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11 AI level 1 notes

Artifical intelligence (Delhi Public School, Ranchi)

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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION: AI FOR EVERYONE

What is AI?
According to JOHN MC CARTHY [Father of AI]
“The Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent Computer programs is
Artificial intelligence.”
It refers to;
o the ability of a computer or machine to mimic the capabilities of the human mind-
o learning from examples and experience, recognizing objects,
o understanding and responding to language,
o making decisions,
o solving problems and combining these and other capabilities to perform functions a human might
perform, such as greeting a hotel guest or driving a car
World Famous AI Machines:
• IBM Watson, Google’s Driverless car, Sophia, the humanoid Robot, The assistant / Chabot - Alexa, Siri,
Google’s Home, Honda Asimo, Boston Dynamics I Robot

Explain the History of AI.

In 1950’s
The modern-day AI got impetus since 50s of the previous centuries, once Alan Turning introduced “Turning
Test” for assessment of intelligence.
In 1955
John McCarthy known as the founder of Artificial Intelligence introduced the term ‘Artificial Intelligence’.
McCarthy along with Alan Turing, Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Marvin Minsky too has the greatest
contribution to present day machine intelligence. Alan suggested that if humans use accessible information,
as well as reason, to solve problems to make decisions – then why can’t it be done with the help of
machines?
In 1970’s
70 s saw an upsurge of computer era. These machines were much quicker, affordable and stowed more
information. They had an amazing character to think abstract, could self-recognize and accomplished natural
language processing.
In 1980’s
These were the years that saw flow of funds for research and algorithmic tools. The learning skills were
enhanced and computers improved with deeper user experience.
In 2000’s
Many unsuccessful attempts, Alas! The technology was successfully established by years 2000.The
milestones were realised, that needed to be accomplished. AI could somehow manage to thrive despite lack
of government funds and public appreciation.

What is Machine Learning (ML)?

• Machine learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) focused on building applications that
learn from data and improve their accuracy over time without being programmed to do so.
• In machine learning, algorithms are 'trained' to find patterns and features in massive amounts of data
in order to make decisions and predictions based on new data. The better the algorithm, the more
accurate the decisions and predictions will become as it processes more data.
• In simple words, Machine Learning is a subset of AI which predicts results based on incoming data.

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How does machine learning works?

Machine learning starts with data — numbers, photos, or text, like bank transactions, pictures of people or
even bakery items, repair records, time series data from sensors, or sales reports.
The data is gathered and prepared to be used as training data, or the information the machine learning model
will be trained on. The more data, the better the program.
From there, programmers choose a machine learning model to use, supply the data, and let the computer
model train itself to find patterns or make predictions.
Machine learning is behind,
➢ chatbots and predictive text,
➢ language translation apps,
➢ the shows Netflix suggests to you,
➢ and how your social media feeds are presented.
➢ It powers autonomous vehicles
➢ machines that can diagnose medical conditions based on images.

The function of a machine learning system can be,

Descriptive, meaning that the system uses the data to explain what happened;
Predictive, meaning the system uses the data to predict what will happen; or
Prescriptive, meaning the system will use the data to make suggestions about what action to take.

Difference between Conventional programming and Machine Learning

Conventional Programming refers to any manually created program which uses input data, runs on a
computer and produces the output.

A programmer accepts the input, gives the instruction (through Code / Computer language) to the computer
to produce an output/destination.
Example. Below are the steps to convert Celcius scale to Fahrenheit scale
• Step -1: Take input (Celcius)
• Step-2: Apply the conversion formula:
Fahrenheit =Celcius * 1.8 + 32
• Step -3: Print the Output (Fahrenheit)
Here , we are telling the computer what to do on the input data i.e. multiply Celcius with 1.8 and
then add 32 to obtain the value in Fahrenheit

Machine Learning (or AI) Approach

On the contrary, in Machine Learning (ML), the input data and the output data are fed to an algorithm
(Machine learning algorithm) to create a program.

• For example, if the same Python program above is to be written using the Machine Learning
approach, the code will look like this:
• Step 1: Feed lot many values in Celcius
(i.e. -40, -10, 0, 8, 15, 22, 38)
• Step -2: Feed corresponding Fahrenheit values (i.e. -40, 14, 32, 46, 59, 72, 100)
• Step -3: Pass these 2 sets of values to Machine Learning (ML) algorithm
• Step- 4: Now you ask the ML program to predict (convert) any other celcius value to Fahrenheit, and
program will tell you the answer.
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How is machine learning related to AI?

• AI is a technology to create intelligent machines that can recognize human speech, can see (vision),
assimilate knowledge, strategize and solve problems as humans do. Broadly, AI entails all those
technologies or fields that aim to create intelligent machines.
• Machine learning provides machines the ability to learn, forecast and progress on their own without
specifically being programmed.

Data. What is it?

• Modern day scholars have coined the phrase ‘Data is the new oil’.
• Data can be defined as a representation of facts or instructions about some entity (students, school,
sports, business, animals etc.) that can be processed or communicated by human or machines.
• Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, pictures, audio clips, videos, maps,
measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things. Data maybe represented with the
help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+, -, /, *, <,>, = etc.

What are the two categories of data? Explain.

Data can be sorted into one of the two categories stated below:
• 1) Structured Data 2) Unstructured Data
1) ‘Structured data’ is most often categorized as quantitative data, and it's the type of data most of us
work with every day. Structured data has predefined data types and format so that it fits well in the
column/ fields of database or spreadsheet. They are highly organised and easily analysed.
• The data is structured in accurately defined fields. The data that can be stored in relational databases
or spread sheets (like Excel) is the best example of structured data.
2) ‘Unstructured data’ is most often categorized as qualitative data, and it cannot be processed and
analysed using conventional relational database (RDBMS) methods.
• Examples of unstructured data include text, video, audio, mobile activity, social media activity,
satellite imagery, surveillance imagery and the list goes on.
• Unstructured data is difficult to deconstruct because it has no pre-defined model, meaning it cannot
be organized in relational databases. Instead, nonrelational, or NOSQI databases, are best fit for
managing unstructured data

What are the three subcategories of Machine learning? Explain.

There are three subcategories of machine learning:

1. Supervised machine learning models
➢ trained with labeled data sets, which allow the models to learn and grow more accurate over time.
➢ For example, an algorithm would be trained with pictures of dogs and other things, all labeled by
humans, and the machine would learn ways to identify pictures of dogs on its own.
➢ Supervised machine learning is the most common type used today.

2. Unsupervised machine learning

➢ a program looks for patterns in unlabeled data.
➢ Unsupervised machine learning can find patterns or trends that people aren’t explicitly looking for.
➢ For example, an unsupervised machine learning program could look through online sales data and
identify different types of clients making purchases.

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3. Reinforcement machine learning

➢ Trains machines through trial and error to take the best action by establishing a reward system.
➢ Reinforcement learning can train models to play games or train autonomous vehicles to drive by
telling the machine when it made the right decisions, which helps it learn over time what actions it
should take.
➢ In reinforcement learning, artificial intelligence faces a game-like situation. The computer employs
trial and error to come up with a solution to the problem.
➢ To get the machine to do what the programmer wants, the artificial intelligence gets either rewards or
penalties for the actions it performs.
➢ Its goal is to maximize the total reward.

What is Deep Learning?

✓ Deep learning is a subset of machine learning (all deep learning is machine learning, but not all
machine learning is deep learning).
✓ Deep learning algorithms define an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that is designed to learn the
way the human brain learns.
✓ Deep learning models require large amounts of data that pass through multiple layers of calculations,
applying weights and biases in each successive layer to continually adjust and improve the outcomes.
❖ For example, in an image recognition system, some layers of the neural network might detect
individual features of a face, like eyes, nose, or mouth, while another layer would be able to tell
whether those features appear in a way that indicates a face.
{OPTIONAL}
Deep Learning is inspired from human brain and the neurons in the human brain. Therefore, in order to
understand Deep Learning, we will first need to know about ‘neurons’.
• A small child learns to distinguish between a school bus and a regular transit bus. How?
• How do we unconsciously perform complex pattern recognition tasks?
• How do we easily differentiate between our pet dog and a street dog?
• The answer is we have a vast biological neural network that connects the neurons to our nervous
systems. Our brain is a very complex network comprising of about 10 billion neurons each
connected to 10 thousand other neurons.

In short, Deep Learning consists of artificial neural networks designed on similar networks present in the
human brain. The idea of ANN in Deep Learning is based on the belief that human brain works by making
the right connections, and this pattern can be imitated using silicon and wires in place of living neurons.

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What are Neural Networks?

• Neural networks are a commonly used, specific class of machine learning algorithms.
• Artificial Neural Networks are modeled on the human brain, in which thousands or millions of
processing nodes are interconnected and organized into layers.
• In an Artificial Neural Network, cells, or nodes, are connected, with each cell processing inputs and
producing an output that is sent to other neurons.
• Labeled data moves through the nodes, or cells, with each cell performing a different function.
• In a neural network trained to identify whether a picture contains a cat or not, the different nodes
would assess the information and arrive at an output that indicates whether a picture features a cat.

Explain the nodes of a NEURAL NETWORK.

• The most common structure for a neural network consists of three separate nodes known as input,
hidden and output.
• Input Node: This is the layer where information or initial data from the real world gets introduced
into the neural network. The information is then passed onto the hidden node where computations
can begin.
• Hidden Node: There is no connection to the real world at
• this stage. This is the point where the machine uses the information received from the input node, it
carries out computation and processing on it. There can be more than one hidden layer.
• Output Node: This is the final stage where the computations conclude, and data is made available to
the output layer from where it gets transferred back into the real-world environment.

What is Artificial Neural Network?

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be described as layers of software units called neurons (also called
node), connected with different neurons in a layered manner. These networks transform data from one
neuron to another neuron until they can classify it as an output. Neural network is again a technique to build
a computer program that learns from data.’

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What is the difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning?

Explain some applications of Deep Learning.

Automated Driving: Automotive researchers are using profound learning to robotically spot entities such as
stop lights and traffic signals. In addition, deep learning is also used to detect pedestrians, reducing the incident
of accidents.
Aerospace and Defence: Identifying objects from satellites and locate safe and unsafe zones for troops is
another area where Deep Learning is playing major role.
Medical Research: Deep Learning is used by cancer researchers to automatically detect cancer cells.
Industrial Automation: Deep learning is helping to improve worker safety around heavy machinery by
automatically detecting when people or objects are within an unsafe distance from the machines.

Explain a few examples of Machine Learning that we use every day:

1. Virtual Personal Assistant like Siri, Alexa, Google Home etc.

2. Predictions while commuting - like Traffic Forecasts on Google Maps.
3. Video Surveillance systems nowadays are powered by AI that makes it possible to detect crime before
they happen. They track unusual behaviour of people like standing motionless for a long time, stumbling,
or napping on benches etc.
4. Social Media Services
- Facebook Friend Suggestion: Facebook continuously notices the friends that you connect with, the profiles
that you visit very often. On the basis of continuous learning, list of Facebook users is suggested that you
can become friends with.
- Face Recognition on Facebook: When you upload a picture of yourself with a friend does Facebook
instantly recognizes that friend? Facebook checks the poses and projections in the picture, notices the unique
features, and then matches the same with the people in your friends list.
5. Email spam and malware filtering –
Emails are arranged according to some standards as per email
spam. Mail filtering manages received mails, detects and removes the ones holding malicious codes such as
virus, Trojan or malware.

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6. Product recommendations –
You often receive emails from similar merchandizers after you have
shopped online for a product. The products are either similar or matches your taste, it definitely refines the
shopping experience. Did you know that it is Machine Learning working its magic in the back?
7. Online Fraud Detection
Machine learning is lending its potential to make cyberspace a secure place by tracking monetary frauds
online. Take for example PayPal is using ML for protection against money laundering. Even with the
advancements we have made in ML over the years, there are instances where a Grade 2 student has
been able to beat a computer by solving a problem faster.

Explain some jobs Jobs which will grow with the help of AI .
1) Creative Jobs
Professionals like artists, doctors, scientists are only a few which can be labelled creative. Such category of
jobs is only going to get refined and advance by use of AI. The number of such professionals required will
not increase. But AI will make certain parts of these jobs less complex for humans, so it will become easier
in the future to learn the skill in lesser time and flourish.

2) Management Jobs
Management jobs cannot be replaced by artificial managers. Human managers have to manage artificial
managers. Managing is a very complex task which involves deep understanding of people and
communication. There are already few smart tools which help managers become more effective at their job.

3) Tech Jobs
Programmers, data scientists, people who work on the creation and maintenance of AI systems are the
jobs of the future and they will be very important for humanity to make the next large step of its
evolution. They too should undergo certain changes. Few of the tech jobs which are in demand today
may become less common, while others may become more vital.

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