United Theological College, Bengaluru

Theology, Pastoral Care and Counselling - MMC002

M.Th-1
Pastoral Care in the writings of Early Church Fathers of St. John Chrysostom.
Submitted to: Rev Dr. Israel David.
By: Lewanki Roy Bareh Dt: 6th Aug, 24.

1. Introduction

St. John Chrysostom (347-407 AD) was a prominent early Christian theologian, archbishop,
and preacher. He is known for his eloquent sermons which earned him the nickname
“Chrysostom” (Greek for “golden-mouthed”)1. Theological writings contributed significantly
to the development of Christian doctrine. Chrysostom is well known for his prolific writings
that have left their mark on the Church down through the generations. One of his significant
contributions to the realm of Christian spirituality is his understanding of pastoral ministry,
most notably discussed in his work “On the Priesthood”. Pastoral care advocated for the poor,
widows, and orphans, and ‘Liturgical reforms’ which introduced the ‘Divine Liturgy of St.
John Chrysostom’, still used in Eastern Orthodox Churches2

2. St. John Chrysostom notable writings

St. John Chrysostom notable works includes:
1. Homilies on the Gospel of John.
2. Homilies on the Epistles of Paul.
3. On the Priesthood.
4. Against the Jews (a critique of Jewish practices, not anti-Semitic)3.

3. St. Chrysostom’s legacy

John Chrysostom is known as the ‘Doctor of the Church’ recognized by the Catholic Church
for his contributions 4. His works greatly influence on the Eastern Orthodoxy which shaped the

1
John C. Stapleton. Life of St. Chrysostom Translated from the German of Dr Neander. (London: R. B.
Seeley and W. Burnside, 1838), 18-28.
2
Wendy Mayer. John Chrysostom. (London: Routledge, 2000), 23.
3
Robert Wilken. John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4th Century.
(London: University of California Press, 1983), 48-53.
4
Stephen Neill. Chrysostom and His Message. (London: Lutterworth Press, 1962), 88-93.
theology and liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church 5. And, he is highly revered by Protestants
valued for his emphasis on Scripture and pastoral care 6. His feast day is celebrated on
September 13 (Eastern Orthodox) and September 14 (Catholic).
4. St. Chrysostom’s Writings
St. John Chrysostom was a prolific author in the early Christian Church, and his writings
include:
Homilies: Chrysostom wrote many homilies (sermons) on various books of the Bible, which
are still widely read and studied today 7.
Treatises: He wrote several treatises on theological topics, showcasing his expertise as a
Church Father.
Letters: Chrysostom’s letters, particularly those written during his exile, demonstrate his
influence and leadership in the early Christian Church.
Liturgical contributions: Although the authorship is disputed, the Divine Liturgy of St. John
Chrysostom is still used in Eastern Orthodox Churches, and the Prayer of St. John Chrysostom
is part of the Church of England’s Book of Common Prayer8.
Notable Works
Some of Chrysostom’s notable works include; “Homilies on the Gospel of John: A collection
of sermons on the Gospel of John”9, “Homilies on the Epistles of Paul: A collection of sermons
on Paul’s epistles”, “On the Priesthood: A treatise on the priesthood and spiritual guidance”
and “Against the Jews: A critique of Jewish practices”, which is written in the year 387 AD10.
Legacy
Chrysostom’s writings have had a lasting impact on Christian theology and practice, and he is
revered as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and
Lutheran churches 11.
5. Chrysostom’s counselling approach

5
Orthodox Liturgy Being the Divine Liturgy of St. Chrysostom and S. Basil the Great. (London:
SPCK,1964), 68-71.
6
W. R. W. Stevens. Saint Chrysostom: His Life and Times. (London: John Murray, 1872), 89-91.
7
Jaroslav Pelikan. Preaching of Chrysostom: Homilies on the Sermon on the Mount. (Minneapolis:
Fortress, 1967), 211.
8
Stephen Neill. Chrysostom and His Message. 98-103.
9
Feno M. Thomas. Engaging God’s Mission with the Other: The Missiological Understanding of Mar
Chrysostom and His Interfaith Movements. “Thesis” (Bangalore: United Theological College, 2014), 143-148.
10
W. R. W. Stevens. Saint Chrysostom: His Life and Times. 101-113.
11
Thomas M. Finn. Liturgy of Baptism in the Baptismal Instructions of St. John Chrysostom.
(Washington D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 1967), 373.
 Chrysostom’s counselling approach was characterised by scriptural basis and prayerful
discernment,
5.1 Scriptural basis: Chrysostom foundations is based on the ‘Grounding guidance’ in
biblical principles and personal experience drawing from his own struggles and growth12.
5.2 Prayerful discernment: Chrysostom seeking God’s guidance in decision-making. His
empathetic understanding and recognising the complexities of human struggles. His legacy
continues to inspire pastoral care and counselling practices, emphasising compassion,
spiritual guidance, and holistic support13.

6. St. Chrysostom’s Understanding of Pastoral Care and Counselling.

St. John Chrysostom, a prominent figure in the early Church, offered profound insights into
the role of pastoral care and counselling. His writings, particularly on the Priesthood, provide
a rich foundation for understanding the spiritual and emotional needs of the congregation. The
quote by John Chrysostom, “ Faith is not just a matter of belief; it is a way of life”, encapsulates
the essence of what it means to truly live a life anchored in faith. The key aspects of
Chrysostom’s pastoral care and counselling:
The Pastor as a Shepherd: Chrysostom emphasised the pastor’s role as a shepherd,
responsible for guiding and protecting the flock. This image underscores the importance of
care, compassion, and leadership and in pastoral ministry14.
Spiritual Formation: He placed great importance on the spiritual growth of the congregation,
focusing on cultivating a deep relationship with God through prayer, Scripture, and the
sacraments15.
Homiletics: Chrysostom was a masterful preacher, using his homilies to address the spiritual
and moral challenges of his people. His sermons often offered practical guidance and comfort 16.
Social Justice: He was a vocal advocate for the poor and marginalized, demonstrating a strong
commitment to social justice and compassion 17.

12
Frederic Henry Chase. Chrysostom: A Study in the History of Biblical Interpretation. (Cambridge:
Deighton, Bell and Co, 1887), 234-238.
13
Frederic Henry Chase. Chrysostom: A Study in the History of Biblical Interpretation. 243-248.
14
St. John Chrysostom. Priesthood: A Translation of the “Peri Hierosynes” of St. John Chrysostom.
(New York: Maxwelol Macmillan, 1955), 93-98.
15
St. John Chrysostom. Priesthood of St. John Chrysostom…,103.
16
Jaroslav Pelikan. Preaching of Chrysostom: Homilies on the Sermon on the Mount. (Minneapolis:
Fortress, 1967), 232.
17
Jaroslav Pelikan. Preaching of Chrysostom: Homilies on the Sermon on the Mount…,248.
Counselling and Guidance: While not explicitly outlining counselling techniques,
Chrysostom’s emphasis on empathy, listening, and spiritual direction provides a foundation for
pastoral counselling18.
7. St. John Chrysostom’s understanding of pastoral care and counselling
St. John Chrysostom understanding of pastoral care may be explained in the following points;
7.1. Compassion: Showing empathy and kindness towards those in need 19.
7.2. Active listening: Attentively hearing the concerns of others.
7.3. Spiritual guidance: Offering wisdom and direction rooted in Scripture.
7.4. Practical support: Providing tangible assistance, like food and shelter 20.
7.5. Empowerment: Encouraging individuals to take ownership of their spiritual growth.
7.6. Non-judgmental attitude: Avoiding condemnation, focusing on restoration.
7.7. Confidentiality: Maintaining secrecy when appropriate.
7.8. Holistic approach: Addressing physical, emotional, and spiritual needs 21.
He believed that Pastors should be ‘Approachable’, ‘Welcoming’ and ‘Accessible’ to all.
‘Knowledgeable’, pastors should be ‘Well-versed in Scripture and theology’, ‘Humbleness,
recognizing their own limitations and weaknesses’ and ‘Patience’, taking the time to
understand and guide individuals and people’s lives.

8. Challenges and Limitations

The challenges and limitations of Chrysostom is essential to acknowledge the historical context
of Chrysostom’s writings. While his insights are valuable, they may not directly address the
complexities of contemporary pastoral care. Additionally, his focus on spiritual matters might
limit his approach to psychological and emotional issues. Therefore, the events of
Chrysostom’s On the Priesthood demonstrate his high understanding of the pastoral call. But
this understanding and ability grew even at the end of his life in exile, where he would
write ‘On the Providence of God’22.

Conclusion

18
Jaroslav Pelikan. Preaching of Chrysostom: Homilies on the Sermon on the Mount…,253.
19
Donald Attwater. St. John Chrysostom: Pastor and Preacher. (London: Harvell Press, 1959), 43-48.
20
Donald Attwater. St. John Chrysostom: Pastor and Preacher…, 118-121.
21
Donald Attwater. St. John Chrysostom: Pastor and Preacher…,103-113.
22
Christopher A. Hall, “Nature Wild & Tame in St. John Chrysostom’s On the Providence of God,”
in Ancient & Postmodern Christianity: Paleo-Orthodoxy in the 21stCentury, ed. by Kenneth Tanner and
Christopher A. Hall (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2002), 24.
There is much that can be learned from Chrysostom regarding ministry and the care of souls.
His views of the pastoral call are reflected in his own life of struggle and sacrifice. On the
Priesthood serves as a thorough overview of the many necessities and concerns that come with
the serious work of pastoral ministry. It is not a calling to be taken lightly or mishandled. It
requires character and skill. It can reveal deep love for Christ or enticement with power and
authority. It requires humility, care, shrewdness, and self-awareness. Chrysostom writings led
us to think soberly about pastoral ministry, assessing its demands accurately, and seeking to
love Christ by loving and tending his flock.

In the year 403 A.D, a synod was held known as ‘The Synod of the Oak’, the emperor
Arcadius had Archbishop John falsely accused of heresy and cruelty to the empress, deposed,
and exiled. However, due to a natural disaster and a revolt among the people, he was recalled
for fear of God’s wrath. He was soon exiled again when he refused to abandon his fearless
preaching. In exile, he regularly wrote to his people while the pope and the Western Roman
Emperor tried to have him released. After three years, he was to be moved to a more remote
location. He died ‘en-route’ meaning on the way, due to harsh conditions and the cruelty of his
military escorts. Saint John Chrysostom was named a Doctor of the Church. In addition to his
pastoral work, he left behind about 700 sermons, hundreds of letters, commentaries on
Scripture, theological treatises on the Eucharist and priesthood and other writings that still
remain influential today.

Bibliography

Attwater, Donald Attwater. St. John Chrysostom: Pastor and Preacher. London: Harvell
Press, 1959.

Chase, Henry. Frederic. Chrysostom: A Study in the History of Biblical Interpretation.

Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and Co, 1887.

Chrysostom, St. John. Priesthood: A Translation of the “Peri Hierosynes” of St. John
Chrysostom. New York: Maxwelol Macmillan, 1955.

Feno, M. Thomas, M. Feno. Engaging God’s Mission with the Other: The Missiological
Understanding of Mar Chrysostom and His Interfaith Movements. “Thesis”
(Bangalore: United Theological College, 2014), 143-148.

Finn, M. Thomas. Liturgy of Baptism in the Baptismal Instructions of St. John Chrysostom.
Washington D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 1967.
Mayer, Wendy. John Chrysostom. London: Routledge, 2000.

Neill, Stephen. Chrysostom and His Message. London: Lutterworth Press, 1962.

Orthodox Liturgy Being the Divine Liturgy of St. Chrysostom and S. Basil the Great. London:
SPCK,1964.

Pelikan, Jaroslav. Preaching of Chrysostom: Homilies on the Sermon on the Mount.

Minneapolis: Fortress, 1967.

Stapleton, John. C. Life of St. Chrysostom Translated from the German of Dr Neander.
London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1838.

Stevens. R.W. Saint Chrysostom: His Life and Times. London: John Murray, 1872.

Wilken, Robert. John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4th Century.
London: University of California Press, 1983.