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Metal Cutting Machine Tools - Definitions, Classifications

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Metal Cutting Machine Tools - Definitions, Classifications

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Metal cutting machine tools Notes

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Metal cutting machine tools – definitions, classifications

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Metal Cutting Machine Tools - Definitions, Classifications

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Metal cutting tool: Definition

Metal cutting tool is basically defined as a device used in metal


cutting processes on machine tools for removing the layers of
materials from the work piece or blank in order to secure the product
of specified size and shape with specified surface finish and accuracy.

Classification of metal cutting tools


The metal cutting tools are classified on the basis of number of
cutting edges as mentioned below.

1. Single point cutting tools


2. Multi point cutting tools
3. Forms tools

Single point cutting tools


A single point cutting tool will have an effective cutting edge
and it will remove the excess materials from the work piece along the
cutting edge. Single point cutting tools will be usually used on lathes,
shapers, planers, etc.

Single point cutting tools are classified as mentioned below


1. Forged tool
2. Mechanically fastened tipped tool
3. Brazed tipped tool
4. Solid tool
5. Tool bit inserted in the tool holder
6. Right hand tool
7. Left hand tool

1. Forged tool
Forged tools are manufactured from high speed steel or high
carbon steel. The required shape of the tool is given by forging the
end of a solid tool shank and further the cutting edges will be
grounded to shape to provide the required tool angles.
2. Mechanically fastened tipped tool
To ensure rigidity, tips are sometimes clamped at the end of a
tool shank by means of a clamp and bolt as displayed here in
following figure.
3. Brazed tipped tool
In brazed tipped type cutting tool, the cutting edge will be in the
form a small tip made up of stellite and cemented carbide tool
materials, which will be welded to the end of a carbon steel shank by
brazing operation.

4. Solid tool
Solid tools are made up of high carbon steel, forged and ground
to the required shape. They are directly mounted on the tool post of a
lathe. A lathe tool post is used to hold the metal cutting tool.

5. Tool bit inserted in the tool holder


In case of tool bit inserted in the tool holder, metal cutting tool
will be inserted in a forged carbon steel tool holder and will be
clamped in a position by bolt or screw as displayed here in following
figure.
There are various advantages of tool bit over solid tool such as
tool bit will be cheaper as compared to solid tool, regrinding of tool
will be quite easy.
A tool bit will be easily withdrawn and replaced in position
without disturbing the setting.
6. & 7. Right-hand tool and left-hand tool
A metal cutting tool will be said to be a right-hand tool or left-hand
tool, if its cutting edge is on the right-hand side or left-hand side
respectively when viewing the tool from the point end.

Multi point cutting tools


A multi-point cutting tool will have two or more than two
cutting edges. For example, metal cutting tools used in the operation
of drilling, milling and broaching will be considered as multi-point
cutting tools.
In multi-point cutting tools, all the cutting edges may either
operate one by one or engage simultaneously.
Each cutting edge of a multi-point cutting tool will be
considered as a separate single point cutting tool with almost all the
features of single point cutting tool.
Form tools
A form tool is basically a metal cutting tool which is shaped in
such a way that it imparts a prespecified profile to the work piece.
Form tools are usually ground on cutting tool elements as a
replica of the work profile. These tools are used to shape short jobs
for turret lathes.

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