Bio Project Report 2024-25

NATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL
BIOLOGY
PROJECT 2024-25
STUDY OF DRUG
RESISTANCE IN
BACTERIA USING
ANITBIOTICS
NAME: Suday Shetty

CLASS: 12
REG NO:
CONTENTS
SL NO. TITLE PAGE

NO.
1 Certificate 1
2 Acknowledgemen 2
t
3 Introduction 3
4 Theory 5
5 Experiment 7
6 Observation 11
7 Conclusion 12
8 Precautions 13
9 Photo Gallery 14
10 Time Chart 15
11 Bibliography 16
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank the Central Board

of Secondary Education (CBSE) for giving
us the opportunity to conduct this project.
We would like to extend our sincere
gratitude to our principal Ms. Malathy
Narayan for providing us with the
requirements to perform this experiment
and expand our knowledge in biology. We
would like to extend our gratitude to our
biology teachers Mrs. Manisha and Mrs.
Monica N for their valuable guidance and
support. We would like to thank our lab
teacher Ms. Kavitha for helping us in the
completion of the project.
INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics are the organic secretions

produced by microorganisms, which in
low concentrations are antagonistic to the
growth of other microorganisms (mostly
pathogens). Antibiotics have proved very
useful in combating several bacterial
diseases in man and animals.
The repeated use of a particular type of
antibiotic drug against a disease may prove
less effective. On account of this, it is
often said that the bacteria has developed
resistance against that particular antibiotic.
In fact bacteria do not develop immunity
or resistance. But a few strains of bacteria
resistant to that particular antibiotic
evolves from the existing population of the
bacteria. The bacterial population may be
having some mutant bacteria which can
withstand the action of the antibiotic. The
administered antibiotic kills all bacteria
except resistant bacterial strain. These
resistant strains grow and multiply even in
the presence of antibiotic and did not
respond to the treatment.
The study of the presence of some resistant
strains in a bacterial population has been
taken for this project.
THEORY
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria

evolve to evade the effect of antibiotics
through multiple different mechanisms.
Dissemination of antibiotic resistance
genes is an ecological and public health
concern. Certain bacteria are able to
neutralize an antibiotic by altering its
component to render it ineffective. Others
might be able to export the antibiotics out
of the bacteria, and some can modify their
outer structure and receptors so that
antibiotics cannot attach to them. These
mechanisms might lead to some bacteria
surviving the use of the specific antibiotic
and developing a resistance that can be
passed to other bacteria as they multiply.
Bacteria also can become resistant through
mutation of their genetic material.
Several organisms are resistant to multiple
antibiotics. For example, isolated E. coli
and Enterococcus that are inhibited by
cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, or erythromycin
are usually resistant to at least one
antibiotic and sometimes multiple
antibiotic types including macrolides,
tetracyclines, beta-lactams, quinolones,
sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and rifamycin.
EXPERIMENT
AIM: To study drug resistance in bacteria

using antibiotics.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Sterilised

petri dishes, sterilised culture tubes with
media, transfer loops, forceps, flask,
beaker, burner, penicillin, aureomycin,
hay, alcohol, agar, starch, distilled water
PROCEDURE:
 To 200ml of distilled water in a flask,
8g of agar powder and 2g of starch was
added. A few pieces of dry hay were
added into the medium. The flask was
covered with an inverted beaker. The
medium was boiled for 5 minutes and
then cooled to room temperature. The
flask was then placed in a warm place.
Within 2-3 days, formation of scum of
cloudy suspension appeared on the
medium indicating the growth of
Bacillus subtilis.
 The culture tubes with agar medium
were taken and the test tubes were
heated in warm water to melt agar.
Each test tube was cooled so that we
could hold it in your hand and the agar
remains liquid. The cotton plug was
removed and the mouth of the test tube
was passed through the burner flame
twice. The transfer loop was flamed
after dipping it in alcohol and letting it
cool. A loop full of bacterial culture
was picked up from the flask and
transferred into the warm agar in the
culture tube. The loop and the mouth of
the culture tube was flamed and the
cotton plug was replaced. The culture
tube of warm agar was rolled between
our palms to mix the bacteria well with
agar. Transfer of bacteria should be
done as quickly as possible.
 Sterilised petri dishes were taken. The
cotton plug was removed and the
mouth of the culture tube was flamed.
The cover of the petri dish was lifted at
an angle of 45 degrees the medium of
the culture was poured into the bottom
half of the dish. The culture tube was
removed and the cover of the petri dish
was replaced. The petri dish was
moved along the table in figure eight
patterns in order to distribute the
medium evenly. The agar was allowed
to cool. The two prepared petri dishes
were marked as A and B.
 Penicillin and aureomycin solutions
were prepared by dissolving the
powdered drugs in distilled water. A
few discs of filter paper each of 1cm
diameter were cut. Each disc was
soaked in the penicillin and aureomycin
solutions. The forceps were dipped in
alcohol the forceps tips were quickly
passed over the burner flame. The
sterilised forceps were used to put
penicillin and aureomycin soaked discs
at two distant sites of petri dish A. Petri
dish B was considered as control. Both
the petri dishes were kept undisturbed
in a warm place or in an incubator to
allow the bacteria to grow. The petri
dishes were observed for several days.
OBSERVATION
The area around the antibiotic discs in the

petri dish were clear. In other areas,
colonies of bacteria were observed. The
clear area was examined in each petri dish
for a few more days.
A few very small colonies appeared in the

clear areas. These were the colonies of the
resistant strains of bacteria.
CONCLUSION
Antibiotic drugs killed most of the

bacterial strain, hence the areas appeared
clear. However, a few strains which were
resistant in the bacterial population
survived and produced colonies later.
This proves the resistant strain to

antibiotics were present in the bacterial
population.
PRECAUTIONS
 Allow the agar to cool properly before

dipping the discs.
 Make sure the petri dishes are
undisturbed to allow the bacteria to
grow.
 Make sure the forceps are sterilised.
PHOTO GALLERY
TIME CHART
Time spent
Obtaining materials Research

Performing experiment Compiling data
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Class 12 CBSE Lab Manual – Lakshmi
publications
 researchgate.net/publication/
334045743_The_Study_of_Drug_Resis
tance_In_Bacteria_Using_Antibiotics

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NATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL

NAME: Suday Shetty

SL NO. TITLE PAGE

We would like to thank the Central Board

Antibiotics are the organic secretions

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria

AIM: To study drug resistance in bacteria

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Sterilised

The area around the antibiotic discs in the

A few very small colonies appeared in the

Antibiotic drugs killed most of the

This proves the resistant strain to

 Allow the agar to cool properly before

Obtaining materials Research

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