THE AIR WE BREATH

& NOISE WE HEARD

BREATHING PURE,
CLEAN AIR IS A RIGHT.

AUTHOR
NUR SHUHADA BT ARBAAN
NOOR FARAHIN BT BAIN
SITI NURUL HANA BT RAMLI

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
 THE AIR WE BREATH
AND
NOISE WE HEARD
AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION ENGINEERING
EDITION 2024

PUBLISHER

NUR SHUHADA BINTI ARBAAN

NOOR FARAHIN BINTI BAIN
SITI NURUL HANA BINTI RAMLI
 Published by Polytechnic of Sultan Idris Shah
Sungai Lang, 45100 Sungai Air Tawar
Selangor

Phone No. : 03 3280 6200

Fax No. : 03 3280 6400
Website : https://psis.mypolycc.edu.my/

eISBN 978-967-2860-88-4
Copyright © Polytechnic of Sultan Idris Shah.
No part of this publication may be produced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronics
or mechanical including photocopy, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing of the copyright holder.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Meet Nur Shuhada Arbaan, a distinguished lecturer at the Civil Engineering Department of
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah. With a solid foundation in Chemical Engineering from UTM Skudai
Johor and a Master’s in Environmental Engineering from UPM Serdang, Nur Shuhada brings a
wealth of knowledge and expertise to her role. With over 15 years of teaching experience, she
has significantly contributed to the fields of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, shaping
the future of aspiring engineers with her dedication and passion for education.

Introducing Noor Farahin Bt Bain, a dedicated lecturer at the Civil Engineering Department of
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah. Armed with a Bachelor's in Chemical from UITM Shah Alam and a
Master’s in Environmental Engineering from UPM Serdang. Noor Farahin boasts an impressive 14
years of experience in teaching. Her extensive background in Chemical and Environmental
Engineering enriches her lectures, inspiring students and shaping the future of engineering with
her expertise and commitment.

Introducing Siti Nurul Hana Bt Ramli, a dedicated lecturer at the Civil Engineering Department of
Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah. With a Bachelor's in Civil Engineering and a Master’s in
Environmental Engineering, both from UTM Skudai Johor, Siti Nurul Hana brings 14 years of
teaching experience to the table. Her deep expertise in Civil and Environmental Engineering not
only enriches her lectures but also inspires her students, helping shape the future of
engineering with her unwavering commitment and knowledge.
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION 7

Chapter 2 INDOOR AND OUTDOOR POLLUTION 24

Chapter 3 IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION 48

Chapter 4 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND TECHNOLOGIES 70

Chapter 5 INTRODUCTION OF NOISE POLLUTION 143

Chapter 6 NOISE MITIGATION AND MEASUREMENT 161

SYNOPSIS

POLLUTION IS HIGHLY DETRIMENTAL TO OUR ENVIRONMENT. THUS, ITS CONTROL AND

PREVENTION ARE CRUCIAL. THIS E-BOOK IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE SOME FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS OF NOISE POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL. IT CONTAINS CHAPTERS THAT DEAL
WITH THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION AND THE VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES TO CONTROL IT. THE
BOOK STUDIES, AIR POLLUTION,ITS IMPACT AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL &
TECHNOLOGIES, NOISE POLLUTION, EFFECT AND NOISE MITIGATION & MEASUREMENT.

IT ALSO SERVES AS AN ADDITIONAL COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE POINT FOR

UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS, RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS IN THE FIELD OF AIR&NOISE
POLLUTION AND FOCUSES ON THE LATEST EMERGING RESEARCH IN AIR & NOISE POLLUTION,
THE DIRECTION THIS BRANCH IS EVOLVING AS WELL AS PROSPECTS. WE HOPE THIS E-BOOK
CAN BE AN IMPORTANT REFERENCE SOURCE, ESPECIALLY FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENTS.
HOPEFULLY, THIS E-BOOK CAN PROVIDE BENEFITS, BOTH TO THE AUTHOR AND READERS IN
GENERAL. AAMIN YRA.
PREFACE
Alhamdulillah, for all his outpouring of guidance, Authors can finish this book. Countless thanks.
After struggling with time, the author was finally able to compile all the materials for the
preparation of E-book The Air We Breath & Noise We Heard. This e-book, designed to provide
coverage of theoretical concepts for the air and noise pollution. This book covers main themes,
in air and noise pollution. It also serves as a comprehensive reference of additional referrals
for undergraduate students, researchers and practitioners in the field of air and noise pollution
and focuses on the latest emerging research in air and noise pollution the direction this branch
is developing as well as future prospects.

Publishing this e-book, the author expresses his deepest gratitude to Allah
SWT, Almighty God, to the two parents who have extended their love to the
author as well as the reader generally. Aamin YRA.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION
 What is Air?
Air is defined as the tasteless, odorless, and invisible mixture of gases that surrounds the
earth.
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
0.03% Carbon Dioxide
<1% Argon (inert)
Water Vapor

Composition and structure of the

atmosphere
The air in the troposphere, which we breath, consist by volume of about 78% nitrogen(N2), 21% oxygen (O2), 1% Argon
(Ar), and 0.03% carbon dioxide (CO2). Other inert gases are in small percentage.

The Atmosphere is really a thin envelope surrounding the earth 99% of atmosphere is in lowest 30 km the
atmospheric depth is 30 km/6400 km= 0.5% of earth's radius
Vertical temperature profile
of the atmosphere Troposphere

-78% N, 21% O
¨Innermost layer
¨75-80% of air mass
¨11-5 miles thick
¨Earth Apple, Skin Troposphere
¨All weather found here
¨78% N, 21% O, others water vapor, CO2,
Ar
 Stratosphere
Second layer
Filters UV rays
Much less air mass and water vapor, much more O3
than troposphere.
Blocks 95% UV radiation
“Good Ozone vs. Bad Ozone”
 Units of
measurement

particles per cubic meter of gas or million particles per cubic meter (106/m3)

mass per unit volume basis, such as micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3).

Gas contaminants were usually given in parts per million (ppm), part per billion
(ppb), by volume
 What is Air Many of these harmful materials
Pollution? enter the atmosphere from sources
currently beyond human control such
as volcanic eruption and pollution
from natural source. This by itself
The presence of chemicals in the dose not pose severe enough to
atmosphere high enough to affect danger life and property.
climate and harm organisms and
materials.

Is the presence of undesirable material

in air, in a quantities large enough to
produce harmful effects. The undesirable
materials may damage human health,
vegetation, human property, or the
global environment as well as create
aesthetic insults in the form of brow or
haze air or unpleasant smells.
What is Air
Pollution? Gaseous or particulate
substances released into the
atmosphere in sufficient
Human activity are to be blame for quantities or concentrations to
pollution problems that problems cause injury to plants, animals,
threaten to make portions of the
or humans.
earth’s atmosphere an inhospitable
environment.

Air is said to be “Polluted”

when it is no longer
Typically emitted into the tasteless, odorless,
atmosphere and colorless
transported from the
source to the affected
organism.
 lead

hydrocarbons, ozone
and particulate.

Main
pollutants
carbon monoxide,
Sulfur oxides

nitrogen oxides
 Air Pollution
Sources
Point Sources– Generally a major facility
emitting pollutants from identifiable
sources (pipe or smokestack). Facilities are
typically permitted.

Area – Any low-level source of air pollution

released over a diffuse area (not a point)
such as consumer products, architectural
coatings, waste treatment facilities, animal
feeding operations, construction, open
burning, residential wood burning,
swimming pools, and char broilers
 cont.......

Mobile Sources
On-road includes any moving source of air
pollution such as cars, trucks, motorcycles,
and buses
Non-road sources include pollutants emitted
by combustion engines on farm and
construction equipment, locomotives,
commercial marine vessels, recreational
watercraft, airplanes, snow mobiles,
agricultural equipment, and lawn and garden
equipment
 cont.......

Natural Sources –
Biogenic and geogenic emissions from
wildfires, wind blown dust, plants, trees,
grasses, volcanoes, geysers, seeps, soil,
and lightning
 Types of
Pollutants
Primary: pollutants directly emitted into
the air from stacks or other sources, with
effects directly caused by the emitted
pollutant.
Ex. SO2 and CO2

Secondary: pollutants which result from

transformations of primary pollutants into
other chemical species, which then cause
direct and indirect effects.
Ex. Photochemical pollutants (ozone), acid
rain, smog
 B. Gasses
1. SO2

Major Air - respiratory inhibitor

- plant leaf injury

Pollutants
- decreases N fixation in bacteria
- oxidizes to SO3 (sulfur trioxide)  H2SO4

2. Oxidants (O3 )
- in atmosphere à not enough
- at ground level à too much à comes from hydrocarbons (gasoline) + O2 = O3
A. Suspended particulates - also a respiratory aggravator
- Most common, oldest problem addressed - leaches nutrients from soil à lower primary productivity à less carbon fixed à
1. Trace rock from burning pulverized coal increase greenhouse effect
(unburnable residues)
2. Fly ash from coal (contains Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, 3. Nitrogen oxides (NOx )
As, Hg) has high volume à control by - N2O nitric acid – comes from atm N (atm = 80% nitrogen)
electrostatic precipitators - NO2 nitrous oxide (ha, ha!)
3.Carbon/soot from diesel - respiratory aggravator
- decreases soil pH à reduces soil micronutrient availability to plants
- NO2 + H2O = HNO3= brown haze = smog

4. Carbon oxides
- CO monox à competes with O2 binding on hemoglobin (affinity is 200X O2 )
- CO2 dioxide = greenhouse effect
 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. Scan QR code, then The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when

point to pic energy from a planet's host star goes through its
atmosphere and heats the planet's surface, but greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere prevent some of the heat from
returning directly to space, resulting in a warmer planet
 Minor Gaseous Air Pollutants
Low in direct effects, high in indirect effects

CFC’s (Freon)
Principal refrigerant (a/c, refrigerators)
Catalyze destruction of ozone
Ozone forms protective layer around earth  partially blocks UV
Montreal Accord (1990) – supposed to phase out CFC’s by 2000 (not completely done yet)

Halon
Related to CFC
Used in fire extinguishers

Carbon tetrachloride and Methychloroform

Dry cleaner solvents
Manufacturing processes

All above compounds catalyze the destruction of ozone

Recall: catalyzers participate in a reaction but are not consumed ->hang around a long time (1/2 life of several years)
and continue to reduce ozone

Therefore, if stopped using now -good effects would take many years to appear
 (Freon)
’s
3.Carbon tetrachloride
C
Principal refrigerant (a/c,
1. cF

refrigerators) and Methychloroform

Catalyze destruction of ozone
Ozone forms protective layer Dry cleaner solvents
around earth  partially blocks Manufacturing processes
UV
Montreal Accord (1990) –
supposed to phase out CFC’s by
2000 (not completely done yet) Minor
Gaseous Air All above compounds catalyze the
destruction of ozone
Pollutants Recall: catalyzers participate in a reaction
2. but are not consumed  hang around a long
Halon time (1/2 life of several years) and continue
Related to CFC to reduce ozone
Used in fire extinguishers
Therefore, if stopped using now  good
effects would take many years to appear
 QUIZ:
5. Which of these problems can be caused by air pollution?

O Respiratory problems
O Reduced food sources for humans
O Increased disease for humans
O Decrease in global temperatures
1. The ozone layer protects us from:
6. ____________________ are pollutants released into the air.
O UV rays O CFCs
O Emissions O Ozone molecules
O Increased atmospheric heat O Decreased atmospheric heat O Hazardous wastes O Acid rains

2. The ozone layer is damaged by: 7. A metallic element that can cause brain damage
O CFCs O Increase in greenhouse gases
O Increased global temperatures O Sulfuric and nitric acids O Lead O Particulate matter
O Ground-level ozone O Nitrogen oxides
3. The ____________________ protects people from the effects of too 8.
much ultraviolet radiation.
O ozone layer O smog layer
O cloud cover O temperature inversion

4. Dust, ash and pollen are examples of this air pollutant

O ozone layer O smog layer
O cloud cover O temperature inversion
What is the major cause for air pollution?
O Factories and cars O cigarretes
O deforestation O oil spills
 CHAPTER 2
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Outdoor Air Pollution
¨London “smog” killed 2,000 in 1880,
1,000 in 1911 and between 4,000 and
12,000 in 1952
1948 Donora 6,000 sick
1963 NYC 300 killed

Natural Sources:
These are frames around the characters’
language and they present a kind of ‘direct
speech’, where the characters speak for
themselves. They are usually shown through a
bubble with a tail.
 Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants
¨Primary-

put directly into

air from polluting
source.
Mobile Sources

Stationary Highway: cars, trucks,

Sources buses and motorcycles
Combustion of fuels for Off-highway: aircraft,
power and heat – Power boats, locomotives, farm
Plants equipment, RVs,
Other burning such as construction machinery,
wood & crop burning or and lawn mowers
forest fires
Industrial/ commercial Mobile or Stationary
processes
Solvents and aerosols Most urban area
pollution source is
burning fossil fuels.
 EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality

1 Sulfur Dioxide: SO2

Criteria
Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2
Air 2

Pollutants 3 Carbon monoxide: CO

4 Lead: Pb

5 Particulate Matter: PM10

(PM 2.5)

6 Ozone: ground level O3

Scan QR code,
then point to
PICTURES
 Outdoor Air Pollution

colorless, odorless, deadly gas —particles in the air, range from small to large
CARBON Particulate Sources: burning fossil fuels (diesel), agriculture,
Sources: motor vehicles, cigarettes
MONOXIDE: Impacts: reduces ability of blood to carry Matter: fires, unpaved roads
oxygen Impacts: lung damage, asthma, reduced life

Ozone:
highly reactive gas with an unpleasant odor, commonly known as
reddish-brown chemical found in smog smog in troposphere “Bad Ozone”
NITROGEN Sources: burning fossil fuels and industrial Sources: chemical reaction with VOCs and NOx from cars.
Impacts: breathing problems, eyes, nose , mouth irritation, lung
DIOXIDE: processes
Impacts: lung irritation, aggravates asthma, disease, crop damage, visability.
reduces visibility,

Lead:
colorless gas, major source of acid deposition
solid metal and compounds emitted as PM
SULFUR Sources: coal burning power plants
Impacts: acid deposition, breathing problems, Sources: paint, smelters, battery storage, leaded gas
DIOXIDE:property damage, soil, aquatic life damage
Impacts: neurological problems, carcinogen
 1 Local climate (inversions, air pressure,
temperature, humidity)
Formation & Intensity 2 Topography (hills and mountains)
of Pollutant is 3 Population density
influenced by… 4 Amount of industry
Fuels used by population and industry for
5
heating, manufacturing, transportation, power

6 Weather: rain, snow,wind

7 Buildings (slow wind speed)
8 Mass transit used
 VOCs + NOx + heat + Sunlight = Ground Level Ozone (O3)

PHOTOCHEMICAL
SMOG

Industrial Smog: a mixture of SO2,

droplets of sulfuric acid and
suspended PM from burning coal and
oil.
Health Impacts of Smog

Smog Impacts:

Breathing Problems
Coughing, Eye Irritation
Aggravates asthma, heart problems
Speeds up aging of lung tissue
Damage plants
Reduce Visibility

Factors Influencing Smog Formation

Factors Influencing Smog Formation
Smog Levels Are
Influenced By:

Local climate
Topography
Population Density
Amount of industry
Transportation
 Factors Influencing Smog Formation
Natural Factors Can Reduce
Smog:

1)Rain or snow can “wash” air

2)Salty Sea Spray can also
“wash” air
3)Winds can push pollutants
elsewhere
 INdoor Air Pollution
Sources of indoor air pollution? CARBON colorless, odorless, deadly gas
Sources: motor vehicles, cigarettes
MONOXIDE: Impacts: reduces ability of blood to carry
oxygen
—particles in the air, range from small to large
Particulate Sources: burning fossil fuels (diesel), agriculture,
Matter: fires, unpaved roads
Impacts: lung damage, asthma, reduced life

Ozone:
highly reactive gas with an unpleasant odor, commonly known as
smog in troposphere “Bad Ozone”
Sources: chemical reaction with VOCs and NOx from cars.
Impacts: breathing problems, eyes, nose , mouth irritation, lung
disease, crop damage, visability.

Lead:
solid metal and compounds emitted as PM
Sources: paint, smelters, battery storage, leaded gas
reddish-brown chemical found in smog Impacts: neurological problems, carcinogen
NITROGEN Sources: burning fossil fuels and industrial
processes
DIOXIDE: Impacts: lung irritation, aggravates asthma, colorless gas, major source of acid deposition
reduces visibility, SULFUR Sources: coal burning power plants
Impacts: acid deposition, breathing problems,
DIOXIDE:property damage, soil, aquatic life damage
Cigarette smoke
Mold
Carbon monoxide
Radon
Asbestos
Lead
Formaldehyde
VOC’s
INDOOR POLLUTION
OTHER HEAVY METALS

HAPs: Mercury
EFFECTS TO ENVIRONMENT
EC O SY ST E M
S TR UC TIO N
DE
Effects rarely isolated

Everything connected

Forest destruction
-Habitat
Animal death or bioaccumulation
-Food chain

OMIC LOSSES
ECON
 EPOSITION
ACID D
Often called acid rain

-SO2 and NOx in the atmosphere interacts to produce acidic

chemicals that can travel long distances before falling to earth.

-Coal power plants are huge source.

-Secondary Pollutant

-“Normal” precipitation is slightly acidic.

 EASURING ACID RAIN
M

Normal rain is slightly acidic a. Wet

and has a pH of about 5.0-5.6 Refers to acid rain, fog,
sleet, cloud vapor and snow.

Any rainfall with a pH value less

than 5.0 is defined as acid rain
b. Dry
.
Refers to acidic gases and particles.

As of the year 2000, the most

acidic rain falling in the US has
a pH of about 4.3.
.
Regional Outdoor Air Pollution
from Acid Deposition
COMPOUNDS
ACIDIC PRECIPITATION
 TAN DAR D AN D Problem Origin Percent Typical Sources
S
IN D OO R AIR
GUIDELINES
QUALITY Lack of outside air, poor air distribution, un
Inadequate Building Venti
53% comfortable temperature and humidity, co
lation Systems
ntaminant sources inside the system

Evaluations by National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for Contaminants Originating Solvent vapors, dusts, formaldehyde, buildi
15%
studies on more than 500 Indoor Air quality Inside Building ng materials, furnishings
health hazard cases

Building Products 4% Concrete, wood, furnishings.

Unknown Causes 13% Unidentified sources

Outdoor Contaminants E Motor vehicle exhaust, pollen, fungi, smoke

10%
ntering Building , construction

Microbiological Agents 5% Bioaerosols, Legionella

CHAPTER 3
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION
Effects Of Air
Pollution
Definition, Type & Effect
Human Health Respiratory System
Protections
Eye, nose, and throat irritation
Coughing, sneezing, and wheezing Your respiratory system has several
Asthma attacks ways to help protect you from air
Headaches pollution.

ir
hairs in nose

ee A
Fatigue

Fr
Mucus lining throat
Aggravated allergies and asthma
Cilia lining respiratory tract
Sneezing, coughing
Examples of Health Effects
on Respiratory System
Bronchitis (acute and chronic)
Pulmonary emphysema
Lung cancer
pneumoconiosis
cough
chest pain
 Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
Air pollution commonly leads to
oxidation damage of both crop
plants and wild species.
Air pollution weakens plants by
damaging their leaves, limiting the
nutrients available to them, or
exposing them to toxic substances
slowly released from the soil. Quite
often, injury or death of plants is a
result of these effects of acid rain in
combination with one or more
additional threats.
Effects of Pollution on Buildings Contribution of Climate -
Inversion Layers

Statue carved in 1702 photographed in 1908 (left) and 1969 (right).

Criteria Air
Pollutants: Ozone
Criteria Air Pollutants: Criteria Air Pollutants:
NOx SOx
Criteria Air Pollutants:
sox and NOx
Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter
Averaging Time Secondary St
Pollutant Primary Stds.
s ds.

Annual(2) (Arit
Revoked(2)
Particulate Ma h. Mean)
tter (PM10)
150 µg/m3 24-hour(3)

Annual(4) (Arit Same as Prim

15.0 µg/m3
Particulate Ma h. Mean) ary
tter (PM2.5)
35 µg/m3 24-hour(5)
 Criteria Air Pollutants: carbon monoxide
Averagi
Primary Std Secondar
Pollutant ng Time
s. y Stds.
s

9 ppm
8-
None
hour(1)
(10 mg/m3)
Carbon M
onoxide
35 ppm
1-
None
hour(1)

Criteria Air Pollutants: LEAD (40 mg/m3)

 Other Heavy Metals

HAPs: Mercury
Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
 acid deposition
Ecosystem Destruction Measuring Acid Rain

Regional Outdoor Air Pollution

from Acid Deposition
Acid Deposition and Humans
Buffering Capacity
Effects on Wildlife Acid Rain and Forests
Global Warming And Greenhouse

As the ice melts, big chunks of glaciers will break off and become like ice cubes in a big glass of water. The ice chunks, known as icebergs, create mass in the
ocean. The icebergs displace the water causing the ocean level to rise. Some of the shoreline in many places like Florida (where the land is at a low altitude)
will go under water.
What’s the difference between “global warming” and
Why is global warming happening
“climate change”?
What’s being done now to reduce our emissions?
CHAPTER 4
AIR POLLUTION control and
technologies
Techniques Without Using Emissions
Control Devices
Process Change
Wind, Geothermal, Hydroelectric, or Solar Unit
instead of Fossil fired Unit.

Change in Fuel
Use of Low Sulfur Fuel, instead of High Sulfur
fuel

Good Operating Practices

— Good Housekeeping, Maintenance

Plant Shutdown
Commonly Used Methods For Air
Pollution Control
PARTICULATE
·Cyclones, Electrostatic Precipitators, Fabric
Filter, Wet Scrubbers

GASES
·Adsorption Towers, Thermal Incineration,
Catalytic Combustion
sox CONTROL
GENERAL METHODS FOR CONTROL
OF SO2 EMISSIONS
Change to Low Sulfur Fuel
Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas, Low Sulfur
Oil, Low Sulfur Coal

Use Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems

Use Alternative Energy Sources, such

as Hydro-Power or Nuclear.

Use Desulfurized Coal and Oil Increase

Effective Stack Height
Build Tall Stacks, Redistribution of Stack Gas
Velocity Profile, Modification of Plume
Buoyancy
 Flue Gas Desulfurization
SO2 scrubbing, or Flue Gas Desulfurization processes can be classified as:

·Throwaway or Regenerative, depending upon whether the recovered sulfur is discarded

or recycled.
·Wet or Dry, depending upon whether the scrubber is a liquid or a solid.

Flue Gas Desulfurization Processes

The major flue gas desulfurization (FGD), processes are :
·Limestone Scrubbing
·Lime Scrubbing
·Dual Alkali Processes
·Lime Spray Drying
·Wellman-Lord Process
 Limestone Scrubbing
Limestone slurry is sprayed on the incoming
flue gas. The sulfur dioxide gets absorbed.

The limestone and the sulfur dioxide react as

follows :
Scan QR code, then
point to marker
Limestone Scrubbing Lime
Limestone
Scrubbing
Scrubbing
 Lime Scrubbing
The equipment and the processes are similar to those in limestone
scrubbing Lime Scrubbing offers better utilization of the reagent. The
operation is more flexible. The major disadvantage is the high cost of lime
compared to limestone.
The reactions occurring during lime scrubbing are :
 Dual Alkali System

Lime and Limestone scrubbing lead to deposits inside spray tower.

The deposits can lead to plugging of the nozzles through which the scrubbing
slurry is sprayed.
The Dual Alkali system uses two regents to remove the sulfur dioxide.
Sodium sulfite/Sodium hydroxide are used for the absorption of sulfur dioxide
inside the spray chamber.
The resulting sodium salts are soluble in water, so no deposits are formed.
The spray water is treated with lime or limestone, along with make-up sodium
hydroxide or sodium carbonate.
The sulfite/sulfate ions are precipitated, and the sodium hydroxide is
regenerated.
 Lime – Spray Drying
Lime Slurry is sprayed into the
chamber —
The sulfur dioxide is absorbed by
the slurry—
The liquid-to-gas ratio is maintained
such that the spray dries before it
reaches the bottom of the
chamber
The dry solids are carried out with
the gas, and are collected in fabric
filtration unit
This system needs lower
maintenance, lower capital costs,
and lower energy usage
 Wellman – Lord Process
Flue gas pre-treatment.
Sulfur dioxide absorption by sodium sulfite
Purge treatment
Sodium sulfite regeneration.
The concentrated sulfur dioxide stream is processed to a marketable product.
The flue gas is pre-treated to remove the particulate. The sodium sulfite neutralizes the sulfur dioxide :

Some of the Na2SO3 reacts with O2 and the SO3 present in the flue gas to form Na2SO4 and NaHSO3.

Sodium sulfate does not help in the removal of sulfur dioxide, and is removed. Part of the bisulfate stream is
chilled to precipitate the remaining bisulfate. The remaining bisulfate stream is evaporated to release the sulfur
dioxide, and regenerate the bisulfite.
Wellman – Lord Process

Schematic process flow diagram – SO2 scrubbing and recovery

NOX CONTROL
 Background on Nitrogen Oxides
There are seven known oxides of nitrogen :
NO
NO2
NO3
N2O
N2O3
N2O4
N2O5

NO and NO2 are the most common of the seven oxides listed above. NOx released
from stationary sources is of two types
 General Methods For Control Of NOx Emissions

NOx control can be achieved by:

Fuel Denitrogenation
Combustion Modification
Modification of operating conditions
Tail-end control equipment
·Selective Catalytic Reduction
·Selective Non - Catalytic Reduction
·Electron Beam Radiation
·Staged Combustion
 Fuel Denitrogenation
One approach of fuel denitrogenation is to remove a large part of the nitrogen
contained in the fuels. Nitrogen is removed from liquid fuels by mixing the fuels
with hydrogen gas, heating the mixture and using a catalyst to cause nitrogen in
the fuel and gaseous hydrogen to unite. This produces ammonia and cleaner
fuel.
This technology can reduce the nitrogen contained in both naturally occurring
and synthetic fuels.
 Combustion Modification
Combustion control uses one of the following strategies:
Reduce peak temperatures of the flame zone. The methods are :
increase the rate of flame cooling
decrease the adiabatic flame temperature by dilution

Reduce residence time in the flame zone. For this we,

change the shape of the flame zone

Reduce Oxygen concentration in the flame one. This can be accomplished by:
decreasing the excess air
controlled mixing of fuel and air
using a fuel rich primary flame zone
 Modification Of Operating Conditions

The operating conditions can be modified to achieve significant reductions in the

rate of thermal NOx production.
The various methods are:
Low-excess firing
Off-stoichiometric combustion ( staged combustion )
Flue gas recirculation
Reduced air preheat
Reduced firing rates
Water Injection
 Tail-end Control Processes

Combustion modification and modification of operating conditions provide

significant reductions in NOx, but not enough to meet regulations.
For further reduction in emissions, tail-end control equipment is required.
Some of the control processes are:
Selective Catalytic Reduction
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
Electron Beam Radiation
Staged Combustion
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

Schematic process flow diagram – NOX control

 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

In this process, the nitrogen oxides in the flue gases are reduced to
nitrogen
During this process, only the NOx species are reduced
NH3 is used as a reducing gas
The catalyst is a combination of titanium and vanadium oxides. The
reactions are given below :

Selective catalytic reduction catalyst is best at around 300 to 400 oC.

Typical efficiencies are around 80 %
Catalytic Combustion Catalytic Emission Control
 Electron Beam Radiation
This treatment process is under development, and is not widely used. Work is underway to determine the feasibility of
electron beam radiation for neutralizing hazardous wastes and air toxics.

Irradiation of flue gases containing NOx or SOx produce nitrate and sulfate ions.

The addition of water and ammonia produces NH4NO3, and (NH4)2SO4

The solids are removed from the gas, and are sold as fertilizers.
 Staged Combustion

PRINCIPLE
Initially, less air is supplied to bring about
incomplete combustion
Nitrogen is not oxidized. Carbon particles and CO
are released.
In the second stage, more air is supplied to
complete the combustion of carbon and carbon
monoxide.
30% to 50% reductions in NOx emissions are
achieved.
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONTROL
 Formation Of Carbon Monoxide

Due to insufficient oxygen

Control carbon monoxide
Factors affecting Carbon formation. Process Industries
monoxide formation: Note : CO & NOx ·Burn in furnaces or waste heat
·Fuel-air ratio control strategies are in boilers.
·Degree of mixing conflict.
·Temperature Stationary Sources
Proper Design
Installation
·Operation
·Maintenance
CARBON DIOXIDE
CONTROL
Sources of Carbon Dioxide
Human-Related Sources
—Combustion of fossil fuels: Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas in
power plants, automobiles, and industrial facilities
—Use of petroleum-based products
—Industrial processes: Iron and steel production, cement,
lime, and aluminum manufactures

Natural Sources
—Volcanic eruptions
—Ocean-atmosphere exchange
—Plant photosynthesis
 CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion by Sector
and Fuel Type.

(y-axis units are teragrams of CO2 equivalent Sources of CO2 Emissions in the U.S.
Source: USEPA
 General Methods For Control of CO2 Emissions

Reducing energy consumption, increasing the efficiency of energy

conversion

Switching to less carbon intensive fuel

Increasing the use of renewable sources

Sequestering CO2 through biological, chemical, or physical processes

 CONTROL OF
MERCURY EMISSIONS
 Mercury Emissions
—Mercury exists in trace
amounts in —It creates both human and
—Fossil fuels such as Coal, environmental risks
Oil, and Natural Gas —Fish consumption is the primary
pathway for human and wildlife
exposure
—United states is the first country
in the world to regulate mercury
emissions from coal-fired power
plants (March 15, 2005).

—Vegetation
—Waste products
—Mercury is released to the
atmosphere through
combustion or natural
processes
Types of Sources

Worldwide Distribution of Emissions

CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR MERCURY EMISSIONS

Currently installed control devices for Thief process for the removal of mercury
SO2, NOX, and particulates, in a power from flue gas:
plant, remove some of the mercury It is a process which extracts partially
before releasing from the stack burned coal from a pulverized coal-fired
combustor using a suction pipe, or
"thief," and injects the resulting sorbent
into the flue gas to capture the mercury.

Activated Carbon Injection:

Particles of activated carbon are
injected into the exit gas flow,
downstream of the boiler. The mercury
attaches to the carbon particles and is
removed in a particle control device
PARTICULATE MATTER
CONTROL
General Methods For Control Of
Particulate Emissions
Five Basic Types of Dust Collectors : Electrostatic Precipitators
Tubular
Gravity and Momentum collectors Plate
Settling chambers, louvers, baffle chambers Wet
Dry
Centrifugal Collectors
Cyclones Wet Collectors
Mechanical centrifugal collectors Spray towers
Impingement scrubbers
Fabric Filters Wet cyclones
Baghouses Peaked towers
Fabric collectors Mobile bed scrubbers
¨Five Basic Types of Dust
Collectors :
Gravity and Momentum collectors
·Settling chambers, louvers, baffle chambers

Centrifugal Collectors
·Cyclones
·Mechanical centrifugal collectors

Fabric Filters
·Baghouses
·Fabric collectors
Particulate Collection Mechanism

Particulate Collection Mechanism

Industrial Sources of Particulate
Emissions
··Iron & Steel Mills, the blast furnaces, steel making
furnaces. ·Petroleum Refineries, the catalyst
regenerators, air-blown asphalt stills, and sludge
burners. ·Portland cement industry ·Asphalt
batching plants ·Production of sulfuric acid
·Production of phosphoric acid ·Soap and Synthetic
detergent manufacturing ·Glass & glass fiber
industry ·Instant coffee plants
 Cyclones
¨Principle
•The particles are removed by the application of a centrifugal force. The polluted gas stream is
forced into a vortex. the motion of the gas exerts a centrifugal force on the particles, and they get
deposited on the inner surface of the cyclones

Overall collection η

Ci inlet concentration
Co outlet concentration

Construction and Operation

•The gas enters through the inlet, and is forced into a spiral.
•At the bottom, the gas reverses direction and flows upwards.
•To prevent particles in the incoming stream from contaminating the clean gas, a vortex finder is provided to separate
them. the cleaned gas flows out through the vortex finder.
 Cyclones

¨¨Advantages of Cyclones
•Cyclones have a lost capital cost
•Reasonable high efficiency for specially designed cyclones.
•They can be used under almost any operating condition.
•Cyclones can be constructed of a wide variety of materials.
•There are no moving parts, so there are no maintenance requirements.

¨Disadvantages of Cyclones
•They can be used for small particles
•High pressure drops contribute to increased costs of operation.
 Advantages of
Deforestation
Cyclones

•Cyclones have a lost capital cost

•Reasonable high efficiency for Forests have been razed to make
specially designed cyclones. space for agriculture and to obtain
•They can be used under almost any wood for fuel, manufacturing, and
operating condition. construction. However,
•Cyclones can be constructed of a deforestation contributes to climate
wide variety of materials. change.
•There are no moving parts, so there
are no maintenance requirements.
 Fabric Filters

¨Δ P Total pressure drop

Δ PfPressure drop due to the fabric

Δ Pp Pressure drop due to the particulate layer

Δ Ps Pressure drop due to the bag house structure

Advantages of Fabric Filters ¨Disadvantages of Fabric Filters
¨ ¨

·Very high collection efficiency ·Fabric Filters require a large floor area.
· ·The fabric is damaged at high temperature.
·They can operate over a wide range of volumetric ·Ordinary fabrics cannot handle corrosive gases.
flow rates ·Fabric Filters cannot handle moist gas streams
· ·A fabric filtration unit is a potential fire hazard
·The pressure drops are reasonably low.
·
·Fabric Filter houses are modular in design, and can
be pre-assembled at the factory
Darcy’s equation

ΔPf Pressure drop N/m2

ΔPp Pressure drop N/m2
Df Depth of filter in the direction of flow (m)
Dp Depth of particulate layer in the direction of flow (m)
μ Gas viscosity kg/m-s
V superficial filtering velocity m/min
Kf, Kp Permeability (filter & particulate layer m2)
60 Conversion factor δ/min
V = Q/A
Q volumetric gas flow rate m3/min
A cloth area m2
 Dust Layer

L = Dust loading kg/m3

t = time of operation min
ρL = Bulk density of the particulate layer kg/m3

Filter Drag S = ΔP/V

Areal dust density W = LVt
S= k1+k2W
ΔP = ΔPf + ΔPp
 Electrostatic Precipitator
¢Principle
·The particles in a polluted gas stream are charged by passing them through an
electric field.
·The charged particles are led through collector plates
·The collector plates carry charges opposite to that on the particles
·The particles are attracted to these collector plates and are thus removed from the
gas steam
¢
¢Construction and Operation of Electrostatic Precipitator
·Charging Electrodes in the form of thin wires are placed in the path of the influent
gas.
·The charging electrodes generate a strong electric field, which charges the particles
as they flow through it.
·The collector plates get deposited with the particles. the particles are occasionally
removed either by rapping or by washing the collector plates.
 Design of Electrostatic
Precipitators Migration velocity

¨The efficiency of removal of particles by an Electrostatic

Precipitator is given by
¨

Where,
q = charge (columbos)
Ep = collection field intensity (volts/m)
η = fractional collection efficiency r = particle radius (m)
w = drift velocity, m/min. μ = dynamic viscosity of gas (Pa-S)
A = available collection area, m2 c = cunningham correction factor
Q = volumetric flow rate m3/min

¨Cunningham correction factor

where,
T = absolute temperature (°k)
dp = diameter of particle (μm)
¢Advantages of Electrostatic ¢Disadvantages of Electrostatic
Precipitators Precipitators
¨

··Electrostatic precipitators are capable very high ·The initial capital costs are high.
efficiency, generally of the order of 99.5-99.9%. ·Although they can be designed for a variety of
·Since the electrostatic precipitators act on the operating conditions, they are not very flexible to
particles and not on the air, they can handle higher changes in the operating conditions, once installed.
loads with lower pressure drops. ·Particulate with high resistivity may go uncollected.
·They can operate at higher temperatures.
·The operating costs are generally low.
 Wet Scrubbers
¢Principle
·Wet scrubbers are used for removal of particles which have a diameter of the order of 0.2 mm or higher.
·Wet scrubbers work by spraying a stream of fine liquid droplets on the incoming stream.
·The droplets capture the particles
·The liquid is subsequently removed for treatment.

¢Construction and Operation

·A wet scrubber consists of a rectangular or circular chamber in which nozzles are mounted.
·The nozzles spray a stream of droplets on the incoming gas stream
·The droplets contact the particulate matter, and the particles get sorbed.
The droplet size has to be optimized.

oConstruction and Operation (contd.)

·Smaller droplets provide better cleaning, but are more difficult to remove from the cleaned stream.
·The polluted spray is collected.
·Particles are settled out or otherwise removed from the liquid.
·The liquid is recycled.
·Wet scrubbers are also used for the removal of gases from the air streams.
 Scrubber

Internal impaction parameter

Efficiency

where,
k = Scrubber coefficient (m3 of gas/ m3 of liquid)
R = Liquid-to-gas flow rate (QL/QG)
ψ = internal impaction where,
¢parameter c = cunningham correction factor
ρp = particle density (kg/m3)
Vg = speed of gas at throat (m/sec)
dp = diameter of particle (m)
dd = diameter of droplet (m)
μ = dynamic viscosity of gas, (Pa-S)
¢¨Advantages of Wet Scrubbers ¢¨Disadvantages of Wet Scrubbers

··Wet Scrubbers can handle incoming streams at high ·High potential for corrosive problems
temperature, thus removing the need for temperature control ·Effluent scrubbing liquid poses a water pollution
equipment. problem.

·Wet scrubbers can handle high particle loading.

·Loading fluctuations do not affect the removal efficiency.

·They can handle explosive gases with little risk.

·Gas adsorption and dust collection are handled in one unit.

·Corrosive gases and dusts are neutralized.
 Cyclone Spray Chambers

·These scrubbers combine a cyclone with a spray nozzle.

·The added centrifugal force permits good separation of the droplets, hence a
smaller droplet size can be used.
·Cyclone spray chambers provide up to 95% removal of particles > 5 micron.
 Orifice Scrubbers

··The gas is impacted onto a layer of the scrubbing liquid.

·The gas passes through the liquid, thus removing almost all the particulate matter, and a large portion
of the probable gases.
·After coming out of the liquid, the gas is passed through baffles to remove the liquid droplets

Impingement Scrubbers

·In Impingement scrubbers, the gas impacts a layer of liquid/froth through a perforated
tray.
·Passing through this layer removes the particulate matter.
The wet gas stream is then passed through a mist collect
 Venturi Scrubbers

·The dirty gas is led in to the chamber at high inlet velocities.

·At the inlet throat, liquid at low pressure is added to the gas stream
·This increases the relative velocity between the gas and the droplets, thus
increasing the efficiency of removal.
·Efficiencies of the range of 95% for particles larger than 0.2 mm have been
obtained.

Absolute Pressure Drop

Δp = pressure drop ( cm of water)

ug = gas velocity (cm/s)
Qt = liquid volume flow rate
Qg = gas volume flow rate
HYDROCARBON
CONTROL
 General Methods For Control Of Hydrocarbon
Emissions

¨Incineration or after burning

·Direct flame incineration

·Thermal incineration
·Catalytic incineration
 VOC Incinerators

¨¨Principle
·VOC incinerators thermally oxidize the effluent stream, in the presence of excess
air.
·The complete oxidation of the VOC results in the formation of carbon monoxide and
water. The reaction proceeds as follows:
CxHy + ( x + y/4 ) O2 x CO2 + (y/2) H2O
¨Operation
The most important parameters in the design and operation of an incineration
system are what are called the
' three T's ' Temperature, Turbulence, and residence Time.
 VOC Incinerators
¢Temperature
·The reaction kinetics are very sensitive to temperature
·The higher the temperature, the faster the reaction

oTiming
· A certain time has to be provided for the reaction to proceed

oTurbulence
·Turbulence promotes mixing between the VOC's and oxygen
· Proper mixing helps the reaction to proceed to completion in the given time.

¨The various methods for incineration are:

·Elevated fires, for concentrated streams
·Direct thermal oxidation, for dilute streams
·Catalytic oxidation, for dilute streams.
 VOC Incinerators

Xi volume of i component in the mixture

Xm volume of mixture
LELi LEL of i component
GASES
Air Pollution Control For Gases

·Adsorption Towers
·Thermal Incernation
·Catalytic Combustion
 Adsorption Towers

··¨Principle
·Adsorption towers use adsorbents to remove the impurities from the gas stream.
·The impurities bind either physically or chemically to the adsorbing material.
·The impurities can be recovered by regenerating the adsorbent.
·Adsorption towers can remove low concentrations of impurities from the flue gas
stream.

¨Construction and Operation

·Adsorption towers consist of cylinders packed with the adsorbent.
·The adsorbent is supported on a heavy screen
·Since adsorption is temperature dependent, the flue gas is temperature conditioned.
·Vapor monitors are provided to detect for large concentrations in the effluent. Large
concentrations of the pollutant in the effluent indicate that the adsorbent needs to be
regenerated.
¨
 Adsorption Towers

¨Advantages of Adsorption Towers

·Very low concentrations of pollutants can be removed.
·Energy consumption is low.
·Do not need much maintenance.
·Economically valuable material can be recovered during regeneration.

¨Disadvantages of adsorption Towers

·Operation is not continuous.
·They can only be used for specific pollutants.
·Extensive temperature pre-conditioning equipment to be installed.
·Despite regeneration, the capacity of the adsorbent decreases with
CHAPTER 5
NOISE POLLUTION
 INTRODUCTION OF MECHANISM
Humans can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz and human hearing is able to discriminate
small differences in loudness (intensity) and pitch (frequency) over that large range of audible sound.
Human hearing mechanism takes place by a complex mechanism involving the transformation of sound waves into nerve
impulses
Central auditory
Outer ear system

There are five section of the hearing mechanism work

Middle ear
Acoustic nerve
Inner ear
 INNER EAR

MIDDLE EAR
OUTER EAR The inner ear consists of the cochlea
and several non-auditory structures.
Central auditory system The eardrum is stretched across
This sound information, now re-encoded, the middle ear, which is situated in
Also known as the auricle or pinna,
travels down the auditory nerve, through a bony cavity in the skull and
serves as an acoustic antenna and
parts of the brainstem contains three ossicles (tiny
sensor. Sounds enter the external
Acoustic nerve bones). The ossicles serve as
auditory canal. Sound waves then
amplifiers to make up for the loss
cause the eardrum to vibrate. Signal from these hair cells are translated of energy that occurs when a
into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses sound wave travels from the air to
The auricle helps direct sound to the
are transmitted to the brain by the cochlear the fluid in the cochlea in the inner
ear canal. Both the auricle and the ear
portion of the acoustic nerve (cranial ear.
canal amplify and guide sound waves
nerve). The acoustic nerve carries impulses
to the tympanic membrane or
from the cochlea to a relay station in the The middle ear cavity is linked to
eardrum.
mid – brain, the cochlear nuclear. the pharynx by the Eustachian
tube, whose function is to equalize
the pressure on either side of the
eardrum
 HEARING PROCESS

The ossicular
Sound is received Sound is sent to The eardrum
bones amplify
by the earlobe the auditory canal vibrates when it
sound to be sent
receives sound
to the cochlea

The cochlea The hair cells of Impulses are sent Stimuli are
receives sound the cochlea are through the interpreted by the
stimulated auditory nerve to brain
the brain
 1 Communication interference

effects on 2 Sleep disruption

humans 3 Acoustic privacy

4 Noise on performance

5 Other effects
 1 Similar frequency
Many factors 2 Higher ratio
contribute to the
effect of noise on 3 Culture factor
communication
4 Age of the people involved
interference
5 Situational factors
Noise interference with speech can lead to a large number of proble
including
1 2 3
Hearing Lack of Fatigue/Uncertainty
difficulties concentration

4 5 7
Lack of self- Irritation Misunderstanding
confidence
 7 8 9

Lack of self- Irritation Misunderstanding

confidence

10 11 12

Decreased work Human relation Learning

capacity problems difficulties

13 14 15

Aggression Stress-related Behavioral

reactions problems
 ACOUSTIC PRIVACY
Acoustics privacy effect of the change to an individual due to
changes in the sound at a time. These symptoms occur due to changes

SLEEP DISTURBANCES in sound level that occurs suddenly. Acoustics privacy effects can
be felt by the individual concerned
THE EFFECTS OF ACOUSTICS PRIVACY;
Uninterrupted sleep is known to be a
prerequisite for good physiologic and mental Mental changes, the individual will be under
functioning in healthy individuals. pressure, loss of concentration (not known by others).
Environmental noise is one of the major Changes in attitude that is depressed,
causes of disturbed sleep. When sleep irritable and rampage.
disruption becomes chronic, the results are : Changes in performance is the quality of work quality is affected.

Mood changes EXAMPLE: Ordinary people working in the office will have a
Decrements in performance acoustics privacy when working in noisy factory environment.
Long-term effects on health and well-
being.
 EFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTION ON LAND AND ON SEA

THE EFFECT NOISE POLLUTION ON AESTHETIC VALUE

EFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTION ON AIR

OTHER EFFECT
EFFECT NOISE POLLUTION ON AESTHETIC VALUE
CARDIOVASCULAR DISTURBANCES

EFFECT NOISE POLLUTION TO ENVIRONEMNT

HEARING IMPAIRMENT

NOISE POLLUTION ON MARINE LIFE

DETERMINE THE REDUCTION OF PROPERTY LOSS

 CARDIOVASCULAR A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE CONFIRMS THAT NOISE
POLLUTION HAS BOTH TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT EFFECTS
DISTURBANCES ON HUMANS (AND OTHER MAMMALS) BY WAY OF THE
ENDOCRINE AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS. FOR THIS
REASON, NOISE CAN TRIGGER BOTH ENDOCRINE AND
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM RESPONSES THAT AFFECT THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND THUS MAY BE A RISK FACTOR
FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.

THESE EFFECTS BEGIN TO BE SEEN WITH LONG-TERM DAILY

HEARING IMPAIRMENT EXPOSURE TO NOISE LEVELS ABOVE 65 DB OR WITH ACUTE

EXPOSURE TO NOISE LEVELS ABOVE 80 TO 85 DB.

HEARING IMPAIRMENT IS TYPICALLY DEFINED AS AN

INCREASE IN THE THRESHOLD OF HEARING AS
CLINICALLY ASSESSED BY AUDIOMETRY. IMPAIRED
HEARING MAY COME FROM THE WORKPLACE, FROM
THE COMMUNITY, AND FROM A VARIETY OF OTHER
CAUSES (EG, TRAUMA, OTOTOXIC DRUGS, INFECTION,
AND HEREDITY).
 NOISE POLLUTION ON
THE REDUCTION OF MARINE LIFE
PROPERTY LOSS SHIP ENGINE, SEISMIC AIR GUNS , AND ADVANCED MILITARY
SONARS ARE MAKING THE WORLD’S SEAS AND OCEAN SO
NOISY THAT THEY THREATEN THE LIVES OF MARINE ANIMALS
HE EFFECT OF NOISE ON PROPERTY VALUES ​CAN DROP IN
THAT RELY ON SOUND, WILDLIFE.
PROPERTY VALUES ​LOCATED NEAR THE SOURCE. LINKED TO A
FALL IN PROPERTY VALUES ​USUALLY ARE CAUSED BY THE
NOISE OF VEHICLES, BUT THIS EFFECT IS RELATED ONLY TO
THE VALUE OF A HOME. HOWEVER, THE IMPACT ON THE
REDUCTION IN PROPERTY VALUE MAY BE MORE INFLUENCED
NOISE POLLUTION ON AIR
BY THEIR OWN HUMANITY. A FLYING AIRPLANE PRODUCES HARSH REVERBERATING
SOUNDS WITH THE USE OF SEVERAL AIR POLLUTANTS THAT
CAN DIRECTLY AFFECT THE EARTH’S CLIMATE SYSTEM. AS
THESE AIRPLANES EMIT NERVE WRACKING SOUNDS THE
AIRCRAFT LIKEWISE EMITS POLLUTANTS FROM ITS ENGINE
EXHAUSTS.
 NOISE POLLUTION ON
NOISE POLLUTION ON
AESTHETIC VALUE
LAND AND ON SEA MAIN CAUSE A FALL IN PROPERTY VALUES USUALLY
OTHER STUDIES CONCERNING BOAT NOISES, SEISMIC ARE CAUSED BY THE NOISE OF VEHICLES, BUT THIS
TESTING, AND OTHER OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENTS EFFECT IS RELATED ONLY TO THE VALUE OF A HOME,
WHILE THE PROPERTY FOR INDUSTRIAL OR
PROVIDE LEADS THAT THEY ARE ALSO POSSIBLE
COMMERCIAL, THE REVERSE MAY OCCUR BECAUSE
CAUSES IN THE DISRUPTION OF MARINE ECOLOGY.
OF FACTORS ACCESSIBILITY.
 CHAPTER 6
NOISE MITIGATION AND MEASUREMENT
 Noise pollution mitigation for
reduce noise pollution, control
noise pollution on sources and
protect noise pollution from
receiver
 11 2 3
Basic control of Basic control of Barriers through
the noise path the listener the provision of
physical resistance
 For example, the construction of the
wall can reduce noise by 10-15 dBA.

However, the factors of

Noise can be reduced if Basic control of the height, thickness and
the passage was blocked type of wall used to
by obstacles and spread noise path determine the level of
like a wall, land noise can be reduced.
reclamation and so on.
 What can be done is to put the
receiver noise is far from the noise
source or place obstacles that can
prevent a lot of noise until the
receiver noise.

Control principles to the

Methods of site planning
listener means to
prevent noise from the
Basic control of the and good landscape
design is one method
sound received by the
audience. Through this
listener that is best done based
on this principle.
principle, an action may
be taken on behalf of the
noise.
 Separate the motor from the receiver
by means such as the construction of
ring roads, provision of pedestrian
walkways, limiting the vehicle through
an area with a limitation of time and
prepare and set the minimum Non-residential buffer
distance between new residential zone - this method means
Planting of trees and traffic. putting activity is less
open spaces - trees with sensitive to noise as a
large leaves and thick
and heavy branches can Barriers through the buffer zone between
areas sensitive to noise.
be used as noise
insulation.
provision of physical Example, shops, offices or
light industry which is

resistance placed between a noisy

road and residential
areas.
 THE PROVISION OF PEDESTRIAN.

ENCOURAGE THE USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT.

OCCUPATIONAL NOISE CONTROL.

OTHER METHODS
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF CONTROL
LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE.

SPEED CONTROL

HEARING IMPAIRMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES.

SELECTION OF SURFACE PAVEMENT

URBAN PLANNING DECISIONS
Sound level meters, also known as decibel
meters and noise dosimeters, are designed
to measure the sound pressure of a
particular event.
The sound level meter is generally placed in
a central location at a worksite to collect
data, which is then analyzed to determine
average, lowest and highest noise levels
during a given work period.

SOUND LEVEL METER

Data from sound level meters can be used to
determine proper hearing protection for
employees, design sound-proof or sound-
absorbing materials and position them
correctly to absorb sound, and to measure
the effect of sound on the general
population, which can also lead to reduction
or absorption measures.

SOUND LEVEL METER

 How To Use Sound Level Meter
01 02 03 04 05
Point the Choose the Mount the SPLM on
A wind shield must
microphone of the be used if the air response time, a tripod by Calibrate your
SPLM at the source velocity is either fast or slow. screwing it into the speakers by playing
and take the noticeable. It Use slow to mount threads on noise from your
measurements of should anyway be measure average the bottom of the CDs through your
the sound coming used all the time as sound levels and SPLM. Using a speakers.
out of the speakers. a dust shield. fast to measure tripod will get you
peak levels. the most accurate
measurements.
 How To Use Sound Level Meter
06 07 08

The SLM must be

Be sure to stand off Use only calibrators
calibrated before
to the side of the approved by the
any measuring
SPLM while doing sound level meter
session using a
this to ensure manufacturer
calibrator .
accuracy.
Dosimeter
Dosimeter
Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment -
particularly to a hazard inflicting cumulative impact over long periods of time, or over a lifetime.

The noise dosimeter is similar to sound level meters, but instead of being positioned in one place, it
is worn by individual employees.

Employees wear the dosimeter throughout their shifts, and the dosimeter collects information
about how, when and how much noise they are exposed to during a typical work day.

A dosimeter can calculate on the spot whether an employee is nearing or over the OSHA limits for
noise doses in a day or over longer periods of time.

Dosimeter data is used to determine hearing protection for workers, schedule work in noisy areas
in ways that are safer for employees, and design sound absorption materials and determine their
placement
Dosimeter
Dosimeter
The noise dosimeter is clipped to the workers' clothes with the microphone close to the ear,
and can be worn without hampering work. The dose provided by the instrument is of course
dependent on the duration during which the instrument is used.

Therefore, it should first be corrected for an 8 hour period and then converted to the daily
noise exposure (LEX,8) level according to the relevant formula (ISO or OSHA).

It is important to know that some old dosimeters do not take into account levels below 89
dB(A) or 80 dB(A), as they assume that lower levels do not lead to hearing impairment.

The LEX,8 is then physically not correct. These dosimeters are obsolete and should be
discarded. On certain instruments, a warning marker is activated if the peak level ever
exceeds 140 dB.
 Height (m) of the SLM device is 1.2
1
meters above ground level.
The Procedure of
Angle / degree position SLM device
calibration for noise 2
is 450.
pollution equipment
Distance from the root SLM noise
3
is not more or less than 2.5
meters.
Spout in SLM is directed to cause
4
noise.
THE
END
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 1: Introduction of Air Pollution
Seinfeld, J. H., & Pandis, S. N. (2016). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. John Wiley & Sons.
Godish, T. (2003). Air Quality. CRC Press.
Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep, K., ... & Murray, C. J. (2017). Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to
ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet, 389(10082), 1907-1918.
Chapter 2: Indoor and Outdoor Pollution
Weschler, C. J. (2009). Changes in indoor pollutants since the 1950s. Atmospheric Environment, 43(1), 153-169.
Logue, J. M., Price, P. N., Sherman, M. H., & Singer, B. C. (2012). A method to estimate the chronic health impact of air pollutants in US residences. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 120(2), 216-222.
Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution, 151(2), 362-367.
Chapter 3: Impact of Air Pollution
Dockery, D. W., & Pope, C. A. (1994). Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. Annual Review of Public Health, 15(1), 107-132.
Brook, R. D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope III, C. A., Brook, J. R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A. V., & Kaufman, J. D. (2010). Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An
update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121(21), 2331-2378.
Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N. J., Adeyi, O., Arnold, R., Baldé, A. B., ... & Zhong, M. (2017). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet, 391(10119), 462-512.
Chapter 4: Air Pollution Control and Technologies
De Nevers, N. (2010). Air Pollution Control Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
Cheremisinoff, N. P. (2002). Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Cooper, C. D., & Alley, F. C. (2011). Air Pollution Control: A Design Approach. Waveland Press.
Chapter 5: Introduction of Noise Pollution
Berglund, B., Lindvall, T., & Schwela, D. H. (1999). Guidelines for Community Noise. World Health Organization.
Hammer, M. S., Swinburn, T. K., & Neitzel, R. L. (2014). Environmental noise pollution in the United States: developing an effective public health response. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 122(2), 115-119.
Passchier-Vermeer, W., & Passchier, W. F. (2000). Noise exposure and public health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(Suppl 1), 123-131.
Chapter 6: Noise Mitigation and Measurement
Mithun, M. K., & Das, D. (2016). Noise Pollution and its Control: Practical Approach. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Fields, J. M. (1993). Effect of personal and situational variables on noise annoyance in residential areas. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93(5), 2753-2763.
ISO 1996-1:2016. Acoustics - Description, measurement and assessment of environmental noise - Part 1: Basic quantities and assessment procedures.
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