Ict Micro Project On Network

ICT MICRO PROJECT ON NETWORKS AND THEIR
TYPES
 WHAT IS NETWORK ?
A network consist of two or more computers that are linked in

order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files ,
allow electronic communications. The computers on a network
may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.
 TYPES OF NETWORK ?
A computer network can be categorized by their size.

A computer network is mainly of four types:
o LAN(Local Area Network)

o PAN(Personal Area Network)
o MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
o WAN(Wide Area Network)
LAN(Local Area Network)

o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in
a small area such as building, office.
o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs,
network adapters, and ethernet cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area
Network.
o Local Area Network provides higher security.
PAN(Personal Area Network)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual
person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of
personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea
of the Personal Area Network.
o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area
network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play station
There are two types of Personal Area Network:
o Wired Personal Area Network

o Wireless Personal Area Network
Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed
by simply using wireless technologies such as Wifi , Bluetooth. It is a low range
network
Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using
the USB.
Examples Of Personal Area Network:
 Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a
person. For example, a mobile network moves with a person. Suppose a
person establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with
another device to share the information
 Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so

it is also known as a home network. A home network is designed to
integrate the devices such as printers, computer, television but they are
not connected to the internet.
 Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the
internet and to a corporate network using a VPN
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger
geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger
network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private
industries.
o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM,
ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:
o MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
o It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
o It can be used in a college within a city.
o It can also be used for communication in the military.
WAN(Wide Area Network)

o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large
geographical area such as states or countries.
o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans
over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic
cable or satellite links.
o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business,
government, and education.
Examples Of Wide Area Network:

o Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.
o Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services
to the customers in hundreds of cities by connecting their home with
fiber.
o Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects
the 44 offices. This network is made by using the telephone leased line
provided by the telecom company.
Advantages Of Wide Area Network:
o Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large
geographical area. Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different
city then we can connect with them through WAN. The internet
provides a leased line through which we can connect with another
branch.
o Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized.
Therefore, we do not need to buy the emails, files or back up servers.
o Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted
fast. The web application like Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype allows you
to communicate with friends.
o Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share
the software and other resources like a hard drive, RAM.
Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

o Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as
compared to LAN and MAN network as all the technologies are
combined together that creates the security problem.
o Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on the
internet which can be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the
firewall needs to be used. Some people can inject the virus in our
system so antivirus is needed to protect from such a virus.
Internetwork
o An internetwork is defined as two or more computer network LANs or
WAN or computer network segments are connected using devices, and
they are configured by a local addressing scheme. This process is
known as internetworking.
o An internetworking uses the internet protocol
o The reference model used for internetworking is Open System
Interconnection(OSI).
Types Of Internetwork:
1. Extranet: 1. An extranet is a communication network based on the
internet protocol such as Transmission Control
protocol and internet protocol.
2 . It is used for information sharing.
3 .The access to the extranet is restricted to only those users who have
login credentials.
4. It can be categorized as MAN, WAN or other computer networks.
2. Intranet: 1. An intranet is a private network based on the internet protocol such

as Transmission Control protocol and internet protocol. 2 . An intranet
belongs to an organization which is only accessible by the organization's
employee or members. 3. The main aim of the intranet is to share the information
and resources among the organization employees.
Intranet advantages:
o Communication: It provides a cheap and easy communication. An
employee of the organization can communicate with another employee
through email, chat.
o Time-saving: Information on the intranet is shared in real time, so it is
time-saving.
Network Layer
o The Network Layer is the third layer of the OSI model.
o handles the service requests from the transport layer and further forwards
the service request to the data link layer.
The main functions performed by the network layer are:

1 Routing: When a packet reaches the router's input link, the router will move the
packets to the router's output link. For example, a packet from S1 to R1 must be
forwarded to the next router on the path to S2.
2 Logical Addressing: The data link layer implements the physical addressing
and network layer implements the logical addressing. Logical addressing is also
used to distinguish between source and destination system. The network layer
adds a header to the packet which includes the logical addresses of both the
sender and the receiver
3 Internetworking: This is the main role of the network layer that it provides the
logical connection between different types of networks.
4 Fragmentation: The fragmentation is a process of breaking the packets

into the smallest individual data units that travel through different networks.

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ICT MICRO PROJECT ON NETWORKS AND THEIR

A network consist of two or more computers that are linked in

A computer network can be categorized by their size.

o LAN(Local Area Network)

LAN(Local Area Network)

PAN(Personal Area Network)

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

o Wired Personal Area Network

Examples Of Personal Area Network:

 Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN(Wide Area Network)

Examples Of Wide Area Network:

Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

2. Intranet: 1. An intranet is a private network based on the internet protocol such

The main functions performed by the network layer are:

4 Fragmentation: The fragmentation is a process of breaking the packets

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