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Parallel Parking

Angle Parking

Reversing is required while taking out the car

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Mechanical car parking

Mechanical car parking

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Rotary Type Parking

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

ACCIDENT STUDIES

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ACCIDENT STUDIES
 Road crashes cannot be totally prevented, but by suitable
traffic engineering and management measures, the crash
rate can be decreased considerably.

In 2022
India recorded 4,61,312 unfortunate incidences of road
crashes
Killing 1,55,781 lives and causing injuries to 3,84,448
persons.
More than 400 people dying every day

Loss of 3.14 percent of GDP

India has less than 2 percent of motor vehicles

globally, but account for more than 11 % of road
traffic deaths
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Objectives of Accident Studies

• To study the causes of accident and to suggest corrective
treatment at potential location.
• To evaluate the existing highway
• To support the proposed design
• To carry out studies before and after an improvement
• To make financial computations and to give economic
justifications for the improvements suggested by the traffic
engineer.

DEFINITIONS
 Fatal accident
• An accident in which one or more persons loose their life.
 Injury accident
• An accident in which one or more persons receive injury
such as fractures, crushing, cuts, wound requiring immediate
medical attentions. Such accidents are called grievous injury
accidents. Sometimes only minor injuries are sustained by
person, such accidents are called minor injury accidents.
 Non-injury accidents (property damage)
• Accidents in which no one is killed or injured, but only
property is damaged. Such accidents are called property
damage accidents.

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DEFINITIONS

 Vehicle Collisions
• Two or more vehicles when they make an accident, there
may be collisions of various types such as
Head on Collisions
When two vehicles meet an accidents head to head.

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DEFINITIONS
Rear-end Collisions
When head of one vehicle dashes with tail of the other
vehicle.

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DEFINITIONS
Rear-end Collisions
Can be very serious when overtaking is done from wrong
side.

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DEFINITIONS

 Side Swipe Collisions

• When head sides of two vehicle meeting an accident collide.

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DEFINITIONS

 Right Angle Collision

In which two vehicles meeting an accident.

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PURPOSES OF ACCIDENT DATA

Uses of traffic accident data are:

• Identifying high accident locations for detailed
study
• To suggest traffic control devices, such as
signals, signs etc. at accident prone locations
• Planning regulatory and enforcement measures
to increase safety.
• Improving geometrics of intersection and
problematic road section in relation to
accidents

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Intersections
Generally, more than 50% of the collisions occur at intersections – 36 %
casualties are of pedestrians

• Intersections are black spots

• Common error for drivers - misjudging a
gap.
• Acute crossing angle
• Multiple maneuvers
• Lack of spatial guidance

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High speed of approaching vehicles

Who will stop?

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CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

1) Road Users
 Excessive speed and rash driving, violation of traffic rules,
failure to perceive traffic situation or sign or signal in
adequate time, carelessness, fatigue, alcohol, sleep etc.
2) Vehicle
 Defects such as failure of brakes, steering system, tyre
burst, lighting system.
3) Road Condition
 Skidding road surface, pot holes, ruts.
4) Road Design
 Defective geometric design like inadequate sight distance,
inadequate width of shoulders, improper curve design,
improper traffic control devices and improper lighting.
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CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

5) Environmental Factors
 Unfavourable weather conditions like mist, snow, smoke and
heavy rainfall which restrict normal visibility and makes
driving unsafe.

6) Others Causes
 Improper location of advertisement boards, gate of level
crossing not closed when required etc.

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Accident Reporting and Recording

With Angle of collision

• Pedestrians • Rear end collision (hit from
• Another motor vehicle behind)
• Parked vehicle • Side sweep ( hit from sides)
• Cyclists • Head on collision (hit face to
• Fixed objects face)
• Animals and • Accident while backing type
• Others • Other types.

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

1. Identification Particulars IRC 53 Form A1 and A4

1) State
2) District/taluka
3) City/town/village
4) Police zone/station
5) Accident number allotted by police station
• FIR Number

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

2. Location (iii) If intersection, specify the

(i) Name of road names of road.
1. National highway
2. State highway (iv) Details of location (the detail
under this should be such as to
3. Other road
give precise location)

(ii) Location of area

(v) Type of area
1. Urban
1. Near school or College
2. Rural
2. Near or inside a village
3. Near a factory/industrial area
4. Near a religious place

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

(v) Type of area (vi) Narrow bridge or

5. Near a recreation place/cinema culverts
6. In bazaar • Yes
7. Near office complex • No
8. Near hospital
9. Residential area
10. Open area
11. Near bus stop
12. Near petrol pump
13. At pedestrian crossing
14. Affected by encroachments.

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

(i) Type of area Code No. Type of area Code No.
Near school or college 01 Near a recreation place 05
cinema
Near or inside a village 02 In bazaar 06
Near a factory/industrial 03 Near office complex 07
area
Near a religious place 04 Near hospital 08
Other built up area 09
Inbuilt-up area 10

(ii) Narrow bridge or culvert

Yes 1
No 2
Not Stated 9

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

3. Date, Day and Time

I. Date month year
II. Day of the week
III. Time A.M. P.M.
IV.Holiday 1. Yes 2. No

4. Light conditions
1. Daylight
2. Twilight
3. Dark hours with good street light
4. Dark hours with poor street light
5. Dark hours with no street light
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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

3. Date, Day and Time
(i) Date (specify)
(ii)Month Code Month Code (iii) Day of Code
No. No. week No.
January 01 July 07 Monday 1

February 02 August 08 Tuesday 2

March 03 September 09 Wednesday 3
April 04 October 10 Thursday 4
May 05 November 11 Friday 5
June 06 December 12 Saturday 6
Sunday 7

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

(iv) Time (also to be Mentioned in hours and minutes)

Hours of the day Code No. Hour of the Day Code No.
6.00 AM-7.00 AM 01 3.00 PM-4.00 PM 10
7.00 AM- 8.00 AM 02 4.00 PM-5.00 PM 11
8.00 AM- 9.00 AM 03 5.00 PM-6.00 PM 12
9.00 AM- 10.00 AM 04 6.00 PM-7.00 PM 13
10.00 AM- 11.00 AM 05 7.00 PM-8.00 PM 14
11.00 AM -12.00 AM 06 8.00 PM-9.00 PM 15
12.00 AM- 1.00 PM 07 9.00 PM-10.00 PM 16
1.00 PM- 2.00 PM 08 10.00 PM-11.00 PM 17
2.00 PM- 3.00 PM 09 11.00 PM-6.00 AM 18

Not stated 19

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

(v) Holiday or not (If yes , describe)

Holiday Code No.
Yes 1
No 2
5. Weather conditions
1. Fine 8. Dust storm
2. Mist/Fog 9. Very hot
3. Cloudy 10. Very cold
4. Light rain 11. Other extraordinary weather
5. Hail /sleet conditions (specify)
6. Snow
7. Strong wind

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

6. Classification of accident
1. Fatal
2. Grievous injury
3. Minor injury
4. Non-injury

7. Type of vehicle with registration numbers and

objects involved
7.1 Vehicles involved
Type of vehicle Registration number Year of manufacture
Vehicle 1 ……. ……. …….
Vehicle 2 ……. ……. …….
Vehicle 3 ……. ……. …….

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

7.2 Pedestrian, animal and other object involved

S. No.
1. …………………
2. …………………
3. …………………

8. Nature of the accident

8.1 Type
1. Overturning
2. Head on collision
3. Rear end collision
4. Collision brush/side swipe
5. Right angled collision
6. Skidding
7. Right turn collision
8. Other (describe)

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

8.2 Hit and Run

Yes No

9. Details of drivers of vehicle involved

9.1 Name, Sex, Age, Education and Address of the
Driver(s)
Name of Driver Sex M/F Age Highest class passed Address
Vehicle 1 ……. ……. ……. ……. …….
Vehicle 2 ……. ……. ……. ……. …….
Vehicle 3 ……. ……. ……. ……. …….

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

9.2 Person driving the vehicle

Veh. 1 Veh. 2 Veh. 3

1. Owner of private vehicle.

2. Owner of public/ commercial vehicle
3. Paid driver
4. Other

9.3 Type of license

9.4 License number and other details
9.5 Type of manoeuver
9.6 Responsibility of driver

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

10. Particulars of vehicle involved

10.1 Particulars of vehicle

10.2 Certificate of fitness in the case of commercial vehicle

10.3 Particulars of insurance

11. Details of particulars or person other than the

driver involved in accident
11.1 Age of person/ pedestrian

11.2 Particulars of person/pedestrian

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

12. Details of cyclists involved
13. Type of persons and animals killed or injured
14.Other persons
14.1 Number of animals killed/injured
14.2 Type of damage to vehicle and property
15. Road condition
15.1 Horizontal features of the road
15.2 Type of surface
15.3 Condition of surface
15.4 Nature of surface

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

16. Road features

17. Intersection type and control

17.1 Type of junction
17.2 Type of traffic control
18. Traffic regulations

19. Name of persons (with user’s classification such

as pedestrian, driver, etc).

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ACCIDENT REPORTING FORM (IRC)

20. Diagrammatic sketch of accident site and brief

description of the accident

Preparation of a collision diagram

The purpose of the Condition Diagram is to show the
intersection and the conditions within the surrounding area
as it exists.

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Preparation of a Collision Diagram

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Preparation of a condition diagram

 A condition diagram is a scaled drawing of the important
physical conditions at a high accident frequency location to
be studied.
 It is used as an aid to the interpretation of accident pattern.
Following information is usually shown on the condition
diagram
i. Curb line and roadway limits
ii. Property lines
iii. Side walks
iv. Obstruction to view
v. Physical conditions of roads and gradient
vi. Ditches along the roadway
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STUDY OF HIGH ACCIDENT LOCATIONS

vii. Traffic signals, sign, pavement markings
viii. Street lighting, power poles, trees, etc.
ix. Type and condition of road surface
x. Type of adjacent property
xi. Bus stops, parking lots, etc.
xii. Any other specific features of the site

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Preparation of a Condition Diagram

The Condition
Diagram provides
the engineer with
details of field
conditions and helps
investigate the need
for changes to
existing traffic
control devices. The
diagram should also
be part of an
intersection crash
analysis

Figure 2. Typical condition diagram

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Recommend plan and its detailing

 For the improvement plan which is recommended most
suitable based on above exercise, detailed plans and
drawings are prepared showing the specifications to be
adopted in its implementation.

After studies
To check the outcome of the improvement plan implemented,
after sometime an ‘After’ study should be conducted for
statistical comparison to ‘Before’ conditions.

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Thank You

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