HB&CM 2

Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that defines an
individual�s characteristics, behaviors and qualities. Personality is more than

charm, poise, or physical appearance, this includes the following;
a) Habits � reactions so often repeated that becomes a person�s fixed

characteristic or tendency.
b) Attitudes � may either be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable,

learned or acquired.
c) Physical traits � this includes facial appearance, height, weight, physical,

defects, complexion, strength and health.
d) Mental traits � includes our ability to control the mind
Mental abilities:
1. Problem solving ability
2. Memory and learning ability
3. Perceptual ability
4. Constructive imagination
5. Special; imagination
6. Soundness of judgment
7. General adaptability
e) Emotional traits � gives an individual the capacity to face different

situations in life and still maintain composure
f) Social traits � the individual�s ability to get along fine with others.
g) Moral and religious traits � the standards of a person�s action and

behaviors.
Social Learning theories

This theory advocate that personality traits are the result of learning as
one interacts with people. Personality is mainly composed of habits and learned
responses to stimuli in the environment.
Masiov�s self-actualization theory
Maslov maintains that man is naturally good and that self-actualization is

his goal. And blocking this goal makes man frustrated and neurotic. Aggressions and
destruction are not natural, but they are the result of an environment that
prevents the attainment of goals. This theory makes human needs comes first,
followed by safety needs, then belongingness. Self-esteem and self-actualization
comes last.
Human needs � arises out of person�s biological and psychological makeup. They are
the following:
1. Biogenic needs � refers to the needs of the body existing primarily for the
maintenance of health and protection of the body against physical injuries. E.g.
need for food, air, rest, sex and avoidance of pain.
2. Psychogenic or sociogenic needs � includes the need for love, affection,

security growth and achievement, and recognition from others.
According to A.H. Maslow, who introduced the hierarchy of needs which ascends from
the basic biological needs present at birth to the more complex psychological needs
which becomes important only after the more basic needs have been satisfied.
Frustration occurs when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of need. Man
becomes anxious and restless and tries to seek means of relieving these anxieties.
So he tries to engage in various forms of activities intended to satisfy hi needs
and reduces his tensions.
Reaction to Frustration
People differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual�s way of

reacting to frustration is known as coping mechanism. Generally reacting to one or
two ways; by fighting the problem in a constructive way and direct way by means of
breaking down the obstacles that stop a persons from reaching his goal; or by
getting angry and becoming aggressive; or by running away from the problem or fight
by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving up without a fight. These
reactions to frustration are called fight-flight reactions.
Frustration tolerance
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states or
tolerance to frustration. Some people are able to withstand prolonged periods of
tension without showing signs of abnormality. Other become neurotic or psychotic,
or convert their frustration into anti-social acts or become alcoholics or drug
addicts. Most people react to frustration in the following ways;
1. Direct approach
2. Detour or change direction
3. Substitution
4. Withdrawal or retreat
5. developing feelings of inferiority
6. aggressions, and
7. use of defense mechanism
Defense mechanism
They are unconscious psychological processes that serve as safety valves to
provide relief from emotional conflict and anxiety. Defense mechanisms are forms of
self deception which a person may not be aware of they are resorted to whenever
psychological equilibrium is threatened by severe emotional injury arising from
frustration. Among the most common defense mechanism used are the following:
1. Identification � a process whereby an individual�s without awareness,

satisfies, frustrated desires by psychologically assuming the role of another
person.
2. Substitution � is resorted to, when an unattainable or unacceptable goal,
emotion, or object is replaced by one that is attainable or acceptable.
3. Compensation � a process whereby one makes up for some real o imaginary

inadequacy by doing well in another activity.
4. Rationalization � it is a fallacious thinking intended to justify ideas and

behavior in a way that seems reasonable to oneself, although, they are
intellectually justified and often socially disapproved as well.
5. Displacement � this is where one transfer his emotion connected with one
person or thing.
6. Fantasy or daydreaming � this is where an imagined sequence of events or

mental images that serves to express unconscious conflicts to gravity unconscious
wishes or to prepare for an anticipated future event.
7. Projection � manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to oneself,

but projected onto others so that they may seem to have these feelings or ideas,
that free the individuals from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
8. Reaction formation � is defined as the development of a trait or traits which

are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. It is shown, when
an individual is motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite
way, and be able to keep his urges and impulses under control.
9. Denial � when a person uses this mechanism, he refuses to recognize and deal
with reality because of strong inner needs.
10. Repression � is an unconscious process where unacceptable urges or painful,

traumatic experiences are completely prevented from entering consciousness.
11. Suppression � is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to

forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of one�s
mind such as, when a person attempts to forget emotional pain by losing himself in
his work.
12. Regression � when a person employs this defense mechanism, he goes back to a
pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage
of development, such as when a person demands for something from others and when
denied, uses tantrums to get it., as what he or she has done in early childhood
when parents give to demands of children by the use of tantrums.
13. Sublimation � is the changing of unacceptable id impulses or needs into

socially and culturally acceptable channels or means. It is also a positive and
constructive mechanism for defending against otherwise unacceptable impulses and
needs. Such as when a homosexual works as a physical therapist and find sexual
satisfaction in performing his job, in meeting his needs and impulses.
When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to difficult

situation over a long period of time, he may try to escape from conflicts by
suffering from any of the following mental disorders;
1. Neurosis � a condition where a person compromises with reality by developing

imaginary ailment, phobia, obsession or compulsion:
2. Psychosis � a mental condition where the person may withdraw from the real
world into the world of fantasy and make-believe; where a person�s hidden or
unexpressed desires can be fulfilled;
3. Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality � a mental disorder

where one, instead of compromising with reality, withdraw into his shell. The
person may become very aggressive and cruel in his antisocial behavior comes in
conflict with the law, he becomes a criminal.
4. Psychoneurotic person � are those in the twilight zone between normality and
abnormality. They are not insane, but neither are they normal. The neurotic is
always tense, restless, and anxious. Frequently, they have obsession, compulsion,
phobia, and in some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant characteristic.
Unhealthy Reactions to Frustration

Some individuals are incapable of making effective adjustment to their
frustration. They have not learned healthy and effective adjustment habits; hence,
they are not emotionally ready to cope with difficult problems confronting them. As
a result, they may react to frustration in random, impulsive and inadequate manner
that, does not relieve them of tension, but in fact increases the maladjustment.
Among these behavior pattern considered as unhealthy reactions to frustration are
the following;
1. Anxiety � manifest through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness

fromanticipation of danger the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized.
2. Phobia � an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and most

of the times has no reasonable foundation.
3. Obsession � is an idea that persistently recurs in a person�s mind sometimes

against his wish, though it may have no basis at all.
4. Compulsion � is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts that are

repetitive and ritualistic.
e.g. pyromania � the irresistible urge to set fire,

dipsomania � compulsive desire to take alcoholic drinks,
kleptomania � the urge to steal
5. Regression � a behavior pattern wherein a person returns to state of former

adjustment and attempts to experience them again in memory.
6. Memory disorder or amnesia � caused by painful memories associated with some

shocking experiences which are repressed and cannot be recalled.
7. Delusion � a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible proof of

evidence to the contrary.
8. Hallucination � a sensory perception in the absence of an actual external

stimulus.
9. Schizophrenia or dementia praecox � is characterized by disturb thinking.
Sexual Deviancy � a sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual gratification
by means other than heterosexual relation.
Sexuality or heterosexuality � the only normal sexual relation between members of

the opposite sex that could lead to reproduction.
Different deviant sexual behaviors:
1. Masochism � sexual gratification is attained through the pain inflicted upon

oneself.
2. Sadism � sexual gratification is attained through the pain inflicted upon the
sexual partner.
3. Exhibitionism � sexual gratification is attained by exposing some private

parts of the body.
4. Voyeurism � sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude manand

women in the actual sexual act. The sexually deviant person is also known as
Peeping Tom.
5. Transvertism � gratification is taken from wearing clothes of the opposite

sex and acting their opposite roles.
6. Fetishism � sexual gratification is attained by substituting an inanimate

object of love.
7. Lesbianism � sexual relation between a woman to a woman.
8. Homosexuality � sexual gratification is attained by having a sexual

relationship with members of the same sex.
9. Incest � sexual relation between persons with blood relationship.
10. Pedophilia � a child molester that victimizes young boys that could lead to
sodomy.
11. Bestiality � sexual relation with a living animal.
12. Necrophilia � sexual relation with a newly dead body.
Class A (distrust, suspicious to social detachment)

1. Paranoid P.D. = recurrent suspicions without justification, preoccupied by
unjustified doubts, hostility, oversensitivity, tends to see oneself as blameless.
2. Schizoid P.D. = pervasive detachment from social relationship, restricts

expression of emotion, neither enjoy nor desire close relationship, inability to
form social relationship and lack of interest to do so.
3. Schizotypal P.D. = reduced capacity for close relationship, have old beliefs
and magical thinking such as superstitions, telepathy etc.
Cass B (dramatic, emotional erratic)

1. Antisocial P.D. = fail to conform to social norms with respect to lawful
behavior as indicated be repeated acts that are grounds from arrest. Unable to
control their impulse, perform violent and harmful acts without experiencing a bit
of guilty.
2. Borderlines P.D. = instability of interpersonal relationship, instability of

mood, self-image and affects and marked impulsivity, may have recurrent suicidal
behavior. Their mood may shift rapidly and inexplicably from depression to anxiety
to anger over a pattern of several hours.
3. Histrionic P.D. = pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention

seeking. Overly concerned with their appearance and exaggerated impression of
emotion.
4. Narcissistic P.D. = exaggerated sense of self-importance, a preoccupation

with being admired and lack of empathy for the feeling of others.
5. Hypchondriasis = chronic about health
Class C (anxiety and fearfulness)

1. Avoidant P.D. = feeling of inadequacy, hypersensitive to negative evaluation
timid and shy but do wish to have friends uncomfortable and afraid of rejection or
criticism. Unlike schizoid they don�t enjoy being alone.
2. Dependent P.D. = difficulty in making everyday decision without an excessive

amount af advise and reassurance from others, lack self confidence in judgment
uncomfortable and helpless when alone.
3. Obsessive � Compulsive P.D. = pervasive pattern of preoccupation with

orderliness perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control, preoccupied with
trivial details and rules and do not appreciate changes and routine.

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Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that defines an

individual�s characteristics, behaviors and qualities. Personality is more than

a) Habits � reactions so often repeated that becomes a person�s fixed

b) Attitudes � may either be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable,

c) Physical traits � this includes facial appearance, height, weight, physical,

d) Mental traits � includes our ability to control the mind

1. Problem solving ability

2. Memory and learning ability

e) Emotional traits � gives an individual the capacity to face different

g) Moral and religious traits � the standards of a person�s action and

Social Learning theories

Masiov�s self-actualization theory

Maslov maintains that man is naturally good and that self-actualization is

2. Psychogenic or sociogenic needs � includes the need for love, affection,

People differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual�s way of

2. Detour or change direction

5. developing feelings of inferiority

7. use of defense mechanism

1. Identification � a process whereby an individual�s without awareness,

3. Compensation � a process whereby one makes up for some real o imaginary

4. Rationalization � it is a fallacious thinking intended to justify ideas and

6. Fantasy or daydreaming � this is where an imagined sequence of events or

7. Projection � manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to oneself,

8. Reaction formation � is defined as the development of a trait or traits which

10. Repression � is an unconscious process where unacceptable urges or painful,

11. Suppression � is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to

13. Sublimation � is the changing of unacceptable id impulses or needs into

When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to difficult

1. Neurosis � a condition where a person compromises with reality by developing

3. Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality � a mental disorder

Unhealthy Reactions to Frustration

1. Anxiety � manifest through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness

2. Phobia � an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and most

3. Obsession � is an idea that persistently recurs in a person�s mind sometimes

4. Compulsion � is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts that are

e.g. pyromania � the irresistible urge to set fire,

5. Regression � a behavior pattern wherein a person returns to state of former

6. Memory disorder or amnesia � caused by painful memories associated with some

7. Delusion � a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible proof of

8. Hallucination � a sensory perception in the absence of an actual external

9. Schizophrenia or dementia praecox � is characterized by disturb thinking.

Sexuality or heterosexuality � the only normal sexual relation between members of

1. Masochism � sexual gratification is attained through the pain inflicted upon

3. Exhibitionism � sexual gratification is attained by exposing some private

4. Voyeurism � sexual gratification is attained by witnessing a nude manand

5. Transvertism � gratification is taken from wearing clothes of the opposite

6. Fetishism � sexual gratification is attained by substituting an inanimate

7. Lesbianism � sexual relation between a woman to a woman.

8. Homosexuality � sexual gratification is attained by having a sexual

9. Incest � sexual relation between persons with blood relationship.

11. Bestiality � sexual relation with a living animal.

12. Necrophilia � sexual relation with a newly dead body.

Class A (distrust, suspicious to social detachment)

2. Schizoid P.D. = pervasive detachment from social relationship, restricts

Cass B (dramatic, emotional erratic)

2. Borderlines P.D. = instability of interpersonal relationship, instability of

3. Histrionic P.D. = pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention

4. Narcissistic P.D. = exaggerated sense of self-importance, a preoccupation

5. Hypchondriasis = chronic about health

Class C (anxiety and fearfulness)