MARITIME LEGISLATION

Q.1

1. Enumerate the recent amendments to SOLAS 1974 which were adopted over last 5 years
..\Maritime Law\Latest Amendments to all Conventions 2024 (28-5-2024).docx

2. With respect to UNCLOS explain the following: -

a) Right of innocent passage and right of transit passage.
b) Sovereign rights of a coastal state in EEZ and Continental Shelf.
c) Right of hot pursuit and its limitation.

Right of Innocent Passage:

Definition: The right of innocent passage allows a foreign vessel to navigate through a coastal state’s territorial sea
without needing prior permission, as long as t
he passage is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, or security of the coastal state.

Conditions: The passage must be continuous and expeditious, and the vessel must not engage in any activities that
threaten the coastal state's security or violate its laws. For example, acts such as weapons exercises, espionage, or fishing
are not allowed during innocent passage.

Applicable Areas: This right applies to a coastal state's territorial sea, which extends up to 12 nautical miles from its
baseline.

Right of Transit Passage:

Definition: The right of transit passage allows vessels and aircraft to pass through straits used for international navigation
between one part of the high seas (or an EEZ) and another, without delay or hindrance.

Conditions: Unlike innocent passage, transit passage cannot be suspended by the coastal state. Vessels and aircraft must
proceed without delay and refrain from any activities other than those incidental to their normal mode of transit. The
right of transit passage is particularly important in strategic straits like the Strait of Hormuz or the Strait of Malacca.

Applicable Areas: This right applies specifically to straits used for international navigation.

Right of Hot Pursuit:

Definition: The right of hot pursuit allows a coastal state to chase and apprehend a foreign vessel that has violated its
laws and regulations within its territorial sea or other maritime zones (such as the contiguous zone, EEZ, or continental
shelf) and continues into the high seas.

Conditions:

Initiation: Hot pursuit must commence while the foreign vessel is within the internal waters, territorial sea, or contiguous
zone of the coastal state. The pursuit must be uninterrupted.
Visual or Auditory Signal: The pursuit can only begin after the foreign vessel has been given a visual or auditory signal
to stop and has ignored it.
Termination: The right of hot pursuit ceases as soon as the vessel enters the territorial waters of another state.
Limitations:

Jurisdictional Boundaries: The right of hot pursuit is limited by the jurisdictional boundaries of other states. Once the
pursued vessel enters another state's territorial waters, the pursuing state must stop.

Uninterrupted Pursuit: The pursuit must be continuous and uninterrupted. If the pursuing vessel loses sight of the pursued
vessel or gives up the chase, the right of hot pursuit ends.
Legality: The pursuit must be conducted in accordance with international law. Any breach of these rules can lead to
diplomatic disputes or even legal action against the pursuing state.

These principles under UNCLOS establish a balance between the rights of coastal states to protect their sovereignty and
the rights of all states to navigate freely on the seas.

3. a) List the statutory certificate and documents to be carried on board an Indian ship (oil tanker).
b) Define: i) Territorial Water ii) Contiguous zone iii) EEZ

4. a) What are the extent of territorial waters, the contiguous Zone & the EEZ under UNCLOS 1982?
b) With respect to UNCLOS 1982, explain the criminal jurisdiction of Coastal State in Territorial Waters.

5. With ref for MIA 1963, explain in detail the following terms:
i) Utmost good faith ii) Insurable interest iii) Principle of indemnity
iv) Subrogation v) Proximate Cause

6. Explain the following terms:-

i) Charter party ii) Freight ii) Bare boat charter
iv) Bill of lading v) Laytime and demurrage.

7. a) Under UNCLOS, describe the conditions under which foreign flag vessels will have the right of innocent passage
through territorial waters of the coastal state.
b) Describe the duties and responsibilities of coastal state when a foreign flag vessel breaches the laws related to
territorial sea, contiguous zone and archipelagic waters as per UNCLOS.

8. a) List the statutory certified and documents carried on board Indian ship (Types gas Carrier) in conformance with
IMO conventions and codes.b) Define the following:
i) Territorial waters of India ii) Contiguous Zone and EEZ i.e.
Exclusive Economic Zone as specified in Maritime Zone Act,1976

9. (a) Describe the provisions of SUA Convention pertaining to:

(i) Acts that can be considered as offences
(ii) Co-operation between countries
(b) State provisions regarding dispute resolving in “Intervention at High Seas Convention.”

10. (a) Define Salvage and also explain the difference between the General Average and Salvage?
(b) As a Towing vessel Master, what all factors are to be considered before getting engaged in Towing operations at sea?

11. a) Discuss the evolution of classification societies and their contribution in making ship’s that are safe and
environment friendly.
(b) Discuss the role of ports and coast guard in the capacity of coastal state authority to regulate maritime traffic on the
coast of India and protect Indian coast line pollution.

12. With reference to UNCLOS what are civil and criminal jurisdiction of a coastal state?

13. a) Describe various factors which do not make a passage innocent as per UNCLOS.
b) As per MSA 1958, write down entries to be made by Registrar in Ship’s Register book with him.

14. Explain the following as stipulated in UNCLOS, 1982:

a) Right to Innocent Passage and Right to Transit Passage
b) Exclusive Economic Zone and Exclusive Fisheries Zone.

15. Under the UNCLOS, describe the conditions under which foreign flag vessels will have the right of innocent passage
through territorial waters of the coastal state.
16. Discuss the salient provisions of international convention for the prevention of unlawful acts against the safety of
Maritime Navigation 1988. What is the important of this conversion in the context of recent incidents of Piracy?

17. As per UNCLOS, what is Innocent Passage and Right of Innocent Passage? When does the right ceases?

18. a) Explain the reasons for a ship to be claimed with a classification society.
b) Describe the role of “Recognised Organisation” in survey and certification of ships under the authority of flag State.

19. Under UNCLOS, explain the laws of flag and coastal state relating to civil and criminal jurisdiction.

20. (a) State the salient features of Lloyd’s open form (LOF).
(b) State the contents of articles 13 (criteria for reward) and article 14 (special compensation) of the International
Salvage convention 1989.

21. (a) Define Salvage and also explain the difference between the General Average and Salvage?
(b) As a Towing vessel Master, what all factors are to be considered before getting engaged in Towing operations out at
Sea?

22. (a) Describe the process of calculating the Freeboard for a ship.
(b) What are the provisions regarding ‘Artificial islands, Structure and Installations’ in EEZ as per UNCLOS.

23. a) Describe the different sea areas as per UNCLOS? To what extent does the jurisdiction of a state extend to these
areas?
b) A foreign vessel on an innocent passage manned by pirates is intercepted by the coastal state outside territorial waters.
Discuss the implications under UNCLOS

24. In respect of UNCLOS, explain the following:

a) Right of Innocent Passage.
b) Right to Transit Passage.
c) Exercise of Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction over vessels.
d) Definition of International Straits

25. In reference with the obligations of an Owner and a Charterer, compare the Voyage and Time charter parties.

26. What is the extent of territorial waters, the contiguous zone and the exclusive economic zone under the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982? Discuss the nature of the coastal State authority and the navigational rights
available to a foreign vessel in these maritime zones.

27. Under the UNCLOS, describe the conditions under which foreign flag vessels will have the right to innocent passage
through territorial waters of the coastal state.

28. Explain the following as stipulated in UNCLOS, 1982:

a. Right to Innocent Passage & Right to Transit Passage; and
b. Exclusive Economic Zone and Exclusive Fisheries Zone

Q.2

1. Explain the following Charter Party Terms:

a) Off hire b) Safe berth c) Demurrage / Despatch
d) NOR e) Lay time and reversible lay time.

2. Elaborate on fundamental principles of Marine Insurance. What is Institute Clause?

3. Discuss the provisions in the Merchant Shipping Act 1958 as regards to un-seaworthy and unsafe ships.
What are the provisions in MSA 1958 with regards to:
a) Sending an un-seaworthy ship to sea. b) Obligation of Owner and Master to crew with respect to sea – worthiness
c) Certificate of Seaworthiness

4. a) Explain the purpose and contents of Vessel Response Plan as per OPA’90.
b) What are the cargo record book entries to be made under MARPOL 73/78 Anex II?

5. a) What are the responsibilities of the involved vessel during

i) a salvage operation and ii) In case of gen. avg?
b) Briefly explain the contents and clauses of LOF 2011?

6. a) Explain with suitable examples why does a vessel require to be classed?

b) What are the objectives of IACS and how are these achieved?

7. a) Write a short note on the SUA convention.

b) Indicate which ships are required to have Certificate ‘A’ and Certificate ‘B’ of special trade passenger ship.

8. a) Describe the salient features of Suppression of Unlawful Acts against safety of maritime navigation convention
including protocol 1988 (SUA).
b) Enumerate the 2010 Manila Amendments to Standards of Training Certification and Watch Keeping (STCW 1978).

9. Describe the contents of FUND-1992 Convention.

10. (a) What is Marine Insurance and Who is an insurance surveyor and Average adjuster? What are the principles of
Marine Insurance?
(b) What is Subrogation? Please explain different types of Marine Warranties

11. Enumerate the following amendments to SOLAS/MARPOL with respect of:

(a) Polar Code
(b) IGF Code

12. Describe the fundamental principles of Marine Insurance?

What is Institute Clause?

13. a) Write down the latest amendments to SOLAS, which came into force in January 2016 and will come into force in
January 2024.
b) Describe in brief requirements for voyage general permit under NPDES regulations, prior calling on to US ports

14. a) What is the purpose of classification of ships ?

Discuss the evolution of classification and their contribution in making ships that are safe and environment friendly.
b) Describe salient features of SUA convention 1988.
Explain the concept of “offence” as per the SUA Convention

15. Enumerate the following amendments to SOLAS/MARPOL with respect of:

a) Venting cargo tanks
b) Annex I - Oil residues

16. State the provision of Merchant Shipping Act 1958 concerning:

a) Article of agreement for seamen.
b) Un-seaworthy ships and unsafe ships.

17. With reference to Marine Insurance, explain the following: a) Utmost Good Faith b) Indemnity
c) Subrogation d) Proximate Cause e) Insurable interest
18. a) Differentiate between “Passage” and “Innocent Passage” as stipulated under Article 18 and 19 of UNCLOS 1982
to which India is party.
b) State the duties and rights of protection of the Coastal State as prescribed in Article 24 and 25 of UNCLOS 1982.

19. Write short notes on any two of the following ILO conventions:
a) Right to organize & Collective bargaining conventions no. 98
b) Ship’s Medical Chest recommendations No. 105.
c) Seafarers Identity Documents Conventions No. 108

20. W.R.T. General average act discuss

i) Expenses ii) Losses iii) Sacrifice iv) Contribution

21. a) What is Marine insurance and who is an insurance surveyor and Average adjuster? What are the principles of
Marine insurance?
(b) What is Subrogation? Please explain different types of Marine Warranties.

22. (a) Describe the Port State Control provisions in STCW convention.
(b) Give a brief overview of contents of MSA 1958.

23. As per M.S. Act, enumerate the various offences against ‘On Board Discipline’. Describe
the procedure for ‘Entry of offences in the Official Log Book’.

24. a) Describe the requirements for periodical inspections under International Convention on Load Lines 1966.
b) Describe the salient features and objectives of the SUA Convention

25. What are the duties of a Salvor, Master and Owner as per LOF? What are the criteria for fixing the salvage award?

26. Discuss the provisions of MSA 1958 as regards

a) Certificate A in passenger vessels
b) Unseaworthy Ships

27. Enumerate the following amendments to SOLAS / MARPOL with respect of:
a) Venting cargo tanks
b) Annex I – oil residues

28. a. What is the purpose of classification of ships? Discuss the evolution of classification and their contribution in
making ships that are safe and environmental friendly.
b. Describe salient features of SUA Convention 1988. Explain the concept of “offence” as per the SUA Convention

Q.3

1. a) What are the responsibilities of Master and salvor during a salvage operation?
b) Explain the contents and clauses of LOF 2020?

2. a) Explain Article 14 of International Salvage Convention, 1989 on Special Compensation.

b) State the various function of B/L.

3. a) Why is the Maritime labor convention, 2006 being considered the fourth pillar of Maritime operations?
b) Describe the requirements of food & catering with respect to MLC 2006

4. Write short notes on any two of the following:

a) OPRC Convention b) Intervention Convention c) Fund Convention

5. a) What are the essential feature of Gen Avg?

b) How does Gen Avg loss differ from Particular average loss, justify with suitable examples of both?

6. a) List the entries to be made in ORB part 1 and part 2?

b) Discuss the contents and validity of IOPP certificate?

7. a) As per Marpol Annex IV indicate the special areas and the various arrangements required to treat sewage on ships.
b) Write short note on OPRC Convention.

8. a) State the contents of SOPEP Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) and Shipboard Marine Pollution
Emergency Plan (SMPEP).
b) Describe the salient features of the following:
i) High seas Intervention Convention ii) Ballast Water Management Plans

9. Explain fully the contents of SCOPIC. (Special Compensation by P&I Club clause)

10. (a) Please explain “Both to Blame collision clause” and also “New Both to Blame collision clause”.
(b) Describe the functions of Bill of Lading. What precautions are to be taken prior signing Bill of Lading?

11. Describe the purpose and content of the following certificates with regard to the statutory provisions of Merchant
Shipping Act 1958:
(a) Certificate A & B for special trade passenger ships
(b) Safety Certificates in respect of Cargo Ships.

12. (i) Differentiate between Time, Voyage and Bare boat Charter.
(ii) Write short notes on:
a) Arrived ship,
b) Stoppage in Transit,
c) Notice of Readiness.

13. Describe the CLC and Fund Convention as the two tier compensation mechanism against pollution related claims

14. Discuss the statutory obligations of the ship as per M.S.Act 1958 for the following:
a) To render assistance to a vessel in distress.
b) In the event of collision with another vessel in high seas

15. Write short notes on any two of the following:\

a) OPRC Convetion
b) Intervention Convention
c) Fund Convention

16. a) What are the rights and duties of salver as per international salvage convention 1989?
b) What was the necessity of incorporating SCOPIC Clause in LOF-2000 when special
compensation was covered under Article 14 of International Salvage convention 1989?

17. Explain “No Cure, No Pay principle” in Salvage. How this principle has been adapted to accommodate the problem
of pollution by Lloyd’s Open Form and International Salvage Convention?

18. a) Discuss the provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act 1958 with regard to unseaworthy and unsafe ships.
b) Explain are the provisions of MSA 1958 with regard to:
i) Sending an un-seaworthy ship to sea and obligation of owner and Master in crew with respect to seaworthiness.
ii) Certificate of Seaworthiness

19. a) What are the contents of SOPEP Manual?

b) Explain how you will notify an oil spill that has occurred on your vessel at high seas
20. Write short notes on any three:
a) Voyage charter party b) Time charter party c) Bare boat charter d) Tonnage contract

21. (a) Please explain “Both to Blame Collision clause” and also “New Both to Blame collision clause”.
(b) Describe the functions of Bills of Lading. What precautions are to be taken prior signing Bills of Lading?

22. (a) State the purpose of FUND convention and circumstances under which the FUND will not have liability.
(b) Describe the salient features of bunker convention

23. Write short notes on:

a) Civil Liabilities Convention
b) Safety Management System
c) Claims excluded from limitation of liability as per MSA 1958.

24. a) Discuss salient features of International Convention on Civil liability for oil pollution damage (CLC) 1992
protocol.
b) State the admissible claims including the limitations of liability for the ship owner under CLC 1992 and limitation
limit specified in FUND 1992 Protocol

25. Briefly explain the following as per carriage of goods at sea act (COGSA).
i) Bill of Lading.
ii) Limitation of Liability
iii) Seaworthiness
iv) Immunities enjoyed by the carrier.

26. What is ‘note of protest’? Under what circumstances would it be advisable to ‘note protest’ and why?
Explain the procedure for ‘noting protest’.

27. Write short notes on any two of the following:

a) OPRC Convention
b) Intervention Convention
c) Fund Convention.

28. Discuss the statutory obligations of the ship as per M.S. Act 1958 for the following:
a. To render assistance to a vessel in distress; and
b. In the event of collision with another vessel in high seas.

Q.4

1. a) What are the responsibilities of ship and shipper under the provisions of Hague and Hague Visby rules?
b) State the various immunities enjoyed by the carrier under the provision of Hague and Hague Visby rules?

2. Write on the following liability conventions mentioning the limitation of liability of the ship owner.
a) CLC b) BUNKER c) LLMC.

3. a) Define “Special Trade Passenger” and “Special Trade Passenger Ship”.

b) State the purpose of Issuing Certificate A and Certificate B to the special trade passenger ship under the provisions of
section 241 / 242 respectively of Merchant Shipping Act 1958.
c) State the provisions of MSA 1958 concerning entries to be made in Official Log Book (OLB).

4. Explain the various principles of Marine insurance in detail. Define marine warranty and explain.

5. a) Differentiate between art 14 of the salvage convention and SCOPIC clause.

b) Explain the need for SCOPIC clause, financial security required to be furnished by the owner and the role of SCR
appointed by the owner?

6. a) Explain what is the purpose of STCW for uniformity of certification standards?

b) As per STCW 2010 what is the requirement of rest hours? How are exception periods incorporated in same?

7. a) What is the difference between ‘actual total loss’ and ‘constructive total loss’ of a ship?
b) Distinguish between ‘General Average’ and ‘Particular Average’.

8. Distinguish between the following:

a) Particular average and General average b) Conditions and warranties with respect to C/P.
c) Convention and Protocol d) Actual discharge and probable discharge as per MARPOL.

9. Describe the contents of Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC).

10. a) What are the Ship Owner’s Right and Immunities. Responsibilities and Liabilities under the Hague Visby Rules?
How do these differ under Hague Rules?
(b) State the differences between: Time Charter and Bareboat or Demise Charter.

11. (a) Define the following as per International Health Regulations, 2005 (IHR):
(i) Contamination
(ii) Deratting
(iii) Free Pratique
(iv) Health measures
(v) Inspection
(vi) Medical Examination
(b) Enumerate the key provisions of Merchant Shipping Act 1958 on Limitations of Liability for Maritime Claims.

12. With respect to Merchant Shipping Act as amended, state the following:
a) Entries to be made in Official Log Book,
b) Unseaworthy ship,
c) Duty of Master in case of collision.

13. a) State the key regulations of MARPOL 73/78 Annex I relating to prevention of pollution by oil, if complied with by
cargo ships including tankers, would lead to the issuance of IOPP Certificate.
b) List the entries to be made in ORB part 1 & part 2.

14. a) List the statutory and mandatory certificates and documents carried on board an Indian registered gas carrier in
conformance with IMO Conventions and Codes.
b) What is the purpose of FAL Convention, 1965 and describe how its objective are met ?
List the various forms those are mandatory as per the Convention.

15. a) Explain the principle of General Average.

Which all expenses and/or sacrifices are recoverable under General Average?
b) State the limits of liability for payment of compensation under CLC 1992 and Fund 1992 conventions.

16. a) What is the difference between ‘total loss’ and ‘constructive total loss’ of a ship?
b) Distinguish between ‘General average’ and ‘Particular Average

17. i) Define Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage. How they are determined?
ii) Explain the provisions of Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement.

18. a) What is note of protest? How is it lodged and extended?

b) In case of suspected cargo damage during the voyage what documents are to be submitted while noting protest?
19. What are the provisions of MSA 1958 as amended with respect to Accommodation, Health & Provisions?

20. State the provisions in MSA concerning: i) Health and accommodation for seamen ii) Detention of unsafe ship iii)
Issue of certificate of registry.

21. (a) What are the Ship owners Right and Immunities? Responsibilities and Liabilities under the Hague Visby Rules?
How do these differ under Hague Rules?
(b) State the differences between Time Charter and Bareboat or Demise Charter.

22. (a) What measures have been taken to control the Sox emission in Annex VI of MARPOL. List the ways in which a
ship can comply with the above.
(b) Describe the discharge criteria for different category of Noxious Liquid substances in Annex II of MARPOL.

23. Explain the following charter party clauses and the role of the master in regards to their compliance / non-
compliance:
a) Bill of Lading freight clause.
b) Cesser Clause.
c) Safe Berth Clause.

24. a) Describe the significance of documentary credit system in shipping trade.

b) Differentiate between Voyage Charter & Time Charter.

25. What are the various standards laid down for the accommodation as per MLC 2006 also explain the work and rest
hours in details

26. As per the Salvage Convention, 1989, describe the following:-

a) Condition for reward.
b) Criteria for fixing the reward.
c) Special Compensation.

27. a) Explain the principle of General Average. Which all Expenses and/or sacrifices are recoverable under General
average?
b) State the limits of liability for payment of compensation under CLC 1992 and Fund 1992 conventions.

28. a. List the statutory and mandatory certificates and documents carried on board an Indian registered gas carrier in
conformance with IMO Convention and Codes.
b. What is the purpose of FAL Convention, 1965 and describe how its objectives are met? List the various forms those
are mandatory as per the Convention

Q.5

1. a) State the contents of SOPEP and SMPEP?

b) Describe the salient features of: i) High seas intervention convention, and ii) Ballast water management plans.

2. With reference to Tonnage convention write on:

a) Gross Tonnage determination b) Enclosed & Excluded space.

3. a) State various functions of Bill of Lading.

b) What precautions will you take while signing Bill of Lading presented by Time-charterers.

4. With respect to Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), briefly explain the following:
i) Seaworthiness ii) Bills of lading iii) Letter of Indemnity
iv) Immunities enjoyed by the carrier v) Limitation of Liability
5. Define and differentiate between following IMO instruments:
a) Conventions and Maritime Treaties b) Protocols c) Amendments d) Recommendations, Codes and Guidelines, and e)
Resolutions

6. a) Explain the various limitations as per Athen’s convention of a ship-owner with respect to passengers and their
baggage?
b) Define the following as per IHR 2005: i) Contamination ii) Deratting iii) Free Pratique iv) Health measures

7. Enumerate the requirements of MLC 2006 towards the following:

a) Seafarers Employment Agreements, Wages and Repatriation
b) Health protection, Medical care, Welfare and social security protection

8. Write short notes on the following:

a) State the elements of ISM code
b) State briefly the objective of London Dumping Convention.
c) Maritime Labour Convention 2006.

9. (a) Explain briefly:

(i) Voyage Charter Party
(ii) Time Charter Party
(iii) Bare Boat Charter
(b) Explain the responsibility of a ship owner towards a ship on time charter.

10. (a) State the elements of ISM Code.

(b) As per the Code describe the overriding authority of Master and Responsibility and the role of DPA.

11. What is the difference between Civil Liability Convention (CLC) and the Fund Convention?
The 2002 amendments to CLC 92 and FUND 92 are incorporated into the M.S. Act 1958; what additional benefits are
available to the State?

12. (i) State the limits of liability for payment of compensation under CLC and FUND convention.
(ii) Explain the principle of General Average.

13. Write short notes on the following as per Maritime Labour Convention 2006:
a) Term of employment
b) Provisions for social security protection
c) Responsibilities of labour-supplying nations

14. Write short notes on the following as per Maritime Labour Convention, 2006:
a)Terms of Employment
b) Provisions for social security protection
c) Responsibilities of Labour-supplying nations.

15. Describe the ‘conditions of employment’ of seafarers as laid down in Maritime Labour Convention 2006.

16. List out the documents to be carried on board a vessel as per various International conventions.

17. i) Describe the systems of documentary credit for the sale of goods during carriage by ship.
ii) What are the differences between Hague and Hague-Visby rules?

18. Describe the salient features of the following:

a) High Seas Intervention Convention, 1969
b) Ballast Water Management Plan, and
c) SUA Convention, 1988.
19. State briefly the objectives of the following and state how they contribute to prevent pollution and a safer
environment:
i) London Dumping Convention
ii) Ship board oil pollution prevention emergency plan
iii) Oil record book for tankers.

20. a) As per STCW 1978 as amended explain the conditions under which a ship will be subject to detailed PSC
inspection.
b) State the provisions regarding port state control inspection under load line conventions.

21. In respect to Charter party clauses, write short notes on:

(i) Ice Clause
(ii) Redelivery Clause
(iii) Indemnity Clause

22. In respect to Charter party clauses, write short notes on:

(i) Ice Clause
(ii) Redelivery Clause
(iii) Indemnity Clause

23. Discuss and distinguish between Hague and Hagues Visby rules as regards the following:
a) Applicability of the rules
b) Limitation of liability
c) Time limit for initiating claims and suits.

24. Explain the roles and responsibilities of flag state and port state as laid down in MLC 2006.

25. Discuss the provisions of MSA as regards:- a) Certificate A in passenger vessels. b) Unseaworthy Ships.

26. Describe the salient features of the following:-

a) High Seas Intervention Convention, 1969.
b) SUA Convention, 1988.

27. Write short notes on the following as per Maritime Labour Convention, 2006:
a) Terms of employment.
b) Provisions for social security protection.
c) Responsibilities of Labour- supplying nations.

28. What is the difference between Civil Liability Convention (CL) and the Fund Convention? The 2002 amendments to
CLC 92 and FUND 92 are incorporated in the M.S. Act, 1958. What additional benefits are available to the State?

Q.6

1. State the various functions of bill of lading? What precautions are to be observed before signing a bill of lading?

2. Write on the principle of Salvage. Explain SCOPIC clause.

3. a) Explain the reasons for a ship to be classed with a classification society.

b) In case of suspected cargo damage during the voyage what documents are to be submitted while noting protest?

4. Explain salient features of:

i) London Dumping Convention and its protocol.
ii) Intervention Convention and its Protocol.
5. With reference to carrier’s gen duty of care, burden of proof, live animals and deck cargo differentiate between the
Hague, Hague Visby and Hamburg rules of contracts of carriage?

6. Discuss the term “Seaworthiness” from the perspective of:

a) Statutory provisions regarding carriage of goods
b) Provisions in the MSA 1958, regarding safety of life at sea.
c) Contracts of insurance

7. Explain the procedures, including documents required for obtaining:

a) Free Pratique b) Clearance inward c) Port Clearance

8. Differentiate between Standards and the recommended practices under FAL Convention, 1965 with respect to the
following: -
a) Arrival, stay and Departure of ship
b) Arrival, stay and Departure of cargo

9. (a) With reference to Merchant Shipping Act, explain the provisions regarding unsafe ships and their detention.
(b) Entries required to be made in the Official Log Book.

10. Define Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf as per UNCLOS.
How have some states claimed an EEZ of greater than 200 nautical miles and others have completely refrained from
claiming any EEZ at all. What is an Exclusive Fishing Zone?

11. Explain the following:

(a) SOLAS amendments dealing with life boat on load release mechanisms.
(b) MARPOL 73/78 Annex –VI amendments dealing with energy efficiency measures and emission control.

12. As per Hague Visby rules, state the following:

(a) Article II – Risks,
(b) Article IV – Responsibilities and Liabilities

13. Explain the following amendments in respect of:

a) SOLAS dealing with goal based ship construction standard, testing of AIS, pilots transfer arrangements and life boat
on load release mechanisms.
b) MARPOL 73/78 Annex - VI amendment dealing with Energy Efficiency Measures and Emissions Control.

14. State the provision of Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 relating to:
a) Custody and use of Certificate of Registry (section 35)
b) Delivery of Certificate of Registry of ship lost (section 39)
c) Agreement with crew on Indian ship section (section 100)

15. Explain the procedures including documents required for obtaining:

a) Free Pratique
b) Clearance Inward
c) Port Clearance

16. What are the provisions in Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 regarding obtaining a certificate of Registry of an Indian
ship and replacement of a lost certificate?

17. Explain the term Warranty as used in Marine Insurance. What are different types of Warranty? How does provision of
Warranty protects the Underwriter?

18. a) State the precautions to be taken prior to signing the Bill of Lading.
b) State the consequences of issuing a clean B/L to the shipper in exchange for a Letter of Indemnity.
19. As per the Salvage Convention, 1989, describe the following:
a) Condition for reward
b) Criteria for fixing the reward
c) Special Compensation.

20. Explain difference between CLC 92 and FUND 92.

21. Define Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf as per UNCLOS. How have some states claimed an EEZ of
greater than 200 nautical miles and others have completely refrained from claiming any EEZ at all? What is an Exclusive
Fishing Zone?

22. i) List the items those are necessarily inspected for issuance of Maritime Labour Compliance Certificate to a ship.
ii) As a Master how will ensure continued compliance as amended by MLC 2006, with regards to Food and Catering
standards on board the ship.

23. a) Differentiate between ‘total loss’ and ‘constructive loss’ of a ship. Narrate at least one example of each.
b) Distinguish between ‘General Average’ and ’Particular Average

24. Explain following with respect to Salvage convention:

a) Art 12 b) Art 13 c) Art 14

25. What are the salient feature of Oil Pollution Preparedness and response (OPRC) convention and FAL convention?

26. ILO Convention 134 “Prevention of Accidents” plays an important role in safety on board vessels. Describe the main
provisions of the convention and how they assist in reducing occupational Accidents?

27. State the provision of Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 relating to:
a) Custody and use of Certificate of Registry (section 35)
b) Delivery of Certificate of Registry of ship lost (section 39)
c) Agreement with crew on Indian Ship section (section 100)

28. Explain the following:

a. SOLAS amendments dealing with lift boat on load release mechanisms.
b. MARPOL, 73/78 Annex – VI amendments dealing with energy efficiency measure and emissions control.

Q.7

1. a) Define General Average with examples? How does it differ from Particular average?
b) State the salient feature of York Antwerp Rules?

2. a) What are the main provisions for International Load Line Convention?
b) Explain Warranty with example.

3. Discuss and distinguish between Hague and Hague-Visby rules with regards to following:
i) Applicability of the Rules ii) Limitation of liability iii) Time limit for initiating claims and suits.

4. a) Define Port of refuge. List out the various circumstances under which Master may call port of refuge.
b) Describe the procedures to be followed upon deviating to port of refuge and action to be taken if general average has
arisen.

5. a) As per MS act 1958 list the contents of certificates A and B of special trade passenger ships?
b) List out the statutory certificates required by a foreign going Indian merchant vessel?
6. a) What is the responsibilities of ship and shipper under the provisions of Hague and Hague Visby rules?
b) State the various immunities enjoyed by the carrier under the provision of Hague and Hague Visby rules?

7. a) Differentiate between Type “A” and Type “B-100” ship as per International Loadline Conventions 1966 as
amended.
b) Explain the procedure for requesting and changing to Multiple Loadlines as per M.S. Notice.

8. a) With regard to Special Trade Passenger ships explain Special trade passenger, special trade passenger ships, cert A
and cert B.
b) Explain the purpose of FAL convention?

9. With respect to Marine Insurance write notes on:

(i) Insurable interest
(ii) Warranties
(iii) Deviation
(iv) Constructive Total Loss

10. (a) Explain the salient features of NPDES regulation.

(b) Enumerate the contents of the various discharge types that are eligible for coverage under VGP.

11. (a) Under the Hague Rules, enumerate the immunities of the shipper and the ship owner.
(b) Write notes on:
(i) Cesser Clause
(ii) Note of Protest

12. With reference to York-Antwerp rules, explain the following:

a) Rule I – Jettison of cargo,
b) Rule XI – Wages and maintenance of crew and other expenses putting into and port of refuge,
c) Rule XII – Damage to cargo in discharging etc.

13. With reference to Tonnage Convention write notes on:

(i) Gross Tonnage &
(ii) Excluded spaces

14. a) State the criteria for fixing the reward as per Article 13 of Salvage Convetion b) State the provision of the
Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 with respect to Deserters and distressed seamen.

15. Write short notes on the following as per Marine Insurance Act:
a) Floating policy
b) Subrogation
c) Sue and Labour clause

16. a) In order to extinguish fire, it has been necessary to flood a hold thereby causing some damage to the ship and
considerable damage to the cargo in that hold. What precautions should the master take on arrival on port?
b) What is the purpose of York-Antwerp rules? Why was it necessary to amend these rules in 1994?

17. i) Discuss the significance of Notice of Readiness. When the ship is considered “Arrived”?
ii) Explain the functions of Bill of Lading. What is the difference between Bill of Lading and Mate’s Receipt?

18. a) State the contents of SOPEP Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) and Shipboard Marine Pollution
Emergency Plan (SMPEP).
b) Explain the entries to be made in Cargo Record Book for chemical cargoes as per MARPOL Annex II.

19. a) Which ships are required to be registered in India?

b) Discuss the procedure of registry of a ship in India
20. With respect to marine insurance write notes on
(i) insurable (ii) warranties (iii) Deviation (iv) Constructive total loss.

21. Describe the requirements under International Convention on Tonnage Measurements and explain with figures four
cases where a space may be exempted from inclusion in the tonnage as per 1969 amendments to the above Convention?

22. (a) With reference to Tonnage Convention write notes on (i) Gross Tonnage and (ii) Excluded spaces
(b) Make a comparison between ‘Pure Voluntary Salvage’ and ‘Salvage by LOF’?

23. Describe the following with respect to various MLC Convention:

a) Nature of medical examination prior engaging crew for employment.
b) Circumstances in which an agreement between a seaman and ship owner is duly terminated.
c) Circumstances in which a seaman is entitled to repatriation

24. a) Salient features of OPRC convention.

b) Salient features of FAL convention.

25. What is a Seaway bill? How is it different from an Ocean Bill of Lading? What should be done to a letter of
Indemnity offered in lieu of a clean Bill of Lading?

26. Describe the requirements under International Convention on Tonnage Measurements and explain with figures four
cases where a space may be exempted from inclusion in the tonnages as per 1969 amendments to the above Convention.

27. a) State the criteria for fixing the reward as per article 13 of Salvage Convention.
b) State the provision of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 with respect to Deserters and distressed seamen

28. a. Under the Hague Rules, enumerate the immunities of the shipper and the ship owner.
b. Write notes on: i) Cesser Clause; and ii) Note of Protest

Q.8

1. Define the following as per IHR 2005:

i) Contamination ii) Deratting iii) Free Pratique iv) Health measures v) Inspection vi) Medical Examination

2. Explain the main features of OPRC & London Dumping convention.

3. Distinguish between following:

a) Lay days and lay time b) Voyage charter and time charter c) Demurrage and dispatch
d) Convention and protocol e) Condition and Warranty

4. a) Explain various types of Bill of Ladings.

b) “Bill of Lading to be signed as presented” is the term stipulated in the Charter Party. What do you
understand by this Statement?

5. Under the MLC of 2006 explain in detail the following:

a) Seaman’s grievance redressal b) Food and catering c) Min age requirement
d) Medical attention and health protection e) Compliance and certification

6. a) Define General average with examples? How does it differ from Particular Average?
b) State the salient features of York Antwerp Rules?

7. Describe the contents of convention of limitations of liability for maritime claims (LLMC).
8. a) List the entries to be made in ORB part 1 and part 2?
b) Discuss the contents and validity of IOPP certificate?

9. As per UNCLOS:
(a) State the condition under which a passage in territorial seas is considered ‘Not Innocent’.
(b) Discuss Civil and Criminal jurisdiction of coastal state over foreign ship in its territorial waters.

10. (a) List the entries to be made in ORB Part 1 and Part 2.
(b) Discuss the contents and validity of IOPP certificate.

11. Enumerate the requirements of MLC 2006 towards the following:

(a) Seafarers Employment Agreements, Wages and Repatriation.
(b) Health protection, Medical Care, Welfare and Social Security Protection
(c) Roles and responsibilities of Flag State and Port State as laid down in MLC 2006.

12. With respect to Charter parties describe:

(a) Both to blame collision clause,
(b) New Jason clause,
(c) Cesser clause.

13. a) Discuss the responsibilities and liabilities of the Carrier and Shipper under Hague Visby Rules.
b) Explain the following terms under voyage charter:
(i) An arrived ship
(ii) Demurrage & Dispatch
(iii) Deviation

14. Hague Visby Rules 1968 establishes the responsibilities and liabilities attached to carrier.
Discuss the various aspects of the following provisions of HVR 1968:
a) Article II
b) Article IV

15. Describe the contents of Convention on Limitations of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC)

16. Describe the significance of N.O.R. When a ship is considered “Arrived” under what circumstance can a vessel be
deemed “ready to load in all respect”.

17. Explain the main features of OPRC and London Dumping Convention.

18. State the provisions of MLC 2006 regarding:

a) Minimum requirements for seafarers to work on ships.
b) Accommodation and recreational facilities, food and catering and
C) Declaration of Maritime Labour Compliance (DMLC).

19. Write short note on any two of the following:

a) OPRC Convention
b) SUA Convention
C) Disposal option as per Annex IV of MARPOL

20. a) Distinguish between Note of protest and letter of protest. Discuss the circumstances when it is advisable for master
to note protest.
b) Explain meaning of reversing the right to extend a protest.

21. ILO Convention 134 “Prevention of Accidents” plays an important role in safety on board vessels.
Describe the main provisions of the convention and how they assist in reducing occupational accidents?
22. (a) Discuss the responsibilities and liabilities of the Carrier and Shipper under Hague Visby Rules.
(b) Explain the following terms under voyage charter:
(i) An Arrived Ship (ii) Demurrage & Despatch (iii) Deviation

23. Write short notes on the following conventions:

a) The London Dumping Convention 1972.
b) The high seas intervention conventions 1969 / 1973 protocol.

24. Explain the following, relating to a charter party:

a) Signing of Bill of Lading after completion of loading.
b) “Safe berth, always afloat”
c) Safe port.

25. What are the responsibilities and liabilities of the carrier as provided in Hague Rules 1924?

26. What are the responsibilities and liabilities of the carrier as provided in Hague Rules 1924?

27. Hague Visby Rules 1968 establishes the responsibilities and liabilities attached to carrier. Discuss the various aspects
of the following provisions of HVR 1968: a) Article II b) Article IV

28. Enumerate the requirements of MLC 2006 towards the following:

a. Seafarers Employment Agreements, Wages and Repatriation.
b. Health protection, Medical Care, Welfare and social security protection; and
c. Roles and responsibilities of flag State and port State as laid down in MCL, 2006.

Q.9

1. Discuss the term “seaworthinness” from the perspective of:

a) Statutory provisions regarding carriage of goods
b) Provisions in the MSA 1958, regarding safety of life at sea
c) Contracts of insurance

2. Differentiate between the following:

a) General Average and Particular Average.
b) Actual Total Loss and Constructive Total Loss
c) Maritime Lien and Possessory Lien
d) Expressed Warranty and Implied Warranty

3. Briefly explain the following:

a) ¾ th collision liability clause in Marine agreement b) “SCOPIC CLAUSE” in a salvage agreement
c) Open cover in a cargo insurance d) General average as per York Antwerp Rules.

4. a) Define General Average. How is it different from particular average?

b) State salient features of York Antwerp rules

5. a) Explain in detail the various functions of B/Ls? How does it differ from a Mate’s receipt?
b) Explain the various types of bills of lading?
6. a) State the contents of SOPEP and SMPEP?
b) Describe the salient features of
i) High seas intervention convention, and ii) Ballast water management plans

7. Describe the significance of N.O.R. When a ship is considered “Arrived” and under what
circumstances can a vessel be deemed “ready to load in all respect”.

8. Discuss the rights of the coastal state Authority in Territorial Sea and the Contiguous zone & the navigable
rights available to foreign flag vessels in these zones?

1. Enumerate the items you maintain/inspect regularly to ensure compliance with MLC 2006.

2. Discuss the statutory obligations of the ship as per MS Act 1958 for the following:
(i) To render assistance to a vessel in distress.
(ii) In the event of collision with another vessel in high seas.

3. With reference to Indian Marine Insurance Act 1963,write short notes on the following:
(a) Utmost Good Faith
(b) Constructive Total Loss
(c) Institute Warranties

4. What the salient features of STCW ’78 convention are, as amended in 2010. Why the amendment was necessary?

5. a) With respect to Marine Insurance write short notes on:

(iv) Marine adventure
(v) ) Perils
b) Explain the principle of General Average and how is it beneficial to the various interests involved in a Marine
adventure.

6. a) Write short notes on the following:

(i) Insured perils
(ii) Utmost good faith
(iii) Contribution
b) Differentiate between Salvage and General Average.

7. a) Explain the provision of Convention on Intervention at High Seas.

b) Write down the contents of following certificates:
(i) Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate
(ii) International Load Line Certificate

8. Discuss the latest changes that have been incorporated into SOLAS and MARPOL to ensure a safe and cleaner
environment.

9. Differentiate between the following: a) General Average and Particular Average

b) Actual Total Loss and Constructive Total Loss c) Unsafe ship and Unseaworthy ship.

10. a) Define General Average. How is it different from Particular Average?

b) What a salient features of York Antwerp rules?

11. What are the requirements for the official Log Book in Indian vessel? What are the entries to be made in this book?

12. Write short notes on following requirements as per MLC 2006:

a) Food and catering standards.
b) Rest work hours.
c) Occupational health, medical care and social security protection.
13. What is note of protest? Under what circumstances would it be advisable to ‘note protest’ and why? Explain the
procedure for ‘noting protest’.

14. a) With respect to Marine Insurance, write notes on (i) Marine adventure (ii) Perils
(b) Explain the principle of General Average and how is it beneficial to the various interests involved in a Marine
adventure

15. With reference to Indian Marine Insurance Act, 1963 write short notes on the following:
a) Insurable Interest
b) Total Loss (Actual and Constructive)

16. With reference to Indian Marine Insurance Act, 1963 write short notes on the following:
a) Utmost good faith b) Constructive total loss
c) Floating Policy d) Subrogation

17. Intervention convention affirms the right of a coastal state to take such measures on the high seas as required to
prevent, mitigate or eliminate grave and imminent danger to its coastline. How are the ‘Freedom of the high seas’ and
protections to the seafarer enshrined under part vii of UNCLOS safeguarded in the Intervention Convention?

18. Give a summary of “Additional Safety measures for Bulk Carriers” (Chapter XII, SOLAS), which entered into force
on 1st July 1999.

19. a) Write short notes on following:

i) Insured perils ii) Utmost good faith iii) Contribution
b) Differentiate between Salvage and General Average?

20. With reference to Indian Marine Insurance Act, 1963, write short notes on the following:
a. Utmost Good Faith; b. Constructive Total Loss; and c. Institute warranties.