Data Structures and
Algorithms
Mr. Tahir Iqbal
tahir.iqbal@bahria.edu.pk
Lecture 1
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
COURSE OBJECTIVE
To Understand and to implement numerous examples of relationships
between data;
To purpose and mathematical background of algorithm analysis and be able
to apply this to determine the run time and memory usage of algorithms
To understand and implement abstract data types of stacks, queues and de-
queues; Variety of ways that linearly and weakly ordered data can be stored,
accessed, and manipulated
To understand and implement the characteristics and optimal behavior of
hash tables for access and retrieval
To understand and implement various sorting algorithms and the run-time
analysis required to determine their efficiencies
To understand and implement various graph algorithms; Numerous
algorithm design techniques including greedy, divide-and-conquer, dynamic
programming, randomized algorithms, and backtracking;
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
COURSE OUTCOMES
On the successful completion of the course, students will be able to:
Understand the principle behind the use of Abstract Data Types (ADT)
Learn the commonly used ADT’s and their implementation
Learn basic algorithms and basic methods used in design of algorithms
Learn to compute the cost and benefits of different data structures and algorithms
Learn how to select algorithms and data structures
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Course Information
Text Books
• Adam Drozdek, “Data Structure and Algorithms in C++”, 4th Edition,
Cengage Learning, ISBN-13: 978-1133608424, 2014
• D.S. Malik, “Data Structures using C++”, 2nd Edition, Course
Technology cengage learning, 2009. ISBN-13: 978-0324782011
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Course Information
Reference Books
• D. Samantha., “Classic Data Structures” Latest Edition, PHI learning private
limited, New Delhi. 2009, ISBN-978-81-203-3731-2
• Elliot Koffman., “Data Structures: Abstraction and Design Using Java”., John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010, (latest Edition), ISBN: 9780470128701
• Thomas H. Cormen. Charles E. Leiserson , Ronald L. Rivest, “Introduction to
Algorithms”, 3rd Edition .2009. ISBN- 978-0262033848.
• Sahni , Sartaj., “Data Structures, Algorithms, and Application in
C++”, Latest Edition
• Tenenbaum., Aaron M., Langsam., Yedidyah., Augenstein., Mosh., “Data
Structures Using C”, Latest Edition, 1989
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Course Outline
• Introduction to Data Structure
• Algorithms
• Recursion
• Stacks
• Queues
• Lists and linked lists
• Trees
• Sorting
• Searching
• Graphs
• Hashing
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Grading
• Theory
• Quizzes ---------------10%
• Project/Assignments ---------20%
• Mid Term-------------- 20%
• Final-------------------- 50%
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Introduction to Data Structure
and
Abstract Data Types
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
What is Data Structure?
• Data structure is a representation of data and the
operations allowed on that data.
• A data structure is a way to store and organize data in order to
facilitate the access and modifications.
• Data Structure are the method of representing of logical
relationships between individual data elements related to the
solution of a given problem.
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Basic Data Structure
Basic Data Structures
Linear Data Structures Non-Linear Data Structures
Arrays Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees Graphs Hash Tables
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
array
Linked list
queue
tree stack
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Selection of Data Structure
• The choice of particular data model depends on two consideration:
• It must be rich enough in structure to represent the relationship between data
elements
• The structure should be simple enough that one can effectively process the data
when necessary
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Types of Data Structure
• Linear: In Linear data structure, values are arrange in linear
fashion.
• Array: Fixed-size
• Linked-list: Variable-size
• Stack: Add to top and remove from top
• Queue: Add to back and remove from front
• Priority queue: Add anywhere, remove the highest priority
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Types of Data Structure
• Non-Linear: The data values in this structure are not arranged in order.
• Hash tables: Unordered lists which use a ‘hash function’ to insert and search
• Tree: Data is organized in branches.
• Graph: A more general branching structure, with less strict connection conditions than for a
tree
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Type of Data Structures
• Homogenous: In this type of data structures, values of the same types of data are
stored.
• Array
• Non-Homogenous: In this type of data structures, data values of different types
are grouped and stored.
• Structures
• Classes
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Abstract Data Type and Data Structure
• Definition:-
• Abstract Data Types (ADTs) stores data and allow various operations on
the data to access and change it.
• An ADT is a collection of data and associated operations for
manipulating that data
• Data Structures
• Physical implementation of an ADT
• data structures used in implementations are provided in a language
(primitive or built-in) or are built from the language constructs (user-
defined)
• Each operation associated with the ADT is implemented by one
or more subroutines in the implementation
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Abstract Data Type
• ADTs support abstraction, encapsulation, and information hiding.
• Abstraction is the structuring of a problem into well-defined entities by defining
their data and operations.
• The principle of hiding the used data structure and to only provide a well-defined
interface is known as encapsulation.
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
The Core Operations of ADT
• Every Collection ADT should provide a way to:
• add an item
• remove an item
• find, retrieve, or access an item
• Many, many more possibilities
• is the collection empty
• make the collection empty
• give me a sub set of the collection
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
• No single data structure works well for all purposes, and so it is important to
know the strengths and limitations of several of them
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Stacks
• Collection with access only to the last element inserted
• Last in first out
• insert/push Data4 Top
• remove/pop Data3
• top Data2
• make empty
Data1
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Queues
• Collection with access only to the item that has been present the
longest
• Last in last out or first in first out
• enqueue, dequeue, front
• priority queues and dequeue
Front Back
Data1 Data2 Data3 Data4
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
List
• A Flexible structure, because can grow and
shrink on demand.
Elements can be:
Inserted
Accessed
Deleted
At any position
last
first
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
Tree
• A Tree is a collection of elements called nodes.
• One of the node is distinguished as a root, along with a
relation (“parenthood”) that places a hierarchical structure
on the nodes.
Root
Tahir Iqbal, Department of Computer Sciences, BULC
