PHILIPPINE LITERATURE - produced numerous remarkable poems and short stories.

Evident
in her poems is the harmony of intellect and emotions which
WHAT IS LITERATURE? resulted in fine literary pieces.
- a body of written works. The name has traditionally been - The "Littlest Marmoset" and "Bonsai" are two of her notable
applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose poems. Meanwhile, her short stories highlight morality.
distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the - She founded the Silliman National Writer’s Workshop in
perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Dumaguete City together with her husband, Edilberto Teimpo,
- Basically, literature is defined as the collection of written which produced equally talented writers
work of language through different periods and different
cultures by authors and scholars. The advent of writing BIENVENIDO L. LUMBERA
marked a great step in human civilization for many reasons - most significant contribution in the field of literature is the
such as transmitting knowledge, ideas, events and even introduction of the Bagay poetry.
feelings. - He pioneered the writing of Bagay poetry together with other
poets like Rolando Tinio, Jose Lacaba, Antonio Samson, and
Literary Genres Edmundo Martinez.
 Drama. Stories composed in verse or prose, usually for - His major works include Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa, Apat na
theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are Dulang May Musika, Pakikiramay, and Sariling Bayan, among
expressed through dialogue and action. others.
 Fable
 Fairy Tale NESTOR VICENTE MADALI GONZALES (NVM GONZALES)
 Fantasy - is a writer known for his effective use of the English language in
 Fiction expressing and shaping the culture and sensibility of the Filipino
 Fiction in Verse people and the country.
 Folklore - He has published voluminous literary works including The Winds
 Historical Fiction of April, Work on the Mountain, The Bread of Salt and Other
Stories, Seven Hills Away, and many others.
The bond between the Philippines and the Americans still continues - He received numerous awards because of his notable skill in
even after the declaration of independence in 1946 which is evident in writing such as Republic Cultural Heritage Award (1960), Gawad
the continual flourishment and modernism. CCP Para sa Sining (1990), etc.

 Bagay Movement -a kind of Poetry which uses colloquial VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO

language and is built on concrete images which tend to describe - is an exemplary poet who carries the pen name "Rio Alma”. Alma
experiences. was famously known for his modern poetry filled with social
 Valediction sa Hillcrest - written by Rolando Tinio basically consciousness.
about how Tinio was conflicted about leaving the USA and going - He has published numerous poetry books containing the poet's
back to the Philippines. reflection of self and society. Included in his works is his first
 Ang Bayang Malaya - written by Amado Hernandez, a long major collection of poetry, Doktrinang Anakpawis, which reflects
narrative piece about a peasant leader. Oppression and fighting the 70's political mayhem.
for human rights are the main themes of the said piece.
 Social Protest and social realism became the theme of the CIRILO BAUTISTA
poem because of Amado Hernandez’s works. - is a literary genius who produced numerous works such as
 The National spirit of many writers arose because of the Marshall poems, fictions, and essays. Included in his major works are
law. Summer Suns, Galaw ng Asoge, Words and Battlefield, among
 Poets like Edith Tiempo, Emmanuel Torres, and Dominador Ilio others.
were among those who were influenced by western poets. - For four decades, Cirilio Bautista contributed in the enrichment
 Their works revolved around subjects like the search for love and and promotion of Philippine literature through his writings,
identity, oppression, and those subjects containing the private workshops, and lectures.
world. - He brought literature closer to the people especially to the young
 The rise of Nationalistic poetry discussing social issues like generations by conducting literary workshops and lectures all over
poverty, inequality, and political turmoil started during the Marcos the country where he discussed literary techniques and
Era. developments.
 In the Area of short writing, after World War II, short stories
focused on the self-consciousness and self-expression of the AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
writer. - is the socially committed writer who believes that a writer should
 Short Story writers produced conscious fiction during the 1970s. uplift the human spirit by being the voice of the society in times of
 Social protest fiction was produced during the Marcos Era. oppression.
 In the area of novels, the production of novels with socio-political - Included in his numerous works are Bayang Malaya, Isang
themes continued after World War II. Dipang Langit, Luba ng Buwaya, Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas
 In the area of essay and criticism, literary criticism was produced at Iba Pang Kuwento ni Amado V. Hernandez, Magkabilang
after World War II aiming to analyze Philippine writings. Mukha ng Isang Bagol at Iba Pang Akda ni Amado V. Hernandez
 Contemporary Philippine Literature was a mixture of a variety of
subjects. It is also a product of different innovative techniques of NICK JOAQUIN
writers. - is a playwright, poet, novelist, short story writer, and a journalist.
He was the most distinguished Filipino writer who used English as
NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR LITERATURE his medium of writing.
- His literary pieces explored the Spanish colonial past of the
FRANCISCO ARCELLANA country and the social changes evident in the Philippines.
- is one of the proponents of a modern Filipino short story that uses Included in his works are Doña Geronima.
English as its language. Due to his innovativeness in developing - The Order of Melchizedek, The Ballad of Five Battles, Rizal in
fiction, he was able to produce short stories using a lyrical prose- Saga, Cave, and Shadows, and The Woman, Who Have Two
poetic approach Navels
- His works depict Filipino sensibility. He published books, poems,
and short stories. Included in his collection of short stories are LAZARO FRANCISCO
Death in a Factory, A Clown Remembers, Frankie, Lina, etc. - is a master of Tagalog novel whose literary pieces highlight the
writer's nationalism. Francisco's novels express his desire for
EDITH L. TIEMPO social change. He wrote for the masses and the common people
depicting their way of life.
- Lazaro published 11 literary pieces which are considered as - The preservation of indigenous music and innovation started.
Philippine literary classics. Included in his novels are Ama, - Local Festivals like the Las Pinas Bamboo Organ Festival was
Daluyong, and Maganda Pa ang Daigdig. established.

JOSE GARCIA VILLA

- is the contemporary poet who used the pen name Doveglion, a
combination of a dove, eagle, lion. He was known. not just locally PHILIPPINE MUSIC NATIONAL ARTISTS IN MUSIC
but internationally. He received awards outside the country for his
remarkable style in writing poetry. - The Republic of the Philippines, through the National Commission
- His poems collection includes Many Voices, Poems 55, Footnote for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the
to Youth, Poems in Praise of Love: The Best Love Poems of Jose Philippines (CCP), established The Order of the National Artist
Garcia Villa, etc. Award or the Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining on April
27, 1972 under Proclamation No. 001.
F. SIONIL JOSE - This award seeks to give honor to Filipino individuals with an
- commonly known as F. Sionil Jose, was recognized for his outstanding share in the cultural heritage and cultural identity of
remarkable writings showing the Filipino's aspiration for freedom the country by means of their valuable efforts and contributions to
and social justice. Philippine arts.
- As a journalist, he traveled to different parts of the world and
became exposed to different societal problems. ANTONIO R. BUENAVENTURA
- He realized the importance of land reform and social change and - joined Francisca Reyes-Aquino to conduct research on folksongs
wrote articles about them in the Manila Times Sunday Magazine, and dances that led to its popularization.
which won numerous awards. - Buenaventura composed songs, compositions, for solo
instruments as well as symphonic and orchestral works based on
CARLOS P. ROMULO the folksongs of various Philippine ethnic groups.
- was an editor, a reporter, and a publisher. He wrote series of - He was also a conductor and restored the Philippine Army Band
articles predicting the World War I and won the Pulitzer Prize in to its former prestige as one of the world’s finest military bands,
Journalism in America. He was the only Asian, who was given the making it “the only band that can sound like a symphony
said recognition. orchestra”.
- Moreover, he wrote muciferous literary works which include
novels, memoirs, and autobiographies. Included in his works were JOSE MACEDA
his novel The United, his autobiography I Walked with Heroes, - embarked on a lifelong dedication to the understanding and
and other war-time memoirs. popularization of Filipino traditional music.
- Aside from being a writer, he is a respected world leader. He was - Maceda’s research and fieldwork have resulted in the collection of
the first Asian, who became president of the United Nations. an immense number of recorded music taken from the remotest
mountain villages and farthest island communities.
ALEJANDRO REYES ROCES
- was a short story writer and essayist, and was considered as the Lucresia R. Kasilag
country’s best writer of comic short stories. He was known for his - reinforces the Filipino’s appreciation to music by fusing western
widely anthologized “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.” influences to Philippine ethnic music.
- In his innumerable newspaper columns, he had always focused - She integrated ethnic instruments in her orchestral production.
on the neglected aspects of Filipino cultural heritage. His works Also, Kasilag was the music director of Bayanihan Dance
have been published in various international magazines and have Company the finest cultural dance group in the Philippines.
received national and international awards.
Ernani J. Cuenco
CARLOS QUIRINO – Many of his songs etched a mark in the heart of Filipinos due to
- was the first recipient of the National Artist Award for Historical his style of incorporating Kundiman elements to ballad love
Literature awarded by 55President Fidel V. Ramos. songs.
- He was the biographer who wrote The Great MaLavan, one of the – Notable Works
first Jose Rizal biographies. Also, he has written ten books and  Bato sa Buhangin
articles which contain a wide range of topics involving Philippine  Nahan
history and culture.  Kahit na Magtiis
 Gaano kita kamahal
PHILIPPINE MUSIC
Lucio San Pedro
DURING THE EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD, THE MUSIC OF THE - a master composer known for creatively using folk idioms in his
COUNTRY WAS MOSTLY CLASSICAL DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF musical composition.
THE EUROPEANS. PHILIPPINE MUSIC - He extracted the Filipino essence and style from the folk materials
- This kind of music continued flourishing until the 1950s. It was and used them in his composition.
1960’s the avant-garde music emerged. Notable work:
- Philippine Music at the time evolved into a combination of  Sa Ugoy ng Duyan
classical and traditional music.
Antonio J. Molina
WHAT HAPPENED? - He innovated Philippine Music in his time by using folk
- Introduction of radio, film, and other technology, theater music instruments like kulintangan and gabbang.
once flourished but gradually declined. - Notable Works:
- Pinoy Pop or Manila Sound- this music is characterized as  Amihan,
western-derived with English lyrics but with Filipino spirit.  Awit ni Maria Clara
- OPM or Original Pilipino Music- purely Filipino music composed  Larawan nitong Pilipinas.
and sung by Filipino composers and singers.
- Alternative Music- a type of music that sprouted out of protest that Francisco Feliciano
later on included themes like Filipino Values, political and - corpus of creative work attests to the exceptional talent of the
Environmental concerns. Example: Freddie Aguilar’s Anak, filipino as an artist. His lifetime conscientiousness in bringing out
Herbert Bartolome’s Tayo’y mga Pinoy, and Florante De Leon’s the “asianness” in his music, whether as a composer, conductor,
Ako’y Pilipino. or educator, contributed to bringing the awareness of people all
- At present, a mixture of different genre like pop, rock, rap, and over the world to view the asian culture as a rich source of
RnB. inspiration and a celebration of our ethnicity, particularly the
- CCP or Cultural Center of the Philippines was established and Philippines.
Filipino music and artists were given importance.
Levi Celerio
- playing the violin at age of 11. he composed estimated 4000
musical works. Celerio was a national artist known for making
music using a leaf