Ups battery sizing calculation pdf. Calculate ups battery run time. Ups battery calculation formula pdf.

Ups battery calculation formula. Ups battery sizing calculation excel sheet. How to calculate ups battery.

Academia.edu employs cookies to customize content, tailor ads, and enhance user experience. By using our site, you consent to our collection of information through cookie use. For more details, view our Privacy Policy. Prior to choosing a UPS, it's crucial to identify the need. A UPS may be necessary for various purposes like lighting, startup power,
transportation, mechanical systems, heating, refrigeration, production, fire protection, space conditioning, data processing, communication, life support, or signal circuits. Some facilities require a UPS for more than one purpose. It's essential to determine the acceptable delay between primary power loss and UPS availability, the length of time
emergency power is required, and the criticality of the load that the UPS must bear. These factors influence UPS sizing and selection. In most homes and small businesses, single-phase power is used for lights, fans, ACs, computers, and motors up to 5 horsepower. However, a three-phase motor draws less current than its equivalent single-phase
motor, making three-phase power more efficient for industrial applications.
Figure-1 illustrates the waveform of single-phase power, which cycles 50 times per second. Three-phase power is common in large businesses, data centers, and industries worldwide. While converting from an existing single-phase installation to three-phase can be costly, it allows for smaller, safer, and less expensive wiring. Figure-2 demonstrates
that three-phase power has distinct wave cycles that overlap, with each phase reaching its peak 120 degrees apart. In India, most consumers have a three-phase mains connection if their total load exceeds 5-7 KW. If the expected load is below this threshold, they receive a single-phase connection. When choosing between a three-phase and single-
phase UPS, factors like loads to be connected and electrical distribution within the facility are crucial. UPS Systems – Input and Output Phases A UPS can have three potential phase configurations due to its input from a 3-phase mains or generator supply, which consists of three single-phase supplies with a 120-degree orientation between them. A 3-
phase supply can deliver more power than a single-phase supply. The laws of physics and Ohm's Law come into play, increasing cable sizes as amperages rise. Typically, a 10KVA output is achieved through UPS systems.
Single-phase UPS systems available due to output amperage and cable requirements.

Ups battery calculation formula. Ups battery sizing calculation excel sheet. How to calculate ups battery.

Academia.edu employs cookies to customize content, tailor ads, and enhance user experience. By using our site, you consent to our collection of information through cookie use. For more details, view our Privacy Policy. Prior to choosing a UPS, it's crucial to identify the need. A UPS may be necessary for various purposes like lighting, startup power,
transportation, mechanical systems, heating, refrigeration, production, fire protection, space conditioning, data processing, communication, life support, or signal circuits. Some facilities require a UPS for more than one purpose. It's essential to determine the acceptable delay between primary power loss and UPS availability, the length of time
emergency power is required, and the criticality of the load that the UPS must bear. These factors influence UPS sizing and selection. In most homes and small businesses, single-phase power is used for lights, fans, ACs, computers, and motors up to 5 horsepower. However, a three-phase motor draws less current than its equivalent single-phase
motor, making three-phase power more efficient for industrial applications. Figure-1 illustrates the waveform of single-phase power, which cycles 50 times per second. Three-phase power is common in large businesses, data centers, and industries worldwide. While converting from an existing single-phase installation to three-phase can be costly, it
allows for smaller, safer, and less expensive wiring. Figure-2 demonstrates that three-phase power has distinct wave cycles that overlap, with each phase reaching its peak 120 degrees apart.
In India, most consumers have a three-phase mains connection if their total load exceeds 5-7 KW. If the expected load is below this threshold, they receive a single-phase connection. When choosing between a three-phase and single-phase UPS, factors like loads to be connected and electrical distribution within the facility are crucial. UPS Systems –
Input and Output Phases A UPS can have three potential phase configurations due to its input from a 3-phase mains or generator supply, which consists of three single-phase supplies with a 120-degree orientation between them. A 3-phase supply can deliver more power than a single-phase supply. The laws of physics and Ohm's Law come into play,
increasing cable sizes as amperages rise. Typically, a 10KVA output is achieved through UPS systems. Single-phase UPS systems available due to output amperage and cable requirements. For instance, a 10KVA system is equivalent to 43.5 amps at 230Vac. In the UPS world, single-phase systems are often referred to by their KVA/KW rating only
(e.g., 5KVA). Conversely, three-phase UPS systems require both KVA/KW ratings and phase configurations (e.g., 20KVA 3/1 or 100KVA 3/3). Most data centers, commercial, and industrial buildings have a three-phase electrical inverter that connects to the mains via a local distribution transformer.
Three-phase circuits are required for carrying large amounts of power needed for high-kVA loads. However, many environments may include both single- and three-phase loads. From a UPS system perspective, if connecting to a three-phase supply, a 3/x configuration is required. If loads are three-phase, a 3/3 configuration is necessary, while single-
phase loads might require a 3/1 configuration. Using a three-phase UPS simplifies power continuity planning and enables centralized power protection. In contrast, decentralized power continuity planning involves using multiple smaller UPS to protect clusters of loads within a facility. Single-phase UPS systems (1/1) typically supply wall sockets rated
at 230Vac 50Hz in India, serving applications like ATMs, lab equipment, desktop computers, file servers, and telecoms systems. Single-phase UPS systems up to 2KVA can be supplied with a plug or covered terminals for hardwired installation. Above 5KVA, the power required necessitates a hardwired system or 16A plug. The largest single-phase UPS
available (typically 10KVA) requires a hardwired installation and an UPS maintenance bypass switch. When sizing UPS systems, it is crucial to know the phase configuration required by both the mains supply and loads, in addition to the overall load size. Electrical consultants and contractors often state both load size and phase configuration, such as
'120KVA three-phase.' The cost of energy efficiency has surged by a factor of three compared to installing a single 120KVA uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system.
In office settings, using 3/1 UPS up to 60KVA simplifies load connections by removing the need for balancing phase loads. Larger 3/1 UPS systems, up to 200KVA, are typically required for demanding applications in heavy industries like Power Plants and Steel Mills.
For more details, view our Privacy Policy. Prior to choosing a UPS, it's crucial to identify the need. A UPS may be necessary for various purposes like lighting, startup power, transportation, mechanical systems, heating, refrigeration, production, fire protection, space conditioning, data processing, communication, life support, or signal circuits. Some
facilities require a UPS for more than one purpose. It's essential to determine the acceptable delay between primary power loss and UPS availability, the length of time emergency power is required, and the criticality of the load that the UPS must bear. These factors influence UPS sizing and selection. In most homes and small businesses, single-
phase power is used for lights, fans, ACs, computers, and motors up to 5 horsepower. However, a three-phase motor draws less current than its equivalent single-phase motor, making three-phase power more efficient for industrial applications. Figure-1 illustrates the waveform of single-phase power, which cycles 50 times per second. Three-phase
power is common in large businesses, data centers, and industries worldwide. While converting from an existing single-phase installation to three-phase can be costly, it allows for smaller, safer, and less expensive wiring. Figure-2 demonstrates that three-phase power has distinct wave cycles that overlap, with each phase reaching its peak 120
degrees apart. In India, most consumers have a three-phase mains connection if their total load exceeds 5-7 KW. If the expected load is below this threshold, they receive a single-phase connection. When choosing between a three-phase and single-phase UPS, factors like loads to be connected and electrical distribution within the facility are crucial.
UPS Systems – Input and Output Phases A UPS can have three potential phase configurations due to its input from a 3-phase mains or generator supply, which consists of three single-phase supplies with a 120-degree orientation between them. A 3-phase supply can deliver more power than a single-phase supply.
The laws of physics and Ohm's Law come into play, increasing cable sizes as amperages rise. Typically, a 10KVA output is achieved through UPS systems. Single-phase UPS systems available due to output amperage and cable requirements. For instance, a 10KVA system is equivalent to 43.5 amps at 230Vac. In the UPS world, single-phase systems
are often referred to by their KVA/KW rating only (e.g., 5KVA). Conversely, three-phase UPS systems require both KVA/KW ratings and phase configurations (e.g., 20KVA 3/1 or 100KVA 3/3).

Prior to choosing a UPS, it's crucial to identify the need.

A UPS may be necessary for various purposes like lighting, startup power, transportation, mechanical systems, heating, refrigeration, production, fire protection, space conditioning, data processing, communication, life support, or signal circuits. Some facilities require a UPS for more than one purpose. It's essential to determine the acceptable delay
between primary power loss and UPS availability, the length of time emergency power is required, and the criticality of the load that the UPS must bear. These factors influence UPS sizing and selection. In most homes and small businesses, single-phase power is used for lights, fans, ACs, computers, and motors up to 5 horsepower. However, a three-
phase motor draws less current than its equivalent single-phase motor, making three-phase power more efficient for industrial applications. Figure-1 illustrates the waveform of single-phase power, which cycles 50 times per second. Three-phase power is common in large businesses, data centers, and industries worldwide. While converting from an
existing single-phase installation to three-phase can be costly, it allows for smaller, safer, and less expensive wiring. Figure-2 demonstrates that three-phase power has distinct wave cycles that overlap, with each phase reaching its peak 120 degrees apart. In India, most consumers have a three-phase mains connection if their total load exceeds 5-7
KW. If the expected load is below this threshold, they receive a single-phase connection.
When choosing between a three-phase and single-phase UPS, factors like loads to be connected and electrical distribution within the facility are crucial. UPS Systems – Input and Output Phases A UPS can have three potential phase configurations due to its input from a 3-phase mains or generator supply, which consists of three single-phase supplies
with a 120-degree orientation between them. A 3-phase supply can deliver more power than a single-phase supply. The laws of physics and Ohm's Law come into play, increasing cable sizes as amperages rise. Typically, a 10KVA output is achieved through UPS systems. Single-phase UPS systems available due to output amperage and cable
requirements. For instance, a 10KVA system is equivalent to 43.5 amps at 230Vac. In the UPS world, single-phase systems are often referred to by their KVA/KW rating only (e.g., 5KVA). Conversely, three-phase UPS systems require both KVA/KW ratings and phase configurations (e.g., 20KVA 3/1 or 100KVA 3/3). Most data centers, commercial, and
industrial buildings have a three-phase electrical inverter that connects to the mains via a local distribution transformer. Three-phase circuits are required for carrying large amounts of power needed for high-kVA loads. However, many environments may include both single- and three-phase loads. From a UPS system perspective, if connecting to a
three-phase supply, a 3/x configuration is required. If loads are three-phase, a 3/3 configuration is necessary, while single-phase loads might require a 3/1 configuration. Using a three-phase UPS simplifies power continuity planning and enables centralized power protection. In contrast, decentralized power continuity planning involves using multiple
smaller UPS to protect clusters of loads within a facility. Single-phase UPS systems (1/1) typically supply wall sockets rated at 230Vac 50Hz in India, serving applications like ATMs, lab equipment, desktop computers, file servers, and telecoms systems. Single-phase UPS systems up to 2KVA can be supplied with a plug or covered terminals for
hardwired installation. Above 5KVA, the power required necessitates a hardwired system or 16A plug. The largest single-phase UPS available (typically 10KVA) requires a hardwired installation and an UPS maintenance bypass switch. When sizing UPS systems, it is crucial to know the phase configuration required by both the mains supply and loads,
in addition to the overall load size. Electrical consultants and contractors often state both load size and phase configuration, such as '120KVA three-phase.' The cost of energy efficiency has surged by a factor of three compared to installing a single 120KVA uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. In office settings, using 3/1 UPS up to 60KVA
simplifies load connections by removing the need for balancing phase loads. Larger 3/1 UPS systems, up to 200KVA, are typically required for demanding applications in heavy industries like Power Plants and Steel Mills. As with any power source, a UPS's capacity is defined by its KVA (apparent power) and KW (real power).

Some facilities require a UPS for more than one purpose. It's essential to determine the acceptable delay between primary power loss and UPS availability, the length of time emergency power is required, and the criticality of the load that the UPS must bear. These factors influence UPS sizing and selection. In most homes and small businesses,
single-phase power is used for lights, fans, ACs, computers, and motors up to 5 horsepower. However, a three-phase motor draws less current than its equivalent single-phase motor, making three-phase power more efficient for industrial applications.
Figure-1 illustrates the waveform of single-phase power, which cycles 50 times per second.

For more details, view our Privacy Policy. Prior to choosing a UPS, it's crucial to identify the need. A UPS may be necessary for various purposes like lighting, startup power, transportation, mechanical systems, heating, refrigeration, production, fire protection, space conditioning, data processing, communication, life support, or signal circuits. Some
facilities require a UPS for more than one purpose. It's essential to determine the acceptable delay between primary power loss and UPS availability, the length of time emergency power is required, and the criticality of the load that the UPS must bear. These factors influence UPS sizing and selection. In most homes and small businesses, single-
phase power is used for lights, fans, ACs, computers, and motors up to 5 horsepower. However, a three-phase motor draws less current than its equivalent single-phase motor, making three-phase power more efficient for industrial applications. Figure-1 illustrates the waveform of single-phase power, which cycles 50 times per second. Three-phase
power is common in large businesses, data centers, and industries worldwide. While converting from an existing single-phase installation to three-phase can be costly, it allows for smaller, safer, and less expensive wiring.
Figure-2 demonstrates that three-phase power has distinct wave cycles that overlap, with each phase reaching its peak 120 degrees apart. In India, most consumers have a three-phase mains connection if their total load exceeds 5-7 KW. If the expected load is below this threshold, they receive a single-phase connection. When choosing between a
three-phase and single-phase UPS, factors like loads to be connected and electrical distribution within the facility are crucial.
UPS Systems – Input and Output Phases A UPS can have three potential phase configurations due to its input from a 3-phase mains or generator supply, which consists of three single-phase supplies with a 120-degree orientation between them. A 3-phase supply can deliver more power than a single-phase supply.
The laws of physics and Ohm's Law come into play, increasing cable sizes as amperages rise. Typically, a 10KVA output is achieved through UPS systems.
Single-phase UPS systems available due to output amperage and cable requirements. For instance, a 10KVA system is equivalent to 43.5 amps at 230Vac. In the UPS world, single-phase systems are often referred to by their KVA/KW rating only (e.g., 5KVA). Conversely, three-phase UPS systems require both KVA/KW ratings and phase configurations
(e.g., 20KVA 3/1 or 100KVA 3/3). Most data centers, commercial, and industrial buildings have a three-phase electrical inverter that connects to the mains via a local distribution transformer. Three-phase circuits are required for carrying large amounts of power needed for high-kVA loads. However, many environments may include both single- and
three-phase loads. From a UPS system perspective, if connecting to a three-phase supply, a 3/x configuration is required. If loads are three-phase, a 3/3 configuration is necessary, while single-phase loads might require a 3/1 configuration. Using a three-phase UPS simplifies power continuity planning and enables centralized power protection. In
contrast, decentralized power continuity planning involves using multiple smaller UPS to protect clusters of loads within a facility. Single-phase UPS systems (1/1) typically supply wall sockets rated at 230Vac 50Hz in India, serving applications like ATMs, lab equipment, desktop computers, file servers, and telecoms systems. Single-phase UPS
systems up to 2KVA can be supplied with a plug or covered terminals for hardwired installation.
Above 5KVA, the power required necessitates a hardwired system or 16A plug. The largest single-phase UPS available (typically 10KVA) requires a hardwired installation and an UPS maintenance bypass switch. When sizing UPS systems, it is crucial to know the phase configuration required by both the mains supply and loads, in addition to the
overall load size. Electrical consultants and contractors often state both load size and phase configuration, such as '120KVA three-phase.' The cost of energy efficiency has surged by a factor of three compared to installing a single 120KVA uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. In office settings, using 3/1 UPS up to 60KVA simplifies load
connections by removing the need for balancing phase loads. Larger 3/1 UPS systems, up to 200KVA, are typically required for demanding applications in heavy industries like Power Plants and Steel Mills. As with any power source, a UPS's capacity is defined by its KVA (apparent power) and KW (real power). To determine the right UPS capacity and
configuration, follow these steps: Step 1 - Determine Load Needs; Step 2 - Configure the UPS; Step 3 - Verify KVA & KW Demand. Step 1: Determine Load Needs Calculate the load demand by tabulating the expected loads connected to the UPS. Note that the load power factor should be measured on-site or assumed based on past experience. Step 2:
Configure the UPS Determine the necessary availability of the UPS based on criticality. Select the UPS capacity or configuration accordingly, considering the number of redundant units required (N) for critical loads with 66% redundancy. Step 3: Select the Required UPS Capacity Divide the total load demand in KVA and KW by N to determine the
UPS capacity. For dynamic loads, consider factors like inrush current, peak process current, number of loads, sequence of operation, load power factor, and KVA/KW demand to optimize the UPS capacity.
Inrush Current The maximum instantaneous input surge drawn by an electrical device when first turned on.
This can be omitted from calculations if loads are switched on only once and run continuously until shutdown.
If loads are switched on/off repetitively, include inrush current in calculations. Peak Process Current The maximum current drawn momentarily during process time. This repetitive or non-repetitive peak current should be considered in UPS sizing calculations. Number of Loads and Sequence of Operation UPS selection depends on the number of
loads. With single loads, select based on maximum peak current. For multiple loads, consider factors like load connections, balancing phase loads, and necessary redundancy. A UPS's capacity is determined by a combination of static and dynamic loading characteristics, considering the sequence of load operations.
When loads operate sequentially, the capacity is based on the summation of rms currents and maximum peak current. In non-sequential operation, the capacity is calculated from the summation of rms currents and maximum peak current. The battery's primary function is to provide DC power to the inverter when mains fail, making it a crucial
component in the UPS system. Various battery technologies exist, including lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion. Sealed Maintenance Free (VRLA) batteries are commonly used with UPS systems.
A VRLA battery features recombinant technology, which absorbs oxygen produced on the positive plate, suppressing hydrogen production at the negative plate. This results in water retention, eliminating the need for watering. The nominal cell voltage is 2V, and six cells connected in series yield a final voltage of 12V.
Battery capacity is measured in Ampere Hours (AH), with connections made in series to increase voltage and in parallel to boost capacity. To ensure proper operation and extend battery life, it's essential to maintain controlled electrical and environmental conditions. Critical factors affecting battery lifespan include undercharging, cycling,
overcharge, and temperature exposure. References: * IEEE 1184:2006 - IEEE Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems * IEEE 485:1997 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications * Datasheets from major battery manufacturers Design life is determined by the manufacturer,
considering cell design and controlled laboratory conditions. However, actual service life depends on factors such as operating temperature, charge/discharge cycles, and usage patterns. Charging conditions play a crucial role in determining the lifespan of a battery. Typically, a battery reaches its end-of-life when its capacity drops below 80% of its
rated capacity, requiring immediate replacement. Factors such as temperature significantly impact the life of the battery. The battery is designed to operate within a specific temperature range (25-27°C). However, if it's exposed to temperatures lower than this range, its capacity will decrease.
Conversely, when operating at higher temperatures, the capacity will increase. Prolonged use at elevated temperatures can reduce the battery life by approximately 50% for every 8°C above 25°C. The frequency and depth of discharges also influence the lifespan of a battery. A battery can handle more shallow cycles than deep discharge cycles.
Frequent cycling, even for short durations, can shorten the battery life. Sizing the battery correctly is essential to ensure it can supply the required loads for an adequate autonomy period. Improper sizing can lead to poor autonomy times, damage from over-discharge, and UPS shutdowns due to low voltage. Load profiling should consider factors like
load type (continuous or non-continuous), momentary fluctuations, battery autonomy time, design margin, ageing factor, and temperature effects. A design margin of 10-15% is recommended to account for unforeseen changes in load, improper maintenance, or variations in ambient temperatures.
An ageing factor of 1.25 should be applied to ensure the battery can meet its rated capacity throughout its useful life. Temperature correction factors may also be necessary if the installation temperature deviates from the standard operating temperature. Reference: IEEE 485 When it comes to lead-acid cells, you can refer to the table provided.
However, if you're dealing with sealed lead-acid or Ni-Cd cells, be sure to consult the manufacturer for specific recommendations. It's essential to note that high temperatures can significantly impact battery life, regardless of capacity. The correction factor only applies to capacity sizing and not overall battery lifespan. In other words, increasing
capacity won't necessarily extend battery life. The inverter within a UPS provides a constant voltage output to connected loads. During discharge, the battery supplies power to the inverter, which adjusts its input voltage accordingly to maintain constant power output. There are two primary methods for connecting batteries to an UPS inverter: direct
connection or using a DC-DC converter. In the former scenario, the load on the battery is solely dependent on the output load connected to the inverter and any losses incurred by the inverter bridge. The latter setup adds additional losses due to the DC-DC converter itself. When sizing batteries for an UPS, consider factors such as efficiency, power
factor, ageing, operating temperature, design margin, and depth of discharge (DOD). For optimal results, aim for shallow DODs (up to 20%) and occasional deeper discharges (up to 80%). To ensure efficient battery selection, follow these guidelines: 1. Calculate the load in Watts-hours as accurately as possible. 2. Include system losses due to
efficiencies of power conditioning components (inverters, battery chargers, DC-DC converters). 3. Factor in temperature, autonomy, design margin, and DOD, as well as ageing. 4. Consider shallow DODs (up to 20%) and occasional deeper discharges (up to 80%). 5. Select the highest battery capacities per unit to minimize parallel strings for better
charge balance. Remember that the recommended maximum number of parallel strings is four. In terms of constant power discharge rating, aim for a minimum of 27 OC*. Step 1: Determine the UPS output power rating in watts by multiplying the output voltage and amperage by the power factor. In this case, it's 500KVA x 0.9 = 450KW. Step 2: Find
the nominal battery load in W. Step 3: Calculate the nominal battery load per battery. Step 4: Adjust the battery power requirement considering design margin, ageing factor, and TCF (Temperature correction factor). The adjusted nominal battery load is calculated as 8421.05W/Battery x 1 x 1.25 x 1 = 10526W/Battery. The maximum available AH is
200AH for a 12V SMF VRLA battery, requiring multiple strings of batteries to achieve the desired backup time. Three strings of 160AH batteries with 50 batteries each can provide 10 minutes of backup at an end cell voltage of 1.75V/Cell. The cross-sectional area of cables depends on permissible temperature rise and voltage drop. The larger of these
two values must be used when selecting cable size. When routing cables, care should be taken to maintain required distances between control circuits and power circuits to avoid EMI disturbances caused by HF currents. Temperature rise in cables is limited by the withstand capacity of insulation and depends on core type, installation method,
number of touching cables, and maximum permissible current. Voltage drops exceeding 3% (50-60 Hz) or 1% for DC circuits require increasing the cross-sectional area of conductors. For neutral conductors in three-phase systems, use a rule: neutral cross-section = 2 x phase cross-section. To select output cables, calculate the output current using
the formula and manufacturer's datasheet. A thumb rule is to consider 2A/sq mm for cable size selection. For input cables, derive the input power in KVA based on connected load efficiency, battery charging power efficiency, rectifier input power factor, minimum operating voltage, and calculate the required cross-sectional area using the same
formula as output cables. To determine the input current drawn from the rectifier, the calculated power in step 3 needs to be converted into KVA, considering the power factor and minimum operating voltage (Vph-ph) for rectifier UPS to battery cables. The inverter provides a constant voltage to connected loads, while during discharge, the DC input
voltage decreases, increasing battery discharge current to maintain a constant output. When selecting UPS-to-battery bank cables, consider the current at minimum discharge voltage, derived from the following formula.
Uninyvin cables are preferred due to their high current-carrying capacity and smaller cross-sectional area. Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) protect circuits from overcurrent and short circuit by providing manual or automatic opening under overload or short circuit conditions. They offer improved operational safety, convenience, and no
additional operating costs compared to fuses. MCCBs have thermal and magnetic elements for overcurrent and short circuit release, with options including thermal-magnetic, electronic, microprocessor, and other releases. When choosing a UPS, consider its ability to withstand a short-circuit current on its output for a certain time. This depends on
whether the inverter or static bypass withstands the short circuit. If the fault is not cleared within milliseconds, it may affect uptime for connected loads. For protection against short circuits, ensure that the minimum i2t let-through of upstream devices is higher than the maximum i2t let-through of downstream devices. UPS operation is conditional
upon two scenarios. Firstly, when a short-circuit occurs with a bypass source available or without one, the UPS transfers the fault to the static bypass.
In this case, let-through energy (i2t) of MCB7 must be lower than that of upstream breakers for proper discrimination. Secondly, if MCB6 has a lower i2t value compared to MCB7, all connected loads risk being lost. To protect the SCR and ensure proper short-circuit discrimination, the following rule applies: i2tSCR > i2tMCCB2 > i2tMCCB3 >
i2tMCB6 > i2tMCB7. When bypassing is disabled or unavailable, and a short-circuit occurs downstream of the UPS, the inverter supports the fault for a brief duration before tripping due to electronic protections. In this scenario, i2t MCCB3 > i2t MCB6 > i2t MCB7. In cases involving transformers within PDUs or global outputs, the transformer
affects short-circuit discrimination of downstream circuits. The UPS's short-circuit current no longer influences fault discrimination; instead, it depends on the transformer's impedance.
The short-circuit current ratio is determined by full load current and transformer impedance. Batteries play a crucial role in UPS systems, providing DC power to inverters when mains fail and charging through rectifiers upon return. Like any power source, batteries contribute to fault currents during faults, influenced by internal resistance and
external circuit resistance. The magnitude of the short-circuit current varies based on battery condition and age. The short-circuit current of a battery bank can be calculated according to IEC 61660-1. The following figure illustrates the i2t curve for short-circuit currents. A lead-acid battery's short-circuit current decreases over time, reaching a
quasi-steady-state value. This current can be calculated using Ohm's Law (V=IR). The selection of a battery breaker depends on the operating voltage and discharge current of the battery bank. The breaker must have a magnetic trip unit that detects short circuits and disconnects the battery from the circuit when necessary. For DC applications, AC
breakers require derating to ensure proper operation. It's crucial to select a breaker with the correct trip unit settings to isolate the battery in case of a fault. Once the suitable breaker is chosen, it must be coordinated with the battery's short-circuit current. The internal resistance of the battery increases with aging, causing the short-circuit current
to decrease. To ensure reliable protection, set the magnetic pickup value at 70% of the nominal short-circuit current, allowing the breaker to trip even at low voltage or end-of-life scenarios. Im (magnetic setting) is always less than 70% of Isc (short-circuit current) of the battery.