PPG Sheesh

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>POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
The origin
During the French National Assembly in 1789
Drafting of a constitution for the authority of the King, particularly to King Louis XVI.
Seated on the left: Anti-royalists revolutionaries

Seated on the right: Aristocratic conservatives
IDEOLOGY
- analysis of ideas into sensory elements. (Antoine Louis Claude Destutt Comte de Tracy)
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
- A belief in the way government should run within a society.
- A set of beliefs or principles especially one on which a political system, party,
organization is based.
Nota Bene:
Political Ideologies are complex.
Concerns and issues of Political ideologies

● Economic system
● Education system
● Health care system
● Military
● Race
● Immigration system
● Justice system
● Labor and criminal laws
Liberalism (Left)
- Advocates vigorous public policies.
Liberal beliefs
● Individualism: The individual takes priority over society.
● Freedom: The right to make choices for themselves.
● Equality: No person is morally or politically superior to others. Hierarchies are rejected.
● Rationalism: Humans can think logically & rationally. Logic & reason help solve
problems.
● Progress: Traditions should not be kept unless they have value. New ideas should be
entertained for sciences, economy, & society.
● The free market: Liberalism & capitalism go together. It easily creates wealth for the
people.
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Conservatism (Right)
- General preference for the existing order of society (status quo)
Conservative beliefs
● Stability: Change must be made gradually to preserve order in society. Revolutions
opens for chaotic turbulence & unruly instability.
● Human Fallibility: Humans are frequently ignorant, entitled, prejudiced, emotional &
irrational. Liberals overestimates human capability.
● Concreteness: Liberals are too abstract that focuses on freedom & equality but not on
the concrete & practical way people live daily.
● Unique Circumstances: There is no answer perfect & universal answer to the problems
of society; the circumstances differs to one another.
Moderates (Middle)
- Represent a mix of both liberal and conservative idelogies.
Marxism
- Describes the weaknesses & strengths of the capitalist economic system. Argued
that it would eventually be overthrown in order to bring about a more just & equal society.
Socialism & Communism. —Karl Marx
- Bourgeoisie & Proletariat
Socialism
- collective or governmental ownership
- transitory stage under the dictatorship of the proletariat towards communism.
Socialist beliefs
● Collectivism: Individualism is poisonous. Human being are natural social creatures &
can adapt to social policies over individual priorities.
● Public ownership: Society, not individuals, should own the property.
● Central Economic Planning: The government should plan the economy; not a free
market system.
● Economic Equality: All citizens have roughly the same level of prosperity.
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Communism
- communal ownership of all property and a classless social structure
- an authoritative economic plan
Dictatorship
- is a political system in which the opportunity to participate in decisions is restricted to
a few. —Prof. Robert A. Dahl
Totalitarianism
- Modern form of dictatorship in which the state controls nearly every aspect of the
individual’s life —(Dictatorship of the left-[poor class]) Joseph Stalin
Authoritarianism
- Concentration of political power in one man or a small group of persons which
emphasizes obedience of the people to their rulers. —(Dictatorship of the right-[rich
class]) Park Chung Hee
“He who controls the past, controls the future. He who controls the present, controls the
past.” —George Orwell
Anarchism
- (government) undesirable, unnecessary & harmful. Promotes a stateless
society.—Mikhail Bakunin
Anarchist beliefs
● Nihilism: everything must be periodically destroyed to start anew—both government &
society.
Libertarianism
- should be small and play only the most minimal possible role
Fascism
- racial superiority
- rightist single party dictatorship which is intesely nationalist, racialist, militarist, and
imperialist. (Prof. Alan O. Ebenstein)
Untermensch
- German term for people they considered racially and socially inferior
and weak. —Adolf Hitler
“ANYBODY CAN BECOME A TYRANT “

—Bruce Bueno de Mesquita
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>Power (Nature, Dimensions, Consequence, and Bases.)
“Scientia potentia est Knowledge is power” —Francis Bacon
POWER
- is the ability to make others do what you would have them do.
- possibility to influence others.
- is never static
- make their own concerns or interests count, even where others resist.
DISTINCTION OF POWER
● “Power over”- The ability to dominate another person or group (force & threat)
● “Power to”- The ability to do something on one’s own (Intellect, resources, knowledge,
stamina etc.)
● “Power with”- The ability to work with others to get something by
cooperation.(Consensus, social quotient, social skills, delegating leadership ,etc.)
AUTHORITY
- Technically, means “official power”.
BASES OF POWER
Legitimate Power- Power that comes from one’s

organizational role or position.
Reward Power- The ability to grant recompense.

In exchange of compliance, the form of giving
something that has value.
Coercive Power- punish someone for

noncompliance. Often operates with fear.
Expert Power- Emanates from the knowledge

and skills of a person.
Information Power- Rose out from the ability to access to specific information.
Referent Power- Stems from the personal characteristics of the person to which we like,
respect, and want to be like them.
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Machiavellian concept of Power
- Since there cannot be good laws without good arms, I will not consider law but speak of
arms.
The Prince
- The real concern of political rulers is the acquisition and maintenance of power. –The
Application of power.
Consequences of Power
- Power, particularly coercive power, can turn out disastrous if not used rightfully.
Significance of Power
● a. Power gives security & protection.
● b. Power creates status.
● c. Power provides special opportunities.
● d. Power affects the behavior of the buyer “powerful”.
● e. Power necessitates improvement economically.
“Knowledge will give you power, but character respect” —Bruce Lee
POWER FORMULA
power + character = good citizen

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Seated on the left: Anti-royalists revolutionaries

Concerns and issues of Political ideologies

“ANYBODY CAN BECOME A TYRANT “

>Power (Nature, Dimensions, Consequence, and Bases.)

“Scientia potentia est Knowledge is power” —Francis Bacon

Legitimate Power- Power that comes from one’s

Reward Power- The ability to grant recompense.

Coercive Power- punish someone for

Expert Power- Emanates from the knowledge

Machiavellian concept of Power

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