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    Lecture 1 PF

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    Lecture 1 PF

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    64 views29 pages

    Lecture 1 PF

    Uploaded by

    mhmahb56ad000
    Please download my book

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 29

    Programming Fundamentals

    Course
    Course Title: Programming Fundamentals
    Course Code: CS-111
    Credit Hours: 4 (3 + 1)

    Semester: FALL 2024


    Recommended Text Books
    🞂 Recommended Text Books:
    ◦ Introduction to Programming with C++, Liang, Y.D, 3rd Edition

    🞂 Reference Books:

    ◦ OOP using C++ by Tasleem Mustafa, Imran Saeed


    ◦ Turbo C++ by Robert Lafore.
    ◦ C++ How to Program by Deitel
    Course Structure
    🞂 Course Work
    ◦ Lectures
    ◦ Assignments
    ◦ Quizzes
    ◦ Project
    Evaluation Criteria

    S. No. Assessment Items %age


    1 Assignments 5
    2 Quizzes / Class Participation 10
    3 Project 10
    4 1st Sessional (after 4 weeks) 10
    5 2nd Sessional (after 9 weeks) 15
    6 Final examination (after 15 weeks) 50
    Today’s Lecture

    🞂 Computers
    🞂 Components of computers
    ◦ Hardware
    ◦ Software
    7
    1. A Computer is an electronic machine
    which is used for data processing.

    2. A computer is a programmable machine, i.e.,


    A machine that can receive, store, and
    process data.
    3. An electronic device for storing and processing
    data, typically in binary form, according to
    instructions given to it in a variable program.

    4. A device that computes, especially a programmable


    electronic machine that performs high-speed
    mathematical or logical operations according to a set
    of instructions and that assembles, stores, correlates
    information.

    9
    🞂 Take input
    🞂 Computes

    🞂 Programmable electronic machine

    🞂 High speed

    🞂 Store information

    🞂 Accept Set of instructions

    🞂 Produces output

    10
    🞂 Two components
    ◦ Hardware
    🞂 The physical equipment required to create, use, manipulate
    and store electronic data
    ◦ Software
    🞂 Set of instructions written in some programing language
    🞂 The computerised instructions that operate a computer,
    manipulate the data and execute particular functions or tasks.

    11
    12
    🞂 Physical parts
    ◦ Memory (Main/ Secondary).
    ◦ CPU(Central Processing Unit)
    🞂 ALU(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
    🞂 CU(Control Unit).
    ◦ I/O Devices
    ◦ Peripheral device
    🞂 Central processing unit (CPU):
    ◦ The chip or chips at the heart of a computer that enable it to
    process data.
    ◦ Also known as a processor

    🞂 Memory:
    ◦ An area within a computer system that holds data waiting to be
    processed.

    🞂 Storage device:
    ◦ The place where a computer puts data.
    🞂 Input devices
    ◦ The devices that allow data and instructions to enter a
    computer (such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner)

    🞂 Output devices:
    ◦ the devices that allow information to be represented (that is,
    given out) to the user, such as a display screen or printer)

    🞂 Peripheral device:
    ◦ Any piece of equipment in a computer system that is not
    actually inside the computer itself.
    ◦ Printers, scanners and external disk drives
    🞂 The most common type of memory that most
    users are familiar with is ‘main memory’ or ‘RAM’
    (Random-Access Memory).
    🞂 RAM holds an area in the computer system unit
    that temporarily holds a user’s data, operating
    system instructions and program instructions.
    🞂 The word ‘main’ is used to distinguish it from
    external mass storage devices such as the hard
    drive or disk drives.
    Memory
    ▪ A computer’s memory consists of an ordered sequence of bytes for
    storing programs as well as data that the program is working with.
    ▪ You can think of memory as the computer’s work area for
    executing a program. A program and its data must be moved
    into the computer’s memory before they can be executed by
    the CPU.
    ▪ Every byte in the memory has a unique address, as shown in Figure
    ▪ The address is used to locate the byte for storing and retrieving
    the data. Since the bytes in the memory can be accessed in any
    order, the memory is also referred to as random-access
    memory (RAM).
    🞂 Read Only Memory
    🞂 Memory on which data has been prerecorded.
    🞂 Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it
    cannot be removed and can only be read.
    🞂 Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents
    even when the computer is turned off.
    🞂 ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas RAM
    is volatile.
    🞂 Most PCs contain a small amount of ROM that stores
    critical programs such as the program that boots the
    computer.
    🞂 Different types of ROM
    ◦ PROM (programmable read-only memory).
    ◦ EPROM
    1. Set of instructions that tells a computer
    component (hardware) how to perform a
    task.
    🞂 Set of instruction = Program
    🞂 Program is a set of instructions in any computer
    programming language which directs computer to do
    specific tasks.
    1. Integrated set of programs

    2. Program + data + documentation

    3. Simulation of business processes


    🞂 There are two types of software

    ◦ System Software

    ◦ Application Software.
    🞂 System software – programs to control the
    operations of computer equipment
    ◦ Operating system
    ◦ Compiler
    ◦ Loader
    ◦ Linker
    ◦ Interpreter

    🞂 System software is a term referring to any


    computer software which manages and controls
    the hardware so that application software can
    perform a task
    Operating System (OS)

    The operating system is the software that manages computer


    hardware and software resources. It provides services for
    computer programs and acts as an in-between between users
    and the computer hardware. Examples include Windows,
    macOS, and Linux.

    Compiler

    A compiler is a program that translates source code written in


    a high-level programming language (like C or Java) into
    machine code or an intermediate form (like bytecode). This
    machine code can be executed directly by the computer's
    CPU.

    Loader

    A loader is a part of the operating system responsible for


    loading executable files into memory. It prepares the program
    for execution by allocating memory and resolving any
    dependencies, such as linking to libraries.

    Linker

    A linker is a tool that combines one or more object files


    generated by a compiler into a single executable program. It
    resolves references between files, ensuring that functions and
    variables defined in one file can be used in another.

    Interpreter

    An interpreter is a program that executes instructions written in a


    programming or scripting language directly, without the need for
    prior compilation into machine code. This allows for immediate
    execution and testing of code, making it useful for scripting
    languages like Python and Ruby.
    🞂 Application Software includes programs that do
    real work for user.
    ◦ Manage student database,
    ◦ Payroll systems,
    ◦ Inventory Control,
    ◦ Word Processor, Spreadsheet and
    ◦ Database Management System etc.,
    🞂 Application Software – programs that
    tell a computer how to produce
    information
    Next Lecture

    Why Programming ?

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