of a CRO
(Cathode Ray Oscilloscope).

Position

The position control knob on an oscilloscope is mostly used to move the intense point from the left to the right.
One can easily move the place from the left side to the right side by using the knob.

Brightness

The electron's intensity has a significant impact on the ray's brightness. The electron ray's electron intensity is
determined by the control grids. As a result, the brightness of the electron rays can be changed and adjusted
accordingly to control the grid voltage.

Focus

By adjusting the applied voltage to the CRO's center anode, the focus can be controlled. The electrostatic lens can
be created using the center and additional anodes nearby. As a result, by adjusting the voltage across the center
anode, the main length of the lens can be altered.
 Controls of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
Position, brightness, focus, astigmatism, blanking, and calibration are the primary controls of a CRO
(Cathode Ray Oscilloscope).

Astigmatism and Blanking circuit

The CRO oscilloscope's time base generator produced the blanking voltage. This additional focusing
control in CRO is comparable to astigmatism in optical lenses. Due to the different lengths of the
electron pathways at the center and the corners of the screen, a beam that is focussed in the monitor's
middle would be defocused here. The oscilloscope's time base generator produced the blanking
voltage.

Calibration circuit

In order to calibrate an oscilloscope, an oscillator is required. The oscillator, however, should produce a square
waveform
for a predetermined voltage.

Graticule

It is the grid on the display screen of the CRO that consists of the horizontal and vertical axis.
 Controls of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
Position, brightness, focus, astigmatism, blanking, and calibration are the primary controls of a CRO
(Cathode Ray Oscilloscope).

Input impedance

The input impedance is greater than 1 Megaohms, a high value of impedance is used
to prevent the circuit from the scope from being tested. To match fast amplifiers and
other devices.

Trigger level and slope

It's for the adjustment of voltage and an AC power line triggers the slope at a frequency of 50 Hz.

AC/GND/DC Switch

In General the DC switch is used for all other signals including AC.
Applications of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
The application of CRO are in radio stations to observe the signal's sending and receiving characteristics.
The voltage, current, frequency, inductance, admittance, resistance, and power factor are all measured
with the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.
Additionally, the properties of the AM and FM circuits are examined using this equipment.
This device is used to regulate analog signals as well as to monitor and analyze signal characteristics
and attributes. Through the resonance circuit, the CRO is used to view the signal's form, bandwidth,
etc.
The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope can examine the voltage and current waveform's shape, which aids in
decision-making at a radio station or communication station.
It is utilized in labs for research purposes. After creating a new circuit, researchers employ CRO to
check the voltage and current waveforms of each circuit component. It is
used to compare frequency and phase. It is utilized in TV, radar, and engine pressure analysis, to monitor pulse and
nerve system responses.
The CROs are employed in extensively in the hysteresis loop to locate BH curves.
Tracing transistor curves is possible, using CRO’s
 Advantages of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

 Cost and Schedule

 requirements for training
 Consistency and excellence
 efficiency of time
 knowledge and experience
 Ability to solve problems
 Hassle-free
 Assurance of accordance to regulations
 voltmeter measurements
 current measurements
 analysis of the waveform obtained
 phase and frequency measurement
 Limitations of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
 Comparing the cost of these oscilloscopes to other measurement tools like multimeters, they are costly.
 Once damaged or had trouble, they are difficult to repair.
 These gadgets require total isolation.
 These are enormous, weights more, big, and require more energy.
 Limitations of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

 Comparing the cost of these oscilloscopes to other measurement tools like multimeters, they
are costly.
 Once damaged or had trouble, they are difficult to repair.
 These gadgets require total isolation.
 These are enormous, weights more, big, and require more energy.
 All About :
“Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope”