Sadia Jahin

FCS 210

Prof.Kohn

Assignment#13

Industrial Revolution 1750-1900

● In the mid 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was one of the greatest transformative
moments in history, revolutionizing the way humans lived and worked.
● The Industrial Revolution transformed an agrarian and handicraft economy to one
dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
● The Industrial Revolution started inGreat Britain, because many of the technological
innovations were of British origin.
● By the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a
global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean, military and
political hegemony on theIndian subcontinent.
● The development of trade and the rise of business contributed significantly to the
Industrial Revolution.
● The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of
daily life was influenced in some way.
● The Industrial Revolution transforms economies, societies, and cultures as well as
business, industry,furniture, and the decorative arts.
● TheIndustrial Revolution Was a period of major industrialization which began inGreat
Britain in the mid-18th century and spread to other European countries, including
Belgium, France and Germany, and to the United States.
● It is regarded as a major event in history which ushered in the modern era in which we
live.
● The driving force behind the Industrial Revolution was the inventions and innovations
which continuously fueled the event by providing better and better means to increase
productivity,develop new processes and enhance distribution.
● 10 most important innovations:
1.Spinning jenny
● Spinning jenny was a spinning engine invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves.
● Able to be operated by unskilled workers, it was a key development in the
industrialization of weaving, as it could spin many spindles at a time.
2. Steam Engine
● It was the energy behind advanced inventions in textiles(power loom, spinning mule)and
transport(steam powered locomotives and ships) and was one of the primary causes for
the transition from human power to machine power.
3. Power Loom
● In1784,Edmund Cartwrightinvented the Power Loom, to weave the cloth on a large scale.
4. Sewing Machine
● The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented byWalter Huntin1832.The
invention of the sewing machine forever changed the way clothes were made and allowed
for mass production of clothing.
5. Telegraph
● In 1836, the AmericanSamuel Morse Made the single wire telegraph. The machine
worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations.
● In addition, Samuel Morse developed the famousMorse code that assigns a set of dots
and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet that allowed for the simple transmission
of complex messages across telegraph lines.
● The telegraph changed the face of communication and laid the base for future innovations
of telephone, fax machine and Internet.
6. Hot Blast and Bessemer's Converter. ...
● The use ofHot Blast Patented by Scottish foremanJames Beaumont Neilson 1828 Was a
major breakthrough.
● But the most important innovation in the steel industry came from EnglishmanHenry
Bessemerin1856.
● The process would go on to achieve good low cost steeland change the face of the iron
and steel industry.
7. Dynamite
● Noble managed to stabilize nitroglycerin into a portable explosive. Swedish born Nobel
obtained patent fordynamitein1867.
● With dynamite, mines could be dug deeper and more quickly, and uneconomical deposits
thus became profitable.
● The extracted tonnage of copper, coal and iron ore increased hundred fold. This in turn
speeded up the making of roads and railways.
8. Incandescent Light Bulb.
● In 1806,Humphrey Davy, an Englishman, demonstrated a powerful electric lamp by
creating a blinding electric spark between two charcoal rods. This device, known as
an“arc lamp”,is impractical for most uses.
● Some historians claim there were over 20 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to
Edison’s version but there is no doubt that he along with his team, especiallyFrancis
Upton,were awarded the US patent in 1880 and made the first“commercially
successful“light bulb using Japanese bamboo burners as filaments.
● Light bulb had a huge impact on the industrial revolution because it allowed the workers
to work longer hours at night and in dark places hence improving productivity. It
stimulated the lighting industry that quickly spread through cities and towns across the
world.
9. Steam Engine
● Belgian engineerJean J. Lenoiris credited with the first commercially successful internal
combustion engine in 1858.However, it was German engineerNikolaus August Ottowho,
in1876,successfully developed the compressed charge internal combustion engine
wichran on petroleum gas and led to the modern internal combustion engine. The creation
of the internal combustion engine and theauto-mobilehada major impact on industry and
the processes used by manufacturers.
10. The Modern Assembly line
● Ransom Eli Olds is credited with creating and patenting the modern assembly linein1901.
● An assembly line is a line of factory workers and equipment along which a product being
assembled passes consecutively from operation to operation until completed.

Industrial Revolution
● The spread of mechanization raises questions about the design of buildings and objects,
both in terms of their appearance and their effect on the people. Artists, artisans,
architects and designers will grapple with these issues for many decades. One early
debate was whether to accept and reject the machine and its effect on society.
● Through their writings and/or works, architects, designers, artists and theorists strive to
define a design language for the machine, and try to identify what is to live in this
modern society, and how buildings and products should express their own time.
As a result, new theories and ideas, new art and design movements along the
mechanization of industry and manufacturing in art and design work are accepted and
embraced.
● One of the most significant effects of industrialization is the democratization of
design, style, and fashion, as goods become more available to all level of society.
● By altering the way people live and work, the Industrial Revolution affects the
appearance and planning of communities and public and private buildings,
generating new types of buildings (typology) and new construction methods, new
technologies, and new materials that increase comfort and convenience for all
levels of society.
● Architecture and interiors evolve in response to changes in the social patterns,
business, and industry.
● Middle class lives less formally and has fewer social rituals, and that inspires new
types of rooms, and modifications in planning.
● Although taste and fashion continues to drive the design of most spaces, function
becomes an important design concept, particularly for kitchens and baths. In both
public and private buildings, new and old types of furnishing develop or evolve in
response to changes in working methods, lifestyles, and technologies.
●
Concepts
● Besides profoundly changing the economy and society, the Industrial Revolution
introduces new materials, techniques, and forms.
● Throughout the 19th century, exhibitions were innovative testing grounds for new design
ideas and the introduction of new products. They are fresh sources for the introduction of
new concepts in interior decoration and furnishings.
● Manufacturers create their finest, most innovative pieces for the exhibitions, and
architects design impressive new buildings that affect architectural development.
● In 1851, the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations held at Crystal
Palace (referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition) in London, became the largest
international exhibition ever held to display machine-made goods as well as handcrafted
products.
Motifs
● Historical features from past styles shape the visual language from the mid 18th century
well into the 20th century.
● Details that emphasize technology appear later in architecture and interiors, as illustrated
on gates,porches, balconies, columns, hardware, chimneypieces, and furnishings.
Architecture
● In 1825, the railway systems began in England and expanded rapidly into other countries.
● In 1851, gardener Joseph Paxton, using his knowledge of greenhouse construction,
designed the Crystal Palace Exhibition building in London with prefabricated parts for
construction,standardized sections of iron and glass, and large expanses of open space.
● Social, economic, and technical changes in the 19th century lead to new building types,
such as railway stations, shopping arcades, office buildings, and factories.
● These progressive commercial environments require new materials and new construction
methods.
● England led the transformation with the first iron bridge at Coalbrookdale Built in 1779.
● In1889, Gustave Eiffel designed the Eiffel Tower for the Paris Exhibition.
Mail-Order Houses
● By the end of the 19th century, house designs were copied or ordered by mail from trade
catalogs, pattern books, architectural journals, and manufacturing companies.
Site Orientation
● In the 1840-1850s, as city centers became overcrowded and overdeveloped, new housing
spread to the suburbs, where houses are grouped along smaller streets to create
self-contained residential neighborhoods.
Floor Plans
● Plans for factories, railway stations, shopping arcades, and other building types grow out
of function.
● Most buildings continue traditional planning patterns with central vertical circulation
cores.
 ● Large public areas begin to encompass huge open areas of space delimited with iron
columns.
● Classical attributes such as symmetry, regularity, unity, and harmony continue to be
important design principles in plans.
● Dwellings have more differentiated areas, carefully separating the public from the private
areas.
● Large houses have double parlors, a library, and a conservatory.
● As the century progresses, kitchens reflect greater attention to appliances, better storage,
and better functional planning.
● Bathrooms, which become more common, incorporate a sink, tub, toilet, and possibly a
bidet and shower to add convenience and comfort.
● Elevators gradually supplant stairs as the main source of vertical circulation in multistory
apartment complexes.
Materials
● New materials include brick in more colors and artificial stone.
● Improved manufacturing processes increase the use of wrought and cast iron decoratively
and structurally.
● New manufacturing techniques developed in France that increased the availability of
glass in many forms and in large sheets.
Construction
● Many commercial buildings use iron and glass for the entire structure, or only for roofs
and walls.
● Prefabricated and standardized parts derived from the Crystal Palace become more
common.
● By 1840 cast-iron skeletons were used in tall buildings.
● In 1853, Elisha Graves Otis introduced the first safety elevator in New York.
● Towards the end of the 19th century, the Chicago School architects introduced iron and
steel structural skeletons covered by masonry facades.
Balloon Frame Construction
● By the end of the 19th century, particularly in North America, residential construction
methods changed, from timber framing with mortise and tenon joints or stacked brick
methods, to balloon framing construction with prefabricated parts and standardized sizes
of lumber.
● The new technique incorporates a frame of wooden studs that forms the height of the
building, rests on floor joists, and is nailed in place.
Paint
For most of the 19th century, individuals mixed their own paints. Ready made paint was not
available till the third quarter of the 19th century.
Facades
Facades of large buildings exhibit architectural features from past styles, classical ordering,
design regularity, unity, and harmony, and monumental scale.
Those developed from engineering concepts reflect diversity in appearance, form, and scale and
often lack ornamentation.
Roofs
Roofs types and heights vary, based on the particular building type and location.
Office structures have flatter rooflines with cornices, and railway stations display multiple roof
heights and forms.
Interiors
● The Industrial Revolution brings new technology that significantly improves the quality
of life for many and revolutionizes both work and home environments.
● Interiors increasingly emphasize function, efficiency and comfort.
● Better lighting, heating, and plumbing increase throughout the century.
● Manufacturers produce more furniture, decorative objects, textiles, and wallpaper for an
expanding consumer market.
● Improvement in rail and ship transportation make products that result in comfortable
interiors available to more people.
● Rooms have more upholstered seating, carpeting, and practical conveniences.
● Commercial interiors showcase technological innovations that integrate historic revival
influences or new and later reform design ideas.
● Most feature one or two prominent, large-scaled spaces, that convey character and
richness.
● Sometimes users must go through small vestibules, or long corridors, to access important
spaces.
● This procession adds to the awareness of arrival and may be similar to entering a Gothic
cathedral.
● Architectural details, surface applications, furnishings and lighting enhance and unify the
interior.
● Residential interiors reveal references to past historical periods.
● Some interiors incorporate new materials, such as iron and glass, but forms and motifs
remain till the end of 19th century, historically.
● Books related to the design of the interiors and their furnishings increase.
● In larger homes, new rooms include double parlors, a library, breakfast room and
conservatory.
● Kitchens and bathrooms gained importance as more attention was given to function,
comfort and appearance.
●
Heating
Wood burning fireplaces remain common, but new types of heating appear, such as coal grates,
Franklin stoves, and central heating.
Central heating systems were invented in the 1830s. Wood or coal furnaces heat several rooms.
Steam heat appeared in the 1850s.
Kitchens
● As the 19th century progresses, new appliances, better storage, and efficient planning
increasingly define the kitchen.
● Cast-iron stove improved by the 1840s, making cooking easier.
● Refrigeration remains primitive. The first commercial freezing machine appeared in
Europe in the 1860s,but compact units for the home will not be available till the 20th
century.
● Until the municipal waterworks bring running water into the kitchen either in buckets or
use a hand pump in the kitchen.
● Metal or cast –iron sinks appear in the second half or the 18th century. Built-in kitchen
cabinets appear In 1920s.
Wallpapers
● In the first quarter of the 19th century, with the introduction of continuous rolls of
machine-made paper
● and roller printing, wallpaper becomes more affordable than the earlier hand-blocked
papers.
Textiles
● The production of textile increases with the introduction of power looms m\and
improvement in cylindrical printing and dye technology.
● Wall-to-wall carpeting, opulent window treatments, and upholstered furniture become
more popular.
Furnishing and Decorative Arts
● During the 19th century the furniture industry became gradually mechanized.
● Machine made ornaments replace handmade objects.
● Large manufacturers begin to replace small shops.
● Factories located near large sources of timber, water, and railways, generate large
quantities of furniture and ship them to retailers, furniture stores, and department stores.
● Catalogs are becoming a source for customers to shop, offering a variety of products,
prices, and quality.
● Middle and working class can see the latest products in books, periodicals, and
exhibitions.
● Furniture for home, workplace, and the garden becomes more movable and flexible,
reflecting the change in lifestyle.
● Office furniture becomes more diverse in function, type, selection, and materials.
● Furniture for home offers more flexibility, and a variety of new types.
● Built-in furniture becomes more popular.
Mail order furniture
● In the late 19th century, mail-order furniture allowed the middle class to be stylish at
reasonable prices.
● In North America, companies such as Sears, Roebuck & Company, Montgomery Ward &
Company,
● The Hudson Bay company, and manufacturers in Grand Rapids, Michigan, market their
goods through catalogs for both office and home.
Materials
● In addition to wood, which remains the most common material, new materials are
developed, such as papier-mache, coal, iron, zinc, steel and rubber.
● Cane, rattan, and wicker furnishings, although not new, are fashionable.
● Cast iron is popular for garden furniture, beds, umbrella stands, and hall stands.
● Metal becomes common for furniture parts.

●
Construction
● During the 19th century, machine –made furniture gradually replaced handmade
furniture.
● New tools such as planers, band and circular saws, lathes, and carving and boring
machines, are making the manufacturing process easier.
Seating
● New types of seating emerge throughout the 19th century, reflecting the new types of
interior spaces for work, office and play.

The Industrial Revolution Led to inventions that included the telephone, the sewing
machine, X-ray, lightbulb, and the combustible engine. The increase in the number of
factories and migration to the cities led to pollution, deplorable working and living
conditions, as well as child labor.

● The Industrial Revolution brought along the second agricultural revolution, the
unthinkable transformations of entire ecosystems, the collapse of the family and
community, and the ethics of consumerism.
● It is not a stretch to imagine that all of these changes left in their wake an enormous
psychological baggage to the entire human population.
● Until the 19th century there had been only two major classes in society: aristocrats born
into their lives of wealth and privilege, and low-income commoners born in the working
classes.
● However, new urban industries gradually required more of what we call today “white
collar” jobs, such as business people, shopkeepers, bank clerks, insurance agents,
merchants, accountants, managers, doctors, lawyers, and teachers.
● Gradually, very gradually, a middle class emerged in industrial cities, mostly toward the
end of the 19th century.