93202Q

932022
S

Scholarship 2018
Calculus
9.30 a.m. Friday 9 November 2018
Time allowed: Three hours
Total marks: 40

QUESTION BOOKLET

There are five questions in this booklet. Answer ALL FIVE questions.

Write your answers in Answer Booklet 93202A.

Pull out Formulae and Tables Booklet S–CALCF from the centre of this booklet.

Show ALL working. Start your answer to each question on a new page. Carefully number each question.

Answers developed using a CAS calculator require ALL commands to be shown. Correct answers only
will not be sufficient.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 7 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MAY KEEP THIS BOOKLET AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2018. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.
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QUESTION ONE

(a) Use the unit circle shown below, or some other method, to prove from first principles:
cos (α – β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β

y
∠POA = α
∠QOA = β
∠ROA = α – β
Q R

α–β
β
α
O x
A(1,0)

(b) The diagram below shows a circle with centre O. There is a fixed point, A, inside the circle.
P is a point on the circumference.

O A

Where should P be located in relation to A so that ∠APO is a maximum?

Justify your answer.

(c) Prove the identity:

cosθ sin θ 2(cosθ − sin θ )

− =
1+ sin θ 1+ cosθ 1+ sin θ + cosθ
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QUESTION TWO

2x 2 − 1 2 − 3x
(a) Consider the function f (x) = − 2 where x ∈!.
(3x + 2)(5x − 3) (x − 5x + 3)

(i) Give the exact value(s) for x for which the function f is discontinuous.

(ii) Find lim f (x).

1
x→
2

(b) Show that the graphs of xy = 2 and x 2 − y 2 = 1 have perpendicular tangents at their points of
intersection.

(c) A roading system is to be designed so that three towns A, B, and C are connected as shown in the
diagram below. The towns form an isosceles triangle with AB = AC = 50 km and BC = 60 km. The
system is to be designed to minimise the total length of roading. The system is designed so that
there is an intersection at a point D such that there are three straight sections of road: AD, DB, and
DC. Sections DB and DC are to have the same length.

A
D

Use calculus to find the location of D that gives the minimum total length of roading.

Show that this length is 40 + 30 3 km.and show that it is indeed a minimum.

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QUESTION THREE

(a) (i) Using a suitable substitution, or some other technique, evaluate the integral:

∫ (2x − 5) 2 x + 5 dx
0

The result of any integration must be shown.

(ii) Explain why the method you used in (i) cannot be used to find the following:

∫ (2x + 5) 2 x – 5 dx
0

y
(b) A Lorentz Curve is used to study the
distribution of income. The diagram 120
alongside shows a Lorentz Curve and the
line y = x where:
Cumulative percentage of income

100
• x is the cumulative percentage of
income recipients, ranked from
80
poorest to richest
• y is the cumulative percentage of
income.
60 y=x

The line y = x represents equal distribution B −1 2 1

40 y= x + x
of income amongst all the recipients. Along
B B
this line, for example, 10% of the people
will receive 10% of the total income. This 20
line is referred to as the equality diagonal.

Suppose that the actual distribution of 0 20 40 60 80 100 x

income is given by a Lorentz Curve of the Cumulative percentage of income recipients
form:
B −1 2 1
y= x + x where B is a constant and B ≠ 1.
B B

Using this curve, the income is not fairly distributed. This curve deviates from the equality diagonal.
The degree of deviation from equality can be measured by the coefficient of inequality, which is
defined as:

area between the curve and the equality diagonal

area beneath the equality diagonal

Suppose, after an income survey, it is found that the coefficient of inequality for a certain population
20
is .
63

What, then, is the value of B for this population?

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(c) Consider a regular cylindrical tank filled with water to tank

height h. The water is being emptied freely through a rigid diameter, D
spout of fixed diameter d located at the base of the tank.
• The diameter of the tank is D.
• The diameter of the spout is d.
h, the height
• Let h be the height of the water in the tank at any of the water
time.
• The water is passing out of the spout with velocity spout
diameter, d
v = 2gh

where g is the constant acceleration due to gravity.

Show that the time taken for the level of the water in the tank to drop from height h1 to height h2 is
given by:
2

⎛ D⎞ 2
⎜⎝ d ⎟⎠ × g × ( h1 − h2 )
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QUESTION FOUR

(a) Find the values of x for which: log3(4 – 2x) + log3x ≤ 2

(b) Show that the circles x2 + y2 – 16x – 20y + 115 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 8x – 10y + 5 = 0 are tangential to
each other, and find the coordinates of the point of tangency.

(c) Find all solutions for x and y, both real and complex, in the system of simultaneous equations:
x2 + y2 + 3x + 3y = 8
xy + 4x + 4y = 2
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QUESTION FIVE

(a) Given z = x + iy and z – 1 = (a + ib)–1 + (a + ic)–1 where a, b and c are real, and
a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0

Find, in terms of a, b, and c, an expression for the real part of z.

(b) A spherical ball-bearing of radius 20 mm just fits inside a metal cone, touching at A and B. The
centre C of the ball-bearing is 120 mm from the vertex of the cone, V.
Beneath the top ball-bearing is another spherical
ball-bearing, and beneath that another, and so on, as
shown in the diagram. After the first ball-bearing,
C
each ball bearing: 20 mm
A B
• touches the one above it
• touches the sides of the cone.

120 mm
(i) Find the radius, r2, of the second ball-bearing.

(ii) Find an expression in terms of n for the radius

of the n th ball-bearing, rn.

(iii) Suppose this sequence of ball-bearings in the

cone was infinite.

Show that the maximum volume of all the V

5.488 × 106 × π
ball-bearings is mm 3 .
327

The following formulae may prove useful:

n ⎛ 1− r n ⎞
Tn = T1 + (n − 1)d Tn = T1r n−1 Sn = ⎡ 2T + (n − 1)d ⎤⎦ S n = T1 ⎜
2⎣ 1 ⎝ 1− r ⎟⎠
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