11th Bio - Botany New Study Materials EM 2024-25

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BIO - BOTANY
HIGHER SECONDARY – FIRST YEAR
2024
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English medium
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T.PRABU
M.Sc., M.A., M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil., (Ph.D).,SET.,(Life sci & Edu)
P.G.ASSISTANT (BOTANY)
GOVERNMENT HR.SEC.SCHOOL
MELSEVALAMBADI – VILLUPURAM DIST.
CELL : 9943437766
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
Reviewers
R.SARAVANAN M.Sc.,B.Ed., G.T. BALASUBRAMANIYAN M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,
P.G Asst.in Botany P.G Asst.in Botany
GHSS – Koliyanur RDBGHSS – Gingee
Villupuram dist. Villupuram dist.
A.SENTHIL VELAN M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil., E.BHARATHIDASAN M.sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
Head Master P.G Asst.in Botany
Villupuram District Govt.Model School GHSS – Mekkalur
Salamedu, Villupuram Thiruvannamalai dist.
Experts Team
E.VENKATESAN M.Sc., M.Ed.,M.Phil., M.THIRUNAVUKARASU M.Sc.,M.A., B.Ed.,M.Phil.,
GHSS – Sevalapurai GHSS – Vedanatham
Villupuram dist. Thiruvannamalai dist.
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C.GOPAL M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed., P.KAMALAKANNAN M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
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GHSS - Keelmampattu GHSS - Avanippur
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P.PARTHASARATHY M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil., S.HARINARAYANAN M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,SET., (Ph.D).,
P.G Asst.in Botany P.G Asst.in Biology
GHSS – Melasevalambadi GHSS - Thachampattu
Villupuram dist.
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Thiruvannamalai dist.
V. KAMALAKANNI M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed., M.RAMANI M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
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GHSS - Vellimedupettai GHSS - Vikravandi
Villupuram dist.
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Villupuram dist.
P. SUNDARAMOORTHY M.Sc., B.Ed., A. SAKTHIVEL M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
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GBHSS - Kanji GBHSS - Thandarampet

Thiruvannamalai dist. Thiruvannamalai dist.
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R. PARTHASARATHY M.Sc., B.Ed., C.BASKARAN M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,

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GHSS - Andampallam GHSS - Theppirampattu

Thiruvannamalai dist. Villupuram dist.
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P. KRISHNAMURTHI M.Sc., M.Ed., S. SRIDHAR M.Sc., B.Ed.,

GHSS - Devanur GHSS - Veeranamur
J. SOUNDARAJAN M.Sc., M.Sc., B.Ed., D. HELENZEENA M.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
Danish Mission Hr.Sec.School - Nellikuppam GHSS – C.N.Palayam
Cuddalore dist. Cuddalore dist.
Thank You
T.PRABU
M.Sc., M.A., M.A., M.Ed.,M.Phil.,(Ph.D).,SET.,(Life sci & Edu)
PG Asst in Botany
GHSS – Melsevalambadi
Villupuram dist
T.Prabu M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil, (Ph.D) P.G Assistant in Botany, Melsevalambadi -Villupuram Dist. Page 2
Lesson - 1. Living world
1. Which one of the following statement about virus is correct?

a) Possess their own metabolic system b) They are facultative parasites
c) They contain DNA or RNA d) Enzymes are present
2. Identify the incorrect statement about the Gram positive bacteria
a) Teichoic acid absent
b) High percentage of peptidoglycan is found in cell wall
c) Cell wall is single layered
d) Lipopolysaccharide is present in cell wall
3. Identify the Archaebacterium
a ) Acetobacter b) Erwinia
c) Treponema d) Methanobacterium
4. The correct statement regarding Blue green algae is ____________
a) lack of motile structures b) presence of cellulose in cell wall
c) absence of mucilage around the thallus d) presence of floridean starch
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5. Identify the correctly matched pair
a) Actinomycete – a) Late blight b) Mycoplasma – b) lumpy jaw
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c) Bacteria – c) Crown gall d) Fungi – d) sandal spike
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2, 3, 5 Marks Questions
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1. Differentiate homoiomerous and heteromerous lichens.
Homoiomerous Heteromerous
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Algal cells evenly distributed in the thallus. A distinct layer of algae and fungi present.
2. Write the distinguishing features of monera.
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 Prokaryotic organisms.
 It accommodates both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.
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 Cell wall is present which made of peptidoglycan and mucopeptides.

 It shows both Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
 It shows both motile and non motile.
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 Eg : Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma.
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3. Why do farmers plant leguminous crops in crop rotations/mixed cropping?

 Legume crops increase the fertility of the soil by addition of nitrogen with the help of N2 fixing
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bacteria like Rhizophium.

4. Give a general account on lichens.
 The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
 The algal partner is called Phycobiont or Photobiont.
 The fungal partner is called Mycobiont.
 Algae provide nutrition for fungal partner.
 Fungi provide protection and also help to fix the thallus to the substratum through rhizinae.
 Asexual reproduction takes place through fragmentation, Soredia and Isidia.
 Phycobionst reproduce by akinetes, hormogonia, aplanospore etc.,
 Mycobionts undergo sexual reproduction and produce ascocarps.
5. Briefly discuss on five Kingdom classification. Add a note on merits and demerits.
Criteria Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Level of Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular and Tissue / organ Tissue / organ

organization multicellur / organ system
Cell wall Present Present in some Present (chitin Present absent

(Peptidoglycan, (made up of or cellulose) (cellulose)
Mucopeptides) cellulose) absent
in others.
Nutrition Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
(Phototrophic, Photosynthetic. (Parasitic (Photosynthetic) (Holozoic)
Chemoautotrophi Heterotrophic Saprophytic)
c) Heterotrophic
(parasitic and
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saprophytic)
Motility Motile or non- Motile or non- Non - motile Mostly Non - Mostly motile
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motile motile motile
Organisms Archaebacteria, Amoeba, Yeast, Algae, Bryophytes, Sponges,
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Eubacteria. Plasmodium. Mushrooms. Pteridophytes, Invertebrates,
Gymnosperms and Vertebrates
Angiosperms.
Merits
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 The classification is based on the complexity of cell structure and organization of thallus.
 It is based on the mode of nutrition
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 Separation of fungi from plants
 It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
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Demerits
 The kingdom Monera and protista accommodate both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms,
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cell wall lacking and cell wall bearing organisms thus making these two groups more
heterogeneous.
 Viruses were not included in the system.
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Additional Questions
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6. Write the five kingdom system of classification.

 Monera
 Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia.
7. What is Virion?
 Virion is an intact infective virus particle which is non-replicating outside a host cell.
8. What is meant by Viroids?
 Viroid is a circular molecule of ssRNA without a capsid.
9. What is Virusouds?
 They are the small circular RNAs which are similar to viroids but they are always linked with
larger molecules of the viral RNA.
10. What is Prion?

 Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles.
11. What is Gram positive bacteria?
 The Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet and appear dark violet.
12. What is Gram Negative bacteria?
 Gram negative types loose the crystal violet and when counterstained by safranin appear red
under a microscope.
13. What are obligate aerobes?
 Bacteria which use oxygen for respiration is called obligate aerobes.
 Ex : Micrococcus.
14. What is Aerobic respiration?
 These bacteria require oxygen as terminal acceptor and will not grow under anaerobic conditions.
 Ex : Streptococcus.
15. What is anaerobic respiration?
 These bacteria do not use oxygen for growth and metabolism.
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 Ex : Clostridium.
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16. What is capnophilic bacteria?
 Bacteria which require CO2 for their growth are called as capnophilic bacteria.
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 Ex : Campylobacter
17. What is Endospores?
 During unfavourable condition bacteria produce endospores.
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 During favourable condition, they germinate and form bacteria.
 Ex : Bacillus megaterium.
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18. What is chromoplasm?
 Cyanobacteria protoplasm is differentiated into central region called centroplasm and peripheral
region bearing chromatophore called chromoplasm.
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19. The Cyanobacteria are also called as Myxophyceae give reasons?

 Because mucilage around the thallus. Therefore, this group is also called Myxophyceae.
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20. What are heterocysts? Mention the function.

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 In some forms a large colourless cell is found in the terminal or intercalary position called
Heterocysts.
 They are involved in nitrogen fixation.
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21. List out the economic importance of Cyanobacterium.

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 Most of them fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as biofertilizers.

 Ex : Nostoc, Anabaena.
 Spirulina is rich in protein hence it is used as single cell protein.
22. List out the general characteristic features of mycoplasma.

 The Mycoplasma is very small.
 They lack cell wall and appear like “Fried Egg” in culture.
 The DNA contains low Guanine and Cytosine.
23. What is meant by Lichens?
 The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
24. What are the types of lichens based on their morphology of the thallus?
 Leprose - A distinct fungal layer is absent.
 Crustose - Crust like
 Foliose - Leaf like
 Fruticose - Branched pendulous shrub.
25. How to do lichens act as pioneers in xerosere?

 Lichens secrete organic acids like Oxalic acids which corrodes the rock surface and helps in
weathering of rocks, thus acting as pioneers in Xerosere.
26. How to do lichens act as pollution indicators?
 Lichens are sensitive to air pollutants especially to sulphur-di-oxide.
 Therefore, they are considered as pollution indicators.
27. What is coenocytic mycelium?
 In lower fungi the hypha is aseptate, multinucleate and is known as coenocytic mycelium.
 Ex : Albugo.
28. Why do we call Deutromycetes fungi as Imperfect fungi?
 Because they lack sexual reproduction and are called inperfect fungi.
29. What is Ergotamine?
 Ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea.
 It is used as vasoconstrictors.
30. What are mycorrhizae?
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 The Symbiotic association between fungal mycelium and roots of plants is called as mycorrhizae.
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31. Mention the Importance of Mycorrhizae.
 Helps to derive nutrition in Monotropa.
 Improves the availability of minerals and water to the plants.
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 Provides drought resistance to the plants
 Protects roots of higher plants from the attack of plant pathogens.
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32. What is ectendomycorrhiza?
 The fungi form both mantle and also penetrates the cortical cells.
33. Write the Steps involved in Gram staining method.
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Prepare a smear of bacterial culture
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Stain with Crystal violet for 30 seconds

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Rinse in distilled water for 2 seconds

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Grams Iodine for 1 minute

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Rinse in distilled water

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Wash in 95% ethanol or acetone for 10 to 30 seconds
Rinse in distilled water
Safranin for 30–60 seconds
Rinse in distilled water and blot
Observe under microscope
34. Explain Lytic cycle of a phage.

Lytic Cycle
 During lytic cycle of phage, disintegration of host bacterial cell occurs and the progeny virions
are release.
Adsorption
 Phage (T4) particles interact with cell wall of host (E. coli).
 The phage tail makes contact with host cell.
 Once the contact is established between tail fibres and bacterial cell, tail fibres bend to anchor the
pins and base plate to the cell surface. This step is called pinning.
Penetration
 At the recognition site phage digests certain cell wall structure by viral enzyme (lysozyme).
 After contraction of the base plate enlarges through which DNA is injected into the cell wall.
 Injection of DNA particle alone into the bacterial cell is called Transfection.
 The empty protein coat leaving outside the cell is known as „ghost‟.
Synthesis
 This step involves the degradation of bacterial chromosome, protein synthesis and DNA
replication.
 The phage nucleic acid takes over the host biosynthetic machinery.
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 Host DNA gets inactivated and breaks down.
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 Phage DNA suppresses the synthesis of bacterial protein.
 The metabolism of the cell to synthesis Proteins of the phage particles and simultaneously
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replication of Phage DNA also takes place.
Assembly and Maturation
 The DNA of the phage and protein coat are synthesized separately and are assembled to form
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phage particles. This process is known as maturation.
 After 20 minutes of infection, about 300 new phages are assembled.
Release
 The phage particle gets accumulated inside the host cell and are released by the lysis of host cell
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wall.
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35. Explain transformation in bacteria as experimented by Griffith.

 Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is called transformation.
 In 1928 the bacteriologist Frederick Griffith demonstrated transformation in Mice using
Diplococcus pneumoniae.
 Two strains of this bacterium are present.
 Smooth colonies - virulent in nature (S-type).
 Rough colonies - Avirulent (R-type).
 When S-type of cells were injected into the mouse, the mouse died.
 When R-type of cells were injected, the mouse survived.
 He injected heat killed S-type cells into the mouse. The mouse did not die.
 When the mixture of heat killed S-type cells and R-type cells were injected into the mouse, the
mouse died.
 The avirulent rough strain of Diplococcus had been transformed into S-type cells.
 Heat killed S-type cells had transformed R-type cell into virulent smooth strains.
 The phenomenon of changing the character of one strain by transferring the DNA of another
strain into the former is called Transformation.
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36. Explain conjucation in bacteria.

 Lederberg and Tatum demonstrated conjugation in E. coli. in the year 1946.
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 In this method of gene transfer the donor cell gets attached to the recipient cell with the help of
pili.
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 The pilus grows and forms the conjugation tube.

 The plasmid of donor cell F+ undergoes replication.
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 Only one strand of DNA is transferred to the recipient cell through conjugation tube.
 The recipient completes the structure of double stranded DNA by synthesizing the strand.
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37. Write the Salient features of Cynabacteria or Blue green algae.

 The members of this group are prokaryotes.
 The reserve food material is Cyanophycean starch.
 Large colourless cell is found in the terminal or intercalary position called Heterocysts.
 The presence of mucilage around the thallus.
 They reproduce only through vegetative methods.
 Sexual reproduction is absent.
 Most of them fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as biofertilizers. Ex : Nostoc, Anabaena.
 Spirulina is rich in protein hence it is used as single cell protein.
38. Write the Salient features of fungi.
 Majority of fungi are made up of thin, filamentous branched structures called hyphae.
 A number of hyphae get interwoven to form mycelium.
 The cell wall of fungi is made up of a polysaccharide called chitin.
 In lower fungi the hypha is aseptate, multinucleate and is known as coenocytic mycelium.
 In higher fungi a septum is present between the cells of the hyphae.
 The mycelium is organised into loosely or compactly interwoven fungal tissues called
Plectenchyma.
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 It is further divided into two types prosenchyma and pseudoparenchyma.
 Fungi reproduce both by asexual and sexual methods.
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39. What is Plectenchyma?
 The mycelium is organised into loosely or compactly interwoven fungal tissues called
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Plectenchyma.
Types
 Prosenchyma
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 Pseudoparenchyma.
40. Describe the ultrastructure of Bacterial cell.

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 The bacterial cell reveals three layers
 i) Capsule / Glycocalyx ii) Cell wall iii) Cytoplasm
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Capsule
 Some bacteria are surrounded by a gelatinous substance which is composed of polysaccharides or
polypeptide or both.
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 A thick layer of glycocalyx bound tightly to the cell wall is called capsule.
 It protects cell from desiccation and antibiotics.
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Cell wall
 The bacterial cell wall is granular and is rigid.
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 The chemical composition of cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.

Plasma membrane
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 The plasma membrane is made up of lipoprotein.

 It controls the entry and exit of small molecules and ions.
 The enzymes involved in the oxidation of metabolites.
Cytoplasm
 Cytoplasm is thick and semitransparent.
 It contains ribosomes and other cell inclusions.
Bacterial chromosome
 The bacterial chromosome is a single circular DNA molecule, tightly coiled and is not enclosed in
a membrane as in Eukaryotes.
 This genetic material is called Nucleoid or Genophore.
Plasmid
 Plasmids are extra chromosomal double stranded, circular, self-replicating, autonomous elements.
Mesosomes
 These are localized infoldings of plasma membrane produced into the cell in the form of vesicles,
tubules and lamellae.
Polysomes / Polyribosomes
 The ribosomes are 70S type and consist of two subunits (50S and 30S).
 The ribosomes are held together by mRNA and form polyribosomes or polysomes.
Flagella
 Certain motile bacteria have numerous thin hair like projections of variable length emerge from
the cell wall called flagella.
 Flagella are used for locomotion.
Fimbriae or Pili
 Pili or fimbriae are hair like appendages found on surface of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
41. Write the living and non living characters of viruses.
Living characters
 Presence of nucleic acid and protein.
 Capable of mutation.
 Ability to multiply within living cells.
 Able to infect and cause diseases in living beings.
Non living characters
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 Can be crystallized.
 Absence of metabolism.
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 Inactive outside the host.
 Do not show functional autonomy.
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 Energy producing enzyme system is absent.
42. What is Plasmid?
 Plasmids are extra chromosomal double stranded, circular, self-replicating, autonomous elements
known as plasmid.
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43. What are mesosomes?
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 Mesosomes are localized infoldings of plasma membrane produced into the cell in the form of
vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
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44. What are polyribosomes or polysomes?

 The ribosomes are held together by mRNA and form polyribosomes or polysomes.
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45. What are fimbriae or Pili?

 Fimbriae are hair like appendages found on surface of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
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46. What are Archaebacteria?

 Archaebacteria are primitive prokaryotes and are adapted to thrive in extreme environments like
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hot springs, high salinity, low pH and so an.

47. Differentiate the gram positive bacteria with the gram negative bacteria.
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Characteristics Gram positive Bacteria Gram negative Bacteria

Cell wall Thick layered Thin layered
Rigidity of cell wall Rigid Elastic due to presence of
lipoprotein.
Chemical composition Teichoic acid present Teichoic acid absent
Outer membrane Absent Present
Periplasmic space Absent Present
Susceptibility to Highly susceptible Low susceptible
penicillin
Nutritional Relatively complex Relatively simple
requirements
Flagella Contain 2 basal body rings Contain 4 basal body rings
Lipid and lipoproteins Low High
Lipopolysaccharides Absent Present
48. What is ghost?

 The empty protein coat of the bacteriophage left outside the bacterial cell.
49. Name three diseases caused by bacteria to plants.
 Rice - Bacterial blight
 Citrus - citrus canker
 Cotton - Angular leaf spot
50. Name three diseases caused by bacteria to Human beings.
 Cholera
 Typhoid
 Tuberculosis
51. What are Magnetosomes?
 Magnetosomes are intracellular chains of 40-50 magnetite (Fe3O4) particles found in the
bacterium Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum.
52. What is transduction? Mention its types.
 Phage mediated DNA transfer is called transduction.
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Types of Transduction:
 Generalized Transduction
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 Specialized (or) Restricted Transduction.
53. Describe the structure of Bacteriophage.
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 The T4 phage is tadpole shaped and consists of head, collar, tail, base plate and fibres.
 The head is hexagonal
 The long helical tail consists of an inner tubular core which is connected to the head by a collar.
 Base plate attached to the end of tail.
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 The base plate contains six spikes and tail fibres.
 These fibres are used to attach the phage on the cell wall of bacterial host during replication.
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 A dsDNA molecule of about 50 um is tightly packed inside the head.
 The DNA is about 1000 times longer than the phage itself.
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Lesson - 2. Plant Kingdom
1. Which of the plant group has gametophyte as a dominant phase?

a) Pteridophytes b) Bryophytes c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
2. Which of following represents gametophytic generation in pteridophytes?
a) Prothallus b) Thallus c) Cone d) Rhizophore
3. The haploid number of chromosome for an angiosperm is 14, the number of chromosome in its
endosperm would be
a) 7 b) 14 c) 42 d) 28
4. In gymnosperm endosperm is formed
a) At the time of fertilization b) Before fertilization
c) After fertilization d) Along with the development of embryo
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1. Differentiate halpontic and diplontic life cycle.
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S.NO Haplontic Life Cycle Diplontic Life Cycle
1. Gametophytic phase is dominant. Sporophytic phase (2n) is dominant.
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2. Sporophytic phase is represented by the The gametophytic phase is represented by
zygote. the single to few celled gametophyte.
3. Zygote undergoes meiosis to restore The gametes fuse to form zygote which
haploid condition.
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4. Ex : Volvox, Spirogyra. Ex : Fucus, gymnosperms and angiosperms
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2. What is plectostele? give example.
 In vascular bundles, Xylem plates alternates with phloem plates. This arrangement is known as
plectostele.
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 Ex : Lycopodium clavatum.
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3. Mention two characters shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms.

 Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
 Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in dicotyledons.
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 Presence of Eustele.
4. Do you think shape of chloroplast is unique for algae. Justify your answer?
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 Yes, different shaped algae have different shape of chloroplast.

S.NO Shape of chloroplast Example
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1. Cup shaped Chlamydomonas

2. Discoid Chara
3. Girdle shaped Ulothrix
4. Reticulate Oedogonium
5. Spiral Spirogyra
6. Stellate Zygnema
7. Plate like Mougeoutia
5. What do you infer from the term pycnoxylic?
 Compact with narrow medullary ray is called pycnoxylic.
 Ex : Pinus
6. Do you agree with the statement ‘Bryophytes need water for fertilization’? Justify your answer.
 Yes. Water is essential for fertilization.
 The antheridium produces biflagellate antherozoids. So it requires water to swim and reach the
archegonium and fuse with the egg to form diploid zygote.
7. List the classes of Algae.

 Chlorophyceae
 Xanthophyceae
 Chrysophyceae
 Bacillariophyceae
 Cryptophyceae
 Dinophyceae
 Chloromonadineae
 Euglenophyceae
 Phaeophyceae
 Rhodophyceae
 Cyanophyceae.
8. What is monoxylic wood?
 Parenchyma with wide medullary ray is called monoxylic wood.
 Ex : Cycas.
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9. What are Pyrenoids?
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 They are proteinaceous bodies found in chromatophores.
 Assist in the synthesis and storage of starch.
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10. List out the different types of reserve food materials in algae.
 Starch – Chlorophyceae
 Laminarin starch – Phaeophyceae
 Floridean starch – Rhodophyceae.
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11. What are the three classes of Bryophytes?
 Hepaticopsida - Riccia
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 Anthocerotopsida - Anthoceros
 Bryopsida – Funaria.
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12. Why are bryophytes called as non vascular cryptograms?

 Vascular tissue like xylem and phloem are completely absent, hence bryophytes are called „Non
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vascular cryptogams.
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13. What are the two types of rhizoids in Bryophytes?

 Smooth walled rhizoids.
 Pegged or tuberculate.
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14. Bryophytes are called as amphibians of plant kingdom – Why?

 Bryophytes are called as amphibians of plant kingdom because they need water for completing
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their life cycle.

15. What is peat?
 A large amount of dead thallus of Sphagnum gets accumulated and compressed, hardened to
form peat.
 Peat is used as fuel in commercial scale.
16. List out the economic importance of Bryophytes.
 A large amount of dead thallus of Sphagnum gets accumulated and compressed, hardened to
form peat.
 Peat is used as fuel in commercial scale.
 Sphagnum and peat are also used in horticulture as packing material because of their water
holding capacity.
 Marchantia polymorpha is used to cure pulmonary tuberculosis.
 Sphagnum, Bryum are used as food.
 Bryophytes play a major role in soil fomaion and soil conservation.
17. Why are Pteridophytes called as vascular Cryptogams?

 The first plants to acquire vascular tissue namely xylem and phloem, hence called vascular
cryptogams.
18. What is Protostele? What are its types?
 In protostele phloem surrounds xylem.
Types
 Haplostele
 Actinostele
 Plectostele
 Mixed protostele.
19. What is Haplostele? Give example.
 Xylem surrounded by phloem is known as haplostele.
 Ex : Selaginella.
20. What is Actinostele? Give example.
 Star shaped xylem core is surrounded by phloem is known as actinostele.
 Ex : Lycopodium serratum.
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21. What are the Mixed prototostele? Give example
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 Xylem groups uniformly scattered in the phloem is known as mixed protostele.
 Ex : Lycopodium cernuum.
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22. What is Ectophloic siphonostele?
 The phloem is restricted only on the external side of the xylem.
 Pith is in centre.
 Ex : Osmunda.
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23. What is Amphiphloic siphonostele?
 The phloem is present on both the sides of xylem.
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 The pith is in the centre.
 Ex : Marsilea.
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24. What is Solenostele?

 The stele is perforated at a place or places corresponding the origin of the leaf trace.
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25. What are Dictyostele? Give example.

 The stele is separated into several vascular strands and each one is called meristele.
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 Ex : Adiantum.
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26. What are Eustele? Give example.

 The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the pith.
 Ex : Dicot stem
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27. What are Atactostele? Give example

 The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles and are scattered in the ground tissue.
 Ex : Monocot stem.
28. What is Siphonostele?
 In siphonostele xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith at the centre.
29. What is Polycyclicstele ?
 The vascular tissues are present in the form of two or more concentric cylinders.
 Ex : Pteridium.
30. List out three classes of Gymnosperms.
 Cycadospsida
 Coniferopsida
 Gnetopsida.
31. What is coralloid roots?

 Coralloid roots are found in cycas.
 Coralloid roots of Cycas have symbiotic association with blue green algae.
32. Write the general characteristics of algae.
 Algae are eukaryotes except blue green algae.
 The plant body does not show differentiation into tissue systems.
 The cell wall of algae is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose.
 Siliceous walls are present in diatoms. In Chara the thallus is encrusted with calcium carbonate.
 The cell has a membrane bound nucleus and cell organelles like chloroplast, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies etc.,
 An alga reproduces by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods.
33. Write the General characteristic features of Bryophyte.
 The plant body of bryophyte is gametophyte.
 The plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaf like structure.
 Most of them are primitive land dwellers. Some of them are aquatic – Riella.
 Two types of rhizoids are present namely smooth walled and pegged or tuberculate.
 Vascular tissue like xylem and phloem are completely absent, hence called „Non vascular
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cryptogams‟.
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 Sexual reproduction is oogamous.
 Water is essential for fertilization.
 The sporophyte is differentiated into three recognizable parts namely foot, seta and capsule.
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34. Write the General characteristic features of Pteridophytes.
 Plant body is sporophyte (2n) and it is the dominant phase.
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 It is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
 Tracheids are the major water conducting elements but in Selaginella vessels are found.
 The Sporophylls get organized to form cone or strobilus. Example: Selaginella.
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 They may be homosporous Ex: Lycopodium or Heterosporous Ex : Selaginella
 Sexual reproduction is oogamous.
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 Antheridium produces spirally coiled and multiflagellate antherozoids.

 Archegonium is flask shaped with broad venter and elongated narrow neck.
 Water is essential for fertilization.
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35. Write the General characteristic features of Gymnosperms.

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 The plant body is sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
 A well developed tap root system is present.
 Coralloid roots of Cycas have symbiotic association with blue green algae. In Pinus the roots
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have mycorrhizae.
 Leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are present.
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 The xylem consists of tracheids but in Gnetum and Ephedra vessels are present.
 Secondary growth is present
 Anemophilous pollination is present.
 Fertilization is siphonogamous
 Polyembryony is present.
 The endosperms is haploid and develop before fertilization.
36. Write the similarities between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
 Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
 Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in dicotyledons.
 Flowers in Gnetum resemble the male flower of the angiosperm.
 Presence of integument around the ovule.
 Both plant groups produce seeds.
 Pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nucleus in both.
 Present of Eustele.
37. Differentiate between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

S.NO Angiosperms Gymnosperms
1. Vessels are present Vessels are absent
2. Companion cells are present Phloem lacks companion cells
3. Ovules are enclosed within the ovary Ovules are naked
4. Insects, wind, water and animal Wind pollination only
pollination occur.
5. Double fertilization is present. Double fertilization is absent.
6. Endosperm is triploid. Endosperm is haploid
7. Fruit formation is present. Fruit formation is absent
8. Flowers present Flowers absent.
38. Describe the Economic Importance of Gymnosperms.

S.NO Plants Products Uses
1. Cycas circinalis Sago Starch used as food
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2. Pinus gerardiana Roasted seed Used as a food
3. Abies balsamea Resin Used as mounting medium in permanent slide
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preparation.
4. Araucaria Tannins Bark yield tannins and is used in Leather
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industries
5. Ephedra gerardiana Ephedrine For the treatment of asthma, bronchititis
6. Pinus roxburghii Wood pulp Used to make papers
7. Cedrus atlantica oil
ka Used in perfumery
39. What are the two types of woods in Gymnosperms?

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 Manoxylic - Porous, soft, more parenchyma with wide medullary ray – Ex : Cycas
 Pycnoxylic - compact with narrow medullary ray – Ex : Pinus.
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40. What is Amber? Give an example.

 Amber is a plant secretion that is an efficient preservative material.
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 Amber doesn't get degraded, and hence can preserve the remains of extinct life forms.
 Ex: Pinites succinifera.
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Lesson - 3. Vegetative Morphology
1. Which of the following is polycarpic plant?

a) Mangifera b) Bambusa c) Musa d) Agave
2. Roots are
a) Descending, negatively geotropic, positively phototropic
b) Descending, positively geotropic, negatively phototropic
c) Ascending, positively geotropic, negatively phototropic
d) Ascending, negatively geotropic, positively phototropic
3. Bryophyllum and Dioscorea are example for
a) Foliar bud, apical bud b) Foliar bud, cauline bud
c) Cauline bud, apical bud d) Cauline bud, foliar bud
4. Which of the following is the correct statement?
a) In Pisum sativum leaflets modified into tendrils
b) In Atalantia terminal bud is modified into thorns
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c) In Nepenthes midrib is modified into lid
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d) In Smilax inflorescence axis is modified into tendrils
5. Select the mismatch pair
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a) Musa - Unicostate b) Lablab - Trifoliolate
c) Acalypha - Leaf mosaic ka d) Allamanda - Ternate phyllotaxy
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1. Draw and label the parts of regions of root.
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2. Write the similarities and differences between

a. Radical buds and foliar buds
b. Phylloclade and cladode.
a) Radical buds Foliar buds
Similarities
1. Adventitious buds. Adventitious buds.
Different
1. This buds are arises from lateral roots. This buds are arises from lateral leaves.
2. Ex : Millingstonia. Ex : Begonia.
b) Phylloclade Cladode.
Similarities
1. Green, flattened cylindrical stem. Green, flattened cylindrical stem.
2. Aerial modification of stem. Aerial modification of stem.
Different
1. A series of nodes and internodes. One or two inter nodes only.
2. Ex : Opuntia Ex : Asparagus.
3. How root climbers differ from stem climbers?

S.NO Root climbers Stem climbers
1. Roots are produced from nodes of the They lack specialized structure for climbing
stem for support and climbing. and stem itself coils around the support.
2. Ex : Piper betel Ex : Ipomoea.
4. Compare sympodial branching with monopodial branching.
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S.NO Sympodial branching Monopodial branching.
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1. Terminal buds grows uninterrupted Terminal bud caeses to grow and further
and produce several branches. growth is taken care by several lateral
meristem.
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2. Ex : Polyalthia. Ex : Cycas.
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5. Differentiate pinnate unicostate with palmate multicostate venation.
S.NO Pinnate unicostate Palmate multicostate venation
1. Only one mid rib in the centre which Two or more principal veinssarising from a
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forms many lateral to form a network. single point and they proceed outwards or
upwards.
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2. Ex : Mangifera, Musa. Ex : Cucurbita, rice.

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6. Mention the primary functions of root.

 Absorb water and minerals from soil.
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 Help to anchor the plant firmly in the soil.

7. Write the Characteristic features of Root System?
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 Root is the descending portion of the plant axis.

 Generally non-green in colour.
 Does not possess nodes, internodes and buds.
 It bears root hairs.
 It is positively geotropic and negatively phototrophic in nature.
8. Explain the tap root modifications.
Conical root
 These roots are cone like, broad at the base and gradually tapering towards the apex.
 Ex : Daucus carota.
Fusiform root
 These roots are swollen in the middle and tapering towards both ends.
 Ex : Raphanus sativus.
Napiform root
 The storage root is very broad and suddenly tapers like a tail at the apex.
 Ex : Beta vulgaris.
9. Mention the zones of root.

 Three distinct zones have been classified based on their meristematic activity.
 Meristematic Zone
 Zone of Elongation
 Zone of Maturation
Meristematic Zone
 It lies just above the root cap.
Zone of Elongation
 It lies just above the meristematic zone.
Zone of Maturation
 It lies above the zone of elongation.
10. What is Respiratory root ?
 Some mangrove plants develop special kinds of roots for respiration because the soil becomes
saturated with water and aeration is very poor.
 They have a large number of pores called pneumatopores.
 Ex : Avicennia, Rhizophora.
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11.What are velamen root?
 Some epiphytic orchids develop a special kind of aerial root.
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 Which hang freely in the air.
 These roots develop a spongy tissue called velamen
 Which helps in absorption of moisture from the surrounding air.
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 Ex : Vanda.
12. Write a note on haustorial roots.
 These roots are found in parasitic plants.
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 Adventitious roots from stem which penetrate into the tissue of the host plant and suck nutrients.
 Ex : Cuscuta.
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13. What are photosynthetic (or) Assimilatory roots. Give examples.
 Roots of epiphytic plants develop chlorophyll and turn green which help in photosynthesis.
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 Ex : Tinospora.
14. Write the Characteristic features of the stem?
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 It is an aerial portion of the plant.

 It is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.
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 It has nodes and internodes.

 Stem bears vegetative and floral buds.
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 The young stem is green and thus carries out photosynthesis.

 During reproductive growth stem bears flowers and fruits.
 Branches arise exogenously.
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15. What are the Primary functions of stem?

 It Provides support and bears leaves, flowers and fruits.
 It transports water and mineral nutrients to the other parts from the root.
 It transports food prepared by leaves to other parts of the plant body.
16. Bring out the primary functions of the leaf?
 Photosynthesis
 Transpiration
 Gaseous exchange
 Protection of buds
 Conduction of water and dissolved solutes.
17. What is known as Phyllotaxy?
 The mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem is called Phyllotaxy.
18. What are the parts of Leaf?

 Three main parts of a typical leaf are
 Leaf base
 Petiole
 Lamina
Leaf base
 The part of the leaf attached to the node of the stem is called leaf base.
 Usually it protects the growing buds.
Petiole
 It is the bridge between lamina and stem.
 Leaf stalk is a cylindrical or flattened structure.
 A leaf with petiole are said to be petiolate - Ex : Hibiscus.
 Leaves that do not possess petiole is said to be sessile - Ex : Calotropis.
Lamina
 The expanded flat green portion of the leaf is the lamina.
 It is the seat of photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, transpiration.
 The lamina is traversed by the midrib from which arise numerous lateral veins and thin veinlets.
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19. What is Phyllode?
 Phyllodes are flat, green-coloured leaf- like modifications of petioles.
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 The phyllodes perform photosynthesis and other functions of leaf.
 Ex : Acacia auriculi formis.
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20. Write about pitcher plant.
 The leaf becomes modified into a pitcher in Nepenthes.
 In Nepenthes the basal part of the leaf is laminar and the midrib continues as a coiled tendrillar
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structure.
 The apical part of the leaf is modified into a pitcher.
 The mouth of the pitcher is closed by a lid which is the modification of leaf apex.
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21. What are leaf tendrils ? Give an example.
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 In some plants stem is very weak and hence they have some special organs for attachment to the
support.
 So some leaves are partially or wholly modified into tendril.
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22. What are leaf hooks? Give an example.

 In some plants, leaves are modified into hook-like structures and help the plant to climb.
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 Ex : Cat's nail - Bignonia unguiscati.

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23. Classify plants based on leaf duration.

Cauducuous
 Falling off soon after formation.
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 Ex : Opuntia.
Decidious
 Falling at the end of growing season.
 Ex : Launea.
Evergreen
 Leaves persist throughout the year, falling regularly so that tree is never leafless.
 Ex : Mimusops,
Marcescent
 Leaves not falling but withering on the plant as in several members of Fagaceae.
24. What are called as Pulvinus?
 In legumes leafbase become broad, thick and swollen. It is known as pulvinus.
 Ex : Clitoria.
25. What are the characteristics features of leaf?

 Leaf is a lateral appendage of the stem.
 It is borne at the node of the stem.
 It is exogenous in origin.
 It has limited growth.
 It has three main parts namely
 Leaf base
 Petiole
 Lamina.
26. Write a short note on Phyllotaxy.
 The four main types of phyllotaxy are
 Alternate
 Opposite
 Ternate
 Whorled.
Alternate phyllotaxy
 Only one leaf per node and the leaves on the successive nodes are arranged alternate to each
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other.
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Spiral arrangement of leaves
 They are two types.
Alternate spiral
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 The leaves are arranged alternatively in a spiral manner.
 Ex : Hibiscus.
Alternate distichous
ka
 The leaves are organized alternatively in two rows on either side of the stem.
 Ex : Polyalthia.
Opposite phyllotaxy
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 In this type each node possesses two leaves opposite to each other.
 They are organized in two different types.
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Opposite superposed
 Ex : Psidium
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Opposite decussate
 Ex: Calotropis.
Ternate phyllotaxy
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 In this type there are three leaves attached at each node.

 Ex : Nerium
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Whorled type of phyllotaxy

 In this type more than three leaves are present in a whorl at each node forming a circle.
 Ex : Allamanda.
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27. Draw the structure of leaf and mark the parts.
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28. Write down the major parts of leaf.
 Leaf base
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 Petiole
 Lamina
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Lesson - 4. Reproductive Morphology
1. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family

a) Fabaceae b) Asteraceae c) Solanaceae d) Brassicaceae
2. Gynoecium with united carples is termed as
a) Apocarpous b) Multicarpellary
c) Syncarpous d) None of the above
3. Aggregate fruit develops from
a) Multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary b) Multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary
c) Multicarpellary ovary d) Whole inflorescence
4. In an inflorescence where flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession the position of the
youngest floral bud shall be
a) Proximal b) Distal c) Intercalary d) Anywhere
5. A true fruit is the one where
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a) Only ovary of the flower develops into fruit
b) Ovary and calyx of the flower develops into fruit
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c) Ovary, calyx and thalamus of the flower develops into fruit
d) All floral whorls of the flower develops into fruit
da
ka
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1. Find out the floral formula for a bisexual flower with bract, regular, pentamerous, distinct calyx
and corolla, superior ovary without bracteole.
 Bract - Br
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 Ebracteole - EBrl
 Bisexual flower - ♂♀
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 Distinct calyx - K5
 Corolla - C5
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 Superior ovary - G
2. Give the technical terms for the following
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a) A sterile stamen - Staminode

b) Stamens are united in one bunch - Monadelphous
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c) Stamens are attached to the petals - Epipetalous

Answer :
 a) Staminode
 b) Monadelphous
 c) Epipetalous
3. Differentiate between aggregate fruit with multiple fruit.
S.NO Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit
1. A fruitlet that develops from single flower A Multiple fruit develops from the whole
of an apocarpus ovary. inflorescence along with its peduncle on
which they are borne.
2. Ex : polyalthia, Annona. Ex : Pineapple, Jack fruit
4. Explain the different types of placentation with example.
Marginal placentation
 The placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary.
 Ex : Fabaceae
Axile placentation
 The placenta arises from the column in a compound ovary with
septa.
 Ex : Hibiscus .
Superficial placentation
 Ovules arise from the surface of the septa.
 Ex : Nymphaeaceae.
Parietal placentation
 The placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a
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unilocular, compound ovary.
 Ex : Mustard, Cucumber.
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Free central placentation
 The placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa.
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 Ex : Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose
Basal placentation
ka
 The placentae at the base of the ovary.
 Ex : Sunflower, Marigold
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5. Explain the different types of fleshy fruit with suitable example.

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Fleshy Fruit
 The fruits are derived from single pistil.
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 Pericarp is fleshy, succulent and differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
Berry
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 Fruit develops from bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary.

 Epicarp is thin, the mesocarp and endocarp remain undifferentiated.
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 They form a pulp in which the seeds are embedded.

 Ex : Tomato, Date Palm,Grapes, Brinjal
Drupe
 Fruit develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary.
 It is usually one seeded.
 Pericarp is differentiated into outer skinny epicarp, fleshy and pulpy
mesocarp and hard and stony endocarp around the seed.
 Ex : Mango, Coconut.
Pepo
 Fruit develops from tri-carpellary inferior ovary.
 Pericarp terns leathery or woody which encloses, fleshy mesocarp and
smooth endocarp.
 Ex : Cucumber, Watermelon, Bottle gourd, Pumpkin.
Hesperidium
 Fruit develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior
ovary.
 The fruit wall is differentiated into leathery epicarp with oil glands, a
middle fibrous mesocarp.
 The endocarp forms distinct chambers, containing juicy hairs.
 Ex: Orange, Lemon.
Pome
 It develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary.
 The receptacle also develops along with the ovary and becomes fleshy,
enclosing the true fruit.
 In pome the epicarp is thin skin like and endocarp is cartilagenous.
 Ex: Apple, Pear.
Balausta
 A fleshy indehiscent fruit developing from multicarpellary,
multilocular inferior ovary.
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 Pericarp is tough and leathery.
 Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the edible portion.
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 Ex: Pomegranate.
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6. What is perfect or bisexual flower?
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 When a flower contains both androecium and gynoecium is called bisexual flower.
7. What is polygamous flower?
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 The condition in which bisexual and unisexual flowers occur in a same plant is called
polygamous.
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 Ex : Musa, Mangifera.
8. What is Hypogynous flower?
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 The sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base of an ovary.

 Ex : Malvaceae.
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9. What is Epigynous flower?

 The sepals, petals and stamens attached at the tip of an ovary.
 Ex : Cucumber, Apple.
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10. What is Pollinium?

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 Pollen grains are fused together as a single mass called pollinium.

11. What is Syngenesious?
 Anthers connate, filaments free - Ex : Asteraceae.
12. What is Synandrous?
 Filaments and anthers are completely fused.
 Ex : Coccinea.
13. Differentiate between racemose and cymose.
Racemose Cymose
Main axis of unlimited growth Main axis of limited growth.
Flowrs arranged in an acropetal succession. Flowrs arranged in a basipetal succession.
Opening of flowers is centripetal. Opening of flowers is centrifugal.
Usually the oldest flower at the base of the Usually the oldest flower at the top of the
inflorescence axis. inflorescence axis.
14. Explain the Racemose inflorescence.

Main axis elongated
Simple raceme
 The inflorescence with an unbranched main axis bears pedicellate flowers in acropetal
succession.
 Ex : Crotalaria retusa
Spike
 It is an unbranched indeterminate inflorescence with sessile flowers.
 Ex : Achyranthes
Spikelet
 Literally it is a small spike.
 The Inflorescence is with branched central axis. Each branch is a spikelet.
 Sessile flowers are formed in acropetal succession on the axis.
 Each sessile flower has a lemma (bract) and a palea (bracteole).
 Tepals reduced to colourless scaly leaves (lodicule).
 Ex : Paddy,Wheat.
Catkin
 Pendulous spikes with a long and drooping axis bearing small unisexual or bisexual flowers. It is
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also called ament.
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 Ex : Acalypha.
Spadix
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 An inflorescence with a fleshy central axis that possesses many unisexual sessile flowers in
acropetal succession.
 Usually female flowers are found towards the base and male flowers are found at the apex.
 Entire inflorescence is covered by a brightly coloured bract is called spathe.
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 Ex : Colocasia.
Panicle
 A branched raceme is called panicle - Ex : Mangifera
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Main axis shortened
 Inflorescence with reduced growth of central axis. There are two types, namely
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 Corymb
 Umbel.
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Corymb
 An inflorescence with shorter pedicellate flowers at the top and longer pedicellate flowers at the
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bottom.
 All flowers appear at the same level.
 Ex : Caesalpinia.
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Compound corymb
 A branched corymb is called compound corymb.
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 Ex : Cauliflower.
Umbel
 Pedicellate flowers arise from a common point of peduncle at the apex.
 Ex : Allium cepa
Compound umbel
 It is a branched umbel.
 Ex : Daucas
Main axis flattened
 The main axis of inflorescence is mostly flattened.
Head
 A head is a characteristic inflorescence of Asteraceae, Rubiaceae and Mimosaceae.
 Torus contains two types of florets
 Disc floret or tubular floret.
 Ray floret or ligulate floret.
 The heads are classified into two types.
Homogamous head
 This type of inflorescence exhibits single kind of florets.
 Disc florets alone. Ex : Vernonia
 Ray florets alone. Ex : Launaea.
Heterogamous head
 The inflorescence possesses both types of florets.
 Ex : Tridax.
15. Explain the Cymose inflorescence.
 Central axis stops growing and ends in a flower.
 Old flowers present at apex and young flowers at base.
Simple cyme
 The inflorescence consists of a single flower. It may be terminal or axillary.
 Ex : Axillary in Hibiscus.
Monochasial Cyme
 The main axis ends with a flower.
 From two lateral bracts, only one branch grows further.
 It may be Helicoid or Scorpioid.
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Helicoid
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 Axis develops on only one side and forms a coil structure.
 Ex : Hamelia, potato.
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Scorpioid
 Axis develops on alternate sides and often becomes a coiled structure.
 Ex : Heliotropium.
Simple dichasium
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 A central axis ends in a terminal flower.
 Further growth is produced by two lateral buds.
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 Each cymose unit consists of three flowers.
 Ex : Jasminum.
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Compound dichasium
 It has many flowers.
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 A terminal old flower develops lateral simple dichasial cymes on both sides.
 Each compound dichasium consists of seven flowers.
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 Ex : Clerodendron.
 A small dichasium is called cymule
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Polychasial Cyme
 The central axis ends with a flower.
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 The lateral axis branches repeatedly.

 Ex: Nerium.
16. Describe the cyathium inflorescence.
 Cyathium inflorescence consists of small unisexual flowers enclosed by a common involucre.
 Male flowers are organised in a scorpioid manner.
 Female flower is solitary and centrally located on a long pedicel.
 Male flower is represented only by stamens and female flower is represented only by a pistil.
 Cyathium may be actinomorphic or zygomorphic
 Nectar is present in involucre.
17. What is coenanthium?
 Circular disc like fleshy open receptacle that bears flowers.
 Pistillate flowers at the center and staminate flowers at the periphery.
 Ex : Dorstenia
18. Write short notes on hypanthodium?

 Receptacle is a hollow, globose structure consisting unisexual flowers present on the inner wall of
the receptacle.
 Receptacle is closed except a small opening called ostiole.
 Which is covered by a series of bracts.
 Male flowers are present nearer to the ostiole, female and neutral flowers are found in a mixed
manner from middle below.
 Ex : Ficus sp.
19. Write short notes on Mixed Inflorescence.
Thyrsus
 It is a „Raceme of cymes‟.
 Indefinite central axis bears lateral pedicellate cymes.
 Ex : Ocimum.
Verticillaster
 Main axis bears two opposite lateral sessile cymes.
 At the axil of the node, each of it produces monochasial scorpioid lateral branches so that flowers
are crowded around the node.
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 Ex : Leucas.
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20. what is actinomorphic flower?
 The flower shows two mirror images when cut in any plane through the centre.
 Ex : Hibiscus
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21. Define : Zygomorphic flower.
 The flower can be divided into equal halves in only one plane.
 Ex : Salvia, Ocimum.
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22. Define: Pomology
 The branch of horticulture that deals with the study of fruits and their cultivation.
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23. What is False fruit?
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 In addition to the ovary the non- floral parts like thalamus, perianth and involucre develop into
fruit.
 Thalamus - Apple
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 Perianth - jack fruit.

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24. What is Parthenocarpic fruit?

 Development of fruits without fertilization is called parthenocarpic fruit.
 They are seedless fruits.
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 Ex : Banana
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25. What is Aggregate fruit?

 There fruits develop from a single flower having an apocarpous pistil.
 Each of the free carpel develops into a simple fruitlet.
 A collection of simple fruitlets makes an Aggregate fruit.
 Ex : Polyalthia.
26. Listout the functions of fruit.
 Edible part of the fruit is a source of food, energy for animals.
 They are source of many chemicals like sugar, pectin, organic acids, vitamins and minerals.
 The fruit protects the seeds from unfavourable climatic conditions.
 Fruits provide source of medicine to humans.
27. What is meant by Papilionacous corolla?
 Made up of five distinct petals organized in a butterfly shape.
 The outer most petal is large called standard petal or vexillum.
 Lateral 2 petals are lanceolate and curved. They are called wing petals or alae.
 Anterior two petals are partly fused and are called keel petals or carina.
28. What is meant by Aestivation? Explain the types of aestivation.

 Arrangement of sepals and petals in the flower bud is called aestivation.
Valvate aestivation
 Margins of sepals or petals do not overlap but just touch each other.
 Ex : Malvaceae (Calyx)
Twisted aestivation
 One margin of each petal or sepal overlapping on the other petal.
 Ex : Petals of Chinarose.
Imbricate aestivation
 Sepals and petals irregularly overlap on each other.
 One member of the whorl is exterior, one interior and rest of the three having one margin exterior
and other interior.
 Ex : Cassia.
 There are 3 types Ascendingly Imbricate
 Quincuncial
 Vexillary.
Quincuncial aestivation
 It is a type of imbricate aestivation.
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 Two petals are external and two internal and one petal with one margin internal and the other
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margin external.
 Ex : Guava Calyx.
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Vexillary aestivation
 Large posterior petals both margins overlap lateral petals.
 Lateral petals other margin overlaps anterior petals.
 Ex : Pea.
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29. Draw floral diagram and Write floral formula of Hibiscus rosa sinensis.
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Floral formula:
30. Draw the structure of stamen and mark the parts.
31. List out the florets found in Head inflorescence.

 Disc florets
 Ray florets
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32. What is unbellule? give example.
 It is a branched umbel.
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 Each smaller unit is called umbellule.
 Ex : Daucas carota.
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33. What is meant by Aestivation?
 Arrangement of sepals and petals in the flower bud is called aestivation.
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34. Explain sorosis with example.
 A fleshy multiple fruit which develops from a spike (or) spadix.
 The flowers fused together by their succulent perianth and at the same time the axis bearing them
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become fleshy.
 Whole inflorescence forms a compact mass.
 Ex : Pineapple, Jack fruit.
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35. Write note on Balausta.

 A fleshy indehiscent fruit developing from multicarpellary, inferior ovary.
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 Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the edible portion.
 Ex : Pomegranate.
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Lesson - 5. Taxonomy and Systematic Botany
1. Phylogenetic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects

a) Comparative Anatomy b) Number of flowers produced
c) Comparative cytology d) Evolutionary relationships
2. The taxonomy which involves the similarities and dissimilarities among the immune system of
different taxa is termed as
a) Chemotaxonomy b) Molecular systematic
c) Serotaxonomy d) Numerical taxonomy
3. Perianth is present in
a) Clitoria ternatea b) Datura metal
c) Allium cepa d) Pongamia pinnata
4. Flowers are zygomorphic in
a) Ceropegia b) Thevetia
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c) Datura d) Solanum
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1. What is the role of national gardens in conserving biodiversity – discuss.

 Gardens with aesthetic value attractsvisitors.
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 For example, the Great Banyan Tree in the Indian Botanical Garden at Kolkata.
 Gardens have a wide range of species and supply taxonomic material for botanical research.
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 It is used for self-instruction or demonstration purposes.
 It can integrate information of diverse fields like Anatomy, Embryology, Phytochemistry,
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Cytology, Physiology and Ecology.

 It acts as a conservation centre for diversity, rare and endangered species.
 It offers annual list of available species and a free exchange of seeds.
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2. Where will you place the plants which contain two cotyledons with cup shaped thalamus?
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Class Dicotyledonae
Sub class Polypetalae
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Series Calyciflorae
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3. Give any five economically importance of Fabaceae.

Pulses
 The seeds of Cajanus cajan are rich in proteins and used as pulses.
Food Plants
 The tender fruits of Lablab purpureus are used as vegetables.
Oil plants
 Oil extracted from the seeds of Arachis hypogea (ground nut) is used for cooking.
Fibre plants
 Fibres obtained from Crotalaria juncea are used for making ropes.
Dye Plants
 Blue dye is obtained from the flowers and seeds of Clitoria ternatea.
4. How will you distinguish Solanaceae members from Liliaceae members?

S.NO General Solanaceae Liliaceae
characters
1. Habit Annual herbs, shrubs, small trees Perennial herbs
2. Root Tap root system Adventitious and fibrous root
system.
3. Stem Herbaceous or woody tuberous at Bulbocus, rhizome, cladode,
times phylloclades
4. Leaf Alternate, simple, rarely compound, Radical or cauline, alternate,
unicostate reticulate venation. opposite, parallel venation
5. Inflorescence Generally axillary or terminal cymose Simple and branched racemes
6. Flowers Pentamerous, actinomorphic or weakly Showy and actinomorphic,
zygomorphic due to oblique position trimerous, slightly
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of the ovary. zygomorphic.
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7. Calyx 5 sepals, synsepalous valvate Perianth 6, tepals in 2 whorls of
aestivation 3 each apotepalous valvate or
imbricate
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8. Corolla 5 petals, sympetalous different shape Absent
of corolla tube, valvate
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9. Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous dithecous Stamens 6 in 2 whorls of 3 each
anthers, longitudinal, porus dehiscence apopetalous valvate or
imbricate
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10. Gynoecium Bicarpellary, syncarpous, obliquely Tricarpellary, syncarpous,
placed ovary. Tetralocular, axile trilocular with ovules on axile
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placentation placentation. Nectar secreting

glands present in the ovary
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11. Fruit Capsule or berry Septicidal or loculicidal capsule

or berry
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5. Write the botanical description of Datura metal.

Habit
 Herb.
Root
 Tap root system
Stem
 Stem is hollow, green and herbaceous with strong odour.
Leaf
 Simple, alternate, showing unicostate reticulate venation.
Inflorescence
 Solitary and axillary cyme.
Flower
 Bracteate, ebracteolate, actinomorphic, bisexual, complete, pentamerous, heterochlamydeous and
hypogynous.
Calyx
 Sepals 5, green, synsepalous showing valvate aestivation. Calyx is mostly persistent.
Corolla
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 Petals 5, greenish white, sympetalous, showing twisted aestivation, plicate (folded like a fan)
funnel shaped.
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Androecium
 Stamens 5, free from one another, epipetalous. Anthers are basifixed, dithecous.
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Gynoecium
 Superior ovary, syncarpous, bicarpellary, basically bilocular but tetralocular due to the formation
of false septum. ka
Fruit
 Spinescent capsule with persistent calyx.
Seed
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 Endospermous.
Floral diagram
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Floral Formula:
6. Write the botanical description of Allium cepa.

Habit
 Perennial herb with bulb.
Root
 Fibrous adventitious root system.
Stem
 Underground bulb
Leaf
 Cylindrical and fleshy leaf bases with parallel venation.
Inflorescence
 Scapigerous - The inflorescence axis (peduncle) arising from the ground bearing a cluster of
flowers at its apex.
Flower
 Small, bracteate, ebracteolate, actinomorphic, bisexual, complete, trimerous and hypogynous.
Perianth
 Tepals 6, arranged in two whorls of three each, syntepalous showing valvate aestivation.
Androecium
 Stamens 6, arranged in two whorls of three each.
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 Epitepalous, apostamenous, Anthers dithecous, basifixed.
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Gynoecium
 Ovary superior, Tricarpellary, trilocular, syncarpous and axile placentation.
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Fruit
 A loculicidal capsule.
Seed
 Endospermous
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Floral diagram
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Floral Formula :
7. What is species?
 Species is the lowest of classification and shows the high level of similarities among the
organisms.
8. What is Genus?
 Genus consists of multiple species which have similar characters.
9. What is Family?
 A number of genera which share some similarities among them.
10. What is binomial nomenclature?
 Scientific name of a species consists of two words and according to binomial nomenclature.
 The first one is called genus name and second one is specific epithet.
 Ex : Mangifera indica.
 Mangifera is a genus name and indica is specific epithet.
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11. What is called author citation? Give an example.
 This refers to valid name of the taxa accompanied by the author‟s name who published the name
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validly.
 Example: Solanum nigrum L.
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12. Write any five salient feautures of ICN.
 Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature.
 Application of names of taxonomic group is determined by means of nomenclatural types.
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 Nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based on priority of publication.
 Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position and rank can bear only one
correct name.
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 Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation.
 The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.
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13. How does molecular markers work to unlock the evolutionary history of organisms?
 Molecular Taxonomy is the branch of phylogeny.
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 It deals with hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information
and to establish genetic relationship between the members of different taxonomic categories.
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 Different molecular markers like allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, micro satellites, RFLP, RAPD,
AFLPs, SNP, microchips are used in analysis.
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 Molecular markers help in establishing the relationship of different plant groups at DNA level.
14. What is Chemotaxonomy?
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 It is the scientific approach of classification of plants on the basis of their biochemical

constituents.
15. What is Karyotaxonomy?
 Utilization of the characters and phenomena of cytology for the explanation of taxonomic
problem is known as cytotaxonomy or karyotaxonomy.
16. What is Systematic serology or serotaxonomy?
 The classification of very similar plants by means of differences in the proteins they contain, to
solve taxonomic problems is called serotaxonomy.
17. What is meant by keys?
 The tools for the identification of unfamiliar plants are called keys.
18. What is Polynomial?
 Polynomial is a descriptive phrase of a plant.
 Scientific name of a species consists of many words is called is Polynomial.
19. What is meant by Taxonomic Aids?

 The tools for the taxonomic study.
 Taxonomical aids are keys, flora, revisions, monograph, catalogues, herbarium, botanical gardens
etc.
20. What is DNA barcoding?
 It is a taxonomic method that uses a very short genetic sequence from a standard part of a
genome.
21. Write the Significance of DNA barcoding
 It helps in identification and classification of organism.
 It aids in mapping the extent of biodiversity.
22. What is herbarium?
 Plants are preserved in the form of pressed and dried specimens mounted on a sheet of paper.
23. Write the uses of Herberium.
 It provides resource material for systematic research and studies.
 It is a place for orderly arrangement of voucher specimens.
 Voucher specimen serves as a reference for comparing doubtful newly collected fresh specimens.
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 Voucher specimens play a role in studies like floristic diversity, environmental assessment and
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ecological mechanisms.
 It provides opportunity for documenting biodiversity and conservation biology.
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24. Write the differences between classical and modern taxonomy.
Classical Taxonomy Modern Taxonomy
It is called old systematics or Alpha (ἀ) It is called Neosystematics or Omega (Ω)
taxonomy.
kataxonomy.
It is pre Darwinean It is post Darwinean
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Species is considered as basic unit and is static Species is considered as dynamic entity and ever
changing.
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Classification is mainly based on Classification is based on morphological,

morphological characters. reproductive characters and phylogenetic
relationship of the organism
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This system is based on the observation of a This system is based on the observation of large
few samples. number of samples.
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25. List out the medicinal plants in Solanaceae family.

 Atropa belladonna
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 Datura stramonium
 Solanum trilobatum.
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26. What is aloin?

 Gelatinous glycosides called aloin from succulent leaves of Aloe vera.
27. List out the Dye Plants in Fabaceae family
 Indigofera tinctoria - Indigo dye, Blue dye.
 Clitoria ternatea - Blue dye.
28. What is atropine?
 Roots of Atropa belladona yield powerful alkaloid „atropine‟.
 It is used for relieving muscular pain.
29. Name the alkaloids found in tobacco.
 Nicotine
 Nornicotin
 Anabasin.
30. Write the botanical description of Clitoria ternatea

Habit
 Twining climber
Root
 Tap root system.
Stem
 Aerial, weak stem and a twiner.
Leaf
 Compound, alternate, stipulate showing reticulate venation.
Inflorescence
 Solitary and axillary
Flower
 Bracteate, bracteolate, zygomorphic, bisexual, complete, pentamerous, and hypogynous.
Calyx
 Sepals 5, synsepalous, green, showing valvate aestivation.
Corolla
 Petals 5, white or blue, apopetalous, irregular.
 Papilionaceous corolla showing descendingly imbricate aestivation.
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Androecium
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 Stamens 10, diadelphous
 (9)+1, nine stamens fused to form a bundle and the tenth stamen is free. Anthers are dithecous,
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basifixed.
Gynoecium
 Monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary with many ovules on mariginal placentation.
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Fruit
 Legume
Seed
 Non-endospermous.
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Floral diagram
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Floral formula :
31. What are the Types of classification?

 Artificial classification
 Natural classification
 Phylogenetic classification.
32. What is papilionaceous corolla?
 The outer most petal is large called standard petal or vexillum.
 Two lateral petals are lanceolate and curved. They are called wing petals or alae.
 Two anterior and partly fused innermost petals are called keel petals or carina.
 This type of irregular corolla is described as papilionaceous corolla.
33. List out the Ornamental Plants in Fabaceae.
 Butea frondosa
 Clitoria ternatea
 Lathyrus odoratus.
34. Give a brief account on the economic importance of Solanaceae.
Food plants
 Tubers of Solanum tuberosum (potato) are used as vegetables.
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Medicinal plants
 Roots of Atropa belladona yield powerful alkaloid „atropine‟.
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 It is used for relieving muscular pain.
Tobacco
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 Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) contain alkaloids nicotine.
 It is used for making cigarettes.
Ornamental plants
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 Cestrum diurnum are grown in gardens for their beautiful flowers.
35. Write the floral formula of Allium cepa.
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36. Draw the floral diagram of Datura metel.

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37. Discuss the outline of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants.
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38. Write the three petals name of Fabaceae.
 Vexillum
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 Alae
 Carina
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39. Name some food plants of family solanaceae.

 Solanum tuberosum
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 Lycopersicon esculentum
 Solanum melongena
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40. List out the Food plants in Liliaceae.

 Allium cepa
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 Allium sativum
 A. racemousus
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41. List out the uses of Food plants in Fabaceae.

 Lablab purpureus
 Sesbania grandiflora
Lesson - 6. Cell : The Unit of Life.
1. The two subunits of ribosomes remain united at critical ion level of

a) Magnesium b) Calcium c) Sodium d) Ferrous
2. Sequences of which of the following is used to know the phylogeny.
a) mRNA b) rRNA c) tRNA d) Hn RNA
3. Many cells function properly and divide mitotically even though they do not have.
a) Plasma membrane b) cytoskeleton c) mitochondria d) Plastids
4. Keeping in view the fluid mosaic model for the structure of cell membrane, which one of the following
statements is correct with respect to the movement of lipids and proteins from one lipid monolayer to
the other.
a) Neither lipid nor proteins can flip-flop b) Both lipid and proteins can flip flop
c) While lipids can rarely flip-flop proteins cannot d) While proteins can flip-flop lipids cannot
5. Match the columns and identify the correct option
Column – I Column-II
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a) Thylakoids - (i) Disc shaped sacs in golgi apparatus
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b) Cristae - (ii) Condensed structure of DNA
c) Cisternae - (iii) Flat membranous sacs in stroma
d) Chromatin - (iv) Infoldings in mitochondria.
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(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i) ka
(2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
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1. State the protoplasm theory.

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 Protoplasmic theory was proposed by Corti.

 Felix Dujardin observed a living juice in animal cell and called it “Sarcode”.
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 Purkinje coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant cell.
 Protoplasm is a complex colloidal system which was suggested by Fisher and Hardy.
 It is primarily made of water and various other solutes of biological importance such as glucose,
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fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, hormones and enzymes.

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2. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Features Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size of the cell ~1-5µm ~10-100µm
Nuclear character Nucleoid, no true nucleus. True nucleus with nuclear membrane
DNA Usually circular without histone Usually linear with histone proteins
proteins.
RNA / Protein Couples in cytoplasm RNA synthesis Inside nucleus. &
synthesis Protein synthesis in cytoplasm.
Ribosomes 50S + 30S 60S + 40S
Organelles Absent Numerous
Cell movement Flagella Flagella and cilia.
Organization Usually single cell Single, colonial and multicellular
Cell division Binary fission Mitosis and meiosis
Examples Bacteria and Archaea Fungi, plants and animals.
3. Difference between plant and animal cell.

S.NO Plant Cell Animal Cell
1. Usually large. Usually smaller than plant cells.
2. Cell wall present Cell wall absent.
3. Plasmodesmata present Plasmodesmata absent
4. Chloroplast present. Chloroplast absent.
5. Vacuole large and permanent. Vacuole small and temporary.
6. Tonoplast present around vacuole. Tonoplast absent.
7. Centrioles absent except motile cells of Centrioles present.
lower plants.
8. Nucleus present along the periphery of Nucleus at the centre of the cell
the cell.
9. Lysosomes are rare. Lysosomes present
10. Storage material is starch grains. Storage material is a glycogen granules.
4. Draw the ultra structure of plant cell.
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5. Bring out the significance of Transmission Electron Microscope.

 The magnification is 1–3 lakhs times and resolving power is 2–10 Å.
 It is used for studying detailed structrue of viruses, mycoplasma, cellular organelles, etc
6. What is sarcode?
 A living juice in animal cell is called Sarcode.
7. What is Plasmodesmata?
 Plasmodesmata is a channel between the protoplasm of adjacent cells through which many
substances pass through.
8. Write the physical properties of protoplasm.

 The protoplasm exists either in semisolid (jelly-like) state called „gel᾿ due to suspended particles
and various chemical bonds or may be liquid state called „sol᾿.
 Protoplasm is translucent, odourless and polyphasic fluid.
 It is a crystal colloid solution.
 Viscosity of protoplasm is 2–20 centipoises.
 The Refractive index of the protoplasm is 1.4
 The pH of the protoplasm is around 6.8, contain 90% water.
 Approximately 34 elements are present in protoplasm.
9. Write the features of cell theory.
 All organisms are made up of cells.
 New cells are produced from the pre-existing cells.
 Cells contain genetic material, which is passed on from parents to daughter cells.
 All metabolic reactions take place inside the cells.
 Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
10. What are the exceptions to cell theory?
 Viruses
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 Viroids
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 Prions.
11. What are the functions of cell wall?
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 Offers definite shape and rigidity to the cell.
 Serves as barrier for several molecules to enter the cells.
 Provides protection to the internal protoplasm.
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 Prevents the bursting of cells by maintaining the osmotic pressure.
 Plays a major role by acting as a mechanism of defense for the cells.
12. What are the types of chromosomes based on the position of centromere?
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 Metacentric
 Sub metacentric
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 Acrocentric
 Telocentric.
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13. What is Telomere?

 Terminal part of the chromosome is called telomere.
 It offers stability to the chromosome.
14. Define: Resolution.
 The ability of the lenses to show the details of object lying between two points.
15. Define : Magnification.
 The optical increase in the size of an image is called magnification.
 Magnification = Size of image seen with the microscope
Size of the image seen with normal eye.
16. Differentiate TEM & SEM.

S.NO TEM SEM
1. High resolving power. Lower resolving power than TEM.
2. It provides two dimensional image. It provides three dimensional image.
3. The magnification is 1–3 lakhs times. The magnification is 2 lakhs times
4. It is used for studying the detailed It is used for studying the surface of the
structrue of viruses, mycoplasma, specimen.
cellular organelles, etc
5. The resolving power is 2–10 Å. The resolving power is 5–20 nm
17. What are flagella?
 Bacterial flagella are helical appendages helps in motility.
18. What is cilia?
 Cilia are short cellular, numerous microtubule bound projections of plasma membrane.
19. Describe the structure of Mitochondria with diagram.
 It was first observed by A. Kolliker (1880).
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Shape
 Ovoid
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 Round
 Rod shape and pleomorphic structures.
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 Mitochondrion consists of double membrane, the outer and inner membrane.
 The outer membrane is smooth, it contains proteins called Porins.
 The inner membrane divides mitochondrion into two compartments.
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 The outer chamber between two membranes and the inner chamber is filled with matrix.
 The infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria is called Cristae.
 The Inner membrane consists of stalked particles called F1 particles or Oxysomes.
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 Each particle consists of a base, stem and a round head.
 In the head, ATP synthase is present for oxidative phosphorylation.
 Mitochondria contain 73% of proteins, 25-30% of lipids, 5-7 % of RNA, DNA and enzymes.
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 Mitochondria are called Power house of a cell, because they produce energy rich ATP.
 All the enzymes of Kreb‟s cycle are found in the matrix except succinate dehydrogenase.
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 Mitochondria consist of circular DNA and 70S ribosome.

 They multiply by fission and replicates by strand displacement model. Because of the presence of
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DNAs it is semiautonomous organelle.

20. Why do we call mitochondria a semiautonomous organelle?
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 Because of the presence of DNA, it is called semi-autonomous organelle.

21. Why do we call Mitochondria as the power house of the cell?
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 Mitochondria are called Power house of a cell, because they produce energy rich ATP.
22. Write short notes on F1 particles.
 The Inner membrane consists of stalked particles called F1 particles or Oxysomes.
 Each particle consists of a base, stem and a round head.
 In the head, ATP synthase is present for oxidative phosphorylation.
23. Explain the structure Chloroplast with diagram.
 Chloroplasts are vital organelle found in green plants.
 Chloroplast has a double membrane the outer membrane and the inner membrane.
 The two membrane separated by a space called periplastidial space.
 The space enclosed by the inner membrane of chloroplast is filled with gelatinous matrix, lipo-
proteinaceous fluid called stroma.
 Inside the stroma there is flat interconnected sacs called thylakoid.
 The membrane of thylakoid encloses a space called thylakoid lumen.
 Grana are formed when many of these thylakoids are stacked together like pile of coins.
 Light is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the granum, which is used in stroma to
prepare carbohydrates.
 Thylakoid contain chlorophyll pigments.
 The chloroplast contains osmophilic granules, 70s ribosomes, DNA and RNA.
 This chloroplast genome encodes approximately 30 proteins involved in photosynthesis.
 RuBisco is encoded by chloroplast DNA. It is the major protein component of chloroplast stroma.
 The thylakoid contain small, rounded photosynthetic units called quantosomes.
 Chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle and divides by fission
24. Mention the functions of chloroplasts.
 Photosynthesis
 Light reactions - Granum
 Dark reactions - Stroma
 Chloroplast is involved in photorespiration.
25. What is quantosomes?
 The thylakoid contain small, rounded photosynthetic units called quantosomes.
26. What is tonoplast?
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 In plant cells vacuoles are large, bounded by a single unit membrane called Tonoplast.
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27. Difference between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER).
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S.NO Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
1. Ribosomes are present in the outer Ribosomes are absent in the endoplasmic
surface of the membrane. reticulum.
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2. RER is involved in protein synthesis. SER is involved in lipid synthesis.
28. What are the types of ribosomes?
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S.NO 70S Ribosomes 80S Ribosomes
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1. Sub unit 30S and 50S Sub units 40S and 60S
2. 3 RNA molecule 4 RNA molecule
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3. 16 Sr RNA in 30S subunit 18 Sr RNA in 40S small subunit

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4. 23S and 5S in 50S large subunit 28S, 5.8S and 5S in larger 60S subunit
5. Prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and Eukaryotic cells of plants and animals
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chloroplast.
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29. What are polysomes or polyribosomes?

 During protein synthesis many ribosomes are attached to the mRNA is called polysomes.
30. Describe the structure of Ribosome.
 Ribosomes were first observed by George Palade (1953)
 Each ribosome is made up of two units.
 Large sub-unit
 Small unit.
 Mg2+ is required for structural cohesion of ribosomes.
 Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
 Ribosome is not a membrane bound organelle
 Ribosome consists of RNA and protein.
 During protein synthesis, many ribosomes are attached to the single mRNA and is called
polysomes or polyribosomes.
31. Write short note on polytene chromosomes.

 Polytene chromosomes observed in the salivary glands of Drosophila by E.G. Balbiani
 A single chromosome which is present in multiple copies form a structure called polytene
chromosome.
 There is a distinct alternating dark bands and light inter-bands.
 The polytene chromosome has extremely large puff called Balbiani rings. It is also known as
chromosomal puff.
 As this chromosome occurs in the salivary gland it is known as salivary gland chromosomes.
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32. Write short notes on lampbrush chromosomes.
 Lampbrush chromosomes occur at the diplotene stage of first meiotic prophase in oocytes of an
Salamandar and unicellular alga Acetabularia.
 It was first observed by Flemming.
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 The highly condensed chromosome forms the chromosomal axis, from which lateral loops of
DNA extend as a result of intense RNA synthesis.
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33. With a suitable diagram explain the Structure of on chromosome.

 The chromosomes are composed of thread like strands called chromatin
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 This is made up of DNA, protein and RNA.

 Each chromosome consists of two symmetrical structures called chromatids.
 They are identical and are called sister chromatids.
 A typical chromosome has narrow zones called constrictions. There are two types of
constrictions, namely
 Primary constriction
 Secondary constriction.
 The primary constriction is made up of centromere and kinetochore.
 Both the chromatids are united at centromere, whose number varies.
 The Centromere contains a complex system of protein fibres called kinetochore.
 SAT Chromosome is a short chromosomal segment or rounded body separated from main
chromosome by a relatively elongated secondary constriction
 It is a morphological entity in certain chromosomes.
 Terminal part of chromosome is called telomere. It offers stability to the chromosome.
34. Describe the structure of Cell Wall.

 Cell wall is the outermost protective cover of the cell.
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 It is present in bacteria, fungi and plants whereas it is absent in animal cell.
 It was first observed by Robert Hooke
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 In plant, cell wall shows three distinct regions Primary wall, Secondary wall, and Middle
lamellae.
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Primary wall
 It is the first layer inner to middle lamella.
 Primarily consisting of loose network of cellulose microfibrils in a gel matrix.
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 In most plants the microfibrils are made up of cellulose.
 The matrix of the primary wall is composed of hemicellulose, pectin, glycoprotein and water
Secondary wall
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 Secondary wall is laid during maturation of the cell.
 It plays a key role in determining the shape of a cell.
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 It is thick, inelastic and is made up of cellulose and lignin.

 The secondary wall is divided into three sublayers termed as S1, S2 and S3.
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Middle lamellae
 It is the outermost layer made up of calcium and magnesium pectate, deposited at the time of
cytokinesis.
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 It is a thin amorphous layer which cements two adjacent cells.

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35. Whate are Cristae?

 The infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria is called Cristae.
36. Explain the structure of Nucleus with diagram.

 Nucleus is an important unit of cell. which controls all activities of the cell.
Shape
 It may be spherical, cuboidal, ellipsoidal or discoidal.
Structure
 It has a double membrane the outer membrane and the inner membrane.
 The inner membrane is smooth without ribosomes.
 The outer membrane is rough by the presence of ribosomes and infrequent intervals with the
endoplasmic reticulum.
 The membrane is perforated by pores known as nuclear pores which allows materials such as
mRNA, ribosomal units, proteins and other macromolecules to pass in and out of the nucleus
 Nuclear space is filled with nucleoplasm; a gelatinous matrix has uncondensed chromatin
network and a conspicuous nucleolius.
 It has little amount of RNA and DNA bound to histone proteins in eukaryotic cells.
 During cell division chromatin is condensed into an organized form called chromosome.
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Functions
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 Controlling all cellular activities.

 Storing the genetic or hereditary information
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 DNA duplication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.

 In nucleolus ribosomal biogenesis takes place.
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37. Explain the Fluid Mosaic Model.

 Singer and Nicolson proposed fluid mosaic model.
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 It is made up of lipids and proteins together with a little amount of carbohydrate.

 The lipid membrane is made up of phospholipid.
 The phospholipid molecule has a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head.
 The hydrophobic tail repels water and hydrophilic head attracts water.
 The proteins of the membrane are globular proteins which are found intermingled between the
lipid bilayer most of which are projecting beyond the lipid bilayer. These proteins are called as
integral proteins.
 Few are superficially attached on either surface of the lipid bilayer which are called as peripheral
proteins.
 The proteins are involved in transport of molecules across the membranes and also act as
enzymes, receptors (or) antigens.
 The Carbohydrate molecules of cell membrane are short chain polysaccharides. These are either
bound with „glycoproteins‟ or „glycolipids‟ and form a „glyocalyx‟.
 The movement of membrane lipids from one side of the membrane to the other side by vertical
movement is called flip flopping or flip flop movement.
Functions
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 Cell signalling
 Transporting nutrients and water.
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 Preventing unwanted substances entering into the cell.
38. Draw and label the structure of Chromosomes.
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39. List out the functions Lysosomes.

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 They digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids present in cytoplasm.

 During adverse condition they digest their own cell organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic
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reticulum.
 Lysosome causes self destruction of cell.
 Lysosomes have autolytic enzymes that disrupts intracellular molecules.
40. Draw and label the structure of Mitochondria.
41. Name the two types of electron microscope.

 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
42. What is meant by SAT Chromosome?
 SAT Chromosome is a short chromosomal segment or rounded body separated from main
chromosome by a relatively elongated secondary constriction.
43. What is meant by Grana?
 Grana are formed when many of thylakoids are stacked together like pile of coins.
44. What are thylakoids?
 Inside the stroma there is flat interconnected sacs called thylakoid.
 The membrane of thylakoid encloses a space called thylakoid lumen.
45. Draw and label the structure of Chloroplast.
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Lesson - 7. Cell Cycle
1. The correct sequence in cell cycle is

a) S - M - G1 - G2 b) S - G1 - G2 - M c) G1 - S - G2 - M d) M - G - G2 - S
2. If mitotic division is restricted in G1 phase of the cell cycle then the condition is known as
a) S Phase b) G2 Phase c) M Phase d) G0 Phase
3. Anaphase promoting complex APC is a protein degradation machinery necessary for proper mitosis of
animal cells. If APC is defective in human cell, which of the following is expected to occur?
a) Chromosomes will be fragmented b) Chromosomes will not condense
c) Chromosomes will not segregate d) Recombination of chromosomes will occur
4. In S phase of the cell cycle
a) Amount of DNA doubles in each cell b) Amount of DNA remains same in each cell
c) Chromosome number is increased d) Amount of DNA is reduced to half in each cell
5. Centromere is required for
a) transcription b) crossing over
c) Cytoplasmic cleavage d) movement of chromosome towards pole
6. Synapsis occur between
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a) mRNA and ribosomes b) spindle fibres and centromeres
c) two homologous chromosomes d) a male and a female gamete
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7. In meiosis crossing over is initiated at
a) Diplotene b) Pachytene c) Leptotene d) Zygotene
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8. Colchicine prevents the mitosis of the cells at which of the following stage
a) Anaphase b) Metaphase c) Prophase d) interphase
9. The paring of homologous chromosomes on meiosis is known as
a) Bivalent b) Synapsis
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1. Write any three significance of mitosis.

 Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells
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 Growth – as multicellular organisms grow, the number of cells making up their tissue increases.
 The new cells must be identical to the existing ones.
 Damaged cells must be replaced by identical new cells by mitosis.
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2. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

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Mitosis Meiosis
One division Two divisions
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Number of chromosomes remains the same. Number of chromosomes is halved.

Homologous chromosome does not pair up. Homologous chromosome pair up to form
bivalent.
Chiasmata do not form and crossing over never Chiasmata form and crossing over occurs.
occurs.
Two daughter cells are formed. Four daughter cells are formed.
Daughter cells are genetically identical. Daughter cells are genetically different from the
parent cells.
3. Given an account of G0 phase.
 Some cells exit G1 and enters a quiescent stage called G0.
 The cell remains metabolically active without proliferation.
 In G0, cells cease growth with reduced rate of RNA and protein synthesis.
 The G0 phase is not permanent.
 Mature neuron and skeletal muscle cell remain permanently in G0.
 G0 cells are not dormant.
4. Differentiate cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells.

S.NO Cytokinesis in plant cells Cytokinesis in animal cells.
1. Division of cytoplasam often starts The contractile mechanism located inside the
during telophase. plasmamembrane.
2. Cell plate grows from centre towards The ring consists of a bundle of microfilaments
lateral walls. assembled from actin and myosin.
5. Write about Pachytene and Diplotene of Prophase.

Pachytene
 At this stage bivalent chromosomes are clearly visible as tetrads.
 Bivalent of meiosis I consists of 4 chromatids and 2 centromeres.
 Synapsis is completed and recombination nodules appear at a site where crossing over takes place
between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome.
 Recombination of homologous chromosomes is completed by the end of the stage but the
chromosomes are linked at the sites of crossing over.
 This is mediated by the enzyme recombinase.
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Diplotene
 Synaptonemal complex disassembled and dissolves.
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 The homologous chromosomes remain attached at one or more points where crossing over has
taken place.
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 These points of attachment where „X‟ shaped structures occur at the sites of crossing over is
called Chiasmata.
 This substage may last for days or years depending on the sex and organism.
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6. Define: Cell cycle.
 A series of events leading to the formation of new cell is known as cell cycle.
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7. What is mitogen?
 The factors which promote cell cycle proliferation is called mitogen.
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 Ex : Gibberellin, Ethylene, IAA.

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8. What are the factors that prevent cell division at G1 - Phase?

 Nutrient deprivation.
 Lack of growth factors or density dependent inhibition.
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 Cells undergo metabolic changes and enter into G0 state.

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9. What are the changes in the S phase?

 Growth of the cell continues as replication of DNA.
 Histones are synthesised and attach to the DNA.
 The centrioles duplicate in the cytoplasm.
 DNA content increases from 2C to 4C
10. What is synapsis?
 During Zygotene substage of meiotic prophase – I.
 Pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place and it is known as synapsis.
11. List the Duration of the human Cell Cycle.
Phase Time duration ( in hrs)
G1 11
S 8
G2 4
M 1
12. What is Cressing Over?

 At pachytene stage of Meiotic Prophase – 1.
 The exchange of chromatids occurs between homologous chromosomes of non - sister
chromatids.
13. Draw the diagram of Cell cycle.
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14. Explain the Meiosis II – Reduction Division.
 This division is otherwise called mitotic meiosis.
Prophase II
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 The chromosome with 2 chromatids becomes short, condensed, thick and becomes visible.
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear.
 New spindle develops at right angles to the cell axis.
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Metaphase II
 Chromosome arranged at the equatorial plane of the spindle.
 Microtubules of spindle gets attached to the centromere of sister chromatids
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Anaphase II
 Sister chromatids separate.
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 The daughter chromosomes move to the opposite poles due to shortening of spindle fibres.
Telophase II
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 Four groups of chromosomes are organised into four haploid nuclei.

 The spindle disappears.
 Nuclear envelope, nucleolus reappear.
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Cytokinesis
 After karyokinesis, cytokinesis follows and four haploid daughter cells are formed, called tetrad.
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15. Bring out the significance of Meiosis.

 This maintains a definite constant number of chromosomes in organisms.
 Crossing over takes place and exchange of genetic material leads to variations among species.
 These variations are the raw materials to evolution.
 Meiosis leads to genetic variability.
 Adaptation of organisms to various environmental stresses.
16. What are Chiasmata?
 The homologous chromosomes remain attached at one or more points where crossing over has
taken place.
 These points of attachment where „X‟ shaped structures occur at the sites of crossing over.
17. What is Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis?
 Involves division of nucleus is called Karyokinesis.
 Involves division of cytoplasm is called Cytokinesis.
18. What is called Endomitosis?

 The replication of chromosomes in the absence of nuclear division and cytoplasmic division
resulting in numerous copies within each cell is called endomitosis.
19. What is Amitosis?
 No spindle formation and chromatin material does not condense.
20. Write down the stages of mitosis.
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
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Lesson - 8. Biomolecules.
1. Water is a polar molecule because…..

a) They have uniform charge distribution. b) They have negative charge.
c) The hydrogen have slight negative charge.
d) They have uneven distributions of electrical charge.
2. The β - D Glucose units in cellulose are linked together by
a) N-acetyl side chains. b) N-acetyl D-glucosamine.
c) 1 3 Linkage d) β – (1,4) glycosidic linkage
3. Chitin is a linear polymer of ______ joined together by β – 1,4 glycosidic linkages.
a) β – D – glycose units b) N – acetyl – D Glucosamine units
c) α –1,4 – glucanmaltohydrolase d) D – glycuronic acid
4. The net charge of Zwitter ion is…
a ) Zero b) Positive c) Negative d) 100
5. Watson and Crick model of DNA double helix is _____form.
a) A b) C c) H d) B
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1. Define – Enzymes.
 Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse the many thousands of metabolic reactions taking
place within cells and organism. ka
2. Differentiate – Nucleoside and Nucleotide.
Nucleoside Nucleotide
It is a combination of base and sugar. It is a combination of nucleoside and phosphoric acid.
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Examples Examples
Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose Adenylic acid = Adenosine + Phosphoric acid
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Guanosine = Guanine + Ribose Guanylic acid = Guanosine + Phosphoric acid

Cytidine = Cytosine + Ribose Cytidylic acid = Cytidine + Phosphoric aci
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Deoxythymidine = Thymine + Deoxyribose Uridylic acid = Uridine + Phosphoric acid

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3. Write the properties of Water.

 Adhesion and cohesion property
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 High latent heat of vapourisation.

 High melting and boiling point.
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 Universal solvent.
 Specific heat capacity.
4. Explain the structure of DNA.
 As proposed by Watson and Crick, DNA consists of double helix structure.
 2 helical polynucleotide chains that are coiled around a common axis.
 The coils are held together by hydrogen bonds which occur between complementary pairs of
nitrogenous bases.
 The sugar is called 2′ deoxyribose.
 It consists of nucleotides such as Adenine, Guanine, cytosine and thiamine.
 Adenine and thiamine base pair has two hydrogen bonds.
 While guanine and cytosine base pairs have three hydrogen bonds.
Erwin Chargaff rule
 Purine pairs with pyrimidine and vice versa.
 Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) by double bond.
 Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C) by triple bond.
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5. Describe the types of RNA.
Types of RNA
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mRNA (messenger RNA)
 Single stranded, carries a copy of instructions for assembling aminoacids into proteins.
 It is very unstable and comprises 5% of total RNA polymer.
 Prokaryotic mRNA carry coding sequences for many polypeptides.
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 Eukaryotic mRNA (Mono-cistronic) contains information for only one polypeptide.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
 Translates the code from mRNA and transfers aminoacids to the ribosome to build proteins.
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 It is highly folded into an elaborate 3D structure and comprises about 15% of total RNA.
 It is also called as soluble RNA.
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rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

 Single stranded, metabolically stable, makeup the two subunits of ribosomes.
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 It constitutes 80% of the total RNA.

 It is a polymer with varied length from 120–3000 nucleotides and gives ribosomes their shape.
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 Genes for rRNA are highly conserved and employed for phylogenetic studies.
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6. Describe the Properties of Enzyme.

 All are globular proteins.
 They act as catalysts and effective even in small quantity.
 They remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
 They are highly specific.
 They have an active site where the reaction takes place.
7. What is holoenzyme?
 Active enzyme with its non protein component is called holoenzyme.
8. What is Apoenzyme?
 The inactive enzyme without its non protein component.
9. What is meant by Protein Denaturation?
 Denaturation is the loss of 3D structure of protein.
 Exposure to heat causes atoms to vibrate violently, and this disrupts the hydrogen and ionic
bonds.
10. Explain Lock and Key Mechanism of Enzyme.

 In a enzyme catalysed reaction, the starting is the substrate.
 It is converted to the product.
 The substrate binds to the specially formed pocket in the enzyme. the active site, this is called
lock and key mechanism of enzyme action.
 As the enzyme and substrate form a ES complex, the substrate is raised in energy to a transition
state and then breaks down into products plus unchanged enzyme.
11. Describe the Structure of Protein.
 According to the mode of folding, four levels of protein organisation have been recognised
namely
 Primary protein
 Secondary protein
 Tertiary protein
 Quaternary protein
Primary protein
 It is a linear arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary protein
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 Secondary structure arises when various functional groups are exposed on outer surface of the
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molecular interaction by forming hydrogen bonds.
 This causes the aminoacid chain to twist into coiled configuration called α-helix or to fold into a
flat β-pleated sheets.
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Tertiary protein
 The secondary level proteins fold into globular structure called domains.
Quaternary protein
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 Quaternary protein structure may be assumed by some complex proteins in which more than one
polypeptide forms.
 The individual polypeptide chains of the protein are called subunits and the active protein itself is
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called a multimer.
12. What are the factors affecting the rate of enzyme reaction?
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 Temperature
 pH
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 Substrate Concentration
 Enzyme Concentration
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 Michaelis-Menton Constant
 Inhibitors of Enzyme.
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13. What is monosaccharide?

 Monosaccharides are relatively small molecules constituting single sugar unit.
 Ex : Glucose
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14. What is disaccharide?

 Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together.
 Ex : sucrose.
15. What are the types of Protein Bonding?
 Hydrogen Bond
 Ionic Bond
 Disulfide Bond
 Hydrophobic Bond.
16. What is Nucleoside?
 Nitrogen + sugar = Nucleoside
17. What is Nucleotide?
 Nucleoside + Phosphoric acid = Nucleotide
18. Write is coenzymes?

 Coenzymes are organic compounds which act as cofactors but do not remain attached to the
enzyme.
19. Tabulate between nucleoside and nucleotide.
DNA RNA
It consists of deoxyribose sugar. It consists of ribose sugar.
It consists of Adenine, Guanine, cytosine and It consists of Adenine, Guanine, cytosine and
thiamine. uracil.
It is double stranded. It is single stranded.
20. Briefly outline the classification of enzymes.
Enzymes Modeofaction General scheme of reaction Example
Oxidoreductase Oxidation and reduction Ared + Box → Aox + Bred Dehydrogenase
Transferase Transfer a group of atoms A-B+C→A+C-B Transaminase,

from one molecule to another. Phospho transferase.
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Hydrolases Hydrolysis of substrate by A - B + H2O → A - H + B - OH Digestive enzyme
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addition of water molecule
Isomerase Control the conversion of one A - B - C → A - C - B Isomerase
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isomer to another by transfer
ring a group of atoms from
one molecule to another.
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Lyase Break chemical bond without A-B→A+B Decarboxylase
addition of water
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Ligase Formation of new chemical A + B + ATP → A - B + ADP + DNA ligase.
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bonds using ATP as a source Pi

of energy DNA ligase
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21. Write Chargaff's rule.

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 A purine pairs with pyrimidine and vice versa .

Chargaff's rule
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 A+T:G+C
22. What are the types of RNA?
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 mRNA (messenger RNA)

 tRNA (transfer RNA)
 rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
23. What are prosthetic groups?
 Prosthetic groups are organic molecules that assist in catalytic function of an enzyme.
 Ex : Flavin adenine-dinucleotide (FAD).
24. What is Polysaccharides ?
 These are made of hundreds of monosaccharide units.
 Ex : Cellulose
25. Write the three units of a nucleotide?
 Nitrogen base
 Ribose sugar
 Phosphate.
Lesson - 9. Tissue and Tissue System
1. Refer to the given figure and select the correct statement.
i. A, B, and C are histogen of shoot apex

ii. A Gives rise to medullary rays.
iii. B Gives rise to cortex iv. C Gives rise to epidermis
a) i and ii only b) ii and iii only
c) i and iii only d) iii and iv only
2. Read the following sentences and identify the correctly matched sentences.
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i. In exarch condition, the protoxylem lies outside of metaxylem.
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ii. In endarch condition, the protoxylem lie towords the centre.
iii. In centarch condition, metaxylem lies in the middle of the protoxylem.
iv. In mesarch condition, protoxylem lies in the middle of the metaxylem.
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a) i, ii and iii only b) ii, iii and iv only
c) i, ii and iv only ka d) All of these
3. Bicollateral vascular bundles are present in.
a) Cucurbitaceae b) Lilliaceae c) Dracena d) Yucca
4. When a leaf trace extends from a vascular bundle in a dicot stem, what would be the arrangement of
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vascular tissues in the veins of the leaf?
a) Xylem would be on top and the phloem on the bottom
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b) Phloem would be on top and the xylem on the bottom

c) Xylem would encircle the phloem
d) Phloem would encircle the xylem
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5. Grafting is successful in dicots but not in monocots because the dicots have
a) Vascular bundles arranged in a ring b) Cambium for secondary growth
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c) Vessels with elements arranged end to end d) Cork cambium

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1. Why the cells of sclerenchyma and tracheids become dead?

 The sclerenchyma and tracheids are dead cells and lacks protoplasm.
2. What are sieve tubes? Explain.
 Sieve tubes are long tube like conducting elements in the phloem.
 The sieve tube elements are arranged one above the other and form vertical sieve tube.
 The end wall contains a number of pores and it looks like a sieve. So it is called as sieve plate.
 The function of sieve tubes is believed to be controlled by campanion cells.
 In mature sieve tube, nucleus is absent.
 It contains a lining layer of cytoplasm.
 A special protein (P. Protein = Phloem Protein) called slime body is seen in it.
 In mature sieve tubes, the pores in the sieve plate are blocked by a substance called callose.
 Sieve tubes occur only in Angiosperms.
3. Explain sclereids with their types.

Brachysclereids or Stone cells
 Isodiametric sclereids, with hard cell wall.
 It is found in bark, pith cortex, hard endosperm and fleshy portion of some fruits.
 Ex : Pulp of Pyrus.
Macrosclereids
 Elongated and rod shaped cells.
 Found in the outer seed coat of leguminous plants.
 Ex : Crotalaria and Pisum sativum.
Osteosclereids (Bone cells):
 Rod shaped with dilated ends.
 They occur in leaves and seed coats.
 Ex : seed coat of Pisum and Hakea
Astrosclereids
 Star cells with lobes or arms diverging from a central body.
 They occur in petioles and leaves.
 Example: Tea, Nymphae
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Trichosclereids
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 Hair like thin walled sclereids.
 Example: Nymphaea leaf.
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4. Distinguish the anatomy of dicot root from monocot root.
S.NO Characters Dicot root
ka Monocot root
1. Pericyle Gives rise to lateral roots, phellogen Gives rise to lateral roots only.
and a part of vascular cambium.
2. Vascular tissue Usually limited number of xylem and Usually more number of xylem
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phloem strips. and phloem strips,
3. Conjunctive tissue Parenchymatous. Mostly sclerenchymatous but
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sometimes parenchymatous.
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4. Cambium It appears as a secondary meristem at It is altogether absent.

the time of secondary growth.
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5. xylem Usually tetrach Usually polyarch.

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5. Distinguish the anatomy of dicot stem from monocot stem.

S.NO Characters Dicot Stem Monocot Stem
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1. Hypodermis Collenchymatous Sclerenchymatous

2. Ground tissue Differentiated into cortex, Not differentiated, but it is a
endodermis and pericycle and pith continuous mass of
parenchyma.
3. Starch Sheath Present Absent
4. Medullary rays Present Absent
5. Vascular bundles a) Collateral and open a) Collateral and closed
b) Arranged in a ring b) Scattered in ground tissue
c) Secondary growth occurs. c) Secondary growth usually
does not occur.
6. Write the characteristics features of meristematic tissues?

 The meristematic cells are isodiametric.
 They may be, oval, spherical or polygonal in shape.
 They generally have dense cytoplasm with prominent nucleus.
 Generally the vacuoles are either small or absent.
 Their cell wall is thin, elastic and made up of cellulose.
 These are most actively dividing cells.
7. What is stomata?
 The minute openings found on the epidermis are called stomata.
8. What are trichomes?
 The unicellular or multicellular appendages that originate from the epidermal cells are called
trichomes.
9. Write the classification of meristem based on position?
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Apical meristem
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 Present in apices of root and shoot.
 It is responsible for increase in the length of the plant, it is called as primary growth.
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Intercalary meristem
 Occurs between the permenant tissues.
 It is responsible for elongation of internodes.ka
Lateral meristem
 Occurs along the longitudinal axis of stem and root.
 It is responsible for secondary tissues and thickening of stem and root.
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 Ex : vascular cambium and cork cambium.
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10. List out the functions epidermal tissue system.

 This system in the shoot checks excessive loss of water due to the presence of cuticle.
 Epidermis protects the underlying tissues.
 Stomata is involved in transpiration and gaseous exchange.
 Trichomes are also helpful in the dispersal of seeds and fruits
 Prickles also provide protection against animals and they also check excessive transpiration
 In some rose plants they also help in climbing.
11. Differentiate tracheids and fibres.
Fibres Sclereids
Long cells Short cells
Narrow, Elongated pointed ends Usually short and broad
Occurs in bundles Occurs individually or in small groups
Commonly unbranched May be branched
12. Explain the types of vascular bundles.

Radial vascular bundle
 Xylem and phloem are present on different radii alternating with each other.
 Monocot and Dicot roots.
Conjoint vascular bundle
 Xylem and phloem are present on the same radius in one bundle.
Collateral vascular bundle
 Xylem placed towards inside and phloem towards outside.
Open vascular bundle
 Cambium is present between xylem and phloem.
 Stems of Dicots and Gymnosperms.
Closed vascular bundle:
 Cambium is absent between xylem and phloem.
 Stems of Monocots.
Bicollateral
 Phloem occurs on both the outer and inner sides of xylem.
 Ex : Cucurbitaceae
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Concentric
 Xylem and phloem are present in concentric circles one around the other in some stems.
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Amphicribral
 Xylem lies in the centre with phloem surrounding it.
da
 Ex : Ferns (Polypodium)
Amphicribral
 Phloem lies in the centre with xylem surrounding it.
 Ex : Dragon plant - Dracena and Yucca.
ka
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13. Explain the histogen theory for Shoot Apical Meristem.

 Histogen theory is proposed by Hanstein (1868).
 Supported by Strassburgur.
 The shoot apex comprises three distinct zones.
Dermatogen
 It is the outermost layer.
 It gives rise to epidermis.
Periblem
 It is middle layer.
 That gives rise to cortex.
Plerome
 It is innermost layer.
 Which gives rise to stele.
14. Explain the Tunica carpus theory.
 Tunica corpus theory is proposed by A.Schmidt.
Tunica
 It is the peripheral zone of shoot apex.
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 It forms epidermis.
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Corpus
 It is the inner zone of shoot apex.
 It forms cortex and stele of shoot.
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15. Describe the Korper Kappe Theory.
 Korper Kappe theory is proposed by Schuepp.
 There are two zones in root apex – Korper and Kappe.
ka
Korper zone
 It forms the body.
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Kappe zone
 It forms the cap.
 The two divisions are distinguished by the type of T (also called Y) divisions.
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 Korper is characterised by inverted T divisions.

 kappe by straight T divisions.
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16. Write the characteristics features of Parenchyma?

 Parenchyma is generally present in all organs of the plant.
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 Parenchyma is a living tissue and made up of thin walled cells.

 The cell wall is made up of cellulose.
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 Shape : oval, polyhedral, cylindrical, irregular, elongated or armed.

 The tissue normally has prominent intercellular spaces.
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 Store various types of materials like, water, air, ergastic substances.

17. What is Idioblasts?
 Parenchyma cells which store resin, tannins, crystals of calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate are
called idioblasts.
18. What is callose?
 In mature sieve tubes, the pores in the sieve plate are blocked by a substance called callose
19. What is Bast fibres?
 The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with phloem are called phloem fibres or bast fibres.
20. Differentiate exarch and endarch xylem.
Exarch xylem Endarch xylem
Protoxylem lies towards the periphery and Protoxylem lies towards the centre and
metaxylem that lies towards the centre is called meta xylem towards the periphery this
Exarch. condition is called Endarch.
21. Describe the types of parenchyma.

Aerenchyma
 Parenchyma which contains air in its intercellular spaces.
 It helps in aeration and buoyancy.
 Ex : Nymphae and Hydrilla.
Storage Parenchyma
 Parenchyma stores food materials.
 Ex : Root and stem tubers.
Stellate Parenchyma
 Star shaped parenchyma.
 Ex : Petioles of Banana and Canna.
Chlorenchyma
 Parenchyma cells with chloroplast.
 Ex : Mesophyll of leaves.
Prosenchyma
 Parenchyma cells became elongated, pointed and slightly thick walled.
 It provides mechanical support.
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da
ka
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22. What is casparian strips?
 There is a band like structure made of suberin and lignin present in the radial and inner tangential
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walls of the endodermal cells. They are called casparian strips.

23. What is passage cells?
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 The endodermal cells, which are opposite the protoxylem elements, are thin walled without
casparian strips. These cells are called passage cells.
 Their function is to transport water and dissolved salts from the cortex to the xylem.
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24. What is protoxylem lacuna?

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 In a mature bundle, the lowest protoxylem disintegrates and forms a cavity known as protoxylem
lacuna.
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25. What is Eustele?

 In dicot stem vascular bundles are arranged in the form of a ring around the pith. This type of
stele is called eustele.
26. What is respiratory cavity or substomatal cavity?
 The air space that is found next to the stomata is called respiratory cavity or substomatal cavity.
27. What is a dorsiventral leaf?
 The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchymas are called dorsivental
leaves.
28. What is a bulliform cell?
 Some cells of upper epidermis are large and thin walled. They are called bulliform cells or motor
cells.
 These cells are helpful for the rolling and unrolling of the leaf according to the weather change.
29. Draw and label the anatomy of monocot root.
n
l.i
da
30. Draw and label the anatomy of dicot root.
ka
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31. Write short note on vessels?

 Vessels are elongated tube like structure and dead cells.
 Long narrow tubes arranged one above another.
 Their lumen is wider than Tracheids.
 They are perforated at the end walls.
 A single pore is formed at the perforation plate. It is called simple perforation plate. Ex: Mangifera.
 If the perforation plate has many pores, it is called multiple perforation plate. Ex : Liriodendron.
 The secondary wall thickening of vessels are annular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate, or pitted as in
tracheids.
 Vessels are chief water conducting elements in Angiosperms and absent in Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms.
 In Gnetum of Gymnosperm, vessels occur.
 Function : It is used in transport of water and minerals.
32. Draw and label the anatomy of dicot leaf.
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da
ka
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33. Draw and label the open vascular bundle.
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34. Draw and label bicollateral vascular bundle.

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35. Draw and label collateral closed vascular bundle.
36. Explain the types of collenchymas.

Angular collenchyma
 It is the most common type of collenchyma with irregular arrangement.
 Thickening at the angles where cells meet.
 Ex : Hypodermis of Datura.
Lacunar collenchyma
 The collenchyma cells are irregularly arranged.
 Cell wall is thickened on the walls bordering intercellular spaces.
 Ex : Hypodermis of Ipomoea.
n
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da
Lamellar collenchyma
ka
 The collenchyma cells are arranged compactly in layers (rows).
 The Cell wall is thickened only at tangential wall devoid of thickened at radial walls.
 Ex : Hypodermis of Helianthus.
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37. Write a note on Tracheids.

 Tracheids are dead, lignified and elongated cells with tapering ends.
 There are different types of cell wall thickenings due to the deposition of secondary wall
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substances.
 They are annular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate, and pitted.
Functions:
 They are chief water conducting elements in Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes.
 Mechanical support to the plants.
38. What is simple perforation plate?
 Vessels are perforated at the end walls.
 Due to the dissolution of entire cell wall, a single pore is formed at the perforation plate. It is
called simple perforation plate.
 Ex: Mangifera.
39. What is multiple perforation plate?
 The perforation plate has many pores in the end walls of vessels is called multiple perforation
plate.
 Ex : Liriodendron.
Lesson - 10. Secondary Growth
1. Consider the following statements

In spring season vascular cambium
i. is less active
ii. produces a large number of xylary elements
iii. forms vessels with wide cavities of these,
a) (i) is correct but (ii) and (iii) are not correct
b) (i) is not correct but (ii) and (iii) are correct
c) (i) and (ii) are correct but (iii) is not correct
d) (i) and (ii) are not correct but (iii) is correct.
2. Usually, the monocotyledons do not increase their girth, because
a) They possess actively dividing cambium
b) They do not possess actively dividing cambium
c) Ceases activity of cambium
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d) All are correct
3. In the diagram of lenticel identify the parts marked as A,B,C,D
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da
ka
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a) A. phellem, B. Complementary tissue, C. Phelloderm, D. Phellogen.
b) A. Complementary tissue, B. Phellem, C. Phellogen, D. Phelloderm.
c) A. Phellogen, B. Phellem, C. Phelloderm, D. complementary tissue
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d) A. Phelloderm, B. Phellem, C. Complementary tissue, D. Phellogen

4. What is the fate of primary xylem in a dicot stem showing extensive secondary growth?
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a) It is retained in the centre of the axis b) It gets crushed

c) May or may not get crushed
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d) It gets surrounded by primary phloem

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1. In a forest, if the bark of a tree is damaged by the horn of a deer, How will the plant overcome
the damage?
 The parenchymatic tissue is developed in cortex by the activity of phellogen.
 The callus tissue grows and covers the wound.
2. In which season the vessels of angiosperms are larger in size, why?
 In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements
having vessels/tracheids with wide lumen.
3. Continuous state of dividing tissue is called meristem. In connection to this, what is the role of
lateral meristem?
 The roots and stems grow in length with the help of apical meristems. This is called primary
growth.
 The vascular cambium is the lateral meristem that produces the secondary vascular tissues. i.e.,
secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
4. A timber merchant bought 2 logs of wood from a forest & named them A & B, The log A was 50
year old & B was 20 years old. Which log of wood will last longer for the merchant? Why?
 50 years old „A‟ timber wood is more durable. Because it has more growth rings.
 The centre part of the wood will be darker in colour and is called heart wood. Its wood would be
more durable and can also resist microbes.
5. A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows concentric rings which are known as growth
rings. How are these rings formed? What are the significance of these rings?
 This annual ring denotes the combination of early wood and late wood.
 Each annual ring corresponds to one years growth and on this basis of these rings, the age of tree
can be calculated.
 Sometimes annual rings are called growth rings.
6. Write the differences Between Sap Wood (alburnum) and Heart Wood (duramen).
Sap Wood (alburnum) Heart Wood (duramen)

Living part of the wood. Dead part of the wood.
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It is situated on the outer side of wood Centre part of wood
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It is pale coloured It is dark in coloured
da
Very soft in nature Hard in nature
Tyloses are absent Tyloses are present
It is not durable and not resistant to microorganism It is more durable and resists microorganism
ka
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7. What is wood ?
 The secondary xylem, is also called wood.
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 It is formred by the vascular cambium.

 It contains fusiform cells and elongated ray initials.
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8. Write differences between Porous Wood and Non-porous Wood.

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Porous wood or Hard wood Non porous wood or Soft wood

Ex : Morus Ex : Pinus
Common in angiosperms. Common in gymnosperms.
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Porous, It contains vessels. Non-porous, It does not contain vessels

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9. Central part of the wood in always dark in colour.why?

 The central part of the wood is known as heart wood.
 The heart wood is blocked by tyloses. Due to the presence of tyloses and their contents the
heartwood becomes coloured, dead and the hardest part of the wood.
10. What is Xylotomy?
 The study of wood by preparing sections for microscopic observation.
11. A cross section of tree trunk contains 60 lighter and 60 darker rings. Determine the age the tree
and justify.
 The annual rings denotes the combination of early wood and late wood.
 The age of the tree is 60.
12. What is Dendrochronology ?
 The determination of the age of a tree by counting the annual rings is called dendrochronology.
13. What is Lenticel?
 Lenticel is raised opening or pore on the epidermis or bark of stems and roots.
14. What is pseudo (or) false- annual rings?

 Additional growth rings are developed due to natural calamities like drought, frost, defoliation,
flood, mechanical injury and biotic factors during the middle of a growing season.
 It results in the formation of more than one annual ring. Such rings are called pseudo (or) false
annual rings.
15. Write the short note an tyloses.
 In many dicot plants, the lumen of the xylem vessels is blocked by many balloon like in growths
from the neighbouring parenchymatous cells. These balloon-like structures are called tyloses.
 These structures are formed in secondary xylem vessels that have last their function.
 In fully developed tyloses, starchy crystals, resins, gums, oils, tannins or coloured substances are
found.
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16. Write the short notes an Annual Rings.
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 The activity of vascular cambium is under the control of many physiological and environmental
factors.
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 In temperate regions, the climatic conditions are not uniform throughout the year.
 In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements
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having vessels / tracheids with wide lumen.

 The tracheary elements are fairly thin walled.
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 The wood formed during this season is called spring wood or early wood.
 In winter, the cambium is less active and forms fewer xylary elements that have narrow vessels /
tracheids.
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 The treachery elements are with narrow lumen, very thick walled.
 The wood formed during this season is called autumn wood or late wood.
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 The spring wood is lighter in colour and has a lower density whereas the autumn wood is darker
and has a higher density.
 The combination of early wood and late wood denotes the annual rings.
 Each annual ring corresponds to one years growth and on this basis of these rings, the age of tree
can be calculated.
17. What is periderm?

 The periderm is a protective layer of secondary growth.
 The periderm consists of phellem, phellogen, and phelloderm.
18. Differentiate between Intrafasciular cambium and inter fascicular cambium.
Intrafascicular cambium Interfascicular cambium
Present inside the vascular bundles Present in between the vascular bundles.
Originates from the procambium Originates from the medullary rays.
Initially it forms a part of the primary meristem. From the beginning it forms a part of the
secondary meristem.
19. Write the importance of Studying Growth Rings.
 Age of wood can be calculated.
 The quality of timber can be ascertained.
 Radio-Carbon dating can be verified.
 Past climate and archaeological dating can be made.
 Provides evidence investigation.
20. Why heart wood does not conduct water?
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 The vessels of the heart wood are blocked by tyloses, so water is not conducted through them.
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21. Write the differences between phellem and phelloderm.
Phellem
da
 It is formed on the outer side of phellogen.
 Protective in function.
 Lenticels are present. ka
Phelloderm
 It is formed on the inner side of phellogen.
 It synthesises and stores food.
 Lenticels are absent.
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Lesson - 11. Transport in plants
1) In a fully turgid cell

a) DPD = 10 atm; OP = 5 atm; TP = 10 atm b) DPD = 0 atm; OP = 10 atm; TP = 10 atm
c) DPD = 0 atm; OP = 5 atm; TP = 10 atm d. DPD = 20 atm; OP = 20 atm; TP = 10 atm
2) Which among the following is correct?
i. apoplast is fastest and operate in nonliving part
ii. Transmembrane route includes vacuole
iii. symplast interconnect the nearby cell through plasmadesmata
iv. symplast and transmembrane route are in living part of the cell
a) i and ii b) ii and iii c) iii and iv d) i, ii, iii, iv
3) What type of transpiration is possible in the xerophyte Opuntia?
a) Stomatal b) Lenticular c) Cuticular d) All the above
4) Stomata of a plant open due to
c) Influx of Cl– d) Influx of OH–
+ +
a) Influx of K b) Efflux of K
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5) Munch hypothesis is based on
a) Translocation of food due to TP gradient and imbibition force
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b) Translocation of food due to TP
c) Translocation of food due to imbibition force
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d) None of the above
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1. If the concentration of salt in the soil is too high and the plants may wilt even if the field is
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thoroughly irrigated. Explain.
 High salt concentrations result in a high osmotic potential of the soil solution.
 Under extreme salinity conditions, plants may be unable to absorb water.
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 Draw and label the parts of regions of root.

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2. How phosphorylase enzymes open the stomata in starch sugar interconversion theory?
 The enzyme phosphorylase hydrolyses starch into sugar.
 High PH Followed by endosmosis and the opening of stomata during light.
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 The vice versa takes place during the night.

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3. List out the non-photosynthetic parts of a plant that need a supply of sucrose?
 Roots
 Tubers
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 Stems of older plants, flowers, fruits.

4. What are the parameters which control water potential?
 Water potential can be determined by,
 Solute potential (Ψs)
 Pressure potential (Ψp)
Ψw = Ψs + Ψp
5. An artificial cell made of selectively permeable membrane immersed in a beaker. Read the values
and answer the following questions
a) Draw an arrow to indicate the direction of water movement.

b) Is the solution outside the cell isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic?
c) Is the cell isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic?
d) Will the cell become more flaccid, more turgid or stay in original size?
e) With reference to artificial cell state, the process is endosmosis or exosmosis?
Answer:
 a) Water enters the cell.
 b) Hypotonic
 c) Hypertonic
 d) More turgid
 e) Endosmosis
6. What is imbibition?
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 Colloidal systems such as gum, starch, proteins, cellulose, agar, and gelatin when placed in water,
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will absorb a large volume of water and swell up. They are called imbibitions.
7. What is water Potential?
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 It is potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water when both temperature and
pressure are kept the same.
8. What is Osmosis?
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 It represents the movement of water or solvent molecules through a selectively permeable
membrane from the place of its higher concentration (high water potential) to the place of its
lower concentration (low water potential).
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9. Mention different types of Plasmolysis. (or) List out the difference between Endosmosis and
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Exosmosis.
Endosmosis
 Endosmosis is defined as the osmotic entry of solvent into a cell or a system when it is placed in a
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pure water or hypotonic solution.

Exosmosis
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 Exosmosis is defined as the osmotic withdrawal of water from a cell or system when it is placed
in a hypertonic solution.
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10. What is Ascent of sap?

 The water within the xylem along with dissolved minerals from roots is called sap.
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 Sap and its upward movement are known as the ascent of sap.
11. What is Plasmolysis?
 When a plant cell is kept in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell due to exosmosis.
 As a result of water loss, protoplasm shrinks and the cell membrane is pulled away from the cell
wall and finally, the cell becomes flaccid is named as plasmolysis.
12. List out the significance of Plasmolysis.
 It is used to test whether the cell is living or dead.
13. What is meant by transpiration? Mention its types.
 The loss of excess of water in the form of vapour from various aerial parts of the plant.
Types of transpiration
 Stomatal transpiration
 Lenticular transpiration
 Cuticular transpiration
Stomatal transpiration
 Stomata are microscopic structures present in the lower epidermis of leaves.
 This is the most dominant form of transpiration and is responsible for most of the water loss (90–
95%) in plants.
Cuticular transpiration
 The cuticle is a waxy layer of cutin covering the epidermis of leaves and other plant parts.
 Loss of water through cuticle is small, and it is only about 5 to 10%.of the total transpiration.
Lenticular transpiration
 In stems of woody plants and trees, the epidermis is replaced by periderm because of secondary
growth.
 Some pores are present on the surface of the stem called Lenticels.
 The loss of water from lenticels is very insignificant as it amounts to only 0.1% of the total.
14. Why Curtis stated 'Transpiration as anecessary evil'. Give reason.
 Transpiration leads to a 95% loss of water.
 The process like absorption of water, ascent of sap and mineral absorption directly relay on the
transpiration.
 Plants with stand against scorching sunlight due to transpiration.
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15. Describe the structure of stomata with the labeled diagram.
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 The epidermis of leaves and green stems possess many small pores called stomata.
 The length and breadth of stomata is about 10-40µ and 3-10µ respectively.
 Stomata are made up of two guard cells, special semi-lunar or kidney- shaped living cells.
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 Guard cells are attached to surrounding epidermal cells known as subsidiary cells.
 The inner wall of the guard cell is thicker than the outer wall.
 The stoma opens to the interior into a cavity called sub-stomatal cavity.
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16. What is Guttation?

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 During high humidity in the atmosphere,

 When plants absorb water in such a condition root pressure is developed due to excess water
within the plant.
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 Excess water exudates as liquid from the edges of the leaves and is called guttation.
 Ex : Grasses, tomato, potato, brinjal and Alocasia.
17. What are called Hydathodes?
 Guttation occurs through stomata like pores called hydathodes.
18. What is Hypertonic?
 This is a strong solution.
 This attracts solvent from other solutions.
19. What is Hypotonic?
 This is a weak solution.
 It diffuses water out to other solutions.
20. What is Isotonic?
 It refers to two solutions having same concentration.
 In this condition the net movement of water molecule will be zero.
21. Write a note on Ascent of sap.

 Cut a branch of balsam plant and place it in a beaker containing eosin (red colour dye) water.
 After some time, a red streak appears on the stem indicating the ascent of water.
 Cut a transverse section of the stem and observe it under the microscope.
 Only xylem element is coloured red.
 Which indicates the path of water is xylem.
 Prove the path of ascent of sap with on experiment.
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22. What is called Osmotic pressure?
 When a solution and its solvent (pure water) are separated by a semipermeable membrane, a
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pressure is developed in the solution, due to the presence of dissolved solutes.
23. Explain the experiment in the potato osmoscope.
 Take a peeled potato tuber and make a cavity inside with the help of a knife.
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 Fill the cavity with concentrated sugar solution and mark the initial level.
 Place this setup in a beaker of pure water.
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 After 10 minutes observe the sugar solution level and record your findings.
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24. What is porin?

 Porin is a large transporter protein found in the outer membrane of plastids, mitochondria and
bacteria.
 Which facilitates smaller molecules to pass through the membrane.
25. What is aquaporin?
 Aquaporin is a water channel protein embedded in the plasma membrane.
 It regulates the massive amount of water transport across the membrane .
26. List out the types of Plasmolysis.
 Incipient Plasmolysis
 Evident Plasmolysis
 Final Plasmolysis
27. Define : Diffusion.

 The net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their
lower concentration along a concentration gradient until an equilibrium is attained.
28. What is meant by Stomata?
 The epidermis of leaves and Green stems possess many small Pores are called stomata.
29. What is Deplasmolysis?
 The effect of plasmolysis can be reversed, by transferring them back into water or hypotonic
solution.
 The normal size of the protoplasm is established.
30. What is apoplast?
 It consists of everything external to the plasma membrane of a living cell.
 The apoplast includes cell walls, extra cellular spaces, vessel elements and tracheids.
 In the apoplast pathway, water moves exclusively through the cell wall or the non-living part of
the plant.
31. What is Symplast?
 It consists of the entire mass of cytosol and plasmodesmata.
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 In the symplastic route, water has to cross plasma membrane to enter the cytoplasam; then it will
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move within adjoining cytoplasm through plasmodesmata around the vacuoles without the
necessity to cross more membrane, till it reaches xylem.
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32. What is Cohesion?
 Water molecules are bound together by a strong mutual attraction force called cohesion.
33. What is adhesion?
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 Water molecules and the hydrophilic wall of the xylem stick together by a force called adhesion.
34. What is meant by Root pressure?
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 It is a pressure developing in the tracheary elements of the xylem as a result of metabolic
activities of the root”.
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35. Explain the experiment in the Ganongs photometer.

 Ganongs potometer is used to measure the rate of transpiration.
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 Apparatus consists of a horizontal graduated tube which is bent in opposite directions at the ends.
 One bent end is wide and the other is narrow.
 A reservoir is fixed to the horizontal tube near the wider end.
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 The apparatus is filled with water from reservoir.

 A small plant is fixed to the wider arm through a split cock.
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 The other bent end of the horizontal tube is dipped into a beaker containing coloured water.
 An air bubble is introduced into the graduated tube at the narrow end
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 keep this apparatus in bright sunlight and observe.

 As transpiration takes place, the air bubble will move towards the twig. The loss is compensated
by water absorption through the xylem portion of the twig.
 Thus, the rate of water absorption is equal to the rate of transpiration.
Lesson - 12. Mineral Nutrition
1. Identify correct match.

1. Die back disease of citrus - (i) Mo 2. Whip tail disease - (ii) Zn
3. Brown heart of turnip - (iii) Cu 4. Little leaf - (iv) B
a) 1 (iii) 2 (ii) 3 (iv) 4 (i) b) 1 (iii) 2 (i) 3 (iv) 4 (ii)
c) 1 (i) 2 (iii) 3 (ii) 4 (iv) d) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (ii) 4 (i)
2. If a plant is provided with all mineral nutrients but, Mn concentration is increased, what will be the
deficiency?
a) Mn prevent the uptake of Fe, Mg but not Ca
b) Mn increase the uptake of Fe, Mg and Ca
c) Only increase the uptake of Ca
d) Prevent the uptake Fe, Mg, and Ca
3. The element which is not remobilized?
a) Phosphorous b) Potassium
c) Calcium d) Nitrogen
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4. Match the correct combination.
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Minerals Role
A Molybdenum 1 Chlorophyll
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B Zinc 2 Methionine
C Magnesium 3 Auxin
D Sulphur 4 Nitrogenase
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a) A : (1) B : (3) C : (4) D : (2)
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b) A : (2) B : (1) C : (3) D : (4)
c) A : (4) B : (3) C : (1) D : (2)
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d) A : (4) B : (2) C : (1) D : (3)

5. Identify the correct statement
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i. Sulphur is essential for amino acids Cystine and Methionine

ii. Low level of N, K, S and Mo affect the cell division
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iii. Non-leguminous plant Alnus which contain bacterium Frankia

iv. Denitrification carried out by nitrosomonas and nitrobacter.
a) I, II are correct b) I, II, III are correct
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c) I only correct d) all are correct

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1. The nitrogen is present in the atmosphere in huge amount but higher plants fail to utilize it. Why?
 Higher plants cannot utilize the atmospheric Nitrogen.
 The N₂ present in the atomosphere has to be oxidised as Nitrites and Nitrates and reach the soil,
the roots of the plant along with the water intakes NO3 (or) NO₂.
2. Why is that in certain plants deficiency symptoms appear first in younger parts of the plants
while in others, they do so in mature organs?
 Deficiency symptoms first appear on old and senescent leaves it is mainly due to mobility of
Nitrogen, Phosphours,
 Potassium and Sodium to younger leaves.
 Immobile minerals – calcium, sulphur, iron, boron and copper.
3. Plant (A) in a nutrient medium shows whiptail disease plant (B) in a nutrient medium shows a
little leaf disease. Identify mineral deficiency of plant (A) and (B)?
 PLANT A - Whiptail disease - Molybdenum deficiency
 PLANT B - Little leaf disease - Zinc deficiency.
4. Write the role on nitrogenase enzyme in nitrogen fixation?
 Nitrogen fixation is the first step in Nitrogen cycle.
 It requires nitrogenase enzyme complex, Molybdenum, Iron, Sulphur and glucose phosphate.
 Nitrogenase is active only in anaerobic condition.
 To create this anaerobic condition, leg-haemoglobin is synthesized in the nodules which acts as
oxygen scavenger and removes oxygen.
5. Explain the insectivorous mode of nutrition in angiosperms?
 Plants which are growing in nitrogen deficient areas develop insectivorous habit to resolve
nitrogen deficiency.
Nepenthes (Pitcher plant)
 Pitcher is a modified leaf and contains digestive enzymes.
 Pitcher is provided with nectar glands and acts as an attractive lid.
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 When insect is trapped proteolytic enzymes will digest the insect.
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Drosera (Sundew)
 It consists of long club shaped tentacles.
 Which secrete sticky digestive fluid which looks like a sundew.
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Utricularia (Bladder wort)
 Submerged plant in which leaf is modified into a bladder to collect insect in water.
Dionaea (Venus fly trap)
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 Leaf of this plant modified into a colourful trap.
 Two folds of lamina consist of sensitive trigger hairs and when insects touch the hairs it will close.
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6. Write the role of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter during Nitrification process.

 Ammonia (NH3) is converted into Nitrite (NO2-) by Nitrosomonas bacterium.
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 Nitrite is then converted into Nitrate (NO3-) by Nitrobacter bacterium.

 Plants are more adapted to absorb nitrate (NO3) than ammonium ions from the soil.
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7. Mention the stages of Root nodule formation.

 A legume plant secretes phenolics which attracts Rhizobium.
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 Rhizobium enters into the root hair, infects the root hair and leads to curling of root hairs.
 Infection thread grows inwards and separates the infected tissue from normal tissue.
 A membrane bound bacterium is formed inside the nodule and is called bacteroid.
 Cytokinin from bacteria and auxin from host plant promotes cell division and leads to nodule
formation.
8. What are macronutrients? Give example.
 Essential minerals which are required in higher concentration are called Macronutrients.
 Ex : C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S.
9. What are Micronutrients? Give example.
 Essential minerals which are required in less concentration are called Micronutrients.
 Ex : Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn, B, Cl and Ni
10. What is meant by Ammonification?
 Decomposition of organic nitrogen from dead plants and animals into ammonia is called
ammonification.
11. Explain Nitrogen Cycle.

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
 Di-nitrogen molecule from the atmosphere progressively gets reduced by addition of a pair of
hydrogen atoms.
 Triple bond between two nitrogen atoms (N≡N) are cleaved to produce ammonia.
 Nitrogen fixation process requires Nitrogenase enzyme.
Nitrification
 Ammonia (NH3) is converted into Nitrite (NO2-) by Nitrosomonas bacterium.
 Nitrite is then converted into Nitrate (NO3-) by Nitrobacter bacterium.
 Plants are more adapted to absorb nitrate (NO3) than ammonium ions from the soil.
Nitrate Assimilation
 The process by which nitrate is reduced to ammonia is called nitrate assimilation.
Ammonification
 Decomposition of organic nitrogen from dead plants and animals into ammonia is called
ammonification.
 Organisim involved in this process are Bacillus ramosus and Bacillus vulgaris.
Denitrification
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 Nitrates in the soil are converted back into atmospheric nitrogen by a process called
denitrification.
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 Bacteria involved in this process are Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus.
12. What are Saprophyte? Give examples.
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 The organisms that derive energy from dead and decay organic matter.
 Ex : Fungi, Neottia. ka
13. What are parasites?
 Organisms deriving their nutrient from another organism and causing disease to the host are
called parasites.
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Types
Total parasites
 Completely depends on host for their survival and produces haustoria.
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Partial parasite
 Water and mineral requirements are dependent on host plant.
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 Plants of this group contain chlorophyll and synthesize carbohydrates.

14. What is Lichen?
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 It is a mutual association of Algae and Fungi.

 Algae prepare food and Fungi absorb water and provide thallus structure.
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15. What are Hydroponics (or) Soilles culture?

 It is a method of growing plants in nutrient solution.
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 The roots are immersed in the solution containing nutrients and air is supplied with the help of
tube.
16. What is calmodulin?
 Calmoduin is a calcium modulating protein in eukaryotic cells.
17. Name the organisms which are involved in N₂ fixation without nodulation.
 Lichen - Anabaena & Nostoc
 Anthoceros - Nostoc
 Azolla - Anabena
 Cycas - Anabaena & Nostoc.
18. Which hormone is required for Root nodulation?
 Auxins
 Cytokinins
19. What are unclassified minerals?

 Required for some plants in trace amounts and have some specific functions.
 Ex : Sodium, Cobalt.
20. Write a note on NPK Fertilizers.
 It consists of nitrogen, phosphate with potassium in different proportions.
 The number labelled on the bags as 15:15:15 indicates N, P & K in equal proportion.
21. What is meant by Leghaemoglobin?
 Nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules appears pinkish due to the presence of this
leghaemoglobin pigment.
Function
 This acts as oxygen scavenger and removes the oxygen.
22. List out the deficiency symptoms of Iron.
 Interveinal Chlorosis, formation of short, slender stalk.
 Inhibition of chlorophyll formation.
23. Define - Denitrification.
 Nitrates in the soil are converted back into atmospheric nitrogen by a process called
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denitrification.
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 Bacteria involved in this process are Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus.
24. Write a note on Hydroponics or Soilless culture.
 Von Sachs developed a method of growing plants in nutrient solution.
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 The commonly used nutrient solutions are Knop solution (1865) and Arnon and Hoagland
Solution (1940).
 Later the term Hydroponics was coined by Goerick (1940) and he also introduced commercial
techniques for hydroponics.
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 In hydroponics roots are immersed in the solution containing nutrients and air is supplied with
help of tube.
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25. What is meant by nitrate Assimilation?

 The process by which nitrate is reduced to ammonia is called nitrate assimilation.
Lesson - 13. Photosynthesis
1. Assertion (A) : Increase in Proton gradient inside lumen responsible for ATP synthesis
Reason (R) : Oxygen evolving complex of PS I located on thylakoid membrane facing Stroma,
releases H+ ions
a) Both Assertion and Reason are True. b) Assertion is True and Reason is False.
c) Reason is True and Assertion is False. d) Both Assertion and Reason are False.
2. Which chlorophyll molecule does not have a phytol tail?
a) Chl- a b) Chl-b c) Chl- c d) Chl -d
3. The correct sequence of flow of electrons in the light reaction is
a) PS II, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS I, ferredoxin.
b) PS I, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS II ferredoxin.
c) PS II, ferredoxin, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS I.
d) PS II, plastoquinone, cytochrome, PS II, ferredoxin.
4. For every CO2 molecule entering the C3 cycle, the number of ATP & NADPH required
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a) 2ATP + 2NADPH b) 2ATP + 3NADPH
c) 3ATP + 2NADPH d) 3ATP + 3NADPH
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5. Identify true statement regarding light reaction of photosynthesis.
a) Splitting of water molecule is associate with PS I.
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b) PS I and PS II involved in the formation of NDPH + H+.
c) The reaction center of PS I is Chlorophyll a with absorption peak at 680 nm.
d) The reaction center of PS II is Chlorophyll a with absorption peak at 700 nm.
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1. Two groups (A & B) of bean plants of similar size and same leaf area were placed in identical
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conditions. Group A was exposed to light of wavelength 400-450nm & Group B to light of
wavelength of 500-550nm. Compare the photosynthetic rate of the 2 groups giving reasons.
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 A Group of plants exposed to light of 400-450 nm. Hence rate of photosynthesis will be high
 B group of plants expose to light of 500-550 nm. Rate of photosynthesis does not increase due to
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this.
2. A tree is believed to be releasing oxygen during night time. Do you believe the truthfulness of this
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statement? Justify your answer by giving reasons?

 It is not true.
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 Trees cannot be released Oxygen during night time.

 Trees generally release oxgygen during day time by the light reaction of photosynthesis.
3. Grasses have an adaptive mechanism to compensate photorespiratory losses- Name and describe
the mechanism.
 Name : C4 Pathway
 In this pathway it has two different types of cells.
 1. Mesophyll cells
 2. Bundle sheath cells.
4. In Botany class, teacher explains, Synthesis of one glucose requires 30 ATPs in C4 plants and
Only 18 ATPs in C3 plants. The same teacher explains C4 plants are more advantageous than C3
Plants. Can you identify the reason for this contradiction?
 C4 plants are more advantageous than C3 Plants.
Reason :
 Potato plants lose most of their energy during photorespiration.
5. When there is plenty of light and higher concentration of O2, what kind of pathway does the
plant undergo? Analyse the reasons.
 Pathway : Photorspiration (or) C2 Cycle
 The plant undergoes photorespiration to prevent photooxidative damage in plants.
6. What is Quantasomes?
 Inner surface of lamellar membrane consists of small spherical structure called as Quantasomes.
7. What is meant by photorespiration?
 It is the excess respiration taking place in photosynthetic cells due to absence of CO2 and increase
of O2.
8. Which are the cell organelles where photorespiration takes place?
 Chloroplast
 Peroxisome
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 Mitochondria.
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9. Differentiate Photorespiration from Dark respiration.
Photo respiration Dark respiration
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Respiration takes place in photosynthetic cells. Respiration occurs in all kinds of cells.
It takes place only in presence of light It takes place in in light and dark.
It involves chloroplast, Peroxisome and It involves only mitochondria.
mitochondria.
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10. What is Kranz anatomy?
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 In C4 plants are having two types of chloroplast.
 In C4 plants vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of bundle sheath.
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 The chloroplast of mesophyll cells has grana, and in the bundle sheath cells are agranal.
 The characteristic feature of C4 plants is the presence of dimorphic chloroplast.
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11. What is Photolysis Of water ?

 When the pigment system II is active it receives light and the water molecule splits into protons,
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elctrons and O2. It is known as photolysis of water.

12. What is Dark reaction or Calvin cycle?
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 Fixation and reduction of CO2 into carbohydrates with the help of assimilatory power (ATP and
NADPH + H+) produced during light reaction.
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13. Mention the Significance of C2 Cycle (Or) photorespiration.

 Glycine and Serine synthesised during this process are
 precursors of many biomolecules like chlorophyll, proteins, nucleotides.
 It consumes excess NADH + H+ generated.
 Glycolate protects cells from Photo oxidation.
14. What are called Photosynthetic pigments?
 Pigments are involved in photosynthsis.
 Ex : Chl – a, Chl – b, Cartenoids, Xanthophills and Phycobilins.
15. What are called as Accessory pigments?
 The pigments other than Chl - a are called as accessory pigments.
 Ex : Chl- b, Chl- d, Carotenoid, xanthophill and Phycobilins.
16. Write the differences between Cyclic and Non cyclic photophosphorylation.
Cyclic photophosphorylation Non-Cyclic photophosphorylation
Only PS I involved. PS I and PS II involved.
Reaction centre is P700. Reaction centre is P 680.
Electrons released are cycled back Electrons released are not cycled back.
Photolysis of water does not take place. Photolysis of water take place
Only ATP synthesized. ATP and NADPH + H+ are synthesized.
Phosphorylation takes place at two places Phosphorylation takes place at only one place.
It does not require an external electron donor. Requires external electron donor like H2O or H2S
17. Differentiate between C3 and C4 plants.

C3 Plants C4 Cycle
CO2 fixation takes place in mesophyll cells CO2 fixation takes place mesophyll and bundle
only. sheath.
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CO2 acceptor is RUBP only PEP in mesophyll and RUBP in bundle sheath
cells.
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First product is 3C- PGA. First product is 4C- OAA
Kranz anatomy is not present. Kranz anatomy is present.
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Granum is present in mesophyll cells. Granum present in mesophyll cells and absent in
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Normal Chloroplast Dimorphic chloroplast
Optimum temperature 20° - 25°C Optimum temperature 30° - 45°C
Ex : Paddy, Wheat, Potato Ex : Sugar cane, Amaranthus.
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18. What is Red drop (or) Emersons first effect?

 Emerson found that in the wavelength range of 600 to 680, the yield was constant.
 Suddenly dropped in the region above 680 nm (red region).
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 The fall in the photosynthetic yield beyond red region of the spectrum is referred as Red drop or
Emerson‟s first effect.
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19. Write the structure of chlorophyll?

 Chlorophyll molecules have a tadpole like structure.
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 It consists of Mg - Porphyrin head and phytol tail.

 The porphyrin head consists of four pyrrol rings linked together by C- H bridges.
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 Each pyrrole ring comprises of four carbons and one nitrogen atom.
 Porphyrin ring has several side groups which alter the properties of the pigment.
 The phytol tail made up of 20 carbon.
 It is attached to carbon 7 of the pyrrole ring IV.
 Long tail helps in anchoring chlorophyll to the lamellae.
20. What are called Granum?
 The thylakoids are arranged one above other forming a stack of coin like structure called granum.
21. Write the difference between PS I and PS II.
Photosystem I Photosystem II
The reaction centre is P700 Reaction centre is P680
PS I is involved in both cyclic and non - cyclic. PS II participates in Non - cyclic pathway.
Not involved in photolysis of water and Photolysis of water and evolution of oxygen take
evolution of oxygen. place.
It receives electrons from PS II. It receives electrons by photolysis of water.
22. What is meant by Photorespiration?

 It is the excess respiration taking place in photosynthetic cells due to absence of CO2 and increase
of O2.
23. Draw the Cyclic Photophosphorylation.
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24. Draw the Non - Cyclic Photophosphorylation.
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25. Draw the Hatch & Slack Pathway or C4 Cycle.

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26. Make a chart of C2 cycle (or) photorespiration.
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27. Write down the Significance of Photosynthesis.
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 Photosynthetic organisms provide food for all living organisms on earth either directly or
indirectly.
 Balances the oxygen level of the atmosphere
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 Photosynthesis balances the oxygen and carbon cycle in nature.
 Fuels such as coal, petroleum and other fossil fuels are from preserved photosynthetic plants.
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 Photosynthetic organisms are the primary producers on which all consumers depend for energy.
 Plants provide fodder, fibre, fire wood, timber, useful medicinal products and these sources come
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by the act of photosynthesis.

28. What are the factors that affect photosynthesis?
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External factors
 Light
 Carbon dioxide
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 Temperature
 Water
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 Mineral
Internal factors
 Pigments,
 Protoplasmic factor
 Hormones
 Anatomy of leaf.
29. What are Cartenoids?
 Cartenoids are yellow to orange pigments.
 Carotene is a precursor of vitamin - A.
 Lycopene is a red pigment found in fruits of tomato, red peppers and roses.
30. Why Chloroplast is called as Semi autonomous organelle?
 Chloroplast has circular DNA and 70 S ribosome.
 They can prepare their own proteins and they have the ability to divide.
31. What is called as Primary pigment? Why is it called so?

 Chlorophyll a is called as primary pigment.
 Because it is present in almost all the plants from algae to higher plants.
32. What are Phycobilins?
 They are proteinaceous pigments.
 Soluble in water.
 Do not contain 'Mg' and Phytol tail.
33. What is meant by CO2 Compensation point?
 When the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration, there is no exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide and this is called as carbon dioxide compensation point.
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Lesson - 14. Respiration
1) The number of ATP molecules formed by complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid is
a) 12 b) 13 c) 14 d) 15
2) During oxidation of two molecules of cytosolic NADH + H+, number of ATP molecules produced in
plants are
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
3) The compound which links glycolysis and Krebs cycle is
a) succinic acid b) pyruvic acid
c) acetyl CoA d) citric acid
4) Assertion (A): Oxidative phosphorylation takes place during the electron transport chain in
mitochondria.
Reason (R): Succinyl CoA is phosphorylated into succinic acid by substrate phosphorylation
a) A and R is correct. R is correct explanation of A
b) A and R is correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is correct but R is wrong
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d) A and R is wrong.
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5) Which of the following reaction is not involved in Krebs cycle.
a) Shifting of phosphate from 3C to 2C
b) Splitting of Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate of into two molecules 3C compounds.
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c) Dephosphorylation from the substrates
d) All of these ka
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1. What are enzymes involved in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions in EMP
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pathway?
Enzymes of Phosphorylation reactions
 Hexokinase
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 Phospho fructo kinase

Enzymes of Dephosphorylation reactions
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 Phosphoglycerate Kinase
 Pyruvate kinase.
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2. Respiratory quotient is zero in succulent plants. Why?

 In some succulent plants like Opuntia, Bryophyllum carbohydrates are partially oxidised to
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organic acid, particularly malic acid without corresponding release of CO2 but O2 is consumed
hence the RQ value will be zero.
2C6H12O6 +3O2 → 3C4H6O5 + 3H2O + Energy

(Malic acid)
RQ of glucose in succulents = Zero molecule of CO2

3 Molecules of 02
= 0 (Zero)
3. What is the name of alternate way of glucose breakdown? Explain the process involved in it?
 Name : Pentose phodphate pathway.
 Pentose phosphate pathway was described by Warburg, Dickens and Lipmann.
 It takes place in cytoplasm of mature plant cells. It is an alternate way for breakdown of glucose
 It consists of two phases, oxidative phase and non-oxidative phase.
Oxidative phase
 The oxidative events convert six molecules of six carbon Glucose-6-phosphate to 6 molecules of
five carbon sugar Ribulose-5 phosphate
 The remaining reactions known as non-oxidative pathway, convert
 Ribulose-5-phosphate molecules
 Xylulose5-phosphate(5C),
 Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate(3C),
 Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate (7C)
 Erythrose-4-phosphate (4C).
 Finally, five molecules of glucose-6phosphate is regenerated.
4. Explain the reactions taking place in mitochondrial inner membrane.
Complex-I (NADH dehydrogenase).
 It contains a flavoprotein(FMN) and associated with non-heme iron Sulphur protein (Fe-S).
 This complex is responsible for passing electrons and protons from mitochondrial NADH
(Internal) to Ubiquinone (UQ)
 NADH+H+ + UQ = NAD+ + UQH2
 Complex is present on the outer surface of inner membrane of mitochondria which can oxidise
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cytosolic NADH + H+.
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Complex-II (Succinic dehydrogenase)
 It contains FAD flavoprotein is associated with non-heme iron Sulphur (Fe-S) protein.
 This complex receives electrons and protons from succinate in Krebs cycle and is converted into
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fumarate and passes to ubiquinone.
 Succinate UQ → Fumarate + UQH2
Complex - III (Cytochrome bc1 complex)
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 This complex oxidises reduced ubiquinone (ubiquinol) and transfers the electrons through
Cytochrome bc1 Complex to cytochrome c.
 Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the outer surface of inner membrane and act as a
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mobile carrier to transfer electrons between complex III to complex IV.
Complex IV (Cytochome c oxidase)
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 Complex IV is the terminal oxidase and brings about the reduction of H2O.
 Two protons are needed to form a molecule of H2O (terminal oxidation).
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5. How will you calculate net products of one sucrose molecule upon complete oxidation during
aerobic respiration as per recent view?
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6. Write the overall process of respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
7. Define : Compensation point.

 The point at which CO2 released in respiration is exactly compensated by CO2 fixed in
photosynthesis that means no net gaseous exchange takes place, it is called compensation point.
8. What is Substrate phosphorylation?
 Direct transfer of phosphate moiety from substrate molecule to ADP and is converted into ATP is
called substrate phosphorylation or direct phosphorylation.
9. What is Oxidative phosphorylation?
 The synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) occurs during the transfer of
electrons, which is called oxidative phosphorylation.
10. What is glycolysis?
 6 - carbon glucose is split into two molecules of 3-carbon pyruvic acid is called glycolysis.
11. Make a chart of EMP pathway (or) Glycolysis.
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12. Write down the overall reaction of Glycolysis.

 C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2pi + 2NAD+ ---------------------> 2xCH3COCOOH + 2ATP + 2NADH +2H+
13. What is Enolation ?

 During the reaction of Glycolysis, 2 phospho glycerate is dehydrated into phospho enol pyruvate
a water molecule is removed by the enzyme enolase. This process is called Enolation.
14. Name the scientists who worked out the reactions of Glycolysis.
 Embden
 Meyerhoff
 Parnas.
15. What is amphibolic pathway?
 Krebs cycle is primarily a catabolic pathway, but it provides precursors for various biosynthetic
pathways there by an anabolic pathway too is called amphibolic pathway.
16. What is meant by anaerobic respiration?
 In the absence of molecular oxygen glucose is incompletely degraded into either ethyl alcohol or
lactic acid.
17. Make a chart of Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.
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18. Write the Significance of pentose phosphate pathway.

 It is associated with the generation of two important products, NADPH and pentose sugars.
 Ribose – 5 - phosphate and its derivatives are used in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, ATP, NAD+,
FAD and Coenzyme A.
 Erythrose is used for synthesis of anthocyanin, lignin and other aromatic compounds.
 It plays a role on fixation of Co2 in photosynthesis through RUBP.
19. Define : respiration quotient.
 The ratio of volume of carbon dioxide given out and volume of oxygen taken in during
respiration is called Respiratory Quotient.
Volume of CO2 liberated
RQ = -------------------------
Volume of O2 Consume
20. The value of RQ for carbohydrate will be one. Why?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
6 Molecules of CO2
RQ of Glucose = -------------------------- = 1
6 Molecules of O2
21. The value of RQ will be infinity in anaerobic respiration. Why?
 If the respiratory substrate is a carbohydrate it will be incompletely oxidised when it goes through
anaerobic respiration and the RQ value will be infinity.
2 Molecules of CO2
RQ of Glucose = -------------------------- = ∞ ( infinity )
Zero molecule of O2
22. Differentiate Floating respiration from Protoplasmic respiration.
Floating respiration Protoplasmic respiration
Carbohydrates (or) fat (or) organic acid serve Proteins serves as a respiratory substrate
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as respiratory substrate.
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Does not produce any toxic products. Liberates toxic ammonia.
23. What is ATP? ATP is called as 'universal energy currency of the cell - Give reason.
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 ATP is a consisting of a adenine, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups.
 On hydrolysis, it releases energy.
 It is found in all living cells and hence it is called universal energy currency of the cell.
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24. What is aerobic respiration?
 Respiration occurring in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
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25. Draw the pentose phosphate pathway.
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26. What is Kreb's cycle?

 The reactions which happen when pyruvic acid is converted into CO₂ and H₂O.
27. When will be the value of RQ be less than one (or) unity?
 When the respiratory substrate is a protein (or) fat, then RQ will be less than unity.
102 Molecules of CO2

RQ of Tripalmitin = -------------------------- = (0.7 (less than unity)
145 molecule of O2
28. When will the value of RQ be more than one (or) unity?
 When respiratory substrate is an organic acid the value of RQ will be more than unity.
4 Molecules of CO2
RQ of Tripalmitin = -------------------------- = (1.33 (More than unity)
3 molecule of O2
29. Write short notes on Alcoholic fermentation.
 The cells of roots in water logged soil respire by alcoholic fermentation.
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 Because of lack of oxygen by converting pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2.
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 Ex : yeast (Saccharomyces)
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Lesson - 15. Plant Growth and Development
1. Select the wrong statement from the following:

a) Formative phase of the cells retain the capability of cell division.
b) In elongation phase development of central vacuole takes place.
c) In maturation phase thickening and differentiation takes place.
d) In maturation phase, the cells grow further.
2. If the diameter of the pulley is 6 inches, length of pointer is 10 inches and distance travelled by pointer
is 5 inches. Calculate the actual growth in length of plant.
a) 3 inches b) 6 inches c) 12 inches d) 30 inches
3. ________ is the powerful growth inhibitor
a) Ethanol b) Cytokinins c) ABA d) Auxin
4. Select the correctly matched one
A) Human urine - i) Auxin –B
B) Corn gram oil - ii) GA3
C) Fungus - iii) Abscisic acid II
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D) Herring fish - iv) Kinitin sperm
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E) Unripe maize - v) Auxin A grains
F) Young cotton - vi) Zeatin bolls
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a) A-iii, B-iv, C-v, D-vi, E-i, F-ii, b) A-v, B-i, C-ii, D-iv, E-vi, F-iii,
c) A-iii, B-v, C-vi, D-i, E-ii, F-iv, d) A-ii, B-iii, C-v, D-vi, E-iv, F-i
5. Seed dormancy allows the plants to ka
a) overcome unfavourable climatic conditions b) develop healthy seeds
c) reduce viability d) prevent deterioration of seeds
6. Which one of the following method are used to break the seed dormancy?
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a) Scarification b) Impaction
c) Stratification d) All the above.
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1. Write the physiological effects of Cytokinin.

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 Promotes cell division in the presence of auxin (IAA).

 It induces cell enlargement associated with IAA and gibberellins.
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 Breaks the dormancy of certain light-sensitive seeds and induces seed germination.
 Ex : Tobacco.
 It promotes the growth of lateral bud in the presence of apical bud.
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 It delays the process of aging by nutrient mobilization. It is known as Richmond Lang effect.
 Cytokinin increases rate protein synthesis and induces the formation of inter-fascicular cambium.
 Induces formation of new leaves, chloroplast and lateral shoots.
2. Describe the mechanism of photoperiodic induction of flowering.
 The physiological change on flowering due to relative length of light and darkness is called
Photoperiodism.
Long day plants
 The plants that require long critical day length for flowering are called long day plants Ex :
Pea, Barley and Oats.
Short day plants
 The plants that require a short critical day length for flowering are called short day plants.
 Ex : Tobacco, Cocklebur, Soybean, Rice and Chrysanthemum.
Day Netural plants

 There are a number of plants which can flower in all possible photoperiods.
 They are also called photo neutrals or indeterminate plants.
 Ex : Potato, Rhododendron, Tomato and Cotton.
3. Give a brief account on Programmed cell Death (PCD).
 Senescence is controlled by plants own genetic programme.
 Death of the plant or plant part consequent to senescence is called Programmed Cell Death.
4. What are the physiological effects of Gibberellins?

 It produces extraordinary elongation of stem caused by cell division and cell elongation.
 Formation of seedless fruits without fertilization is induced by gibberellins.
 Ex : Tomato, apple.
 Rosette plants treated with gibberellins sudden elongation of stem followed by flowering is called
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bolting.
 Gibberellin breaks dormancy in potato tubers
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 Promotes elongation of inter-node in sugarcane without decreasing sugar content.
 Promotion of flowering in long day plants even under short day conditions.
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 It stimulates the seed germination.
5. What are the physiological effects of Auxin?
 They promote cell elongation in stem and coleoptile.
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 At higher concentrations auxins inhibit the elongation of roots.
 Suppression of growth in lateral bud by apical bud due to auxin produced by apical bud is termed
as apical dominance.
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 Auxin prevents abscission.
It is used to eradicate weeds. Ex : 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.
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 Synthetic auxins are used in the formation of seedless fruits (Parthenocarpic fruit).
 It is used to break the dormancy in seeds.
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6. Write the Physiological effects of Abscisic Acid (ABA).

 It helps in reducing transpiration rate by closing stomata.
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 It induces bud and seed dormancy.

 It promotes the abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits.
 It promotes sprouting in storage organs like Potato.
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7. Define : Vernalization.
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 Many species of biennials and perennials are induced to flower by low temperature exposure (0°C
to 5°C). This process is called Vernalization.
8. Define : Bolting
 Rosette plants treated with gibberellins sudden elongation of stem followed by flowering is called
bolting.
9. What is Richmond lang effect?
 Application of cytokinin delays the process of aging by nutrient mobilization. It is known as
Richmond Lang effect.
10. What is Apical dominance?
 It is the Suppression of growth in lateral bud by apical bud due to auxin produced by apical bud.
11. What is Photoperiodism?
 The physiological change on flowering due to relative length of light and darkness is called
Photoperiodism.
12. What is sigmoid curve?

 The total growth of the plant in plotted against time and 'S' shaped sigmoid curve in obtained.
13. What are the phases of a sigmoid curve?
 Lag phase
 Log phase
 Decelerating phase
 Maturation phase.
14. What are the Physiological effects of Ethylene?
 Ethylene stimulates respiration and ripening in fruits.
 It breaks the dormancy of buds, seed.
 Ethylene normally reduces flowering.
 It stimulates formation of abscission zone in leaves, flowers and fruits. This makes the
leaves to shed prematurely.
 Inhibition of stem elongation.
15. What is phytochrome?
 Phytochrome is a bluish biliprotein pigment.
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 It has two interconvertible forms.
 Red light absorbing pigment Pr and far red light absorbing pigment Pfr.
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16. What is Phytogerontology?
 The branch of botany that deals with aging, abscission, and senescence is called
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phytogerontology.
17. What are the parameters used to measure growth of plants?
 Increase in length or girth.
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 Increase in fresh or dry weight.
 Increase in area or volume.
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 Increase in number of cells produced.
18. Water long day plants?
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 The plants that require long critical day length for flowering are called long day plants Ex :
Pea, Barley and Oats.
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19. What are short day plants?

 The plants that require a short critical day length for flowering are called short day plants.
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 Ex : Tobacco, Cocklebur, Soybean, Rice and Chrysanthemum.

20. What is called scarification?
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 Mechanical and chemical treatments like cutting or chipping of hard tough seed coat and use of
organic solvents to remove waxy or fatty compounds.
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21. What are the hormones which retard abscission?

 Auxins
 Cytokinins
Botany - Diagrams
1. Regions of root.
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2. Structure of leaf
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3. Floral diagram - Hibiscus rosa sinensis.
4. Structure of stamen
5. Structure of plant cell.
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6. Chromosomes based on the position of centromere

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7. Polytene chromosomes
8. Lampbrush chromosome
9. Structure of on chromosome
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10. Structure of Mitochondria.
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11. Structure of DNA.

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12. Meristem based on position
13. Anatomy of monocot root
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14. Anatomy of dicot root.

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15. Anatomy of dicot leaf.
16. Open vascular bundle.
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17. Bicollateral vascular bundle.
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18. Collateral closed vascular bundle.

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19. Types of collenchymas - Angular collenchyma
Lacunar collenchymas
Lamellar collenchyma
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20. Tyloses
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21. Annual Rings.

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22. Structure of stomata
23. Cyclic Photophosphorylation.
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24. Non - Cyclic Photophosphorylation.
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25. Hatch & Slack Pathway or C4 Cycle.

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26. C2 cycle (or) photorespiration.
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27. Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.
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28. EMP pathway (or) Glycolysis.
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29. Pentose phosphate pathway.

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GBHSS - Kanji GBHSS - Thandarampet

R. PARTHASARATHY M.Sc., B.Ed., C.BASKARAN M.Sc., M.Phil.,B.Ed.,

GHSS - Andampallam GHSS - Theppirampattu

P. KRISHNAMURTHI M.Sc., M.Ed., S. SRIDHAR M.Sc., B.Ed.,

Lesson - 1. Living world

1. Which one of the following statement about virus is correct?

 Cell wall is present which made of peptidoglycan and mucopeptides.

3. Why do farmers plant leguminous crops in crop rotations/mixed cropping?

bacteria like Rhizophium.

Criteria Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Level of Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular and Tissue / organ Tissue / organ

Cell wall Present Present in some Present (chitin Present absent

6. Write the five kingdom system of classification.

10. What is Prion?

19. The Cyanobacteria are also called as Myxophyceae give reasons?

20. What are heterocysts? Mention the function.

21. List out the economic importance of Cyanobacterium.

 Most of them fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as biofertilizers.

22. List out the general characteristic features of mycoplasma.

25. How to do lichens act as pioneers in xerosere?

Stain with Crystal violet for 30 seconds

Rinse in distilled water for 2 seconds

Grams Iodine for 1 minute

Rinse in distilled water

Wash in 95% ethanol or acetone for 10 to 30 seconds

Rinse in distilled water

Safranin for 30–60 seconds

Rinse in distilled water and blot

Observe under microscope

34. Explain Lytic cycle of a phage.

35. Explain transformation in bacteria as experimented by Griffith.

36. Explain conjucation in bacteria.

 The pilus grows and forms the conjugation tube.

37. Write the Salient features of Cynabacteria or Blue green algae.

40. Describe the ultrastructure of Bacterial cell.

 The chemical composition of cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.

 The plasma membrane is made up of lipoprotein.

44. What are polyribosomes or polysomes?

45. What are fimbriae or Pili?

46. What are Archaebacteria?

hot springs, high salinity, low pH and so an.

Characteristics Gram positive Bacteria Gram negative Bacteria

48. What is ghost?

Lesson - 2. Plant Kingdom

1. Which of the plant group has gametophyte as a dominant phase?

3. Mention two characters shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms.

 Yes, different shaped algae have different shape of chloroplast.

1. Cup shaped Chlamydomonas

7. List the classes of Algae.

12. Why are bryophytes called as non vascular cryptograms?

13. What are the two types of rhizoids in Bryophytes?

14. Bryophytes are called as amphibians of plant kingdom – Why?

their life cycle.

17. Why are Pteridophytes called as vascular Cryptogams?

24. What is Solenostele?

25. What are Dictyostele? Give example.

26. What are Eustele? Give example.

27. What are Atactostele? Give example

31. What is coralloid roots?