Hello To The Brsadasz

 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted into

chemical energy.
 Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use
sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.
 Photosynthesis has 3 stages:
Stage 1: absorption of light energy
Stage 2: conversion of light energy into chemical energy, temporarily
stored in ATP and NADPH
Stage 3: storage of chemical energy in ATP and
NADPH powers the formation of organic molecules
 Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts and uses the pigment
chlorophyll.
 The following chemical equation summarizes photosynthesis:
 6H2O + 6CO2 + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 REACTANTS: water, carbon dioxide, light energy
 PRODUCTS: glucose, oxygen
 Cellular Respiration
Before energy from food can be utilized, it must be transferred to ATP in a

process called cellular respiration.
 Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that
take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from
nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste
products.
 To put it simply, cellular respiration is the process where cells produce
energy from carbohydrates.
 Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.
 The reactants of photosynthesis – carbon dioxide and water – are the
products of cellular respiration.
 The products of photosynthesis – glucose and oxygen – are the reactants
of cellular respiration.
 Cellular respiration releases much of the energy in food to make ATP.
 ATP provides cells with energy they need to carry out the activities of life.
 When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy is released into
the atmosphere as heat, while the rest is stored temporarily in molecules of
ATP.
 Cellular respiration can be aerobic respiration (with oxygen) or anaerobic
respiration (without oxygen).
The chemical formula for cellular respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
 REACTANTS: glucose, oxygen, ADP, extra phosphate
 PRODUCTS: carbon dioxide, water, ATP
 The process summarized by the equation begins in the cytoplasm of a cell
and ends in the mitochondria.
Krebs cycle and is also called aerobic respiration.

 Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
oxygen.

 Stomata
help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.
 Mesophyll
found between the upper and lower epidermis; contains the chloroplasts.
 Guard Cell
allow for gas exchange to occur, mainly carbon dioxide to enter the plant to make
food molecules such as glucose and for oxygen to be released by the plant.
 Epidermis
may be upper or lower; protects the plant from infection and water loss.
 Cuticle
outermost layer of leaves; protects plants against drought, extreme
temperatures, UV radiation, chemical attack, mechanical injuries, and
pathogen/pest infection.
 Stroma
the liquid material found throughout the cavity of the chloroplast.
 Grana
coin-shaped stack of thylakoids.
 Thylakoid
tiny compartments found inside of chloroplasts; its role is to help absorb sunlight
in order for photosynthesis to occur.
 Stroma lamella
connect thylakoids of two different grana; ensure that maximum energy from
sunlight is captured in photosynthesis.
THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE REACTANTS OF RESPIRATION = THEIR

EQUATIONS ARE THE SAME BUT OPPOSITE OF EACHTOHER, THESE PROCESSOR
AND ALL OF LIFE DEPENDS ON EACH OTHER
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- CELL STRUCTURE INVOLVED IS CHLOROPLAST
- PROCESS HAPPEN IN CELLS WITH CHLOROPLAST
- ENERY REQUIREMENT IS LIGHT ENERGY
RESPIRATION
CELL STRUCTURE INVOLVED IS MITOCHONDRIA
- PROCESS HAPPENS IN CELLSS WITH MITOCHONDIRA
- ENERY REQUIREMENT IS ATP
Got it!
Here’s a comprehensive reviewer that covers the entire content:
Reviewer: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Respiratory System Overview
 Function: Delivers oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
 Key Facts:
o Air inhaled contains more oxygen than the air exhaled, which has 100
times more carbon dioxide.
o Breathing occurs about 20,000 times daily and is an automatic
process.
Main Organs of the Respiratory System
1. Nose and Mouth (Nasal Cavity):
o Nose: Main passage for air; filters air using cilia (tiny hairs).
o Mouth: Used for breathing when more air is needed, e.g., during
exertion.
2. Pharynx:
o A passage behind the nose and mouth; part of both respiratory and
digestive systems.
o Contains tonsils and helps direct air to the larynx.
3. Larynx (Voice Box):
o Contains vocal cords; the epiglottis prevents food and liquid from
entering.
4. Trachea (Windpipe):
o Tube carrying air to the lungs; lined with ciliated cells to push
particles out.
5. Bronchi and Bronchioles:
o Bronchi: Split from the trachea; lead to each lung.
o Bronchioles: Smaller branches leading to alveoli.
6. Lungs:
o Main organs for gas exchange; consist of clusters of bronchioles and
alveoli.
Mechanism of Breathing
 Inhalation (Inspiration):
o Diaphragm contracts and moves downward, expanding the chest cavity.
o Intercostal muscles contract, pulling the rib cage up and outward.
 Exhalation (Expiration):
o Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, decreasing the chest cavity size.
Intercostal muscles relax, pushing carbon dioxide out.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The function of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen and nutrients to

the body cells and to carry deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood and carbon
dioxide back to the heart and lungs.
Reviewer: Blood and Blood Vessels

Blood Overview
 Definition: Blood is a connective tissue composed of fluid, cells, and cell
fragments.
 Components:
o Plasma: The liquid portion, making up about 55% of blood volume;
straw-colored.
o Cells in Blood:
 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Transport oxygen.
 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Part of the immune system.
 Platelets (Thrombocytes): Involved in clotting.
Blood Vessels
The circulatory system includes three main types of blood vessels:
1. Arteries:
o Function: Carry blood away from the heart.
o Type: Generally carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary
arteries).
o Structure: Branch into smaller arteries called arterioles, which lead
to capillaries.
2. Veins:
o Function: Return blood to the heart.
o Type: Typically carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins).
o Appearance: Oxygen-poor blood is darker red.
3. Capillaries:
o Function: Connect arteries and veins; facilitate the exchange of
gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues.
o Structure: Smallest blood vessels; blood cells pass through in single
file. Thin walls allow for easy diffusion of materials.
Analogy
 Transportation System:
o Arteries: Major highways (large arteries).
o Veins: Return routes (large veins).
o Capillaries: Side streets (smallest vessels) connecting
neighborhoods (tissues).
Key Points
 Blood is vital for transporting oxygen and nutrients, as well as removing
waste products.
 The structure of blood vessels ensures efficient circulation and nutrient
exchange.
Blood Flow in the Heart
Once you know the basic structures and actions of the heart, it is now easier to
understand how oxygenated (oxygen-rich) and deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood
flow through this organ.
1. Deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood from the body enters the right atrium.
2. Blood then flows through right Atrioventricular (AV) valve going to right
ventricle.
3. Contraction of right ventricle pushes the pulmonary valve open. With that,
blood moves through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk.
4. Then it is dispersed by right and left pulmonary arteries to both right and left
lungs, where it drops off Carbon dioxide (CO2) and picks up oxygen (O2).
5. Oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood from lungs returns thru pulmonary arteries
going to left atrium.
6. From there, it flows through left Atrioventricular (AV) valve into left ventricle.
7. Contraction of left ventricle makes the aortic valve open. This makes blood flow
to aorta.
8. It is then disseminated to every structure in the body, where it unloads O2 and
loads CO2.
9. Blood reverts to heart thru vena cava.
The Respiratory and Circulatory systems working together Every cell in your body
needs nutrients and oxygen to function, but it also needs to get rid of waste
products. The circulatory system transports blood and other materials. It carries
essential supplies to the cells and extracts their wastes. The organization of the
blood vessels in the circulatory system also keeps oxygen-poor blood from mixing
with oxygen-rich blood. While in respiratory system, gas exchange takes place. You
can think of it as a supply warehouse where the blood can load up oxygen (O2)
and expel carbon dioxide (CO2). The lungs of the respiratory system are the only
place in your body where gases in the blood are exchanged with gases from the
atmosphere. The respiratory and circulatory systems work closely together to
maintain homeostasis in the face of constant change. Every time you exercise, lie
down to rest, or simply stand up, you change your needs for oxygen and nutrients.
As a result, your heart speeds up or slows down and you breathe faster or slower,
depending on your activity.

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 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted into

Before energy from food can be utilized, it must be transferred to ATP in a

Krebs cycle and is also called aerobic respiration.

THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE REACTANTS OF RESPIRATION = THEIR

Reviewer: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

The function of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen and nutrients to

Reviewer: Blood and Blood Vessels

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