M5034/2401

Electrical Principles

Laboratory Report on DC Transient &Voltage Divider

Student Name: Aman Kumar

Student Number: 23540174
Table of contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 3
2. Methodology.………………………………………………………………………………… 4
2.1 Methodology 1 …………………………………………………………………………. 5
2.2 Methodology 2 …………………………………………………………………………. 5
3. Results ………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
3.1 Results 1 ………………………………………………………………………….……. 6
3.2 Results 2 ………………………………………………………………………………... 7
4. Conclusion/Recommendations ……………………………………………………………. 5
5. References …………………………………………………………………………………......6
Introduction

Voltage Divider

A simple circuit used to produce an output equivalent to a part of the input voltage is a voltage divider. A voltage
source and two resistors are the only passive parts that can be used in the design of this circuit. In the circuit,
resistors can be connected in series, and a voltage source is connected across them. A potential divider is another
name for this circuit. The circuit's two resistors can transfer the input voltage to one another, causing the voltage to
split. Generally, these dividers serve as signal reducers at low frequencies or to lower the magnitude of the voltage
or to establish a reference voltage. Using a voltage divider is appropriate for DC and low frequencies.

DC Transients

The study of transient and steady-state response of a circuit is very important as they form the building blocks of
most electrical circuits. Since they are the fundamental components of many electrical circuits, the study of a
circuit's transient and steady-state response is crucial. It investigates how capacitors when connected in series with a
resistor, respond to sudden variations in direct current voltage, or transient voltages. As they absorb and release
energy, capacitors react gradually, in opposition to resistors, which react instantly to applied voltage. Circuit
conditions differ each time a switch is turned on or an input is connected, but these changes are unpredictable.
During these short transient events, circuits and their individual components may act differently than they would
ordinarily under normal, "steady" conditions. A capacitor's voltage cannot fluctuate suddenly since it takes time for
the electric charge to develop.

There are many useful applications for series R-C networks. They are often used in timing circuits for controlling
repeated actions at certain times of time. A circuit that illuminates an LED on and off once every second is one
example. A series R-C circuit is one of the most popular methods of designing a circuit to do this, but there are other
methods as well.
 Methodology 1
Q1a. For the given circuit diagram calculate parameters (resistance and power rating) of the resistors R1 and R2
Vin = 45 V, Vout = 15 V, I = 100mA,
R1 = PR1 = R2 = PR2 =

Voltage Divider Eqaution Finding R2

V (Out) = Vin*R2 ∕ (R 1+R2)
V(Output) = Vin*R2 ∕ (R 1+R2) R1 +R2 = 450Ω
Given 15V = 45* R2/450
• Vin=45v R2 =15x450/45
• VOut = 15v ∵ R2 =150 Ω
• I= 100mA
Using Ohms law, we know. Finding R1
V=IR V=IR
45=100mA(R1+R2) 45-15= 0.1R1
Now using Voltage Divider Equation, we can find value of R2 and R1 R1 = 300 Ω or
Or use
R1=RT -R2 →450Ω-150Ω=300Ω

Now we have found the values of R1 and R2 the power can easily be found with all the knowns.

I=0.1A P =I2R
R1 =300Ω PR1 = (0.1)2 *(300) =3W
R2=150Ω
PR2 = (0.1)2 *(150) =1.5W

R1=300 Ω R2=150 Ω PR1=3W PR2=1.5W

Q1bDraw the Vout -Vin characteristics of the voltage divider for the given range of input voltage

Vin = 15V, 30V, 45V, 60V

Now to find Vout -Vin characteristicsof the voltage divider,we will deduce the output voltages for the given ranges
 For Vin =15V For Vin =30V
Vout = ? Vout = ?
V out = 15(R2/R1 +R2) V out = 30(R2/R1 +R2)
=15x(150/300+150) =30x(150/300+150)
= 5V = 10V

For Vin =45V For Vin =15V

Vout = ? Vout = ?
V out = 45(R2/R1 +R2) V out = 60(R2/R1 +R2)
=45x(150/300+150) =60x(150/300+150)
= 15V = 20V

Methodology 2

2a. How long will it take to fully charge a capacitor? Use the most appropriate prefix for your answer
1. Calculate voltage across the capacitor 5 ms after the switch is closed
2. Calculate current through the resistor 18 ms after the switch is closed
3. How long will it take to charge the capacitor to 50% of Vs?
R =220ohm C = 10µF
To fully charge a capacitor, it takes approximately 5 Time to fully charge
time constants, where the time constant (τ) Tau =5×τ
τ = RC. = 5 × 2.2 ms = 11mS
= (220 Ω) × (10 × 10^-6 F)
= 2.2× (10^-3S) = 2.2mS
To find the voltage across the capacitor 5 ms after
the switch is closed: capacitor (Vc) during charging Current through the resistor 18 mS after
is given by: the switch is closed: t = 18 mS
VC= VS * (1 - e^(-t/τ)) I= (Vs / R) * e^(-t/τ)
At t = 5 ms: VC = VS * (1 - e^(-5/2.2)) I = (5V / 220 ohms) * e^ (-18 mS / 2.2 mS)
= VS * (1 - e^(-2.27)) I = (5V / 220 ohms) * e^ (-8.1818)
= VS * (1 - 0.095) I = (5V / 220 ohms) * 0.000269
VC = VS * 0.905 I=0.011 m
∵ VC = VS 0.905 Fully charge state so no current will after
switch is closed. I=0A
To find how long it will take to charge the capacitor to 50%
of Vs: We can use the formula for the voltage across the
capacitor:
Vc = Vs * (1 - e^(-t/τ)) ln(0.5 ) = (-t/τ)
Given Vc = 0.5 * Vs t = -τ * ln(0.5)
0.5 * Vs = Vs * (1 - e^(-t/τ)) t =2.2 mS* ln (0.5)
0.5 =1 - e^(-t/τ)) =-2.2 × 10^-3 * (-0.693)
-0.5= -e^(-t/τ) t = 1.5266 × 10^-6
t = 1.5266 mS

So, it will take approximately 1.53 ms to charge the capacitor to 50% of Vs.
Results for Voltage Divider

Q1bDraw the Vout -Vin characteristics of the voltage divider for the given range of input voltage

Vin = 15V, 30V, 45V, 60V

Voltage Characteristics at various input voltges

Results for RC Transient
Recommendations for RC Transient analysis

We can use a variable resistor and higher value capictance to achieve better simulatied projection.Usually the use of
function generator and step volatge would yield better reults.

Also if we place two switches in RC circuit closing one switch and opening other,the current will rise to
maximumvalue of V/R and will decay exponentially unitil it reaches zero,its steady state.Then closing switch 2 will
allow current to flow out of capacitor in opposite directions to show the decay as elaborted in below graph.

Conclusion
A useful tool for validating and optimizing these circuits' performance is Multisim simulation software. By simulating
circuit behaviour under different conditions, Multisim allows engineers to analyse transient responses, verify
calculations, and optimize component values for desired performance. In addition to the the outcomes of
simulations, real calculated values derived from mathematical analysis provide comprehensive understanding of
circuit behaviour.

In conclusion, Engineering students may successfully build and analyse voltage dividers, DC transient circuits, and
series R-C networks by combining their theoretical understanding with real-world calculations and simulation tools
like Multisim. This integrated approach ensures optimal performance and functionality by making it easier to create
dependable electronic systems for a variety of applications.

References
Gussow Milton. (2007) Schaum’s Outline Basic Electricity (Gussow,2007, p110)
Bird John. Fifth Edition Electrical Electronics Principle (Bird,2014 p65,p285)